Non-Linear Curves

Non-Linear Curves
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 ' + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
General form of a second-degree or quadratic
equation in two variables
• where A, B and C are not all zero
• Where A, B, C, D, E and F are constants
• X and y are variables
 Non-Linear Curves
The graph of a quadratic equation in two
variables is a conic section which could be any
one of the following:
Non-Linear Curves
Non-Linear Curves
 Sample
Determine the type of conic section that each
equation will produce.
1. 𝑥 ' + 16𝑦 − 32 = 0
2. 𝑦 ' − 6𝑦 − 8𝑥 − 7 = 0
3. 16𝑥 ' + 25𝑦 ' − 24𝑥 + 12𝑦 + 60 = 0
Tip: Identify the values of a, b, and c in each
equation. Then solve for the value 𝐵' − 4𝐴𝐶.
Interpret based on table.
Parabola
Parabola
-A set of
points in a
plane that are
equidistant
from a fixed
line called the
directrix and a
fixed point not
on the
directrix.
Parabola
Parabola
 Parabola
The standard form of the equation of the
parabola with vertex at the origin and focus on
the line x=0 is given by 𝑥 ' = 4𝑝𝑦
 Parabola
On the other hand, if the axis of symmetry is the
line y=0, the equation is 𝑦 ' = 4𝑝𝑥
 Parabola
Find the focus and directrix of each parabola.
Then graph the parabola.
1. 𝑥 ' = 8𝑦
2. 2𝑥 ' + 5𝑦 = 0
 Parabola
The standard form of the equation of a parabola
with vertex at (h,k) and with focus on the line
x=h, which is the axis of symmetry, is given by
(𝑥 − ℎ)' = 4𝑝(𝑦 − 𝑘)
The focus is at the point (h,k+p) with directrix
y=k-p.
If the focus is lies on the line y=k, the axis of
symmetry, the equation is (𝑦 − 𝑘)' = 4𝑝(𝑥 − ℎ)
The focus is at the point (h+p,k) with directrix
x=h-p.
 Parabola
• Find the focus, directrix, and axis of
symmetry.
'
(𝑥 − 2) = 2 𝑦 + 3
'
𝑦 +𝑥+1=0
• Find the standard form of the equation of a
parabola with vertex at (9,2), focus at (9,5).
Graph the equation.
Ellipse
Ellipse
The set of all points in a
plane such that the sum of
the distances of any point
on the ellipse to two other
fixed points is a positive
constant.
Ellipse
 Ellipse
If the values of a and b are known, the location
of the foci may be obtained by using the
equation
-
𝑐 ' = 𝑎' + 𝑏 '
 Ellipse
Standard form of the equation of an ellipse with
center at the origin:
𝑥' 𝑦'
'
+ '=1
𝑎 𝑏
Where a>b>0 if the major axis is horizontal
𝑥' 𝑦'
'
+ '=1
𝑏 𝑎
Where a>b>0, if the major axis is vertical
 Ellipse
Find the vertices, foci, endpoints of the minor
axis, and lengths of the major and minor axes of
each ellipse. Then sketch the ellipse.
IJ MJ
1. KL
+
NO
=1
2. 4𝑥 ' + 25𝑦 ' = 100
 Ellipse
The standard form of the equation of an ellipse
centered at point (h,k) with its major axis
parallel to the x-axis is
(𝑥 − ℎ)' (𝑦 − 𝑘)'
'
+ '
=1
𝑎 𝑏
Where a>b>0
Vertices - (h+a,k) and (h-a,k)
endpoints of the minor axis - (h,k+b) and (h,k-b)
Foci - (h+c,k) and (h-c,k)
𝑐 ' = 𝑎' + 𝑏'
 Ellipse
The standard form of the equation of an ellipse
centered at point (h,k) with its major axis
parallel to the y-axis is
(𝑥 − ℎ)' (𝑦 − 𝑘)'
'
+ '
=1
𝑏 𝑎
Where a>b>0
Vertices - (h,k+a) and (h,k-a)
endpoints of the minor axis - (h+b,k) and (h-b,k)
Foci - (h,k+c) and (h,k-c)
𝑐 ' = 𝑎' + 𝑏'
 Ellipse
Find the vertices, foci, endpoints of the minor axis,
and lengths of the major and minor axes of each
ellipse. Then sketch the ellipse.
(IP')J (MRK)J
1. QO
+
NO
=1

2. 36𝑥 ' + 144𝑥 + 25𝑦 ' − 100𝑦 − 656 = 0

Write in standard form. Then find the center,
vertices, foci, endpoints of the minor axis, and the
lengths of the major and minor axes of the ellipse.
Sketch the curve.
 Circle
A special form of the ellipse, where the major
and minor axes are of equal length.

A line forming a closed loop, every point on

which is a fixed distance from a center point.

The standard form of the equation of a circle,

with center at the origin and radius r, is given by
𝑥' + 𝑦' = 𝑟'
 Circle
The standard form of the equation of a circle
with center (h,k) and radius r is
(𝑥 − ℎ)' +(𝑦 − 𝑘)' = 𝑟 '

Find the center and the radius of the circle. Then

graph.
𝑥 ' + (𝑦 − 5)' = 9
 Circle
Reduce to standard form. Then find the center
and the radius of the circle.
𝑥 ' + 𝑦 ' − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 36 = 0
Hyperbola
 Hyperbola
The standard form of the equation of a
hyperbola with center at the origin and
transverse axis along the x-axis is
𝑥' 𝑦'
'
− '=1
𝑎 𝑏
Where (a,0) and (-a,0) are the vertices of the
hyperbola, and (c,0) and (-c,0) are its foci, where
𝑐 ' = 𝑎' + 𝑏'
 Hyperbola
The standard form of the equation of a
hyperbola with center at the origin and
transverse axis along the y-axis is
𝑥' 𝑦'
'
− '=1
𝑎 𝑏
Where (0,a) and (0,-a) are the vertices of the
hyperbola, and (0,c) and (0,-c) are its foci, where
𝑐 ' = 𝑎' + 𝑏'
 Hyperbola
The standard form of the equation of a
hyperbola centered at point (h,k) and a
horizontal transverse axis is
(𝑥 − ℎ)' (𝑦 − 𝑘)'
'
− '
=1
𝑎 𝑏
Vertices - (h+a,k) and (h-a,k)
Foci - (h+c,k) and (h-c,k) where 𝑐 ' = 𝑎' + 𝑏 '
 Hyperbola
The standard form of the equation of a
hyperbola centered at point (h,k) and a vertical
transverse x-axis is
(𝑦 − 𝑘)' (𝑥 − ℎ)'
'
− '
=1
𝑎 𝑏
Vertices - (h,k+a) and (h,k-a)
Foci - (h,k+c) and (h,k-c) where 𝑐 ' = 𝑎' + 𝑏 '