DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

FIELD OF STUDY : ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT NAME : ELECTRICAL PROTECTION III

PROJECT : PRAC REPORT

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 CONTENTS PAGE

INTRODUCTION………………………………………2

OBJECTIVES…………………………………………...2

BACKGROUND THEORY…………………………….2

EDUIPMENT USED……………………………………3

PROCEDURE…………………………………………...3

RESULTS……………………………………………….4

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS…………………………..4

CONCLUSION………………………………………….4

REFERENCES………………………………………….4

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 INTRODUCTION
Instrument transformers are designer to transformer voltage or current from the high values in
the transmission and distribution system to the low values that can be utilised by low voltage
metering devices. There are three primary applications for which instrument transformers are
used:
1. Metering (for energy billing and transaction purposes)
2. Protection control (for system protection and protective relay purposes)
3. Load survey (for economic management of industrial loads)

All of these purposes the instrument transformers are design in such way that is suitable for
the application that are required for. When used for protection purposes, the instrument
transformer outputs must accurately represent the transmission line values during both
steady-state and transient conditions. These critical signals provide the basis for circuit-
breaker operation under fault conditions, and as such are fundamental to network reliability
and security.

Instrument transformers used for network control supply important information for
determining the state of the operating conditions of the network.
During a disturbance such as system fault or overvoltage transients, the output of the
instrument transformer is used by a protective relay to initiate an appropriate action (open or
close a breaker)
 Voltage transformer

These are helpful on the power line when required to measure current or voltage by stepping down
value s for measured desire.

OBJECTIVES

 Assembling a voltage transformer circuit in open delta connection

 Measuring the three conductor voltages on symmetrical and asymmetrical loads

BACKGROUND
A Transformer does not generate electrical power, it transfers electrical power. A
transformer is a voltage changer. Most transformers are designed to either step voltage up or
to step it down, although some are used only to isolate one voltage from another. The
transformer works on the principle that energy can be efficiently transferred by magnetic
induction from one winding to another winding by a varying magnetic field produced by
alternating current. An electrical voltage is induced when there is a relative motion between a
wire and a magnetic field. Alternating current (AC) provides the motion required by changing
direction which creates a collapsing and expanding magnetic field.
A three phase transformer is constructed by winding three single phase transformers on a
single core. These transformers are put into an enclosure which is then filled with dielectric
oil. The dielectric oil performs several functions. Since it is a dielectric, a nonconductor of
electricity, it provides electrical insulation between the windings and the case. It is also used
to help provide cooling and to prevent the formation of moisture, which can deteriorate the
winding insulation.

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 EQUIPMENT USED

 1DL 1013T1 Three-phase power supply

 1DL 2109T24 Three-phase voltage transformer
 4DL 2109T3PV Moving-iron voltmeter (125-250-500)
EXPERIMENTA PROCEDURE

 Assemble the circuit in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram. Initially do
not use the connection to simulate a fault to ground.
 Do not forget that the voltage transformer must never be short-circuited on the
secondary side we rather put a fuse.
 The three-phase voltage transformer is connected as three single-pole isolated
transformers: the secondary side in star connection supplies an image of the three-
phase voltages of the network while the auxiliary windings are connected in series and
serves to measure the faults to ground.
 Set the supply voltage to UL12= 380V and measure the three voltages of secondary
winding: Uvw = …V Uwu = …V =Uuv =…V and the voltage between terminals “n” and
“e” of the individual auxiliary windings connected in series : Uen =0V
 In the symmetrical load operation, the residential voltage Uen = 0V and the voltage
transformer responds as expected according the transformer ratio.
 Now in order to simulate a fault to ground in a network with isolated neutral point,
remove the connection of the neutral conductor at output of the three-phase system
power supply and connect the phase L3 to star point N of the primary winding.
 Ensure that neutral conductor of the three-phase voltage transformer does not remain
connected with the neutral of the three-phase power supply, as otherwise a short-
circuit to ground would occur, which would cause an overload.
 Set again the supply voltage to UL12 = 180 V and measure the voltage at the terminals
“n” and “e” of the three individual auxiliary windings connected in series: Uen =….V

RESULTS:

Voltages measured under no fault conditions:

UVW = 100V

UWU = 100V

UUV = 100V

Uen = 0V

Voltages measured under fault to ground conditions:

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Uen = 100V

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Three phase transformer when there is no fault on the earth the tertiary winding voltmeter
read 0V, but when we connected neutral to the power supply, the tertiary windings voltmeter
read 101V, which is a fault voltage on the conductor. Therefore voltage transformer could
read the fault if the conductor carrying fault voltage. All line voltages are equal. Once there is
a fault, the voltage on the tertiary winding is the reflection of the voltage on the secondary
side of the voltage transformer.

CONCLUSION
The voltage transformer can serve many functions, like stepping up/ down the voltage. It can
also be used as the measuring equipment, in order to determine the magnitude of the fault
voltage. On the three single phase transformer, the VT can be used for metering and billing
equipment to different distribution lines.

REFERENCES
 www.gigavac.com
 www.circuitstoday.com/working-of-relays
 www.wikipedia.org/wiki/protective_relays
 Kühnen, Dipl.-Ing. Ingo. 2010. Earth Fault Detection Basics in Theory, Woodward
Power Solutions

 Walker, JJ. First edition. Introduction To Power System Protection. Lerato.