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Note that:
It is important thing to remember that effective health education is seldom
achieved through the use of one method alone.
The best method of teaching combines the various methods.
LECTURE
• Highly structured learning
• Teacher acts as the resource person and transmitter
• Oldest method of teaching
• Students depend largely on the instructor’s lecture
• Used to reinforce and supplement reference materials and textbooks.
• Derived from the Greek word “lectura” which means to read.
• Very important method to impart knowledge in the lower level of the
cognitive domain.
Ora, simple quick, traditional way of presenting the subject matter
Forms of Lecture
1. Traditional lecture – the teacher is the only speaker.
2. Participatory lecture – begins with learner brainstorming and use of
pause in between.
3. Feedback lecture – mini lectures followed by small group discussion. It
gives opportunity to manipulate lecture content.
4. Mediated lecture – use of media such as films, slides along with traditional
methods.
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3. Inspire people to apply or emulate the worthy personalities or information
that were conveyed in the lecture.
4. Helps students to integrate or synthesize a large body of knowledge from
several fields or sources
5. Inspire people to apply or emulate the worthy personalities or information
that were conveyed in the lecture.
6. Helps students to integrate or synthesize a large body of knowledge from
several fields or sources
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• Maintain eye contact
3. Conclusion
• Provide students with the needed sense of achievement
• Instructional closure is reached when the class is completed and
teacher has shown the link between past knowledge and new knowledge
• Cognitive closure is reached when the student has reached closure and
makes the link between old and new knowledge
• Provides more relevant learning goal
Transfer of learning
• most significant criterion of learning
• Occurs when the learner recognizes the similarity between the
learning situation and the transfer situation: identical or similar
elements help students to generalize to new situations.
• Extent that students expect it to occur.
• Use of audiovisual assist learners in making learning easier.
DISCUSSION
A method of teaching where teacher and students actively partake in
the learning process.
GROUP DISCUSSION
• The larger a group is, the less it can accomplish.
• Ideal number is 10-20 students
• Take their own turns and sometimes needs are not met.
• Participants have equal chance to express freely and exchange ideas
• The subject of discussion is taken up and shared equally by all the
members of the group.
• Collective thinking process to solve problem.
Strengths:
1. pools ideas and experiences from group
2. effective after presentation, film or experience that needs to be analyzed.
3. allows everyone to participate in an active process.
Limitations:
1. not practical with more than 20 people.
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2. few people can dominate
3. others may not participate
4. time consuming
GROUP CONFERENCES
• Also known as post clinical nursing conferences
• Enable students to compare notes and experiences
• May help to identify alternative ways of problem solving.
Purposes
1. To apply the principles and concepts of previously introduced body of
knowledge and to transfer the knowledge to new situations.
2. To clarify information and concepts
3. To learn the process of group problem solving
Discussion techniques
1. Properly instruct students on what they should do, see, read so they can
participate in the discussion
2. Set the ground rules
3. Physical arrangement
4. Plan a discussion starter
10 Discussion stoppers
1. Insufficient wait-time
2. Rapid reward
3. Programmed answer
4. Nonspecific feedback questions
5. Teacher’s ego-stroking
6. Low level questions
7. Intrusive questioning
• Questions that invade person’s privacy
8. Judgmental response to student answers
• Teacher incorporates her own values when appraising student's
answers
9. Cutting students off
10. Creating a powerful emotional atmosphere and then ignoring feelings and
responses
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BUZZ GROUP
a large group is divided into small group of not more than 10-20 people.
They have given a time to discuss the problem
Then the whole group is reconvened and the reporters of the small groups
will report their findings and recommendation.
CONFERENCE
refers to meeting for lectures of discussion where representatives of
various stakeholders participate.
has a far broader spectrum of the seminar workshop symposium
not limited to academic activities only, beyond academic where many
diverse participants participate
PANEL DISCUSSION
is a meeting where experts (2 or more) are invited to make short
presentation or speak on different aspect of the same subject area or
theme.
SYMPOSIUM
is typically a more formal or academic gathering, featuring multiple experts
delivering short presentation on a particular topic.
Is an academic in nature where experts (academicians) present their
views on a particular theme.
Example: annual research symposium
SEMINAR
is a lecture or presentation delivered to an audience on a particular topic
or a set of topics that are educational in nature.
usually held for group of 10-50 individuals for about an hour through
usually not n practice.
WORKSHOP
is a period of discussion and practical work on a particular subject in which
a group of people share their knowledge and experiences.
Series of educational and work sessions where manual work is done.
A small group of people meet together over a short period of time to
concentrate on a defined area of concern.
Also means a group working together, on a creative project, discussing a
project
QUESTIONING
• Seeking
• Situation where the teacher is probing or inquiring from the student
as a feedback mechanism
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Types of questions
1. Factual or descriptive questions
• Questions that can be answered from memory or by
description.
• Requires the student to recall previously learned facts or
information
• Factual questions – deals with who, what, when or where
• Descriptive questions – expressive, telling, informative or
enlightening statements where longer answers are required.
2. Clarifying questions
• Are illuminating, revealing, informative or enlightening questions
which can be done in 5 ways:
a. Asking clarifying questions
b. Requiring the student to justify
c. refocusing
d. Prompting the students like suggesting or giving a hint or reminder
e. e. Redirecting the question
3. Higher-order questions
• Stimulate the student to establish relationships, compare and
contrast, make inferences(logic, reasoning or judgment) rather
than defining them
• development of critical thinking skills
• Asked the “WHY”
AUDIO –VISUALS
• Include : handouts chalkboards or whiteboards, overhead transparencies
• Guided by the learning objectives
• Affected by the availability of the materials, equipment and assistance.
• Consider the learner’s characteristics, abilities, size of the class
INTERACTIVE lecture
• Mixture of lecture and audiovisuals
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• Ex: combination of lecture discussion, film showing or videotape, writing a
teaching plan or an NCP
LESSON II
ACTIVITY BASED LEARNING
Cooperative learning
• are aware that they are not only responsible for their own learning but also
for the learning of others
• Involves structuring small groups of learners who work together toward
achieving shared learning goals
Types of Cooperative
learning
Formal groups Informal groups Base groups
Simulation
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3. Students participate more actively in discussion than those using
written materials in the community.
4. Increase the concreteness of the learning experience
Types of Simulation
a. Written simulation
• Paper and pencil presentation of actual problems or cases
• Feedback is given for each decision made
b. Role played simulation
• One person portrays the role of another
Purpose is to help participants and observers obtain insights into the
behaviors and feelings of people
c. Mediated simulation
• Uses audio or visual aids to present a problem, case or task
1) Videotaped simulation
2) Electronic reproduction- include audio reproductions of human
cardiac and respiratory sounds
3) Physical simulators – use lifelike models
d. Computer simulation
• uses computer to present cases,
• provide information requested by the students
• Give feedbacks regarding effects of decisions.
ROLE PLAY
- a type of drama in a simplified manner. It portrays expected behavior of
people
- is a spontaneous and/or unrehearsed acting out of real life situations. A
script is not necessary.
- It is a very direct way of learning. You are given a role or character and
have to think and speak immediately without detailed planning.
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DRAMA
- is a presentation in which the subject matter or topic is studied well either
written or in words, and then presented in educative and recreating
manner.
- Needs detailed planning and script development and practicing
- Audience identify with characters and settings
- In serial drama, for example, if the character and settings are familiar to
audience, they can identify with the situations and feelings of the
characters.
- Drama is very effective in behavior change communication
CASE STUDIES
1. Develop objectives
2. Select a situation, topic or scenario
3. Develop the characters-giving details of patient and his family
4. Develop the discussion questions
5. Lead the group discussion
PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING
• An approach to learning that involves exposing the students to real-life
problems
• Working together in small groups, analyzing, deciding and solving
problems.
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• Little background of the information about the case
1. Discussion
2. Asking effective questions
• Socratic Method – a way of questioning where the teacher responds to all
questions or comments with more questions.
• Structured controversy- relies heavily on effective questioning, controversy
is introduced and elicit critical thinking.
• Similar to a debate
3. Text interaction
• Analyze, scrutinize and interact with the content of the reading materials
4. Concept mapping- involves drawing or diagrams which show mental
connections or associations
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2. Allow the students to brainstorm for a few minutes
3. Draw a concept map based on your brainstorming
4. Add secondary and tertiary levels of association
5. Determine the ways in which the various concepts are related to
each other
6. Prepare a simple parallel example
7. Present the example
LESSON III
COMPUTER TEACHING
1. Role reversal
• From sole provider/ultimate source to facilitator of learning by :
a. Assisting
b. Helping
c. guiding
2. Virtual reality
• E – nursing used as mode of instruction
• Students are given more opportunities for hands on and application of
skills and concepts.
3. Learner is given more freedom to explore the learning environment,
design the learning objectives and content and avail time to practice.
4. Learner can be taught how to avail more information related to care
5. Patient nurse interactive dialogue
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Technology in Nursing education and communications
1. Distance education
• Teacher and learner are separated
• Not undergoing the traditional classroom education.
• Online courses with the internet
• More flexible approach to learning
• Techniques used in distance learning:
a. Online courses
b. Correspondence courses
c. Independent study
d. videoconferencing
2. E –learning
• Abbreviation for electronic learning
• Access via WWW
• Can be personalized or customize to meet individual needs
• Interactive and reality based.
3. Internet
• Huge global computer network
• Transfer of information from one computer to another
• Enables them to communicate via email, real time chat, electronic
discussion groups or use net newsgroups
1. Tutorial mode
• Simplest form
• Provides information to the student in the form of factual statements which
are interspersed with predetermined questions and answers from the
computer.
2. Drill –and- practice
• Presents a series of questions or problems from previously learned
material – students answer from recall.
• Based on the principle of mastery
• Repetitious practice/rehearsals
3. Simulation
4. Games
• Simulation or nonsimulation
• Designed to: assess strategies give results or effects of decision made
introduce variables
LESSON IV
TEACHING PSYCOMOTOR SKILLS AND CLINICAL TEACHING
• Demonstration and return demonstration
• Self directed study
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• Role playing, peer teaching
• Supervision is necessary in teaching students
SKILLS
Primary focus of nursing was on “practical skills” r the art of nursing” that
emphasized hand-on “doing” for patients
Research has shown the effectiveness of DEMO as a teaching strategy
for learning skills that are entirely new to the learner
DEMONSTRATION
Explaining and demonstration
AKA Direct instructional model, Active teaching model, Mastery teaching
model, Explicit instruction, Demonstration performance model.
Designed to promote learning of procedural knowledge needed to perform
simple and complex skills and for declarative knowledge that is well
structured and can be taught in a step-by-step fashion.
Other strategies:
1. Mental practice ( mental imagery)
2. Games
3. Multimedia ( animation, videos, sound clips, images, navigation, DVD,
film, CD
4. simulation
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6. Remove all extraneous materials; check lighting, visibility,
student groupings and proximity to electric gas and water
outlets.
7. Plan to use a skill or method to advantage; work from simple to
complex, one step at a time
Presentation:
1. Make sure all students can see and hear the lesson.
2. Be enthusiastic, professional, effective but non dramatic
3. Relax, use any mishaps or mumor to your advantage
4. Observe all safety rules and procedures
5. Keep eye contact with the class; ask and encourage class
questions
6. Explain why and how; use the techniques of show and tell
7. Use a medial summary to strengthen your explanations
Precautions:
1. Avoid interrupting; keep demonstration smooth and continuous.
2. Never demonstrate on a student’s material
3. Work towards one aim
4. Allow time for possible student participation
After demonstration:
1. Return all items used during demonstration to their storage
places
2. Make arrangements to have the trainees practice the skill as
soon as possible in a practical class session
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3. Observe and analyze trainees(s) performance and correct
mistakes.
4. Offer reinforcement where necessary
5. Coach weak or slow trainees
6. Check trainee’s completed work for accurate performance and
record
7. Allow sufficient time interval before demonstrating another
operation
CLINICAL TEACHING
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5. Student orientation
This includes an overview of basic policies and procedures, physical set-
up and facilities and the administrative staff which is usually done through
a guided tour and group orientation conference with the Chief nurse of the
Head of the training department.
The group orientation activity should also include the specific objectives,
course requirements, accepted student behavior and decorum and other
expectations.
6. Student assessment
In terms of what they know, their strengths and limitations, barriers to
learning and positive influences and the student’s perception of the
teaching-learning situation should also be done so that appropriate
learning experiences can be selected and programmed by the instructor.
Open-ended questions can be asked:
o What nursing experiences have you had before entering
this nursing program?
o If you are currently working, briefly describe the type of
work, your responsibilities at work, number of working
hours per week and how this may affect your school work
and hospital assignment.
o What are your other degrees r educational experiences
besides nursing do you have?
o What are your major strengths?
o What are the areas you need to improve?
o What learning activities are most effective to meet your
learning needs?
o What do you expect to accomplish from your clinical
experience?
o Is there anything else that you would like your clinical
instructor to know?
7. Daily activities
a. Making the student assignments
a.1 individual
a.2 dual assignment
a.3 alternative assignment
a.4 preceptorship
b. posting these assignments in a predetermined location
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d. Nursing or walking rounds
Evaluation Tools
Are recommended which have been tested for their reliability and
validity.
They are rating scales
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It is planning the continuity of care to ensure that the patient and
the family’s needs are consistently met as the patient is transferred
from the acute care setting to home care
Should be planned well with the client and family members to
ensure the success of the continuing treatment and rehabilitation,
prevent post discharge complications and minimize the chances for
readmission to the hospital.
Actually begins during admission as data is collected and
documented.
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