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BE 8253 - BASIC ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION
ENGINEERING

UNIT 1
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
PART -A
1.Define Active & Passive elements.
The element which is capable of generating or supplying energy is called Active element.
Example:
Generators, Batteries, Operational Amplifiers etc.,
The element which is capable of receiving energy is called Passive element. Example: Resistor,
Inductor, Capacitor
2. Define the terms Loop and Mesh.
The closed path of a network is called a Loop. An elementary form of a loop which cannot be
further divided is called a Mesh. In Mesh is closed path that does not contain any other loop within
it.
3. Define the terms Node and Junction.
A Node is a point in the network where two or more circuit elements are connected. A Junction is a
point where three or more circuit elements are connected.
4. Define voltage.
The potential difference between two points in an electric circuit called voltage. The unit of voltage
is the volt. Voltage represented by V or v.
5. Define resistance.
Resistance is the property of a substance, which opposes the flow of electric current. Also it can be
considered as electric friction. Whenever current flows through a resistor, a voltage drop occurs in it
and it is dissipated in the form of heat. Unit of resistance is ohm. Symbol is measured with a help of
ohmmeter.
6. What are the factors affecting resistance?
(i) Length – L
(ii) Area of cross section - a
(iii) Nature and property of the material - ρ
(iv) Conductance and conductivity – G = 1/R
7. Define power and energy. Give the expression for electrical power and energy.
Power is the rate of doing work and its unit is Watt. The unit of electric power is defined in terms
of the joule per second. One joule per second is the work done when one coulomb of electricity is
moved through a potential difference of one volt in one second. Power P = VI = I 2R = V2/R Watts.
Energy is the product of power and time. If the power remains constant at P during the period of
time t seconds, the energy equals Pt Watt-sec or Joules. Energy W = Pt = VIt = I 2Rt = V2t/R Joules.
8. What are the classifications of Circuit elements?
 Active element
 Passive element
 Lumped and distributed elements
 Bilateral and unilateral elements
 Linear and non linear elements.
9. What are dependent and independent sources?
The electrical energy supplied by dependent sources a source of electrical energy.

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The electrical energy supplied by independent source does not depend on another electrical
source. They convert some energy in to electrical form.
10. Define electric current.
Ans: Electric current is defined as rate of flow of electric charge.
I =dq/dt
The unit of current is Amperes.
11. Distinguish between a mesh and loop a circuit. (May 2009)

Ans: The difference between a mesh and a loop is that a mesh does not contain any other
loop within it. Thus a mesh is the smallest loop. A mesh is always a loop but a loop may or
may not be a mesh.

12. Define ohms law. (Dec 2010, May 2012, Nov 2014 , May2015)
Ohm's law states that “The electric current flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference across it, provided that the temperature remains
constant”
V = IR
Where R - the constant of proportionality, is the resistance;
V-Voltage, V is in volt & I-Current, I is in ampere.
13. Mention the Limitations of Ohm’s Law.
 It does not apply to all non metallic conductors
 It also does not apply to non linear devices such as zener diode, vacuum tubes etc.
 It is true for metal conductors at constant temperature. If the temperature changes the
law is not applicable.
14. Apply ohm’s law in the circuit given in fig.1 to find V and I2.

Solution:
Voltage across 6 ohm resistor, V6ohm=6*2=12volts
Since given circuit is a parallel circuit, V6ohm = V= Voltage across 9 ohm resistor (V 9ohm)
Therefore, V9ohm= 12 Volt.
I2=V9ohm/9=12/9=1.33A
15. State kirchoff’s law. [Dec 2012, May 2013,Nov2014, May 2015]
Kirchhoff’s Current Law:
Kirchhoff’s Current Law states that “The sum of the currents flowing towards a
junction is equal to the sum of the current flowing away from it”
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:

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Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law states that “In a closed circuit, the sum of the potential
drops is equal to the sum of the potential rises”
16. Draw the V-I characteristics of ideal voltage source.

17. Find the equivalent resistance between A and B in the figure.

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18. In the figure shown, find the current of I.

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19. Apply KVL to the following circuit and find ix and Vx.

Solution:
Apply KVL to the loop,
100𝑖𝑥 =5+7
100𝑖𝑥 = 12
𝑖𝑥 = 100/12
𝑖𝑥 =0.12A
𝑉𝑥 = 100*ix =100*0.12=12volts

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20. For the circuit shown below, find the voltage across and current through 6Ω resistor.
The battery voltage is 20V.

Given:

21. For the circuit shown below, calculate the value of resistor R, when the total current taken
by the network is 1.5 Amps.

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22. Find the current I and voltage across 30Ω of the circuit shown below.

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23. A 120Ω resistor has a specified maximum power dissipation of 1 W. calculate the
maximum current level. (May 2013)
Ans :
Given Data:
P=1W, R=120Ω
P= I2R
I2=P/R = 1/120
I= 0.09 A
24. State voltage division rule.

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Voltage across a resistor in a series circuit is equal to the total voltage across the series
elements multiplies by the value of that resistor divided by the total resistance of the series
elements.

R1, R2 – Resistors, I – Total Current; I1 , I2 - Branch currents

25. State current division rule.
The current in any branch is equal to the ratio of the opposite parallel branch resistance to
the total resistance value, multiplies by the total current in the circuit.

r1, r2 – resistors; E- Applied Voltage; E1, E2 - Voltage drop across resistors r 1 & r 2;

29. Compare series and parallel circuit.

S.No. Series circuit Parallel circuit

1. The total effective resistance is the sum The reciprocal of the total effective resistance is
of the individual resistance. the sum of the reciprocals of individual
ie., Reff=R1+R 2+……R n resistance
1/Reff= 1/R1+1/R2+….1/R n
2. Only one path for the current flow More than one path for the current to flow
3. The current flowing through all the The current flowing through each resistance is
resistances will be the same and equal different
to

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the total current
4. The voltage is divided across each The voltage across each resistance is same
resistance according to the value of which will be equal to the input voltage.
resistance.

30. Two resistances are connected in parallel with values 6Ω and 3 Ω. This combination is
connected in series with 8 Ω. Find the equivalent resistance. (May 2009)
Ans:
Parallel resistance (R P ) = (6*3)/(6+3)
=2Ω
Total resistance RT= RS+RP
=2+8
=10 Ω
31. When a resistor is placed across a 415 V supply, the current is 36 A. What is the value of
the resistor that must be placed in parallel to increase the load to 40A?

Given: V= 415 V; I=36 A

Solution: We know that V=IR
R= V/I
For 36 A load, R= 415/36 = 11.52 ohm
For 40 A load, R=415/40 = 10.375

32. Find the current through each resistor for the circuit given below.

We know that, I= V/R

Current through 20 ohm resistor = 125/20 = 6.25 A
Current through 100 ohm resistor = 125/100 = 1.25 A
Current through 50 ohm resistor = 125/50 = 2.5 A
33. What are the different types of dependent or controlled sources?

(i)Voltage controlled voltage sources

(ii)Voltage controlled voltage sources
(iii)Voltage controlled current sources
(iv)Current controlled current sources

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34. Find the equivalent resistance between a & b in the figure.

Solution:

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35. State superposition theorem.

It states that the response of a linear circuit with multiple sources is given by algebraic sum
of response due to individual sources acting alone.
36. State Thevenin’s theorem
It states that any linear bilateral network can be replaced by a single current source VTH, in
series with single impedance Zth
The load current in Thevenin’s circuit I L= VOC / (RTH+R L)
37. State Norton’s theorem
It states that any linear bilateral network can be replaced by a single current source, I N in
parallel with single impedance Zth.
The Load current in a Norton’s circuit I L= (I SC.RTH) / (RTH+RL)
38. State maximum power transfer theorem.
The maximum power transfer theorem states that in a linear, bilateral DC network,
maximum power is delivered to the load when the load resistance is equal to the internal
2 /4R
resistance of a source. Max power:𝑉𝑜𝑐 TH
39. Define source transformation.
The current and voltage sources may be interchanged without affecting the remainder of the circuit;
this technique is the source transformation. It is the tool for simplifying the circuit.

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UNIT II AC CIRCUITS

1. What is meant by alternating quantity?

It is one in which the magnitude and direction change with respect to time.
2. What is meant by cycle?
One complete set of positive and negative values of an alternating quantity.
3. Define time period.
The time taken to complete one cycle is called the time period of the quantity.
4. Define frequency.
The number of cycles occurring per second is called frequency f=1\T Hz
5. Define amplitude.
The maximum value, either positive or negative, of an alternating quantity is called
amplitude.
6. What is rms value of a periodic current? (May 2009) (or) Define RMS value
(Dec 2012 , May 2015)

Ans: The effective or rms value of an alternating current is given by that steady current
(D.C) which, when flowing through a given circuit for a given time, produces the same
amount of heat as produced by the alternating current, which when flowing through the
same circuit for the same time.

Area of the square curve for one cycle

RMS value = √
Total time period

7. Define power
Ans: The rate of doing work by electrical energy or energy supplied per unit time is called
the power. Its unit is watts.
P = V × I; P = Energy / time = W/t
8. What is amplitude factor (peak factor)? (Dec 2009/May 2011)
Ans: The peak factor of an alternating quantity is defined as ratio of maximum value to the
average value, the form factor for sinusoidal alternating quantities is 1.11.
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Crest(peak) factor =
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
9. Define power factor. (Dec-2009)
Ans : The power factor is the cosine of the phase angle between voltage and current.
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
cos ∅ =
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
cos ∅ =
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
10. Define average value.
Ans: The average of the instantaneous values taken over one complete cycle of the wave.
Mathematically,
Area under the curve over one complete cycle
Average value = √
Base (𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑)

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11. Define form factor.
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Form factor =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
12. Write the voltage and current equation for a purely resistive circuit.
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
Where, v & i are instantaneous values of voltage and current respectively.
𝑉𝑚 , 𝐼𝑚 are maximum values of voltage and current respectively.
𝜔-angular velocity, T- Time period.
13. Define resistance.
Ans: Resistance is the property of a substance, which opposes the flow of electric current.
Whenever current flows through a resistor, a voltage drop occurs in it and it is dissipated in
the form of heat. Unit of resistance is ohm. Symbol is Ω and is measured with a help of
ohmmeter.
14. Define Inductance
Ans: Inductance is the property of the coil by which it opposes any change of current .Its
unit is Henry. It stores the energy in electromagnetic field.
When a time varying current passes through a circuit, varying flux is produced. Because of
this change in flux, a voltage is induced in the circuit proportional to the rate of change of
𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖
flux or current i.e emf induced ∝ = 𝐿 .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Where L, the constant of proportionality has come to be called inductance of the circuit.
15. Define capacitance.
Ans: A capacitor is an element which stores the energy in electrostatic field. It is formed by
two parallel plates separated by an insulating medium.
V = q/C, Where, C is constant called capacitance.
16. Define real power.
Ans: The actual power consumed in an ac circuit is called real power. Its unit is watt.
P=VICOS 𝝋
17. Define reactive power
Ans: The power consumed by a pure reactance in an ac circuit is called a reactive power.
Its unit is VAR.
Q=VISin 𝝋
18. Define apparent power.
Ans: It is given by the product of rms value of voltage current .Its unit is volt amperes.
S=VI or S= P+jQ.
19. Explain resonance in a RLC series circuit.
The impedance of a RLC series circuit is given by Z = R + j(X L - XC) ohm. In the
above equation if XL =XC, then Z = R. i.e. the circuit acts as a pure resistive circuit. The total
current drawn by the circuit is in phase with the applied voltage, the power factor will then
be unity. This occurrence is called as series resonance.
20. Define Phasor and Phase angle.
A sinusoidal wave form can be represented or in terms of a phasor. A phasor is a
vector with definite magnitude and direction. From the phasor the sinusoidal wave form can
be reconstructed. Phase angle is the angular measurement that specifies the position of the
alternating quantity relative to a reference.

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21. Three inductive coils each with resistance of 15Ω and an inductance of 0.03H have
connected in star to a 3𝝋, 400V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate the phase voltages.
(May 2013)
Ans:
Given data:

VL=400V,R=15 Ω, L=0.03H
Solution :

VP= VL/√3
VP= 400/√3=230.2V
22. What are the three types of power used in AC circuits?
P = real power or active power, measured in Watts (W)
P=VIcos ∅
S = apparent power, measured in Volt-Amps (VA)
S=VI
Q = reactive power, measured in Volt-Amps reactive (VAR)
Q=VIsin ∅
23. Define real power.
The actual power consumed in an AC circuit is called real power. If V and I are rms
values of voltage and current respectively and ∅ is the phase angle between V and I, then P
= V I cos ∅.
24. Define reactive power.
The power consumed by a pure reactance ( 𝑋𝐿 𝑜𝑟 𝑋𝐶 ) in an AC circuit is called reactive
power. The unit is VAR. Q = V I sin ∅.
25. Define apparent power.
It is given by the product of rms values of applied voltage and circuit current. The unit is
Volt-Amperes (VA) . S=V I
26. What are the advantages of three phase system?
 For electric power transmission and distribution of same amount of power, the
requirement of conductor material is less in 3-ø system as compare to 1-ø system.
Hence, the 3-ø transmission and distribution system is economical as compare 1-ø
system.
 A 3-phase system can be used to feed a 1-ø load, whereas vice-versa is not possible.
 Three phase motor is having better power factor and efficiency as compare to 1 -ø
motor
 Three phase induction motor is self-started as the magnetic flux produced by 3-phase
supply is rotating in nature with a constant magnitude. Whereas 1-ø induction motor
is not self-started as the magnetic flux produced by 1-ø supply is pulsating in nature.
27. What is phase sequence?
The order in which the voltage in the three phases reach their maximum value or
minimum value is called the phase sequence.
28. What do you meant by balanced load in 3-phase circuit? (May 2014)

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A load is said to be a balanced load, if the power factor and phase current in the 3-phase
are equal.
29. What do you meant by unbalanced load in 3-phase circuit? (May 2014)
A load is said to be a unbalanced load, if the power factor and phase current in the 3-
phase are unequal.
30. What is the relation between line current and phase current for star and delta
connection?
For star connection 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ
For delta connection𝐼𝐿 = √3𝐼𝑝ℎ
Where 𝐼𝐿 =line current, 𝐼𝑝ℎ =phase current
31. What is the relation between line voltage and phase voltage for star and delta
connection?
For star connection 𝑉𝐿 = √3𝑉𝑝ℎ
For delta connection 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑝ℎ
Where 𝑉𝐿 =line voltage, 𝑉𝑝ℎ =phase voltage
32. Demonstrate the waveform and phasor diagram for a purely resistive load.

33.
Determine the line current, power factor and total power when a 3-phase 400V supply is given
to a balanced load of impedance (8+j6)Ω in each branch, is connected in star.

Given: 𝑍𝑝ℎ = (8 + j6) = 10 𝑳36.869°Ω; ∅=36.869; VL=400V

For star connection 𝑉𝑝ℎ = 𝑉𝐿 /√3 = 230.94V

𝐼𝑝ℎ = 𝑉𝑝ℎ /𝑍𝑝ℎ = 230.94/10 = 23.094A=𝐼𝐿
cos∅ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 36.869°=0.8 lagging
P=√3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos ∅
=√3*400*23.094*0.8 = 12.8kW

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33. A circuit consist of R=5Ω and L=20mH connected in series and supplied with an a.c.
voltage of 100V at 50Hz. Find the current through the circuit.
Given: R=5Ω; L=20mH; V= 100 V; frequency, f=50Hz
Solution: We know that
𝑋𝐿 =2πfL= 2π*50*20*10 -3=6.283Ω
Z=R+j𝑋𝐿 =5+j6.283Ω= 8.029L51.48°Ω
I=V/Z
=12.454 𝐿-51.48°Ω
34. What is meant by three phase balanced load?
A balanced three-phase network is one in which the impedances in the three phases are
identical. With such a balanced load, if a balanced three-phase supply is applied, the currents
will also be balanced. In a three-phase balanced load, the magnitude of voltage or current in
each phase is the same, and the phase angles of the three phases differ from each other by 120
degrees.
35. What is phase voltage and phase current?
Phase voltage is nothing but voltage across each winding (Vph). The current flowing in the
phases is called phase current (Iph)
36. What is line voltage and line current?
Line voltage is nothing but voltage across any two lines (VL). The current flowing in
the lines is called line current (I L)
37. Write down the expression for real power, reactive power and apparent power in a three
phase system.
P = real power or active power, measured in Watts (W)
P = 3𝑉𝑝ℎ 𝐼𝑝ℎ cos ∅

P = √3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos ∅
S = apparent power, measured in Volt-Amps (VA)
S=3𝑉𝑝ℎ 𝐼𝑝ℎ =√3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿
Q =reactive power, measured in Volt-Amps reactive (VAR)
Q=3𝑉𝑝ℎ 𝐼𝑝ℎ sin ∅

Q = √3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 sin ∅

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UNIT-III
1. Write the principle of operation of three phase induction motor.
When three phase supply is given to the three phase stator windings, it gets energized and
attains a rotating magnetic field and it reaches a synchronous speed. According to faraday’s la w
of electromagnetic induction, an emf is induced in the rotor conductors due to relative speed
between stator rotating magnetic field and rotor conductors.
2. Compare squirrel cage and slip ring rotor. [May/June-2015]
S. No. Squirrel cage rotor Slip ring rotor
1. Starting torque is less Starting torque is high.
2. Starting current is high. Starting current is low.
3. External resistance cannot be External resistance can be added in
added in rotor circuit. rotor circuit.
4. Construction is very simple and Construction is not simple as
rugged. compared to squirrel cage rotor.
5. Cheaper cost and low High cost and maintenance are more.
maintenance.

3. Why single phase induction motor is not self- starting motor?

When a single phase supply is given to the stator winding, it produces a flux which is only
alternating and not synchronously revolving as in the case of three phase induction motor. Hence
starting torque will be zero. So the motor does not rotate. Therefore the single phase induction
motor is not a self-starting motor.
4. What is meant by synchronous speed of a three phase induction motor?
The speed at which the revolving flux rotates is called synchronous speed, N s. It is expressed
as Ns = 120f/P
Where, f- supply frequency; P – no. of poles
5. Why induction motor never runs at its synchronous speed?
An induction motor always runs at a speed less than synchronous speed because the rotating
magnetic field which is produced in the stator will generate flux in the rotor which will make the
rotor to rotate, but due to the lagging of flux current in the rotor with flux current in the stator,
the rotor will never reach to its rotating magnetic field speed.

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6. What are the types of single phase induction motor? (or) How the single phase induction
motor is classified based on the methods employed for making its self-starting?
i) Split-phase induction motor
ii) Capacitor-start induction motor
iii) Capacitor-run induction motor
iv) Capacitor Start-Capacitor-run induction motor
v) Shaded pole induction motor.

7. Define the term slip.

The difference between the synchronous speed N s and actual speed Nr of the rotor is
known as slip.
Slip S = Ns - Nr x 100
Ns
8. List out the applications of single phase induction motor.
i) Fans
ii) Blowers
iii) Refrigerators
iv)Grinder
v) Food mixers
9. Draw the equivalent circuit of three phase induction motor.

10. Define voltage regulation of alternator.

The total change in terminal voltage of an alternator from no-load to full load at constant
speed and field excitation is termed as voltage regulation.

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%voltage regulation = Eo - V x 100
V

11. Name the types of alternators.

Based on type of rotor:
i) Salient pole type rotor (or) Projecting type rotor.
ii) Non-salient pole type rotor (or) Smooth cylindrical type rotor.
Based on construction:
i) Resolving field type.
ii) Revolving armature type.
12. Distinguish between cylindrical and salient pole rotors used in alternators.
S. Cylindrical rotors Salient pole rotors
No.
1. The diameter of rotor is very large. The diameter of rotor is Small.
The axial length is short.
2. Poles are projecting outside. The axial length is very long.
3. Runs at low speed. No projection of poles.
Runs at high speed.

13. Write the emf equation of alternator.

Induced emf/Phase Eph = 4.44 f φ mKp KdTph
Where f = frequency in Hz
φm = Maximum flux in wb.
Kp = pitch factor
Kd= Distribution factor
Tph= Turns per phase
14. Why should an alternator run always at synchronous speed?
Alternator runs always at synchronous speed because it is the speed at which an alternator
must run in order to generate an emf of the required frequency.
15. Mention few applications of synchronous motor.
i) Tube mills
ii) Conveyors

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iii)Ball mills
iv)Paper mills
v) Reciprocating pumps

16. Mention the characteristic features of synchronous motor.

i) Synchronous motors are inherently not self- starting.
ii) This motor has the unique characteristics of operating under any electrical power
factor.
iii) It has the ability to run at constant speed even under varying load condition.
17. State the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
“Whenever there is change in magnetic flux (field), a dynamically induced emf is produced
in the conductor”
18. List the main parts of DC machine.
The main parts of a DC machine are Yoke, field coils, poles, armature winding, armature
core, commutator, brushes, bearings and shaft.

19. State the functions of commutator.

 The main function of commutator is to convert alternating e.m.f into unidirectional e.m.f.
 To facilitate the collection of current from the armature conductors.

20. What are the functions of yoke? What is the choice of material for the yoke?
 It serves the purpose of outermost cover of the dc machine.
 It provides mechanical support to the poles.
 It forms a part of the magnetic circuit.
 It is prepared by using cast iron. For large machines rolled steel, cast steel, silicon steel is
used which provides high permeability.

21. Express the emf equation of DC generator.

Eg = φZNP/60A
where, φ = Flux/pole in weber,
Z = Total number of armature conductors; N = Speed in rpm;
P = Number of poles; A = Number of parallel paths.
22. List the conditions of self-excitation of DC generator.

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 There must be a sufficient residual flux in the field poles.
 The field terminals must be connected in such a way that the field current increases flux in
the direction of residual flux.
 The field circuit resistance should be less than the critical field resistance.
 The generator should run at the rated speed.
23. Define commutation.

The process of reversal of current in the armature coils by means of brushes and
commutator bars is called the commutation.

24. State the various types of dc generators.

DC Generators are classified into two types:

i) Separately excited DC generator.

ii) Self excited DC generator.

Self-excited DC generators are classified into three types:

i) Shunt generator.

ii) Series generator.

iii) Compound generator.

Compound generators are classified in to two types;

i) Long Shunt compound generator.

ii) Short shunt compound generator.

25. State the applications of various types of generators.

Shunt Generators:

It is commonly used in battery charging and ordinary lighting purposes.

Series Generators:

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It is commonly used as boosters on dc feeders, as a constant current
generator for welding generator and arc lamps.

Compound Generators:

It is used for domestic lighting purposes and to transmit energy over long distance
and used for special application like electric arc welding.

26. What is back e.m.f?

When the armature rotates in the magnetic field, the armature conductors cut the magnetic
flux, an emf is induced in them. As per Lenz’s law, this induced emf always opposes the supply
voltage. This emf is known as back emf or counter emf.

Back emf, Eb = φZNP/60A volts.

where,
φ = Flux/pole in weber,
Z = Total number of armature conductors; N = Speed in rpm;

P = Number of poles; A = Number of parallel paths

27. Mention the significance of back emf.

Eb = V - Ia Ra

Ia = V – Eb / Ra

 Back emf in a DC motor makes the self-regulating.

 During No-Load conditions, it makes the armature current to be low.
 During heavy load conditions it makes the armature current to be high.
28. Write the condition for the maximum efficiency of DC motor.

When back emf equals half the applied voltage,

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Eb = V/2 volt, the DC motor produces maximum output power. Hence, the efficiency will
be maximum.

29. Give the expression for speed and torque of a DC motor.

Speed N = (V-Ia Ra)/φ (rpm)

Speed is directly proportional to back emf and inversely proportional to flux/pole.

Torque, T = 0.159 φ Z Ia P/A (N-m).

30. List out the applications of DC motor.

Shunt Motors:

It is used for driving centrifugal pumps, light machine tools, wood working machines, lathe etc.,

Series motors:

It is used for electric trains, cranes, hoists, fans blowers conveyers, lifts etc.,

Compound motors:

It is used for driving heavy machine tools for intermittent loads, shears, punching machines, etc.,

31. Draw the OCC Curve of Self Excited generator.

32. What are the losses occurring in a DC machine?

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There are three types of total losses occurring in a DC machine. They are;
i) Electrical Losses
a) Armature copper losses
b) Field copper losses
ii) Magnetic losses
a) Hysteresis loss
b) Eddy current loss
iii) Mechanical losses
a) Frictional loss
b) Windage loss

33. Write the working principle of a DC motor.

“Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force
tending to move it.”

34. Define transformer.

A transformer is a static device by means of which an electrical power is transformed from one
alternating circuit to another with the desired change in voltage and current, without any change in
the frequency.
35. Write down the emf equations of single phase transformer.
The emf equation of transformer is,
E1 = 4.44 fφ m N1 volts and E2 = 4.44 f φ m N2 volts
Where
f – frequency in Hz.
φm – maximum value of flux in the core
N1 & N2 – Number of turns in primary and secondary winding.
36. Give the principle of transformer.
Transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic mutual induction. The principle of
mutual induction states that when two coils are inductively coupled and if current in one coil is
changed uniformly then an emf gets induced in the other coil.

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37. Define voltage regulation or regulation of transformer.
The regulation of a transformer is defined as reduction in magnitude of the terminal voltage
due to load, with respect to the no-load terminal voltage.

% Voltage regulation = ((V20 – V2 )/ V20 ) X 100

Where
V20 – No-load secondary voltage.
V2 - Secondary voltage on load.

38. Why is the core of transformer laminated?

The eddy current losses are reduced using the laminated construction. The path of the eddy
currents is broken due to the insulating sheets present between the laminations. This prevents the
flow of eddy currents through the core and reduces the eddy current losses.

39. Define turns ratio and transformation ratio of the transformer.

Turns Ratio:
The ratio of number of turns of primary and secondary windings is called turns ratio.
Transformation Ratio:
The ratio of number of turns of secondary and primary windings is called transformation ratio.
K = N2 / N1
40. Why transformer rating is expressed in terms of kVA?
Copper loss depends on current and iron loss depends upon voltage. Hence the total loss in a
transformer depends upon volt-ampere (VA) only and not on the phase angle between voltage and
current. i.e., it is independent of load power factor. That is why the rating of a transformer is given in
kVA and not in kW.
41. What is an ideal transformer?
A transformer is said to be ideal if it satisfies following properties:
 No winding resistance i.e. purely inductive.
 No magnetic leakage flux.
 No I2 R loss i.e., no copper loss.
 No core loss.
42. What are the different losses in a transformer?

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1. Magnetic losses or Iron losses or Core losses
a) Hysteresis loss
b) Eddy current loss
2. Electrical losses or Copper losses or Ohmic losses.
a) Primary copper loss
b) Secondary copper loss
43. State the condition for maximum efficiency of transformer, then what is the corresponding
output current.
Transformer operates at its maximum efficiency, when its variable losses become equal to constant
losses.
Variable loss = Constant loss
Core loss (or) Iron loss = Copper loss

44. Name the factors on which hysteresis loss depends.

 Frequency
 Volume of the core
 Maximum flux density

45. How will you classify transformers based on construction?

Based on construction the transformer can be classified as three types. They are,
 Core Type transformer
 Shell type transformer
 Berry type transformer
46. Distinguish between core and shell type transformer.

Core Type Transformer Shell type transformer

The core has only one magnetic circuit. It has two magnetic circuits.

Core has two limbs. Core has three limbs.

It has less mechanical protection to coil. It has better mechanical protection to coil.

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It has better cooling since more surfaces is Cooling is not very effective.
exposed to atmosphere.

Natural cooling is provided. Natural cooling cannot provide

This transformer is easy to repair. This transformer is not easy to repair.

The winding is surrounded by considerable Core is surrounded by considerable part of

part of core. winding of transformer.

47. How do you reverse the direction of rotation of a three phase induction motor?
The direction of rotation of three phase induction motor can be changed by interchanging
any two terminals of the input supply. The direction of the synchronously rotating field reverses and
hence the direction of rotor reverses.

48. How the rotating magnetic field is produced in the stator of an induction motor?
A three phase winding is placed 120 0 electrically apart in the stator. When a three phase
supply is fed to the three phase winding, a rotating magnetic field is produced in the stator. It has a
constant magnitude and revolves at synchronous speed.

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UNIT-IV

1. Distinguish between intrinsic semiconductor and extrinsic semiconductor.

Intrinsic semiconductor Extrinsic semiconductor

It is the pure form of semiconductor
No. of electrons and holes are equal.
Poor conductivity
An impurity or doping agent added to the pure
semiconductor forms extrinsic semiconductor.
No. of electrons and holes are not equal due to
doping
Improved conductivity

2. Define knee/cut-in/threshold voltage of a PN diode.

It is the forward voltage applied across the PN diode below which practically no
current flows. (or)

The minimum voltage at which the diode starts conducting and current starts increasing
exponentially is called knee voltage of a diode.

3. What is the effect of junction temperature on cut-in voltage of a PN diode?

Cut-in voltage of a PN diode decreases as junction temperature increases.

4. Differentiate between breakdown voltage and PIV of a PN diode.

The breakdown voltage of a PN diode is the reverse voltage applied to it at which

the PN junction breaks down with sudden rise in reverse current.

Whereas, the peak inverse voltage (PIV) is the maximum reverse voltage that
can be applied to the PN junction without damage to the junction.

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5. Differentiate avalanche and Zener breakdown.

Zener Breakdown Avalanche Breakdown

Reverse bias VI characteristics is very VI characteristic in reverse bias is not

sharp in breakdown region. sharp.

It occurs in heavily doped junction It occurs in lightly doped junction

This occurs for zener diodes with V z less This occurs for zener diodes with Vz
than 6V greater than 6V

Temperature co-efficient is negative Temperature co-efficient is positive

6. Draw the V-I characteristics of a practical PN junction diode.

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7. Draw the V-I characteristics of a Zener diode.

8. List some applications of Zener diode.

Zener diodes find wide commercial and industrial applications. Some of their
common applications are:

 As voltage regulators.
 As peak clippers or voltage limiters.
 For wave shaping.

For meter protection against damage from accidental application of excessive
voltage.

As a fixed reference voltage in a network for biasing and comparison purposes and
for calibrating voltmeters.

Square wave generators.

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9. What is barrier potential?

The oppositely charged ions present on both sides of PN junction establishes an electric
potential across the junction even without any external voltage source, which is termed as barrier
potential.

10. Why transistor is called current controlled device? & why FET’s are so called?

(or) Why FETs are voltage controlled devices?

The output voltage, current or power is controlled by the input current in a transistor.
i.e. collector current is controlled by base current. So, it is called the current controlled
device.

The output characteristics of a FET can be controlled by the applied electric field
(voltage) and hence the name FET and are voltage controlled devices.

11. Mention the applications of diode.

o As rectifiers.
o Voltage Reference
o Controlling the size of a signal
o Mixing signals.
o As switches.
o Clippers & clampers

12. What is the relation between α and β of a transistor?

𝛽 𝛼
α= ; β=
1+𝛽 1−𝛼

13. What is meant by thermal run away?

The continuous increase in collector current due to poor-biasing causes the temperature at
collector terminal to increase. If no stabilization i.e., done, the collector leakage current also

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increases. This further increases the temperature. This action becomes cumulative and
ultimately the transistor turns out. The self-destruction of an unstabilized transistor is known as
thermal runaway.

14. Name the operating modes of transistor.

 Active region
 Cut-off region
 Saturation region.
15. Compare FET & BJT Apr/May 2015, May/Jun 2016
FET BJT

Unipolar device Bipolar device

High input impedance Low input impedance

Voltage controlled device Current controlled device

Low noise level High noise level

Cost is high Cost is low.

16. How does the FET behave (i) for small values of |VDS| and
(ii) for large values of |VDS|?

 FET behaves as an ordinary resistor for small values of |V DS|, i.e., in ohmic region.
 FET behaves as a constant current source for large values of |VDS| till breakdown
occurs.
17. Give the drain current equation of JFET.
ID = IDSS (1- (VGS/VP))2

Where, ID – Drain current; VGS – gate to source voltage

Vp - Pinch-off voltage

18. List some applications of JFETs.

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 Used as buffers in measuring equipment, receivers and other general purpose devices.
 Used in RF amplifiers of FM tuners and communication equipment.
 Used in mixer circuits in FM and TV receivers and communication equipment.

Used in cascade amplifiers in measuring and test equipment.

Used in hearing aids and inductive transducers.

Used in oscillator circuits.
 Used as current sources.
19. List some advantages of MOSFETs.
MOSFETs combine the inherent advantages of solid-state devices such as:

 Small size
 Low power consumption
 Simplicity of construction
 Mechanical ruggedness.

Very high input impedance

Square law transfer characteristics.
20. What are the characteristics of ideal operational amplifier?

 Very high input resistance

 Very low output resistance
 Input bias current is equal to zero
 Infinite slew rate
 Infinite unity gain frequency
 Bandwidth is equal to zero for all frequencies.
21. Define early effect in transistor.
As we increase base to collector voltage, depletion layer width increases which in turn
decreases effective base width. The gradient of the minority-carrier density in the base therefore
changes, yielding an increased collector current as the collector-base current is increased. This
effect is referred to as the early effect.
22. Define transition capacitance (or) space-charge (or) depletion capacitance of a
diode.

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When a PN-junction is reverse-biased, the depletion region acts like an insulator or as a
dielectric. The P- and N-regions on either side have low resistance and act as the plates. Hence it is
similar to a parallel-plate capacitor. This junction capacitance is called transition or space-charge
capacitance (CT).
23. Why it is necessary to stabilize the operating point of transistor?

In order to keep the transistor operation in active region, it is necessary to stabilize the
transistor. If not, the transistor may go out of active region.

24. What is meant by avalanche breakdown?

When the reverse bias voltage applied across the junction is increased, the kinetic energy of
the electrons increases and they start moving at high velocity. While moving, they collide with the
other atoms and create the number of free electrons which causes the reverse saturation current. The
process is like a uncontrolled chain reaction and is a cumulative process known as avalanche
multiplication. It leads to avalanche or flood of charge carriers thus increasing the reverse current
dramatically called as avalanche breakdown.

25. Why do we choose Q point at the center of the load line?

The operating point of a transistor is kept fixed usually at the center of the active region in
order that the input signal is well amplified. If the point is fixed in the saturation region or the cut
off region the positive and negative half cycle gets clipped off respectively.

26. What is meant by doping in a semiconductor?

Doping is the process by which an impurity is added into the pure semiconductor to improve
its electrical conductivity.

27. Draw the circuit the inverting amplifier.

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28. Mention the different types of digital to analog converter.
 Binary weighted resistor DAC
 R-2R ladder
 Inverted R-2R ladder.
29. Mention the various types of analog to digital converters.
1. Direct type
Flash type converter
Staircase type converter
Tracking or servo converter
Successive approximation type converter
2. Indirect type
Charge balancing type
Dual slope type

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UNIT-V
1. What are the advantages of electro-mechanical measuring instruments?
(May 2011, Dec 2012)
The various advantages of electro-mechanical measuring instruments are,
 Simple in design
 Reliable
 Low in cost
 Work without any additional power supply

2. What is indicating instrument? List three types of indicating instruments.

(Dec 2011, Dec 2010)
The instruments which make use of a dial and pointer for showing or indicating magnitude
of unknown quantity is called indicating instruments.
Types:
 Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) instrument
 Permanent Magnet Moving Iron (PMMI) instrument
 Dynamometer type wattmeter

3. State the different type of instrument based on their operating principles.

(May 2012)

 Indicating instruments (voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter)

 Recording instruments (tape recorder, x-y recorder)
 Integrating instruments (energy meter)

4. Name the torques that acts in indicating instruments. (Dec 2006)

(or)
What are the different torque acts upon the moving system of the instruments for good
operation?
 Deflecting torque
 Controlling torque
 Damping torque
5. State the requirements of any measuring instruments?

 The operation, output and condition of the actual circuit should not be affected / altered with
the presence of measuring instruments.
 The quantity to be measured should not be affected by the measuring instruments.
 The measuring instruments should consume less power as low as possible.

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6. Which is the essential torques required in measuring instruments?
 Deflecting Torque
 Controlling Torque
 Damping Torque

7. Which are two methods of producing, controlling torque in measuring instruments?

 Spring Control
 Gravity Control
8. What are the methods available for providing damping torque in measuring instruments?
 Air friction damping
 Fluid friction damping
 Eddy current damping
9. List the possible errors in PMMC instruments.
 Errors due to weakening of permanent magnets
 Errors due to weakening of springs
 Change of resistance

10. Why MI instruments can be used for both ac and dc quantities?

The deflecting torque is proportional to the square of the operating current. So, whatever
may be the direction of current, the deflecting torque will be produced in forward direction only.
Hence MI instruments can be used for both ac and dc measurements.

11. List the possible errors in MI instruments.

(i) Errors with both ac and dc

 Hysteresis error
 Temperature error
 Error due to stray magnetic fields

(ii) Errors with AC only

 Frequency error
 Error due to reactance
12. What is creep?
In some meters a slow, but continuous rotation is obtained when the potential coils are
excited but with no load currents flowing. This is known as creep. This may be due to
 Incorrect friction compensation
 Vibration
 Stray magnetic field
 The voltage of the supply circuit is in excess of the normal

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13. Why cannot a moving coil instrument be used in AC circuits?

In moving coil instruments, the operating torque depends on the direction of the operating current.
Thus, these types of instruments are polarized. So, if moving coil instrument are connected for AC
circuits, then the deflecting torque is a pulsating one and the meter will not read. That is, the meter
will read the average value of the measuring quantity.

14. State the principle of Dynamometer type watt meter.

It works on the principle which can be said as “the pressure coil produces a flux which is
proportional to the applied voltage. The flux produced by the pressure coil is nearly in phase with
the applied voltage. The current coil produces a flux which is in phase with the load current. These
two fluxes link each other and a torque is produced on the moving system.

15. List the essential requirements of an instrument. (June / July 2010)

 Deflecting Torque
 Controlling Torque
 Damping Torque

16. What are the main parts of the operating mechanism in an energy meter?
(June / July 2010)
 Driving system
 Moving system
 Braking system
 Registering system

17. State the different type of instruments based on their operating principles.

 Moving coil instruments

 Moving iron instruments

18. Define the principle of moving iron instrument for attraction type.

When the moving iron piece is brought near either ends of the current carrying coil winding,
the iron piece will be attracted towards that portion where magnetic flux density is more. This
movement is used to measure the current and voltage which produces the magnetic field.

19. What is transducer?

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A transducer is defined as a device that receives energy from one system and transmits it to another,
often is a different form. A transducer, in general form, may be defined as a device which converts
energy from one form to another.

20. Write the parameters of electrical transducers.

 Linearity
 Sensitivity
 Dynamic range
 Repeatability

21. List out the advantages of electrical transducers.

 Electrical amplification and attenuation can be easily done.
 Mass inertia effects are minimized
 Effects of friction are minimized
 Using very small power level
22. List out the types of potentiometer.
 Translatory
 Rotational
 Helipot
23. List out the limitations of thermistor.
 Non-linearity in resistance Vs temperature characteristics
 Unsuitable for wide temperature range.
 Very low excitation current to avoid self-heating

24. Write short notes on LVDT.

Linear Variable Differential Transformer converts the mechanical energy into differential
energy. It has single primary winding and two secondary winding wound on a hollow cylindrical
former. A movable soft iron slides within the hollow former and therefore affects the magnetic
coupling between the primary and the two secondary’s.

25. List out the advantages of LVDT.

 High range of displacement measurement
 Friction and electrical isolation
 Immunity from external effects
 High input and High sensitivity
 Ruggedness


26. List out the limitations of LVDT.

 They are sensitive to stray magnetic fields

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 Dynamic response is limited
 Temperature also affects the transducer
 Large displacements are required for appreciable differential output

27. List out the two physical parameters in strain gauge.

 The change in gauge resistance
 The change in length

28. What is an analog transducer?

Analog tranducer converts input signal into output signal, which is a continuous function of
time such as thermistor, strain gauge, LVDT, thermocouple.

29. Give the factors to be considered in selecting a transducer.

 Operating range
 Sensitivity
 Electrical output characteristics
 Environmental conditions
 Errors
 Accuracy

30. Define Hall effect.

Hall Effect is “the production of a potential difference across an electrical conductor, when a
magnetic field is applied in a direction perpendicular to that of the flow of current”.

31. What is the basic principle of capacitive transducer?

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The principle of operation of capacitive transducer is based upon the below equation for
capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor.
C = ε0 εr A / d
Where,
A = overlapping area of plates in m2
D = distance between two plates in m
ε0 = permittivity of free space and is equal to 8.854 x 10 - 12 F/m
εr = relative permittivity of the dielectric
The capacitive transducer works on the principle of change of capacitance which may be
caused by
i) Change in overlapping area, A
ii) Change in the distance, d between two plates
iii) Change in dielectric constant.

33. How the transducers are classified?

The transducers can be classified
i) on the basis of transduction form used
ii) as primary and secondary transducers
iii) as active and passive transducers
iv) as analog and digital transducers
v) as transducers and inverse transducers

34. What is piezo electric effect?

A piezo electric material is one in which an electric potential appears across certain surfaces
of a crystal if the dimensions of the crystal are changed by the application of a mechanical
force. This potential is produced by the displacement of charges. The effect is reversible
also i.e., if a varying potential is applied to the proper axis of the crystal, it will change the
dimensions of the crystal thereby deforming it. This phenomenon is known as piezoelectric
effect.

35. Mention the two types of MI instruments.

 Attraction type
 Repulsion type

36. Why the impedance of voltmeter should be as high as possible?

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The impedance of voltmeter should be as high as possible because voltmeter is connected in
parallel to the circuit for measuring voltages. It does not take appreciable current.

37. Define the principle of moving iron instrument for attraction type.

When the moving iron piece is brought near either ends of the current carrying coil winding,
the iron piece will be attracted towards that portion where magnetic flux density is more. This
movement is used to measure the current and voltage which produces the magnetic field.

UNIT -1

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PART –B

1. Use mesh analysis to determine the three mesh currents in the circuit show below.
(JUNE 2012, May 2011, DEC 2011)

2.Using Mesh analysis, find the current through the various branches in the circuit of the following
figure.(16) (Dec2013)

3. For the circuit shown below fig. Q. 11 (a) (i), calculate the current through the 6Ω resistor; using
loop analysis. (8)

4. For the circuit shown below, find the current through each of the three resistors. (JUNE 2012)

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5.Write the mesh equations for the circuit shown below. (6)

6.Calculate the effective resistance between points A and B in the circuit shown below fig.

7. Find the current in the 8 Ω resistors in the following circuit using kirchoff s law. (JUNE 2013)

8. Calculate the current in 20 ohm resistor in the circuit shown below. (DEC 2010)

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9. Use nodal analysis to determine the voltage across 5 Ω resistance and the current in the 12V
source. (DEC 2004,Nov2013)

10. Using nodal method find current through 8 Ω resistor as shown in below figure.
(JUNE 2009,Nov2012)

11. Find the current through 6 Ω resistor of the given circuit. (JUNE 2009)

12. Describe Kirchhoff’s laws. For the circuit shown in the figure below. Determine the current
through 6 Ω resistors and the power supplied by the current source. (JUNE 2010)

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13. Apply nodal analysis fig. 3 to find the current I.

14. For the circuit of fig.2, shown below, find the current in each branch by nodal method.

15. In the circuit, shown in fig. 11(b), find the different node voltages and the currents I1, I2 and
I3. (16)

16. Find the current supplied by 10V source shown in fig.4. Use resistor reduction.

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17. State and explain Kirchhoff‟s laws. Determine the current supplied by the voltage source in the
given circuit.

18. Find the power in 4Ω resistor of the circuit, shown below by nodal analysis. (8)

19. Determine the current I L in the circuit shown below

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20.Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab when all the resistance values are equal to 1 Ω for the
circuit shown below. (8)

21.Using mesh analysis, determine the current through 1Ω resistor in the circuit shown below. (10)

22. Determine the current in all the resistors of the circuit shown below. (8)

23. Determine the current through each resistor in the circuit shown below.

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24.In the circuit shown, determine the current through 2ohm resistor and the total current delivered
by the battery. Use Kirchhoff’s laws. (16) (May 2014)

25.Obtain the Norton equivalent circuit across points A and B for the circuit shown in fig.6

26.Find the value of RL at which maximum power is transferred to RL and hence the maximum
power transferred to RL in the circuit shown in fig 12 (b) (ii). (8) [May/Jun’10]

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27.Use Thevenins theorem to find the current through 5Ω resistor in the fig.5 shown. (8)
[Nov/Dec’10]

28.Determine the current in the 10Ω resistor of the following circuit using superposition theorem.
(16) [May/Jun’11]

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29.Obtain the Norton’s equivalent circuit for the network shown below and find the current through
AB

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UNIT -2

18. A sinusoidal current wave is given by i =50sin (100πt). Determine the root mean square
value. (JUNE 2013)

19. A coil of resistance 5.94 Ω and inductance of 0.35 H is connected in series with a capacitance
of 35 µF across a 200V, 50Hz supply find the impedance(z), current and the phase difference
between voltage and current(Φ). (DEC 2012)
20. Three inductive coils, each with a resistance of 15 Ω and an inductance of 0.03H are connected
in star to a three phase 400V, 50 Hz supply .calculate the phase current, line current and power
absorbed. (DEC2012)
21. A series R-C circuit with R=20 Ω and C=127 µF has 160V, 50 Hz supply connected to it. Find
impedance, current and power factor. (JUNE 2012, JUNE 2011, MAY 2011)
22. For the circuit shown below, calculate the line current, the power and the power factor. The
value of R, Land C in each phase is 10 Ω, 1H and 100 µF respectively.(DEC 2010, JUNE
2012)

6. Determine the line current, power factor and total power when a 3- phase 400V, supply is given
to a balanced load of impedance (8+j6) Ω in each branch, is connected in star.
(DEC 2011)
7. Three similar coils connected in star, take a power of 1.5kW at a power factor of 0.2lagging from
a 3 phase, 400V, 50Hz supply. Calculate the resistance and inductance of each coil.
(MAY 2011)
8. Derive the expression s for impedance, power factor and current of a RL series circuit connected
across alternating current source. Also draw phasor diagram. (DEC2010)
9. A series RLC circuit with R=25 Ω, L=0.3H and C=66 µF. is supplied at 220V, 50Hz. Find the
impedance of the circuit, current, voltage across each element, power and power factor.
(MAY 2009)
10. A series circuit of R=10 Ω and Xc=15 Ω an phasor voltage V=50∟-90 V rms. Find the real
power, reactive power, complete power and power factor. (MAY2009)
A series circuit has R= 10Ω, L= 50mH, and C=100μF and is supplied with 200V, 50Hz. Find:-
(i)Impedance (ii) Current (iii) Power (iv) Power factor (v) Phase angle (vi)Voltage drop across the
each element (MAY2014)
11. Three inductive coils each with a resistance of 15 Ohms and an inductance of 0.03H are
connected in star to a three phase 400V, 50Hz supply. Calculate the phase current, line current and
power absorbed. (DEC 2012).

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12. Derive the expression for phase angle in the R-L series circuit, R-C series circuit and R-L-C
series circuit. (DEC 2013)
13. Three impedance of 42∟-35ºΩ are connected in delta to a three phases, three wire and 350V.
Find the line currents. (DEC 2009) (JUNE2010, Nov 2012, May2013, Nov2014)
14. What is the relation between line and phase values in three phase circuits? Derive.
14. Explain in detail about Fluorescent Lamp Wiring.
15. Explain House wiring and industrial wiring with neat diagram.
16. Explain in detail about various wiring materials and accessories.

UNIT-III

1. Describe the construction & working principle of DC generator in detail.

2. Explain the principle of operation of motor.

3. Explain the working principle of a single phase transformer.

4. Derive the emf equation of transformer.

4. Explain the construction & principle of operation of a three phase induction motor.

5. Explain with sketches the constructional features of a synchronous machine.

6. Explain in detail about the types of single phase induction motor.

UNIT-IV

1. Explain the input & output characteristics of transistor in common emitter configuration.

2. What are the methods of transistor biasing? Explain any one method.

3. Discuss the operation of PN junction diode in forward and reverse bias with V-I characteristics.

4. Explain in detail about the types of analog to digital converter.

5. Draw & explain the operation of inverting & non-inverting amplifier.

6. Explain the construction, operation & characteristics of MOSFET.

7. With the schematic and symbolic diagram of NPN and PNP transistor, describe their operation.

UNIT-V

1. Draw & explain the working principle of attraction type, repulsion type MI instruments and
derive its deflection torque.

2. Define piezoelectric effect. Draw the equivalent circuit of a piezoelectric crystal and obtain the
transfer function of piezoelectric transducer.

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3. Explain in detail the construction & principle of working of LVDT.

4. Explain in detail about three phase power measurement using two wattmeter method

5. With necessary expression, explain the theory & working principle of resistance strain gauge.

6. Explain in detail about instrument transformer.

7. With neat sketch, explain the construction & working of PMMC instrument.

8. Write short notes on Hall effect.

9. Draw & explain the working of capacitor microphone.

10. Explain in detail about the construction & working of cathode ray oscilloscope.

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