COMSATS Institute of Information Technology

___Wah_______ Campus

Synopsis for the degree of M.S./M. Phil Ph.D

PART-1 (to be completed by the student)

Name of Student MUHAMMAD AMIN

Department ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Registration No. CIIT/SP14-MS(REE)-013/WAH

Name of (i) Research Supervisor
Dr. Ashfaq Ahmed
(ii) Co - Supervisor
Members of Supervisory Committee
1. Dr. Muhammad Iqbal
2. Dr. Muhammad Awias
3. Dr. Muhammad Naeem
Major Field of Study Electrical Engineering
Field of Specialization Power Engineering
Title of Research Proposal Hydrothermal Scheduling
Summary of Research Proposal
Electrical energy becomes a backbone for the economical development of a country.
This energy is supplied by various types of power generating plants like hydel, thermal,
nuclear and renewable energy resources. The generated electricity is supplied to end
user through various complex transmission and distribution systems constantly to meet
the load demand regardless of generation cost.
In most countries of the world, electricity is generated from conventional hydel,
thermal and nuclear power units. These power generation units are different no matter
what is the capital investment, operation and maintenance cost. The operational cost
of hydel power plants is trivial as compared to thermal and nuclear power plants. Hydro
units can be used as base load and thermal units as peak load for electricity production
to fullfil maximum energy requirement when there is enough storage of water in dams
or in water reservoirs which is possible in rainy or summer seasons and vice versa.
Due cost effectiveness and environmental friendly characteristics of hydel power
generation units, it is prefer to use hydel units to fullfil the demand load. Beside fuel
cost, thermal units produce unhealthy gases like carbon dioxide (CO2),sulphur oxide
(SOx) and nitrogen oxide (NOx). The generation volume of hydel units rely on the
quantity of flow of water which varies throughout of the year which is abundant in rainy
or summer seasons.
The nuclear power units have significance in generation capacity and cost over
thermal power units with the question of availability of nuclear fuel. So it is desirable
that hydel power units as base load and thermal units as peak load should be utilize to
fullfil laod demand or vice versa.
In most countries, power system consists of both hydel power units and thermal power
units which are connected through transmission lines. Handling of this complex power
system requires optimal hydrothemal scheduling (HTS which establishes a nonlinear
optimization problem having objective function with linear, nonlinear and dynamic
multi-constraints. It is consists of amalgam of result for both unit choice and active
power transmit problems. Commonly very unbalanced and nonlinear search space
related with hydrothermal (HT) Scheduling problem so we requires a very strong and
tough tool to make the optimization problem productive. Up to now, In literature,
various strong and robust optimization algorithms have been use for the solution of
hydrothermal scheduling problem. With the passage of time most of techniques are
greatly refined and polished for lucrative results for the solution of HTS problem.
In this research.................................................

Introduction
Electrical energy becomes a backbone for the economical development of a country.
This energy is supplied by various types of power generating plants like hydel, thermal,
nuclear and renewable energy resources. The generated electricity is supplied to end
user through various complex transmission and distribution systems constantly to meet
the load demand regardless of generation cost.
Various numbers of hydel and thermal power units are interconnected at different load
centers via transmission networks in a power system. The main objective of this
system is generation and transmission of electricity to end user to meet the load
demand at minimum fuel cost and low emission to environment by an optimal mixture
of different types of power generation plants. Optimal scheduling of electricity
generated at different plants in a power system is of great importance particularly when
water in the dams or reservoirs are limited and thermal power units are used as base
load to meet the load demand. Since hydel units have plenty of water in rainy or
summer seasons otherwise being tremendously limited, the availability of water had
great significance in power generation. By optimum usage of water resources in
combination with the thermal resources results in maximum saving of fuel and other
related cost.
All hydel systems differ from another in their uniqueness in difference in their water
areas, location, non-uniformity in water flow, release elements and control constraints
etc. Natural constraints cause sudden alteration in water flow volumes, flood and
draught results in variable water flow in rivers or dams. Water is also required for
agriculture, irrigation and fishing pools. All these parameters affect the hydel
scheduling. In many areas, however, the hydel source is adequately huge particularly
in rainy seasons. Additionally, load demand varies throughout the year. Optimal
generation scheduling can be carried out to meet the load demand by integration of
hydel and thermal units. Nuclear power plants are cost effective subjected to
availability of nuclear fuel. Optimal scheduling of electricity generating plants is the
determination of electricity generated so that total system power generated cost is
minimum with satisfaction to system constraints. For hydrothemal scheduling problem,
the objective is maximum hydel source utilization with minimum cost to meet the load
demand.
Hydrothermal Scheduling Problem can be classified into two groups
1. Long range problem
2. Short range problem
Long range problem
Long range problem depends upon the planning for year basis of the reservoir water,
inflows and seasonal load demand and corresponding schedule in a year. The solution
of the long range problem is considered as the prime dynamics of head variations and
can be validated via a flow continuity equation.
The coordination of the operation of hydro power plants involves the schedule of water
release. The long time hydrodynamic scheduling problem involves the long time
forecast for the availability of water and the scheduling of water reservoir releases for
the time interval that depends upon the capacities of reservoir. Typically the long-time
scheduling starts from one week to one year. So, for hydro schemes with a capacity of
impounding water over many seasons, the long-time span problem involves the both
analysis as meteorological and statistical. The aim of the long-time scheduling is to
give a good feasible solution that is very close to the long-time cost minimization for the
whole system. This type of problem is difficult to solve due to its size, the time span
and the randomness of the water inflows over the longer times. Long-time scheduling
involves the optimization policy of unknowns such as the loads, hydraulic inflows and
unit availabilities. These all unknowns should be treated statistically and long-range
scheduling which involves optimization of statistical variables.
Short Range Problem
The load demand for the power system includes cyclic variations over a day or a week
and the corresponding schedule interval is for a day or a week. Short range problem
has small scheduling interval, the solution for the short range problem can assume the
head to be quite constant. The utilization of amount of water for the short-range
scheduling problem can be derived from the solution of the long-range scheduling
problem. Short-range hydro-scheduling includes the hourly based scheduling of all
generating stations on a power system to get minimum production cost for the given
time frame.
The short term hydrothermal scheduling problem is further divided into two types
1. Fixed head hydro thermal scheduling
2. Variable head hydro thermal scheduling

Economy of a country’s development is partially dependent on its electrical energy

improvement policy. Many developing countries like Pakistan are much focused on
industry which consumes a large amount of electricity from generated power. Hence
main objective is to develop power systems which is to be flexible, continues and
economical. In current scenario of load-shedding problem in Pakistan, Short Term
Hydrothermal Scheduling (STHTS) can play an important role to overcome with this
problem. Optimal Hydrothermal scheduling problem is a non-linear problem with multi-
objective function and multi-constraints. Hence in past many authors used different
assumptions to solve this problem. To solve this optimization problem efficiently, we
need a powerful and robust tool.

Literature Review
A process has been devised in [1] in order to reduce the total cost while keeping the
system adequately reliable. Total expected generation cost and worst case generation
cost are the two stages of unit commitment. Thermal generators are dealt with in the
first scenario while all the decisions related to economic dispatch for these generators
are dealt with in the second stage. These decisions are made with reference to the
stochastic optimization and worst case scenario in order to achieve robust optimization.
A process has been devised in [2] with an aim to achieve a reduced total operational
cost in an increased computational time. Long term HTS has been determined by
comparison of the stochastic and deterministic model. This comparison of results has
been achieved with the help of a single hydro. In order to handle the ambiguity of wind
energy insertion, a rational and realistic data handling technique has been advised in
[3]. Operation, shut down costs and start up constitute the objective function along with
the wind power spillage. A method which results in the reduction of total cost of all the
thermal units has been put forward in [4]. This is achieved by decreasing the start up
and shut down cost of the thermal units. The technique that is employed to achieve the
given task is PWL. This is used in combination with MILP. In order to obtain optimum
solution a number of tests are then performed. [5] and [6] employ a method which
results in the reduction of the total cost of operation. This is done in combination with
an increase in the efficiency and decrease in the computational time of the system. The
communications also decreases as a result of this technique. In [5] The long term HTC
system has been solved by employing the two techniques, known as lagrangian
relaxation (LR) and truncated dynamic method (TDP). There exists a direct proportional
relation between operational cost and output power. Therefore if proper organization
and arrangement of power stations is done, the operational cost can be reduced
effectively. An optimal scheme has been employed in [7] which results in a reduced
total operational cost due to the reduction in total cost of the system. This is done along
with an increase the reliability of the system. [8] and [9] aim at optimizing the operating
cost which consists of the start up and the fuel costs. Thus this results in an increased
computational efficiency without disturbing the calculation accuracy of the system. In
[10] a very realistic method to coordinate the hydrothermal activity of the system and
utilize the wind energy has been proposed. [11] and [12] aim at reducing the total
operational cost in hydrothermal organization. Due to the dire importance of reactive
power, the loss of active power is made to increase in [13] if the reactive power goes
below a certain prescribed level of requirement. A system of reactive power reserve
has been established to overcome the reduced active power. A process of analyzing
the uncertainty and disturbance in the system resulting from load variation, power
generation, and noise communication is proposed in [14]. A system to monitor the
frequency of the system as well as the error in controlled area is implemented by
AGC.A technique to decrease the cost and reduce the security risk of the system has
been proposed in [15]. The purpose of two objective creation in [15] is to obtain the
optimal scheduling of thermal as well as hydro generation. A decrease in the fuel cost
has been rendered by an increase in the generation from wind as well as thermal
sources in [16]. In [17], Operational cost is made to reduce by determination of shut
down as well as the startup units. Proper scheduling of the generation from thermal
sources and rendering availability of hydro units results in a decrease in the total cost.
Technique has been employed in [18]. Thus, the main objective is to minimize the fuel
cost of thermal units as well as their emissions. A technique that results in a decrease
in the total cost has been used in [19] which achieves the objective by an increased
generation from wind as well as hydro sources. The fuel cost and emission cost have
been made to reduce by help of a multi objective function in [20] and [21]. [22] and [23]
make use of techniques to result in a decrease in total cost and rendering availability of
the hydro units. Long term thermal maintenance techniques are employed in [24] to
result in the generic positive outcomes. The decrease in the other costs that belong to
HT units can also effectively reduce the total cost. This fact has been used in [25].
Active power has been scheduled using the reactive power as a controlled variable, in
order to achieve a reduction in the loss caused by transmission in [26] and [27]. Proper
flow, reduced power loss and reduced capacitor switching is achieved by a process
proposed in [28]. A stochastic MILP is followed in the proposed model to handle the
random output from DGs and discretion of outputs of shunt compensators. A technique
to meet the demand of the system with help of reduction in the thermal generation is
used in [29]. A technique which causes a decrease in the total cost and maximization
of the social welfare as well as the profit we get in return is used in [30] and [31]. A
process of hydrothermal coordination is used in [32], [33], [34], [35] and [36] which
results in a minimized generation cost in totality and requires the utility to generate
power. The cost of generation of hydro units, wind energy generation and thermal units
is decreased by using a short term based scheduling technique. [39] and [40] employ
techniques to decrease the generation cost the processes at all intervals to reduce the
overall cost. The errors of the aggregate profile of load and target profile in shape of
their squared sums are minimized by using a deterministic model in [41]. [42] employs
a technique of robust SCUC model which is multi objective and analyses the unit
commitment cost. There are three steps to achieve the completion of this technique.
These are the launching of problems in the market after the obtaining of unit
commitment solution. This is done, in order to overcome the dispatch model issues.
Then, on occurrence of any qualms, new conceptual ideas are introduced which
redefine the cost boundaries and maintain a certain level of accuracy of the system.
Finally, a vigorous approach is employed to address the final computation time in an
effective manner. In [43], the objective function is made to reduce by employing the
usage of coal in power generating systems. Load flow is used with consequent use of
nuclear power plants. Specific operational constraints are used to minimize the total
operational cost in [44]. This approach was used because of the complications being
faced in the HTS System. In order to achieve the hydel as well as wind power
coordination, a WPIC approach is employed in [45]. Thus as the thermal output of the
units is required to change at any interval, therefore the sum of the hydel as well as the
wind power is used in a specified range. The operational risk is reduced and the utility
of wind energy is increased by properly coordinating the different types of power
generation in [46]. The positive and negative influences of the hydro as well as wind
power are coordinated. In [47] LR approach is employed. This is done in order to put
forward an expression of the thermal unit costs. Then the expression of the start-up
costs is proposed. Finally, the value of stored power of water is expressed in prospect.
The scheduling technique has been employed in perspective to minimize the total cost
of operation in [48]. The dispatch regarding the hydro and thermal energy and the
detail of uneven reserves are explained in [49]. The time required to compute the
results as well as the reliability of the ED solution in improved in [50].This is done by
proper explanation of the problems faced regarding dispatch of the hydrothermal
sources by hour and the irregularity in the energy reserves. A design to use the
multinodal ICG has been put forward with an aim to measure and analyze the effects
on energy as well as its capacity in the market and other renewable sources of energy
in [51]. The operational cost is reduced by finding the scheduling of generation in [52].

Statement of the Problem

Now a days, there is highly demand for electricity which is used in different sectors for
the development of a country. The electrical power generated with different sources
which includes hydel, thermal, nuclear and renewable sources. Usually electricity is
generated from conventional hydel and thermal power plants in most parts of the world.
It is more desirable to produce more electric power from hydel units as thermal units
are costly in respective of fossil fuel cost and emission cost. Therefore an optimal
scheduling is required for best utilization of available source of electrical energy. In this
research, we will use short term hydrothermal scheduling to minimize the fuel cost and
environmental emission cost by an optimization problem having non linear objective
functions with linear and non linear constraints. As hydel units have negligible or very
low fuel cost than thermal units, so objective of this problem is to minimize the fuel cost
and emission cost of thermal units while making possible usage of available hydel
source in dams or water reservoirs.

Research Methodology
In this research, we will use different techniques to solve short term scheduling
problem for hydrothermal units by economic scheduling, emission scheduling and
combined economic and emission dispatch for economically efficient hydrothermal
scheduling.
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Tentative Time Table

 Name of Student Muhammad Amin Signature and Date
PART II
Recommendation by the Research Supervisor

Name: _Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad_____ Signature _____________ Date___________

Signed by Supervisory Committee

S. # Name of Committee Member Designation Signature and Date

1 Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Assistant Professor
2 Dr. Muhammad Naeem Assistant Professor
 3 Dr. Assistant Professor

Approved by Departmental Advisory Committee

Certified that the synopsis has been seen by members of DAC and considered it suitable for
putting up to BASAR.

Secretary
Departmental Advisory Committee

Name: _______________________ ___________Signature:__________________________

Date:________________________

Chairman/HoD ____________________________________

Signature: ______________________________

Date ________________

PART III
Dean of Respective Faculty

________________ Approved for placement before BASAR.

________________ Not Approved on the basis of following reasons

Signature ______________________________ Date ________________

Secretary BASAR

________________ Approved from BASAR.

________________ Not Approved on the basis of the following reasons

Signature ______________________________ Date ________________