Westmead International School

College of Engineering

Practice Design of Ducting Works of One Story Office Building

An Undergraduate Design Research Submitted to the College of Engineering Department in

Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Submitted to

Engr. Romano E. Torrano

Instructor

Submitted by

Claveria, Cristobal

Ricalde, Josue Jr. C.

April 2019
 Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

 Importance of Ducting Work

 Design of the Building

In this chapter, the design of One Story Office Building will be presented.

This building design is purposed to be use for a small scale company or Engineering
firm. It has one board room, small reception, work room that has eleven workspace, it also
has two director’s room and a separate room for vestibule, toilet and pantry.
 Cooling Load Calculation

Calculating the cooling load of each room, we only considered 2 types of loads
because this is an office, there is no product to be cooled. These are the Transmission load
and Internal loads. This calculation is just to approximate the volume flow rate that will be
transmitted in the main design which is the ducting.

The next thing to consider is the internal loads which account for around 10-20%.
This is the heat given off by people working in the cold room, the lighting and equipment
such as fork lifts trucks etc. So for this you’ll need to consider what equipment will be used
by the staff members in order to move the products in and out of the store, how much heat
will they and the equipment give off and the daily duration.

A. TRANSMISSION LOAD

Typically 5-15% is through transmission loads. This is the thermal energy transferred
through the roof, walls and floor into the cold room. Heat always flows from hot to cold and
the interior of the cold room is obviously a lot colder than its surroundings, so heat is always
trying to enter the space because of that difference in temperature.

Calculating for RM 1

 The dimensions are 6.2m long, 3.5m wide and 4m high.

 The ambient air is 40°C RH, The internal air is 23°C
 The walls and roof have a U value of 0.3 W/m2.K and 0.15 W/m2.K

Roof:
 𝑸𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇 = 𝑼𝑨∆𝑻
Q = Heat load

U = 0.15 W/m2

A = (6.2m)(3.5m) = 21.7 m2

∆T = (40-23)K = 17 K

𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝐖
𝑸𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇 = ( 𝟐
) (𝟐𝟏. 𝟕 𝐦𝟐 )(𝟏𝟕𝑲) = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟑𝟓 𝑾
𝐦

Wall:

𝑸𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝑼𝑨∆𝑻

Q = Heat load

U = 0.3 W/m2

A = (4m)(6.2m+3.5m) = 38.8 m2

∆T = (40-23)K = 17 K

𝐖
𝑸𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍 = (𝟎. 𝟑 ) (𝟑𝟖. 𝟖 𝐦𝟐)(𝟏𝟕 𝐊) = 𝟏𝟗𝟕. 𝟖𝟖 𝐖
𝐦𝟐

B. INTERNAL HEAT LOAD –

People:

Next we’ll calculate the internal loads from people working in the cold room, as people
generate heat and we need to account for this.

We’ll estimate 3 people working in the room 1. At this temperature they will give off
around 270 Watts of heat inside.
We’ll use the formula:

𝑸𝒑𝒆𝒐𝒑𝒍𝒆 = 𝑵𝒐. 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒆𝒓 𝒙 𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝑾 = 𝟑(𝟐𝟕𝟎) = 𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝑾

Lamps:

Then we can calculate the heat generated by the lighting, this is fairly simple to do
and we can use the formula.

For this room we estimated that it has 2 lamps having 100 W per lamp.

𝑸𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒔 = 𝑵𝒐. 𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒔 𝒙 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 = 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑾 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑾

With the aid of Microsoft Excel we made a table having all the loads needed in
each room.

Cooling Load
Room Transmission(W) Internal(W) Total (kW)/room
Roof Wall Worker Lighths
1 55.335 197.88 810 200 1.263215
2 65.9175 208.08 3240 200 3.7139975
3 107.9568 110.16 1350 300 1.8681168
4 132.2685 232.56 2970 600 3.9348285
5 53.754 201.96 810 300 1.365714
6 53.754 201.96 810 300 1.365714
Floor Plan with RM Number and Heating Load
 Volume Flow rate Calculation

Now we will calculate the volume flow rate of air needed in every room
given the heat load or the required load.

𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝∆𝑇
𝑉 =𝑚∗𝜈

Q = Heat load in every room

m = mass flow rate needed for every room

Cp = Specific Heat of Air.

Here we used 1.026 kJ/kg.K as standard Cp

V = Volume flow rate

1
𝜈 = Specific volume = 1/𝜌 = = 0.83 m3/kg
1.2 𝑘ℎ𝑔/𝑚3

∆𝑇 = Change in Temperature. For air conditioning ∆𝑇 must range from 4-10 K here
we used 8 K

RM 1:

𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝∆𝑇

𝑄
𝑚=
𝐶𝑝∆𝑇

1.263215 𝑘𝑊
𝑚= = 0.1539 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑘𝐽
(1.026 . 𝐾) (8𝐾)
𝑘𝑔

𝑉 =𝑚∗𝜈

𝑘𝑔 0.83𝑚3 0.127𝑚3
𝑉 = (0.1539 )( )=
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑠

With repetitive process using Microsoft Excel we tabled the values.

Volume flow rate per room table

Room V(m3/s)

1 0.127737384
2 0.375562613
3 0.188905573
4 0.397893233
5 0.138102171
6 0.138102171
Vtotal 1.366303145
 Velocity and Head losses Calculation

Here, we will present the calculation of velocity, head losses and diameters of
ducts and branches necessary for the choosing of blower.

We used the Equal Friction Method of designing the ducting and calculating
its velocities. This calculation is based on PRESSURE LOSS CHART

The equal friction method for sizing air ducts is often preferred because it is quite easy to
use. The method can be summarized to

1. Compute the necessary air volume flow (m3/s, cfm) in every room and branch of the
system
2. Use 1 to compute the total air volume (m3/s, cfm) in the main system
3. Determine the maximum acceptable airflow velocity in the main duct
4. Determine the major pressure drop in the main duct
5. Use the major pressure drop for the main duct as a constant to determine the duct
sizes throughout the distribution system
6. Determine the total resistance in the duct system by multiplying the static resistance
with the equivalent length of the longest run.

Comfort systems – air velocity 4 to 7 m/s (13 to 23 ft/s)

Ducting Design ID and Dimensions

Pressure Loss Chart (SI)
 Finding the Pressure Loss in mmH20/m (RM1)

Tracing the volume flow rate of Duct A at the chart and assuming maximum velocity
at mainstream for office comfort of 5 m/s, we were able to know the Friction that will be used
in entire ducting work and Equivalent Diameter for mainstream duct A

 The equivalent friction is 0.045 mmH20/m and diameter of 500 mm.

 Multiplying the friction per length to the length of the duct we have pressure loss
of:

𝐦𝐦𝐇𝟐𝟎
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟓 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟔 𝐦 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟕 𝐦𝐦𝐇𝟐𝟎
𝐦

By repetitive process we tabled the values in Microsoft Excel

DUCTING DESIGN

ID Type V(m3/s) HL(mmH20/m) V(m/s) Length(m) Eq.Dia(mm) HL(mmH20) Ho(mmH20)

A Duct 1.3663 0.045 5 2.6 500 0.117

B Branch 0.12774 0.045 2.8 2 230 0.09
C Cross 50.96839959
D Branch 0.37556 0.045 3.3 1.3 300 0.0585
E Duct 0.863 0.045 4.2 3.7 500 0.1665
F Branch 0.09445 0.045 2.7 2.3 225 0.1035
G Cross 89.90825688
H Branch 0.09445 0.045 2.7 1.1 225 0.0495
I Duct 0.6741 0.045 4.4 4.3 450 0.1935
J Branch 0.19895 0.045 2.8 2.6 275 0.117
K Cross 0
L Branch 0.19895 0.045 2.8 2.5 275 0.1125
M Duct 0.2762 0.045 3.1 5.5 315 0.2475
N Branch 0.1381 0.045 2.8 0.5 250 0.0225
O Branch 0.1381 0.045 2.8 1.7 250 0.0765
P Tee 0.48980632
HL(longest run) 142.0909628
 Calculation of Blower Power

Calculation of Total Dynamic Head

This calculation is necessary for choosing of the Type and Capacity of Blower
needed to satisfy the analyzed requirement.

𝑻𝑫𝑯 = 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅 + 𝑯𝑳𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒓𝒖𝒏

Static head = 4 m (Elevation of the ducting)

HLLongestrun = 142.2709628 mm or 0.142 m (Pressure or head losses in the longest run)

𝑻𝑫𝑯 = 𝟒𝒎 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟐 𝐦

Blower Power

references

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5y_VBiTiuAY

https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-duct-friction-loss-diagram-d_328.html

https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/005/smacna.duct.1995.html
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/equal-friction-method-d_1028.html