Exponential Function

An exponential function is a function of the form f(x)=bx where b>0, b≠1, and x is any real
number. It is in the form y=bx.
Examples
1. f(x)= (13)x
2. y=22x

To represent exponential functions through table of values, graph and equations, follow these steps:
Step 1: Formulate the exponential function of the given problem/statement.

Step 2: Assume values for the input variable.

Step 3: Evaluate the function at the assumed values of the input variable.

Step 4: Plot the points and connect them using a smooth curve.

Steps in graphing exponential functions:

Step 1: Find x- and y-intercepts, if there are any.

Step 2: Create a table of values.

Step 3: Identify the asymptote.

Sketch the graph of f(x)=2x.

Properties of the Graph of Exponential Functions of the Form f(x)=bx
If b>1:

1. The y-intercept is 1.
2. The graph passes through the point (0,1).
3. The graph is asymptotic to the x-axis as x approaches −∞; there is no x-intercept.
4. As x increases, f(x) also increases.
5. As x decreases, f(x) also decreases and gets closer and closer to 0.

An asymptote is an imaginary line that a graph approaches but never intersects.

If 0<b<1:

1. The y-intercept is 1.
2. The graph passes through the point (0,1).
3. The graph is asymptotic to the x-axis as x approaches ∞; there is no x-intercept.
4. As x increases, f(x) decreases.
5. As x decreases, f(x) increases.

Step 4: Plot the points and connect them using a smooth curve.

Exponential Equation
An exponential equation is an equation in which a variable occurs as part of the index or
exponent. Exponential equation - The exponents are algebraic expressions and the given
quantities are related by an = sign.
Examples
1. 2x=8
2. 3x+2=127

In solving an exponential equation, do the following steps:

Step 1: Make the bases the same.

Step 2: Copy the exponents and equate them.
Step 3: Solve the resulting equation.
Step 4: Check if the obtained value satisfies the given equation.
Exponential Inequality
An exponential inequality is an inequality that has an algebraic exponent. Exponential
inequality - The exponent is an algebraic expression and the given quantities are related by
an ≤ sign.
Examples
1. 2x+3>8
2. 32x+3≤127

Steps in solving exponential inequalities:

Step 1: Make the bases the same.

Step 2: Copy the exponents and the relational symbol.

Step 3: Solve the resulting inequality.

Step 4: Test a value to check if it satisfies the given inequality.

 A logarithmic function is a function of the form f(x)=logbx where b>0 and b≠1. It is the
inverse of the exponential function. In a logarithmic function, b is the base, x is the argument,
and f(x) is the logarithm.
o Logarithmic Functions
 y=log4x+3
 g(x)=2log2x+3

 A logarithmic equation is an equation that contains logarithmic expression(s).

Logarithmic Equations
o log3x+3=log3x+5
o log2x−3=2log2x+3

 A logarithmic inequality is an inequality composed of at least one logarithmic expression and

relational signs (<,>,≤,≥).
o Logarithmic Inequalities
 xlog(x+1)≥1
 log3x>3log3(x−2)

Laws of Logarithms
Logarithms are simply exponents. Thus, the laws of exponents are the basis for the laws of logarithms
which are as follows:

Let m,n, and b be positive real numbers with b>0 and b≠1.
Logarithm of a Product

 logbmn=logbm+logbn
 The logarithm of a product is equal to the sum of the logarithms of its factors.

Logarithm of a Quotient

 logbmn=logbm−logbn
 The logarithm of a quotient is equal to the difference of the logarithms of its dividend and
divisor.

Logarithm of a Power

 logbmn=nlogbm
 The logarithm of a power is equal to the product of the exponent and the logarithm.

Logarithm of a Root

 logbmn=logbmn
 The logarithm of a root is equal to the quotient of the logarithm of the radicand and the index
of the root.
Logarithm of 1 to Any Base

 logb1=0

Logarithm of b to the Base b

 logbb=1

Logarithm of bm to the Base b

 logbbm=m

Logarithm of b to the Base bm

 logbmb=1m

In solving exponential equations, two important properties are to be considered.

 If ax=ay, then x=y. (If the bases of two equal exponential expressions are the same, then their
exponents are equal.)
 If ax=bx, then a=b. (If the exponents of two equal exponential expressions are the same, then
their bases are equal.)

 Logarithmic equations can be converted to exponential equations and vice versa using the
following equivalence: logby=x↔bx=y

 If a logarithm has no base written, it is understood to be a logarithm to the base 10 and is

known as a common logarithm. In symbols, logx=log10x.

 If logarithm is written as ln, it is understood to be a logarithm to the base e and is known as

a natural logarithm. In symbols, lnx=logex.

A logarithmic inequality is an inequality composed of at least one logarithmic expression and

relational signs. It can be expressed in the following forms:

 logb⁡x+k<0
 logb⁡x+k>0
 logb⁡x+k≤0
 logb⁡x+k≥0

 The logarithmic function is expressed in the

form f(x)=logb⁡x or y=logb⁡x where x>0, b>0, and b≠1.
 The graph of a logarithmic function is the reflection of the graph of its corresponding
exponential function along the line y=x.

 Domain and Range of Logarithmic Function

 The logarithms of zero and negative numbers are undefined. Thus, it can be said that the
domain of a logarithmic function is the set of nonnegative real numbers while its range is the
set of real numbers. These are true when the logarithmic function is expressed in the
form f(x)=logb⁡x where b>0 and b≠1.
 While the range of any logarithmic functions is constant, the domain changes
based on the structure of the function. Generally speaking, the domain of any
logarithmic function is the set of numbers that makes the argument positive.

 The domain of any logarithmic function is the set of numbers that makes the argument
positive.
 The range of any logarithmic function is the set of all real numbers. R: {y|y∈R} or (−∞,∞)
  Before representing a logarithmic function using its graph, it would be helpful to represent the
function first using a table of values, which is done by assigning values to the independent
variable (usually x) such that the value of the argument becomes positive, then evaluating the
function using these values.
 Though logarithmic function is expressed in the form f(x)=logb⁡x or y=logb⁡x,
where x>0, b>0, and b≠1, it would be easier to use the corresponding exponential
form y=bx or f(x)=bx when evaluating the function to create the table of values.
 The graph of a logarithmic function is the reflection of the graph of its corresponding
exponential function along the line y=x. Like any other graphs, the graph of a logarithmic
function can be transformed in different ways: translated vertically or horizontally, reflected,
stretched or shrunk.

The following are characteristics of the graph of a logarithmic function of the form f(x)=logb⁡x:

 The vertical asymptote is the y-axis.

 The function is increasing if b>1 and decreasing if 0<b<1.
 The graph is continuous and smooth with no gaps or sharp corners.

The graph of logarithmic function can be translated vertically or horizontally, reflected, stretched or
shrunk.

Key Points
 The graph of a logarithmic function is the reflection of the graph of its corresponding exponential
function along the line y=x.
 The graph of logarithmic functions always has a vertical asymptote.
 The logarithmic curve always passes through the x–axis, but not always through the y–axis.