Physical Science
 Shows the DEFERENT (orbit)-
GEOCENTRIC VS HELIOCENTRIC
“Disk floating on water”
- Thales
“Earth is cylinder and its surface is curved”
- Anaximander
Reasons why some believed that the earth is
in the middle:
 Technology- limitations in information
 Religion
 Popularity- people who are able to
study before are the only ones
believed.
GEOCENTRIC- earth is in the middle
Models:
 Pythagorean Model
 By Pythagoras
 Heavenly bodies move in circle
 “The Music of Spheres”
 Plato’s Saving Appearance
 Supports and adapts Pythagoras’
theory
 All motions are perfectly
circular, ethereal/ perfect
 Motion of heavenly bodies is
from east to west- Retrograde
Motion
 Aristotle’s Model
 Prime Mover- drives the motion
of the planets
 Eudoxus’ Model
 Homocentric Model
 First model of geocentric
mode
 First 5 planets: Mars,
Mercury, Venus, Jupiter,
Saturn
 Made up of 27 spheres (1-
star, 3- moon, 3- sun, 4
per planet)
 Ptolemy’s Model
circular path in which planets
move
 Shows the EPICYCLE (axis)-
circle where planet move
 Proposed the EQUANT- a point
close to the orbit’s center
HELIOCENTRIC- sun is in the middle
 Aristarchus’ Model
 First to place the sun at the
center of the universe
 The sun and the stars are fixed
 The earth is revolving around the
sun in a circular orbit
(arrangement of planets are
correct)
 Copernicus’ Model
 Celestial motions are uniform,
infinite and circular
 Planets revolved around the sun
 Earth’s motion explains the
retrograde motions of other
planets
 Earth spins on a circular axis
which accounts for a season
 Keppler Laws of Planetary Motion
 Eclipses
 Sun is off- centered
(focused)
 The orbit of a planet is an
ellipse, with the sun at
one focus
 PERIHILION- point nearest
to the sun
 APHELION- point farthest
from the sun
 Equal Areas
 Planet travels equal areas
in equal amount of time
 Planet travels faster
during perihelion, slower
during aphelion
 Harmonies
  The larger the planet’s opposite
Angular Displacement: tan −1 ( )
orbit, the longer the adjacent
revolution
Speed (v) - how fast an object is moving. Rate
 The square of the
at which object covers distance.
revolutions of the planets
are directly proportional distance
to the cubes of their v=
time
average distances
 Tycho Brahe’s Model Velocity (v) - how fast and which way; the
 Geoheliocentric rate at which position changes
 Planets revolving around the sun, displacement
and the sun revolving around the v= time
earth
 He witnessed and recorded 2 SI Unit: Meter per second (m/s)
supanovae, which opposed
Acceleration (a) - increase/ decrease in
Ptolemy’s idea that the stars
velocity. Change in velocity of a moving
were unchanging
object per unit of time.
 Galileo’s Astronomical Observations
(Sidereus Nuncius- the starry v f −v i
messenger) a=
t
 Lunar craters
 Phases of Venus SI Unit: Meter per second squared (m/ s 2 )
 Moons of Jupiter
 Sunspots Positive acceleration- vf > v i (speeds
 Supernova up)
 Apparently same size of the stars
Negative acceleration/ Deceleration- vi >
KINEMATICS v f (slows down)
(d) Displacement Zero Acceleration- constant distance
(a) Acceleration LAWS OF MOTION
(v) Velocity Sir Isaac Newton- defined force
Scalar- refers to magnitude (no. + Unit of  Inertia
measurement)  In the absence of external
Vector- refers to magnitude, unit of forces, an object at rest remains
measurement and direction at rest and an object in motion
continues in motion with a
Distance (d) - How far an object have constant
travelled, regardless of direction (ex: 43 km)  Mass- quantitative measure of
inertia of a body
Displacement (d) - where the object is in  Force- action exerted upon by/
relation to where it came from (ex: 16.28 km, to a body that changes its state
10.62° NW) of motion
SI Unit: Meter (m)  The larger the mass of a body,
the more force is needed to
overcome its inertia/ change its
state of motion.
  Acceleration Formulas:
 When a net force acts on an
object, the acceleration of an  v f =v i−¿
object is directly proportional to 1
 d=v i t− g t 2
the net force acting on it and 2

2 2
inversely proportional to its mass v f =v i −2 gd
 Direction of acceleration= 1
 d= (v f +v i )t
2
direction of net force
 Bigger force= greater Remember:
acceleration
 Larger mass= smaller  If an object is merely dropped from an
acceleration elevated height, then its initial velocity
 SI Unit for force: 1N = 1 kg m/ is 0 m/s
2
s
PROJECTILE MOTION
 Gravity (g) - the force that pulls
object towards each other  The motion of object in two dimensions
 g = 9.8 m/ s 2  Projectile- an object following
 Air resistance keeps things from projectile motion
falling equally  Trajectory- path that a projectile
 Interaction follows (results in a parabola)
 For every action, there is an
equal and opposite reaction Magnitud Directio
 Whenever one body exerts a e n
force on a second body, the Horizontal Constant Constant
second body exerts a force back Vertical Changes Changes
Formulas:
on the first that is equal in
magnitude but opposite in  Horizontal distance (x)
direction  x=v x t
FREE FALLING OBJECTS  Horizontal velocity ( v x )
 v x =v i cos θ
 When an object falls under the  Vertical distance (y)
influence of gravity alone, it is in a 1 2
state of free fall
 y=v i t− 2 g t
 Dropped from rest  Vertical velocity ( v y )
 Thrown vertically upward  v y =v i sinθ −¿
 Thrown upward at an angle to the
horizontal  Time to reach maximum height (t)
v
Accelerating due to gravity  t= i sinθ
g
 g is always directed downward, toward  Time of flight (t)
the center if the earth 2v
 t= isin θ
 Ignoring air resistance and assuming g g
doesn’t vary with altitude over short  Maximum height reach (h)
2 2
vertical distances, free fall is v i ( sinθ)
constantly accelerated motion.
 h=
2g
 Horizontal range (R)
 (θ) 2
sin ¿
 ¿
v 2i ¿
R=¿
MOMENTUM (p)
 The quantity of motion of a
moving body “mass in motion”
 Dependent upon 2 variables-
mass (m) and velocity (v)
 SI Unit: kg m/s
 Formula: p= mv
Impulse
 any change in momentum
 SI Unit: N · s
 Formula: ft (force x time)
f x t = m x v (Impulse unit is equal to
Momentum unit)
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