GLOBAL MIGRATION

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. identify the reasons for the migration of people;
2. explain why states regulate migration;
3. discuss the effects of global migration on the economic well-being of states.

DEFINITION
Migration is a situation in which people go to live in foreign countries, especially in order to
find work: Most global migration is from developing countries to developed ones. The
movement of people within a country i.e. between states, regions, districts, villages, etc. is
called as Internal Migration. The movement of people from one country to other across the
international borders is called as International Migration. ... The internal migration does not
pose a problem of brain drain.

Categories of Migrants:
1. Temporary Labor Migrants
Temporary migration is migration to a country that is not intended to be permanent, for a
specified and limited period of time, and usually undertaken for a specific purpose. ...
Temporary labor migration programs are often referred to in host countries as guest-worker
programs.
2. Highly skilled and Business Migrants
The Skilled Migrant Category is a points system based on factors such as age, work
experience, your qualifications, and an offer of skilled employment. You must also be aged 55
or under, and meet English language, health, and character requirements.
3. Irregular Migrants
Irregular migration - Movement that takes place outside the regulatory norms of the
sending, transit and receiving countries. There is no clear or universally accepted definition of
irregular migration. ... Migration - The movement of a person or a group of persons, either
across an international border, or within a State.
4. Refugees
Refugee is a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war,
persecution, or natural disaster.
5. Asylum Seekers
Asylum Seeker is a person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is
seeking asylum in another.
6. Forced Migration
 Forced Migration is “a general term that refers to the movements of refugees and internally
displaced people (those displaced by conflicts within their country of origin) as well as people
displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine, or
development projects.”

5 of the most common causes of forced migration:

1. Drought. A single drought can mean disaster for communities whose lives and livelihoods
rely on regular, successful harvests. ...
2. Hurricanes and Flooding. ...
3. Earthquakes. ...
4. Disease. ...
5. War and Conflict.

7. Family Members
In the general migration context, family member migrant is a person either married to, or
having a relationship legally recognized as equivalent to marriage, to a migrant, as well as their
dependent children or other dependents that are recognized as members of the family by
applicable legislation.
8. Return Migrants
Returning migrants are persons returning to their country of citizenship after having been
international migrants (whether short-term or long- term) in another country and who are
intending to stay in their own country for at least a year.

Main causes of human migration and the effect on the sending and/or host
country
The causes include social, political and economic aspects; the effects also vary for both
sending and host countries. Firstly, human migration is due to social factors such as, racism,
sexism and religion. The pushing factor from the social perspective is that people are being
discriminated in their homeland. People in these countries are treated unfairly because of their
difference and that they are small in numbers. Besides that, the disapproval of LGBT
relationships causes people to migrate away from their homeland.
Religious issues that can stir up controversies will lead people that want to avoid getting
involved in religious conflicts to migrate to a safer place. Many of these people seek freedom in
the social aspects of life. The pulling factors come in as other countries, such as the United
States, Brazil and Argentina, approves of LGBT status. People often seek refuge in countries that
are more open minded and accepts you for who you are disregarding of race or religion.
Furthermore, people migrate from their homeland as political issues arise. The main reason
behind their action of migrating is because they do not agree on the government’s rule.
Government instability, war and oppression contribute to the pushing factors of migration.
Wars will cause death of the innocent, and most people will try their best to escape from war.
Oppression from the government, such as not recognizing the rights of people will also cause
people to migrate away.. Political instability, such as the inability for the government to
maintain control will cause the citizens to lose their faith towards their government, thus
induce the people to migrate to other countries.

Effects on the Sending Countries

Moreover, people are migrating around the world due to pulling factors such as higher
standard of living and better income while poverty and unemployment contribute to the
pushing factors. People from the third world countries would choose to migrate out of their
homeland as there is no opportunity to grasp. These people would choose to take the risk and
go forth to embrace the dreams and hopes in finding the opportunities and fortune that they
seek in life. Some people are also underused as their country is not able to utilize a certain
profession or talent that would be more appreciated in some other places.
Human migration affects the sending country. There are pros and cons for the country as
human migration occurs. Some people who migrated out of their country in search of a better
lifestyle and a higher salary will mostly send money back to their parents in their own
respective countries. This will help the economic growth of the sending country. In addition,
people back at home will be motivated when they see higher salary being paid to people with
more knowledge. This will spark encouragement to young people to study harder as the people
that migrated out of the country become an example for them. However, the sending country
loses high tax payers and talents that could give aid to the development of the country.

Effects on the Host Countries

Meanwhile, human migration also affects the host country. The host country can benefit
from the immigrants as most immigrants are willing to be paid a lower price for labor. This
creates job loss for the natives and will cause issues between the native people and
immigrants. The host country can also benefit from the immigrants because if they are highly
educated, they can educate younger generation of the host country, hence giving a brighter
future to the next generation of the host country. To put it briefly, there are many factors that
contribute in leading the people to migrate to another country where they in their own minds
think is better.

State and Migration

Managing the migration of workers is fundamental to ensure stability and development of
the state, especially in a globalized world where labor mobility, or the movement of people
across state borders for employment, is a key feature. This is because migrant workers
contribute to the economic and human development of the countries in which they work and
where they fill gaps in the labor market and provide essential skills. In the case of migrant care
and domestic workers—where women are heavily present—their often invisible and silent
work effectively contributes to containing the ‘care crisis’ faced by many developed countries.
In addition, migrant workers contribute to their home countries through remittances which
contribute to development and poverty reduction.
However, the ability of migrant workers to be economically productive and contribute to the
development of both their countries of origin and residence is conditioned by the extent of
their integration, as well as by the living and working conditions in the country of settlement.
By upholding the rights of migrant workers, states can manage migration in such a way that
fosters a stable environment for migrants to live and work so that migration becomes leverage
for the development of the state. By effectively protecting migrants (regardless of status),
and enabling them to earn decent pay and enjoy decent working conditions, their productivity
will contribute to the host country’s economy and to that of the country of origin where a
considerable portion of the earnings are likely to be sent.

Final Performance Task 1

OFW SURVEY and Group Sharing
Instructions:
1. Do a survey in your neighborhood and ask families about their relatives (parents, children,
uncles, aunts, cousins, etc.) who had migrated and worked abroad.
2. List down their names, their work in the Philippines before their migration, what country
they are working, and for how long they have been there.
3. The goal is to map your neighborhood and determine how much of the families there are
reliant on relatives working abroad.
4. After the survey, determine how different they are in terms of the following:
a. architecture of the homes
b. the way neighbors dress
c. vehicles
d. life style
5. For the teacher, make a group sharing in class by dividing the students in groups depending
on the discretion of the teacher.
Pointers for sharing:
 The result of the survey
 What has changed in our communities because of Global Migration?
Notes:
1. Make the survey is computerized in short bond papers, font is 12, aerial, and single space.
2. Your name must be computerized at the upper part of the first page of the bond paper
3. The survey must be put in a short brown envelope and submit it to the teachers. Make it
sure that you do not write anything on a folder.

References:

http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/76238/7/07_chapter%201.pdf

https://unchronicle.un.org/article/protection-migrants-rights-and-state-sovereignty

http://www.academia.edu/5025685/What_are_the_causes_of_human_migration_and_the_eff
ect_on_the_sending_and_or_host_country

Claudio, Lisandro E. 2018. “The Contemporary World”. C@E Publishing Inc.