AE Electrification

Agricultural Electrification
Part II
Circuit Analysis Overview
Circuit analysis, or solving a circuit,
means figuring out voltages and currents
in each element. Here's an overview of
circuit analysis, with some context for the
various tools and methods we use to
analyze circuits.
AELE Review Class

The Tools
▷ Element equations (Ohm's Law, etc.)
▷ Schematics (wires, nodes, branches,
loops, and meshes)
▷ Simplifying series and parallel resistors
▷ Kirchhoff's Laws for current and
voltage
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Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff's Laws for current and voltage lie at
the heart of circuit analysis. With these two
laws, plus the equations for individual
component (resistor, capacitor, inductor), we
have the basic tool set we need to start
analyzing circuits
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Currents into a node
Try to reason through this example by yourself, before
we talk about the theory. The schematic below shows
four branch currents flowing in and out of a distributed
node. The various currents are in milliamps, mA. One of
the currents, 𝑖 is not known.
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Here's another example, this time with variable names
instead of numerical values. This node happens to
have 5 branches. Each branch might (or might not)
carry a current, labeled i1 to i5.
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All the arrows are drawn pointing in. Here's two things i1 can't do:
This choice of direction is arbitrary. The flowing charge in i1 can't
Arrows pointing inward is as good a stay inside the node. (The
choice as any at this point. The node does not have a place
arrows establish a reference direction to store charge). And i1’s
for what we choose to call a positive charge can't jump off the
current. wires into thin air. Charge just
doesn't do that under normal
circumstances.
What's left?: The current has
to flow out of the node
through one or more of the
other branches.
Look at branch current i1.

The first thing i1 does is flow into the
node (represented by the black dot).
AELE Review Class

If i1 is a positive current flowing into the

node, then one or more of the other
currents must be flowing out. Those
outgoing currents will have a negative
sign.
This observation about currents flowing in
a node is nicely captured in general form
as Kirchhoff's Current Law.
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Kirchhoff’s Current Law
Kirchhoff's Current Law says that the sum of all currents
flowing into a node equals the sum of currents flowing
out of the node. It can be written as,
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Voltage around a loop
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Procedure: Add element voltages around a loop
Step 1: Pick a starting node.
Step 2: Pick a direction to travel around the loop (clockwise or

counterclockwise).
Step 3: Walk around the loop.

It actually helps to imagine a miniature version of yourself standing at the
starting node and walking around the circuit from element to element.
Include element voltages in a growing sum according to these rules:

• When you encounter a new element, look at the voltage sign as you enter
the element.
• If the sign is ++plus, then there will be a voltage drop going through the
element. Subtract the element voltage.
• If the sign is -−minus, then there will be a voltage rise going through the
element. Add the element voltage.
Step 4: Continue around the loop until you reach the starting point,
including element voltages all the way around. AELE Review Class
Apply the loop procedure
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Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
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What is Thevenin’s Theorem?
• Like all other mathematical and scientific
theories/laws, Thevenin’s Theorem was
invented by the man himself, Léon Charles
Thévenin, a French telegraph engineer born
in Meaux, France.
• After his time in the corps of telegraph

engineers, Thevenin was appointed as a
teaching inspector at the École supérieure de
télégraphie in 1882.
• It was here that he became interested in the

measurement of electrical circuits using the
two available methods at the time –
Kirchhoff’s Circuit Laws and Ohm’s Law. AELE Review Class
Thevenin’s Theorem
• In an attempt to make complex circuit analysis easier for
every engineer, Thevenin developed his now famous
Thevenin Theorem which reduces complex circuits into
simplified Thevenin equivalent circuits.
“This theorem states that you can take any linear

circuit, which can contain several emfs and
resistive components, and simplify the circuit
into one voltage source and series resistance
connected to a load.”
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A simplified Thevenin
equivalent circuit with
one voltage source
and resistance.
• In this case, a linear circuit is one that includes passive

components like resistors, inductors, and capacitors.
• However, if you’re working with a circuit that includes gas-

discharging or semiconductor components, then you have
a nonlinear circuit.
• This is not what Thevenin’s Theorem was suited for. So

why use this theorem for linear circuit analysis? AELE Review Class
Efficiency.
• Thevenin’s Theorem provides an easy method for
analyzing power circuits, which typically has a load that
changes value during the analysis process.
• This theorem provides an efficient way to calculate the
voltage and current flowing across a load without having to
recalculate your entire circuit over again.
Focus.
• Thevenin’s Theorem also provides an efficient way to
focus your analysis on a specific portion of a circuit.
• This allows you to calculate the voltage and current at a
specific terminal by simplifying the rest of the circuit with
Thevenin’s equivalent.
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Thevenin’s Theorem in Action
The process for analyzing a DC

circuit using Thevenin’s Theorem
requires the following steps:
1. Find the Thevenin Resistance

by removing all voltage
sources and load resistor.
2. Find the Thevenin Voltage by
plugging in the voltages.
3. Use the Thevenin Resistance
and Voltage to find the current
flowing through the load.
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Step 1 – Thevenin Resistance
We first need to remove the 40 Ohm load
resistor connecting terminals A and B, along
with all voltage sources. Doing this will provide
us with an open circuit at zero volts, which
leaves just the two resistors wired in series.
To calculate the total Thevenin Resistance, we
can use the following process:
Step 2 – Thevenin Voltage Since these resistors are wired in series, they
We can then use Ohm’s Law to calculate will share the same 0.33 amps. We can use
the total current flowing through the these resistor values and our current to
circuit like so: calculate the voltage drop, which is:
Step 3 – Load Current

Now that we have our Thevenin
Resistance and Voltage we can put
our Thevenin equivalent circuit
together with our original load resistor
as shown.
From here, we can use Ohm’s Law to

calculate the total current flowing across the
load resistor like this:
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Thevenin’s Theorem Summary
We have seen here that Thevenin’s theorem is another type of circuit
analysis tool that can be used to reduce any complicated electrical
network into a simple circuit consisting of a single voltage
source, Vs in series with a single resistor, Rs.
When looking back from terminals A and B, this single circuit behaves
in exactly the same way electrically as the complex circuit it replaces.
That is the i-v relationships at terminals A-B are identical.
The basic procedure for solving a circuit using Thevenin’s Theorem is

as follows:
1. Remove the load resistor RL or component concerned.
2. Find RS by shorting all voltage sources or by open circuiting all
the current sources.
3. Find VS by the usual circuit analysis methods.
4. Find the current flowing through the load resistor RL.
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End of Presentation

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Agricultural Electrification

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Look at branch current i1.

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If i1 is a positive current flowing into the

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Step 2: Pick a direction to travel around the loop (clockwise or

Step 3: Walk around the loop.

Include element voltages in a growing sum according to these rules:

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• After his time in the corps of telegraph

• It was here that he became interested in the

“This theorem states that you can take any linear

AELE Review Class

• In this case, a linear circuit is one that includes passive

• However, if you’re working with a circuit that includes gas-

• This is not what Thevenin’s Theorem was suited for. So

The process for analyzing a DC

1. Find the Thevenin Resistance

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Step 3 – Load Current

From here, we can use Ohm’s Law to

AELE Review Class

The basic procedure for solving a circuit using Thevenin’s Theorem is

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