Biohist PDF

MODULE 2
BIOTECHNOLOGY:
History, State of the art, Future
Dr Marcel Daba BENGALY

Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph KI ZERBO
Module 2 BIOTECHNOLOGY:
Disclaimer
This publication has been produced with the
assistance of the European Union. The contents of this
publication is the sole responsibility of the University
of Ouaga-I JKZ and can in no way be taken to reflect
the views of the European Union.
Final Version : February 2017

2
Module Objective 1/2
General objective
The main objective is to offer a broad view of
biotechnology, integrating historical, global
current and future applications in such a way that
its applications in Africa and expected
developments could be discussed based on sound
knowledge…
3
Module Objective 2/2
Specific objectives
At completion learner should be able to:
• demonstrate knowledge of essential facts of the history
of biotechnology and description of key scientific
events in the development of biotechnology
• demonstrate knowledge of the definitions and
principles of ancient, classical, and modern
biotechnologies.
• describe the theory, practice and potential of current
and future biotechnology.
• describe and begin to evaluate aspects of current and
future research and applications in biotechnology.
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Module contents 1/1
‒ Unit 1: Introduction to biotechnology, history and

concepts definition 4 hrs
‒ Unit 2: The Green Revolution: impacts, limits,
and the path ahead
‒ Unit 3: Agricultural biotechnology: the state-of-
the-art
‒ Unit 4: Future trends and perspectives of
agricultural biotechnology
‒ Unit 5: Food security and Biotechnology in Africa:
options and opportunities
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Module 2 BIOTECHNOLOGY:
UNIT 1:
Introduction to Biotechnology,
History & Concepts Definition
(04 Hours)
Dr Marcel Daba BENGALY
Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph KI ZERBO
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Unit 1 Objective 1/1
Introduce the concepts and evolution of

Biotechnology by the development of a well-
grounded understanding of biotechnological
history and definitions including :
•broad principles,
•integration of different subject areas,
•specialized knowledge
•and the developments in specific subject
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Unit 1 Content 1/1
1. Concepts definition
2. History & Evolution of Biotechnology
3. Spectrum of applications of Biotechnology
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Concepts definition 1/7
What is meant by biotechnology ?
• Broadest definitions vs. narrowest definitions

of biotechnology
 A common understanding of biotechnology
is needed...
 Society should decide what to "choose"

biotechnology to mean as a basic to cope with
social, communication, political and legislative
matters
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Origin of the term “Biotechnology”

According to Robert Bud (Science Museum London, UK)…
The term « Biotechnology » was

first used by Karl Ereky in 1919 in a
book called "Biotechnology of
Meat, Fat and Milk Production in
an Agricultural Large-Scale Farm »
Source : ROBERT BUD, History of 'biotechnology' Karl Ereky

Nature 337, 10 (05 January 1989) 10
Origin of the term “Biotechnology”

For Ereky
The term “Biotechnology" indicated the process by

which raw materials could be biologically
upgraded into socially useful products…
Source : The evolution of the word ‘biotechnology’

Max J. Kennedy
http://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/pdf/download/e
id/1-s2.0-016777999190073Q/first-page-pdf
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Biotechnology: Broad definition

FDA's working definition of biotechnology is “the
application of biological systems and organisms to
technical and industrial processes”.
This definition takes :
• Both the "old" and "new" science
 age-old techniques and most advanced uses of
recombinant DNA technology.
• Many applications…
12
Biotechnology: Narrower definition

The [direct] manipulation of nature for the benefit
of mankind at the subcellular and molecular
levels.
Biotechnology at the Hebrew University (1992)
Biotechnology: Narrowest
"New" biotechnology is the industrial use of
recombinant DNA, cell diffusion and novel
bioprocessing techniques.
U.S. Office of Technology Assessment (1984-II)
13
Biotechnology : Definitions from countries &

international organizations and other…
Definitions from countries

https://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk3/1984/8407/840724.PDF
Definitions from international organizations

http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c14/e1-36-13.pdf
Definitions from other sources

http://nvsrochd.gov.in/s_club/biology/ch11_bilas.pdf
14
Biotechnology is multidisciplinary in nature, involving

input from :
• Engineering
• Computer Science
• Cell and Molecular
Biology
• Microbiology
• Genetics
• Physiology
• Biochemistry
• Immunology
• Virology
• Recombinant DNA
Technology
• Etc 15
History & Evolution of Biotechnology 1/9
Biotechnology Timeline
‒ Timeline showing the progression from the
earliest domestication (crops & animals) to
modern methods of Biotechnology in the 21st
Century
Read document on Biotechnology Timeline

https://www.currituck.k12.nc.us/cms/lib/NC01001303/
Centricity/Domain/761/careersInBiomanufacturing_unit
1_biotechTimeline.pdf
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Stages of Biotechnology
Ancient Biotechnology
• Early history as related to food and shelter, including
domestication
Classical Biotechnology
• Built on ancient biotechnology
• Fermentation promoted food production & Medicine
Modern Biotechnology
• Manipulates genetic information in organism
• Genetic engineering
• And….
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Ancient Biotechnology (Pre 1800)
History of domestication and agriculture
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Fermented foods and beverages
Long history of fermented foods since people began
to settle (9000 BC)
• Often discovered by accident!
• Improved flavor and texture
• Deliberate contamination with bacteria or fungi
(molds)
Examples: Bread, Yogurt, Cheese, Wine, Beer, Sauerkraut…
http://docshare03.docshare.tips/files/19004/190040831.pdf
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The end…
1866 – Louis Pasteur published his findings on the
direct link between yeast and sugars in fermentation
1915 – Production of baker’s yeast – Saccharomyces

cerevisiae
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Classical Biotechnology
(From 1800 to the middle of 20th century)
Industrial exploitation of fermentation process for
production of huge numbers of products
• Different types of beverages (beer, wine, cider…)

• Vinegar, Glycerol, Acetone, Butanol
• Lactic acid, Citric acid
• Antibiotics
21
Classical biotechnology
Chemical transformations to produce therapeutic
products
Substrate + Microbial Enzyme  Product
Example:
• Cholesterol  Steroids (cortisone, estrogen…)
22
Classical biotechnology
Microbial synthesis of commercially valuable products
• Amino acids to improve food taste, quality or
preservation
• Enzymes (cellulase, collagenase, diastase, glucose
isomerase, invertase, lipase, pectinase, protease)
• Vitamins,
• Pigments
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Modern Biotechnology
The Second World War is considered a major crisis that
has led to scientific discoveries : very crucial discoveries
were reported, which paved the path for modern
biotechnology and to its current status.
In 1953, JD Watson and FHC Crick for the first time

cleared the mysteries around the DNA as a genetic
material, by giving a structural model of DNA known
as “Double Helix Model of DNA”.
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Spectrum of applications of biotechnology 1/10
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27
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Nowadays there exist five main groups in

biotechnological applications, which have been
identified by a color system.
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Red biotechnology/Medicine
All those biotechnology uses connected to medicine…
• producing vaccines and antibiotics,
• developing new drugs,
• molecular diagnostics techniques,
• regenerative therapies and the development of
genetic engineering to cure diseases through genetic
manipulation.
Examples : cell therapy and regenerative medicine,
gene therapy and medicines based on biological
molecules such as therapeutic antibodies.
30
White biotechnology /Industry

All the biotechnology uses related to industrial processes
design low resource-consuming processes and products,
making them more energy efficient and less polluting
than traditional ones.
Examples : the use of microorganisms in chemicals
production, the design and production of new
materials for daily use (plastics, textiles ...), the
development of new sustainable energy sources such
as biofuels.
31
Grey biotechnology / Environment

All applications of biotechnology directly related to the
environment. These applications can be split up into two
main branches: biodiversity maintenance and
contaminants removal.
Biodiversity maintenance: analysis of populations

and species, comparison/classification and cloning to
preserve species and genome storage technologies.
contaminants removal : uses microorganisms and
plants to isolate and dispose of different substances
such as heavy metals and hydrocarbons…
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Green biotechnology /Agriculture

Focused on agriculture as working field: approaches and
applications include creating new plant varieties of
agricultural interest
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Blue biotechnology/Sea
Based on the exploitation of sea resources to create
products and applications of industrial interest.
 Taking into account that the sea presents the

greatest biodiversity, there is potentially a huge
range of sectors to benefit from the use of this kind
of biotechnology. Many products and applications
from blue biotechnology are still object of study
and research…
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Conclusions 1/2
Today there is a tendency to overstate

the problem and to ignore the
appropriate counterfactual situation…
 What would have been the magnitude of

hunger and poverty without the yield
increases of the Green Revolution and with
the same population growth ?
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Conclusions 2/2
All Biotechnologies do not mean GM…
Beyond GMOs
There are emerging new biotechnologies (Cisgenesis &
Intragenesis, Synthetic Genomics, Genome editing, etc.)
are in question...
 See more in Unit 4.
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MODULE 2

Dr Marcel Daba BENGALY

Final Version : February 2017

‒ Unit 1: Introduction to biotechnology, history and

Introduce the concepts and evolution of

2. History & Evolution of Biotechnology

3. Spectrum of applications of Biotechnology

What is meant by biotechnology ?

• Broadest definitions vs. narrowest definitions

 Society should decide what to "choose"

Origin of the term “Biotechnology”

The term « Biotechnology » was

Source : ROBERT BUD, History of 'biotechnology' Karl Ereky

Origin of the term “Biotechnology”

The term “Biotechnology" indicated the process by

Source : The evolution of the word ‘biotechnology’

Biotechnology: Broad definition

Biotechnology: Narrower definition

Biotechnology : Definitions from countries &

Definitions from countries

Definitions from international organizations

Definitions from other sources

Biotechnology is multidisciplinary in nature, involving

Read document on Biotechnology Timeline

1915 – Production of baker’s yeast – Saccharomyces

• Different types of beverages (beer, wine, cider…)

In 1953, JD Watson and FHC Crick for the first time

Nowadays there exist five main groups in

White biotechnology /Industry

Grey biotechnology / Environment

Biodiversity maintenance: analysis of populations

Green biotechnology /Agriculture

 Taking into account that the sea presents the

Today there is a tendency to overstate

 What would have been the magnitude of

All Biotechnologies do not mean GM…

 See more in Unit 4.

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