Wellsim

Document Title User Manual for wellSim Interact
Document Number wellSimInteract-OPM-001

Total Pages 96
Rev. 1.8.1
eDrilling AS Koppholen 20, 4313 Sandnes, Norway Phone +47 51 70 73 00 www.edrilling.no

NO 993 425 575
wellSim Interact User Manual iii
Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Hardware Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Software Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.4 Third party components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.5 Abbreviations and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Installation 3
2.1 Licensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Upgrading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3 Multiple Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Main Window 4
3.1 Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2 LED Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4 Server Connection 6
4.1 Auto Connect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5 Replay Control 8
6 Event Log 9
6.1 Examples of messages: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7 Drilling Parameters / Real Time Inputs 10
8 Model Outputs 11
8.1 FM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8.1.1 Single values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8.1.2 Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.1.3 Dynamic Change of Well Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.1.4 BHA Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8.1.5 Temperature Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8.1.6 ECD Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8.1.7 Stand Pipe Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8.1.8 Surge and Swab Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8.1.9 Two phase flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8.1.10 Influx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Dynamic Reservoir Influx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Copyright © eDrilling AS
This document is submitted in conﬁdence and contains proprietary information which shall not be reproduced or transferred
to others for the purpose of manufacture, tender or any other intentions without written permission of eDrilling AS
wellSim Interact User Manual iv
Constant Reservoir Influx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

8.1.11 Internal Data Quality Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8.1.12 PVT Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8.1.13 Rheology and Frictional Pressure Loss Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Rheology and Frictional Pressure Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Single-phase Frictional Pressure Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8.1.14 Fluid Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8.1.15 Examples of Other Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.2 TD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.2.1 Single values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.2.2 Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9 Widgets 19
9.1 Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
9.1.1 Time, Depth and Volume Based Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Plot interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Plot configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Adding a curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
9.1.2 Segmented plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Plot interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
9.2 Real Time Short List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
9.3 2D Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
10 Well Configuration 32
10.1 Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
10.1.1 Density Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
10.2 Trajectory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
10.3 Tubular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
10.3.1 ODMx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
10.3.2 OD and ConnectionOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
10.3.3 ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
10.3.4 Weight per length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
10.3.5 Type Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
10.3.6 EMod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
10.3.7 Tubular Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
10.4 Bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
10.5 Wellbore Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
10.5.1 Open Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
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10.6 Temperature Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

10.7 Pressure Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
10.8 Formations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
10.9 Reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
10.10Rig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
10.10.1 Flow lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Kelly line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Kill line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Choke line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Return line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Booster line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
10.11Choke Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
10.12Flow Model Specifics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
10.13Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
10.14Validation of Well Configuration Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
10.15WitsML Importer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
11 Drilling Control 58
11.1 Dashboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
11.1.1 Top Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
11.1.2 Simulation Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
11.1.3 Drilling Equipment Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Bar graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Input values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Connection sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Fluid Input and Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Volume and depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Well Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
11.2 2D Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
11.3 Scenario Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
11.3.1 Start Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
11.3.2 Tripping properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
11.3.3 Connection set-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
11.3.4 Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
11.3.5 Alarm Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
11.3.6 Malfunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
11.4 Automatic Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
11.4.1 Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
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11.4.2 Automatic Kill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Automatic Kill Dashboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Simulation Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Kill Process Set-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Volume and Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Kill Process Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Choke valve control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Simulation tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Eccentricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
12 Report Maker 78
12.1 Customize report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
13 Unit System 80
14 Configuring tags and sockets 81

14.1 Tag List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
14.1.1 Finding tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Searching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
14.1.2 Edit tag list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
14.1.3 Load/save tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
14.2 Tag Sockets List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
14.2.1 Subscribe to tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
14.2.2 Load/save tag socket binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
14.3 Trend Tag List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
14.3.1 Bind tags to trend tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
14.3.2 Finding trend tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Searching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
14.3.3 Load/save trend tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
14.4 Trend Tag Socket List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
14.4.1 Subscribe to trend tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
14.4.2 Load/save trend tag socket binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
14.5 Tag- and tag socket status indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
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15 Application Settings 87
15.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
15.2 Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
15.3 Real Time Short List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
15.4 Event Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
15.5 Models settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
15.6 Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
15.7 WitsML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
15.8 Real Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
16 Troubleshooting 88
16.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
16.1.1 The application asks me for a password I don’t have . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
16.2 Flow Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
16.2.1 The model doesn’t calculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
16.2.2 The model crashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
16.2.3 The model calculates slowly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
16.2.4 The model is extremely slow when activating log files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
16.2.5 The model behaves like there aren’t any flow, even though it receives a valid input . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
16.2.6 The model calculates wrong ECD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
16.2.7 The model calculates wrong SPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
16.2.8 The model calculates fluctuating flow out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
16.2.9 The above troubleshooting didn’t lead to a solution, the calculated values are still incorrect. What now? . 90
16.2.10 When calculated values are incorrect, how do we extract the log files for external inspections? . . . . . . 90
16.2.11 How to activate/deactivate logging? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
wellSim Interact User Manual 1 / 90
Introduction
General
This manual describes the operation and functionality of wellSim Interact.

wellSim Interact, the "Drilling flight simulator" models the time development of drilling, and takes into account dynamic effects
like inertia, acceleration and retardation, effects of temperature and pressure changes on the downhole process. This enables
realistic simulation and/or training for:
• Drilling and tripping operations

• Stripping operations
• Connections
• Multi fluid operations
• Well control (kick and losses)
• HPHT (High Pressure High Temperature)
• ERD (Extended Reach Drilling)
Benefits:
• Realistic and fast "Drill well on simulator"

• Well-specific training and engineering simulator
• Verification of procedures
Hardware Requirement
The application should work on standard computer hardware, but we do recommend the following:
• Hard disk: 256 GB

• CPU: Intel i5
• RAM: 8GB
• Graphics: Support for OpenGL 2.0
• Network:
– Real time: 500 Kb/s can be expected
Software Requirements
These operating systems are supported (64 bit only):
• Windows 7
• Windows 8
• Windows 10
• Windows Server 2008
• Windows Server 2012
Third party components
OpenView2D uses these third party components:
• Qt, available under LPGL: http://opensource.org/licenses/LGPL-2.1

• Qwt, available under Qwt License v1.0: http://qwt.sourceforge.net/qwtlicense.html
• Graphics from OpenIconLibrary, Crystal project, KDE4 Crystal Diamond Icons 1.1 and Oxygen Project (more licensing infor-
mation in graphics/icons/license)
Abbreviations and Definitions
Table 1: Topology Abbreviations
eLCDS eDrilling’s Life Cycle Drilling Simulation

GUI Graphical User Interface
IDS Integrated Drilling Simulator
NA Not Applicable
ODBC Open Database Connectivity
OLEDB Object Linking and Embedding, Database
OPC OLE for Process control
OPC UA OPC Unified Architecture
RT Real Time
Tag Information tag that can be subscribed to
VR Virtual Reality
WITS Wellsite Information Transfer Specification
WITSML Wellsite Information Transfer Specification Markup Language
XML eXtensible Markup Language
Table 2: Drilling Abbreviations
BHA Bottom Hole Assembly

BHP Bottom Hole Pressure
CTD Coil Tubing Drilling
ECD Equivalent Circulation Density
EMW Equivalent Mud Weight
ERD Extended Reach Drilling
ESD Equivalent Static Density
FCP Final Circulating Pressure
DGD Dual Gradient Drilling
HPHT High Pressure High Temperature
ICP Initial Circulating Pressure
KWM Kill Weight Mud
MD Measured Depth
MGS Mud Gas Separator
MPD Managed Pressure Drilling
OMW Original Mud Weight
PDM Positive Displacement Motor
PWD Pressure While Drilling
RPM Revolutions Per Minute
SCR Slow Circulating Rate
SIDPP Shut-in drillpipe pressure
SPP Stand Pipe Pressure
Table 2: (continued)
TTRD Through Tubing Rotary Drilling

TVD True Vertical Depth
WOB Weight on Bit
Installation
Double click the installation file, and follow the guide.
Licensing
When executing the application for the first time, a license request form will appear. This will let the user write "Company infor-
mation", which should describe the licensee. Clicking the save button will save a license request file to the "\bin" directory where
the application was installed, and can be forwarded to support@edrilling.no. The name of the file is "openview2D_license.req".
eDrilling will reply with a license file, which must be placed in the "\bin" directory, in the directory of the application. Next time
the application is run, the application will execute according to the license.
Upgrading
When installing a new version, the user could either install it over the old directory, or into a new directory.
By using the old directory, the installer will replace most of the files with the ones contained in the package. Make backup of
these files, if the previous configuration is needed:
1. bin\AppSettings.ini
2. config\*
3. layouts\*
By installing it in a new directory, make sure to copy over the following files. Notice that it’s mostly the same list as above, in
addition to the license file.
1. bin\*.lic
2. bin\AppSettings.ini
3. config\*
4. layouts\*
Also make sure to copy over the well configuration. The path depends on how the user has configured the system, but is usually
on a network drive, or placed in the \wellconfig\ directory (where the application was installed) if the user keeps local copies.
Multiple Users
If the system is used by multiple users, it is highly advised that the well configurations are placed on a network drive, so that
other users can access and change them.
This is an example of a directory hierarchy for well configurations:
* Field
** Rig
*** Well
**** Wellbore / section
Main Window
The main window contains a selection of modules, accessible from the top menus. The user can move, dock and undock the
windows to make its own custom view. This will be saved on exit.
A main window can be configured as a layout, which contains the configured plots, real time short list and 2D tunnel configura-
tion.
Important
It is important to distinguish between a layout and a well configuration (described in Section 10). A layout is only the
configured plot tabs and curves.
Menus
The File menu lets the user:
• Connect to the server, described in Section 4
• Connect to a different session, which can involve potential running replays. This is described further in Section 5.
• Create a new layout
• Open an existing layout
• Save current layout
• Save current layout with another name

• Exit the application.
The View menu lets the user toggle view of these modules:
• Real Time Short List, described in Section 9.2

• Tunnel, described in Section 9.3
• Event Log, described in Section 6
• Replay Toolbar, described in Section 5
The Tools menu gives the user access to open these modules:
• Well Configuration, described in Section 10
• Make report, described in Section 12

• Drilling Control
The Admin menu gives the user access to administer capabilities. Care should be taken before using this functionality:
• Tags→Tag List, described in Section 14.1

• Tags→Tag Socket List, described in Section 14.2
• Tags→Trend Tag List, described in Section 14.3
• Tags→Trend Tag Socket List, described in Section 14.4
• Unit System List, described in Section 13

• Application Settings, described in Section 15
The Help menu contains information for the user:
• Help, contains a copy of this user manual

• About, contains information about the application, such as the version number.
LED Indicators
LED indicators are positioned in the bottom right corner. The selection of LED indicators depends on the product.
• FM status: Lits green if the model is running, red if it is not running, grey if signals on the server are missing. A clock is
visualised if the model is spending too much time to calculate. Clicking on the icon makes it possible to start, restart, pause
and stop the model.
• TD status: Has the same functionality as the FM status.
• Realtime status: Lits green if real time data is being received. Red indicates that the real time stream is currently down.
• Event Log: If the log is empty it will be lit green. Red indicates that the event log contains at least one message. Clicking on
the event log icon will pop up a window with the available messages. Ref. Section 6.
Server Connection
To connect to the server enter the file menu, and click server connection.
1. Connected. Shows the URL of the server the application is currently connected to.
2. Connect to. Use the dropdown list to select an existing server entry or enter a new URL in the field. The URL starts with
"edh://".
3. Clear recent URLs button. Clears the list of URLs in Connect To list.
4. Connect button. Initiates a connection to the URL displayed in the Connect To field.
5. Disconnect button. Disconnects from the currently connected URL.
6. Get URLs from host button. Will get valid URLs from the host name/IP entered in the host field and result will be
available in the Connect To list.
7. Re-load socket bindings. When the System Administrator ticks this item the definition of the signal bindings will auto-
matically be reloaded when connecting to server. This is the default behavior.
8. Auto-connect on startup. When the System Administrator ticks this item the application will automatically try and
connect to the server after a project is loaded.
9. Save startup info button. The System Administrator can save the startup options and server to connect to and the infor-
mation will be loaded next time the application starts.
10. Statistics. Provides statistics of the number of tags updated since last update and the time since last update.
11. Log. Informational messages when connecting to- or disconnecting from server as well as importing data is written here.
If you experience problems connecting to server or loading data from the server a copy of this message log will be valuable
for support personnel.
Auto Connect
There are two options for configuring an auto connect on startup.

From the application, an auto connect can be configured from the server connect window. Connect to a server, check the Auto-
connect on startup checkbox, and click the Save startup info button.
From a terminal window, an auto connect can be configured by using an argument. The argument is -server= in addition to the
connection string.
Replay Control
Important
Replay sessions are instantiated on the server, so refer to the server user manual on how to initialize new replay
sessions.
You can connect to a replay session by using the file menu, and clicking session. This give you a list of sessions, which can be
switched to. Selecting a replay session will give the user access to controlling it through the replay toolbar.
Sessions
When you’re connected to a replay session, you may use the replay toolbar to stop, pause and play the replay data. You can enter
the start- and end-times in the date/time dialogs on either side of the slider bar.
Replay toolbar
Play starts playback from the start time and stops when reaching the end time. After the stop button has been activated pressing
play again will start playback from start. Pause can be used to halt the playback until you wish to resume playback from the same
time again afterwards.
The slider toolbar indicates the progress of the playback. Hover the mouse pointer over the slider for details.
Warning
The well configuration is not updated in the Well Configuration Editor automatically while it changes on the server. This
has to be done by clicking Retrieve from server, ref. Section 10.13.
Event Log
The event log can be found by clicking the Event Log icon in the bottom left corner. This is red when errors are listed, or green
if everything seems to be fine. It is possible to configure the event log from Section 15.4 in the Application Settings.
If issues have been fixed, clear the log, and see if new errors are appended to the list. Clearing the list will make the indicator
green.
Examples of messages:
Database entry for Logger.Worker.ROP is unclean. The data retrieved from the server is newer than expected.
Contains newer data than server time. Time stamp X to time This might be a logging issue, but can be ignored unless
stamp Y. the plot has strange lines. This error is usually found in
wellSim hiDRILL. If this error pops up in real time
systems like wellBalance or wellAhead, it can be ignored
unless there are problems with the plot. Please report this
issue to the eDrilling team.
Drilling Parameters / Real Time Inputs
Bit depth The position of the bit, with RKB as reference.

Well depth In TD and FM this is used to set an initial well depth internally, after this FM used the highest
bit depth input value, and TD uses the highest corrected bit depth value. This value is also
used in the 2D and 3D visualisation.
Block position Distance between RKB and traveling block.
Rotational speed This is the rotational speed of the string at RKB.
SPP Stand pipe pressure.
Mud density in The measured density of the fluid pumped into the well. This is measured at the temperature
received at Mud temp in.
Mud flow in This is the flow rate in, measured in volume not strokes.
Mud flow out (net) This is the normal mud flow rate out (excluding the back pressure pump if this is used).
Mud temp in Measured temperature of mud going in.
Hook load Weight on hook, hence excluding the weight on block. If this includes the weight on block,
an action must be taken to subtract it. If the server is configured for this, the user only needs
to input the block weight in the well configuration. See the rig chapter in well configuration.
Contact the eDrilling server administrator for correcting hook load. An explanation on
subtracting this can be found in the server user manual.
Tank volume This is the volume of the active tank(s).
Stroke rate The stroke rate of the mud pumps.
ROP Measured rate of penetration.
WOB Weight on bit.
Model Outputs
Note
This chapter describes potential outputs from all of eDrilling’s product suite. Some of these are not available for the user,
depending on the product and license, hence the following data must be looked upon as a reference guide.
FM
The flow model is a dynamic thermo-hydraulic model. It is a general, flexible two-phase model that is adapted to the actual needs
and requirements.
Refer to Section 10.12 for information about tuning.
Single values
Calc ECD@bottom Calculated ECD at bottom.

Calc ECD@cs Calculated ECD at casing shoe.
Calc ECD@pos Calculated ECD at a specified position.
Calc ECD@pwd Calculated ECD at PWD. Distance between bit and PWD tool is specified in the well
configuration.
Calc Pressure@bottom Calculated pressure at bottom.
Calc Pressure@cs Calculated pressure at casing shoe.
Calc Pressure@pos Calculated pressure at a specified position.
The pressures calculated from the model is bara
Calc Pressure@pwd Calculated pressure at PWD. Distance between bit and PWD tool is specified in the well
configuration.
Calc Temp@bottom Calculated temperature at bottom.
Calc Temp@cs Calculated temperature at casing shoe.
Calc Temp@pos Calculated temperature at a specified position.
Calc Temp@pwd Calculated temperature at PWD. Distance between bit and PWD tool is specified in the well
configuration.
Calc Temp Out Calculated temperature out of the return line.
Note
If the BOP is closed the model will output the surface temperature.
Calc SPP Calculated stand pipe pressure.

Calc Flow Out Calculated mud flow out.
Calc MPD Pres Calculated MPD pressure if MPD is used. This is the calculated top pressure which can be
used to control the well pressure, either by a choke system which adds pressure to the well, or
by a sub sea pump which decreases pressure from the well. In the sub sea pump scenario, a
negative value will be outputted, which will indicate a decrease of well pressure.
Calc MPD Pres (stat) Calculated static MPD pressure if MPD is used. This will be the MPD pressure when the
pumps are off, and there are no fluid flow in the system (because of string movement,
u-tubing, etc.). See output above.
Calc TVD@bit Calculated TVD at position of the bit that the flow model uses internally, after applying bit
depth filter (ref. Section 8.1.11). This means it can be different from the raw input.
Calc TVD@bh Calculated TVD at bottom hole.
Calc Pit Gain Calculated pit gain (pit volume) based on filling the hole with tubular, surge/swab effects,
temperature effects, etc.
Formula:
pitVolume = pitVolume + mudVolOut - mudVolIn
(mudVolOut does not include cuttings)
Calc ROP Calculated rate of penetration. This is a moving average value, based upon the last bit depth
signals. It can be used instead of the ROP from the real time input, since this often has many
unrealistic peaks.
Cuttings vol fraction Fraction of the fluid volume which is cuttings outside BHA.
outside BHA
Cuttings vol fraction Fraction of the fluid volume which is cuttings immediately above casing shoe (one grid box).
outside cs
Cuttings Volume Rate Fraction of the fluid volume out which is cuttings.
Out
wellheadPressure Calculated pressure at well head (below BOP).
Profiles
The following data can only be plotted in a depth based plot.
ECD profile (MD) Profile of the ECD in the well.

Cuttings profile (MD) Cuttings concentration in annulus. 0 to 100 if the unit is set as percent.
CTR profile (MD) Cutting transport ratio is cuttings velocity divided by liquid velocity. The higher this ratio
becomes the better. CTR = 1 is the upper limit and represent perfect (and unrealistic) hole
cleaning. A low value together with high cuttings concentration represents poor hole
cleaning.
Pressure profile (MD) Profile of the pressure in the well.
Temperature profile Profile of the temperature in the well.
(MD)
Flow type profile (MD) Laminar or Turbulent flow in annulus. 0 to 1.
Pore pressure EMW Pore pressure vs. MD.
Fracture pressure EMW Fracture pressure vs. MD.
String temperature Profile of the temperature in the string.
profile (MD)
String pressure profile Profile of the pressure in the string.
(MD)
String density profile Profile of the densities in the string.
(MD)
String DPF profile (MD) String pressure loss.
Free gas mass fraction The mass fraction of gas which is free
Dissolved gas mass The mass fraction of gas which has dissolved
fraction
Note
Free + Dissolved gas makes up the fraction of total mass of gas in the well
Dynamic Change of Well Configuration
The model reads the entire well configuration at start up. Parts of the well configuration can be changed while the model is
running:
• Fluid properties: Density and field rheology

• Flow model specifics: Friction factors and MPD offset factor
• Temperature Profile: Activating/deactivating temperature model (isDynamic flag)

• Tubular: Flow through ratio of circulation sub and reamer, and mud motor pressure loss of PDM (the TypeIdentifiers needs to
be defined prior to model startup).
• Reservoir: Parameters can be changed if a valid reservoir was inputted at startup. See Section 8.1.9.
Data not mentioned above can be assumed to take effect when restarting the flow model.
Warning
The flow model does not read new fluids created after the model has been started. This means that if you create a new
fluid or change properties of any fluid (beside density and field rheology), the flow model needs to be restarted.
BHA Length
Note
This setting is important for the flow through of the reamer. The flow model will only activate it if it is inside the BHA length.
The model defines the BHA as a separate grid box, which is 80 meters, if not defined in the system.
Caution
The flow model will not accept BHA lengths more than 600 meters, and a large BHALength leads to more complex
equations and should be avoided where possible.
Temperature Model
A dynamic temperature model is closely linked to the mass transport model. It is called once every time-step to update the
temperature profile inside the running string and in the annulus. Dynamic effects due to pump rate changes and string movements
(axial and rotational) are taken into account.
The dynamic temperature model can be activated/deactivated by setting the isDynamic flag, described in Section 10.6. When
deactivated the temperature will be static according to the defined profile in the well configuration . When activated the temper-
ature will be affected by the temperature gradient and the temperature of the pumped mud. In addition friction in the drill string
(thin pipe) and friction between drill string and casing affects the calculations.
Heat transfer takes into account:
1. BHA, drill string, casing and liner (heat transfer of steel is assumed)
2. Fluid (configurable)
3. Formation (configurable)
ECD Calculations
The ECD is a result of the fluid composition, pressure loss due to friction, temperature and cuttings.
Be aware that the ESD rarely is the same as the mud weight, since it is highly dependent on the temperature and pressure. The
fluid properties are defined with reference temperatures and atmospheric pressure. The flow-in density is dependent on the flow-
in temperature. Together with the temperature in the well, the ECD will change. The ESD can be checked from the PVT table
in the mud configuration with the calculated temperature. This can give an indication of the amount of points difference there
should be in the well with that temperature.
These are the factors which affects the ECD significantly:
• Fluid properties
• Tubular (outer diametre of BHA and drill string, including the connection OD)
• Wellbore geometry (inner diametre of casing and open hole)
• Temperature profile
• Mud flow in
• Mud density in
• Mud temperature in
• String movement (ref. Section 8.1.8)
• Cuttings / ROP
Stand Pipe Pressure
The temperature profile has an affect on the standpipe pressure. Nozzles, or the total flow area for the bit has a major affect of the
SPP calculations. The friction in the drill string (ID and ID for the connections) had a direct effect on the SPP, also the annulus
(OD of BHA and and ID of casings) will affect the SPP calculation as well.
When having different densities inside and outside the drill string (displacement) you will see large differences. An example, if
pumping a light fluid to displace a heavier fluid, the stand pipe pressure will rise as you fill up your drill string. On the other side,
when pumping a heavy fluid to displace a light one, i.e pumping cement, the SPP will be very low, or nothing until it reaches the
annulus.
These are the factors which affect the stand pipe pressure significantly:
• Nozzles (nozzle diametres)

• Tubular (inner diametre of BHA and drill string, including the connection ID)
• Temperature profile
• Mud flow in
• Mud density in
• Mud temperature in
• Bit depth
• String movement (ref. Section 8.1.8)
Surge and Swab Effects
Surge and swab affects the pressures in the wellbore and tubular. If the model is not connected to the Torque and Drag Model,
these effects can be larger, since a change in block position will have an instant effect on the bit depth (no compression/decom-
pression).
Two phase flow
Slip between the two phases is taken into account.

wellAhead and DHT model takes into account slipping between drilling fluid and cuttings.
The model used in wellSim, WCE and Kick Tolerance supports dynamic two-phase flow with gas and liquid, see Section 8.1.10.
This is activated if a valid reservoir is defined at startup. If a valid reservoir is not inputted at startup, only cuttings slipping is
taken into account.
Influx
The model simulates the free gas transport with a realistic gas transport velocity. The free gas is distributed along the well and
gas will rise faster than the liquids. The unrealistic single bubble model is not used! The gas will rise according to bubble or slug
flow, and a transition criteria between these flow regimes is implemented. One of the references is Hasan & Kabir; “Two-phase
flow in Vertical and Inclined Annuli”, Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 18, No. 2, 1992, pp 279-293.
The model also simulates gas dissolving and eventually flashing/boiling out in Oil Based Muds.
Dynamic Reservoir Influx
The flow model will simulate the interaction between the well and the reservoir during drilling. During drilling the well is
continuously extended according to the rate of penetration ROP. When the drill bit penetrates into the porous reservoir, the
difference between the wellbore pressure and the formation/pore pressure will regulate if a flow from the reservoir of formation
fluids (a kick) is initiated. If the pore pressure > well pressure, a flow will start. The influx rate depends on the pressure difference
between wellbore and formation, the length of the reservoir exposed to the well, and the permeability and porosity of the reservoir.
If the drilling continues, then the reservoir length exposed to the well will increase. This is used to simulate drilled kicks.
If a porous reservoir has been penetrated, and then the well pressure falls below the pore /reservoir pressure, a kick will start due
to the same process. In this case the reservoir length will not change, since the drill bit is below the reservoir zone.
Constant Reservoir Influx
Influx is specified by the user to be a certain amount injected during a period. In this case the influx rate will not depend on the
pressure conditions in the well. This is often used to simulate swabbed kicks.
Internal Data Quality Checks
The flow model performs some quality checks itself, before using the data.
Tubular vs well diameter: If the flow model can’t fit the tubular inside the well, the flow model will stop calculating.
Tubular length: If the bit depth is deeper than the length of the defined tubular, the model will automatically add more of the
tubular component defined in the last row.
String rotation: The model uses the torque in addition to the rotational speed to decide if the string is actually rotating. If the
torque is -999.25, the rotational speed will be used directly to affect the string rotation. If the torque in Newton meter is less than
the bit depth in meter, the string is assumed to not rotate. If the torque in Newton meter is more than the bit depth in meter, the
rotational speed will be used directly to affect the string rotation.
Well depth quality check: The well depth will be ignored (assumes bad data quality) if the well depth gets shallower (the value
decreases). This means that the model will only use the maximum well depth it has received. If it is desired to use the latest
inputted well depth, even if it is shallower, a restart of the model is required.
Bit depth quality check: A bit depth will be ignored (because it assumes bad data quality) if the following conditions are met:
• An initial bit depth has been received

• The change in bit depth (in meter) is more than the change in time since last bit change (in seconds).
• The incoming bit depth is less than half of the current bit depth, or the suggested change in bit depth is more than 500x the
change in time since last bit change.
Bit correction: A bit depth correction (changing bit depth by modeling tripping, hence avoiding pressure peaks) is performed
when:
• An initial bit depth has been received

• The change in bit depth (in meter) is more than the change in time since last bit change (in seconds).
• The suggested bit depth is not ignored by the internal bit depth check
• Bit depth filter >= 0
PVT Modelling
Calculation of fluid density is based on one of the following options:
• Laboratory measurement of density vs. pressure and temperature for the whole fluid (including weight materials) combined
with rig measurements of standard conditions density.
• A compositional model treating water/brine, oil, and solid phases separately. Water/brine and oil densities vs. pressure and
temperature are calculated based on either published correlations or laboratory data. Solid material is considered incompress-
ible.
• Calculation of PVT properties of hydrocarbons (gas and/or liquid phases) is based on an advanced compositional PVT model
(not used by the current version of wellAhead).
Rheology and Frictional Pressure Loss Modelling
Rheology and Frictional Pressure Loss
Standard Fann rheology data is input into the model. Data can be given at different combinations of pressure and temperature,
in which case the model will interpolate to actual conditions at each position along the flow trajectory. Pressure and temperature
dependent rheology data from a laboratory can be combined with onsite measurements at atmospheric pressure to improve
accuracy.
Three-parameter rheology models (Herschel-Bulkley and Robertson-Stiff) are fitted to all rheology data and used for frictional
pressure loss calculations (see below). Normally drilling fluids are very accurately represented by these models within the usual
Fann rotation rate range (from 3 RPM and up). Calculations at very low shear rates are not important to meet the current scope,
but will be addressed, when required, by automatically using the relevant part of the rheology curve for calculations.
Single-phase Frictional Pressure Loss
The calculation of frictional pressure loss in pipes and annuli for laminar and turbulent flow follows papers by Reed, Pilehvari,
Serth, and Lagad , and references therein, except that exact parallel formalism is used in annuli because it is a simplification that
is very accurate for diameter ratios down to 0.2.
A clinging factor approach is used to account for axial movement of running string. Running string rotation is taken into account
by a correlation factor that is formulated in terms of the dimensionless groups (Taylor and Reynolds numbers), and adjusted to
match measured data.
The implementation has been tested for different drilling fluids, and as expected the two models fitted rheology data very accu-
rately for the available data. Predictions based on the two models were close even when extrapolating to shear rates far outside
the range of the viscometer data.
Fluid Components
The model handles a mixture of individual fluid components:
• Density (saturated) vs. pressure and temperature; laboratory and field data.
• Rheology vs. pressure, temperature, and shear rate; laboratory and field data.
• Weight fraction of each component for composed fluids.

• Salt content.
• Gas solubility (in wellSim, WCE and Kick Tolerance).
Correlations have been implemented to fill in when corresponding data is missing.
Examples of Other Features
Examples of challenges the numerical solution algorithm meets to a high degree:
• Fluids may flow in both directions. The flow direction may change during a simulation, e.g. if drill string is pulled while
pumping it may happen that flow direction remains unchanged in one part of the annulus and is reversed in another part.
• Geometry may change dynamically, e.g. while drilling or tripping.

• A realistic small gap inside the upper part of the drill string can be created due to u-tubing.
TD
The torque and drag model is based on the soft string model with several extensions, among others:
• A full 3D buckling model

• Wall climbing effects
• Friction factor back-calculation
• Calculation of normal string-wellbore contact forces along the string

• String elongation due to tension, internal and external pressure, and temperature.
Single values
Calc Bit Depth Corrected bit depth (= nominal bit depth + string elongation).
Calc Well Depth Corrected well depth. This is initially the well depth from the real time input, and will be
corrected by the highest calculated bit depth value.
Calc Torque on Bit The torque on bit calculation uses the torque on top, and will subtract the friction force for
each component until it’s at bit. The result can be negative if the torque is not large enough
on top. If the negative value seems incorrect it might be because of an untuned model. It can
also be the same as torque on top, if it’s a true vertical well, since then the model assumes
that the hole wall is not touched by the tubular. The model does not regard fluid friction in the
torque calculations.
Calculated WOB The weight on bit calculation uses the hookload input for a top to bottom calculation.
Axial friction component Friction along the trajectory.
Rotational friction Rotational friction (= quasi-static rotational friction +
rotSpeed*dynamic_correction_friction).
Buoyancy due to Flow force.
dynamic flow force
Nozzle pulse Flow force at bit.
Drag force Calculated drag forces.
ECD Calculated ECD (if internal Bingham model is activated).
Nom bit depth Nominal bit depth.
Top force Calculated top force (without travelling mass).
Top torque Calculated top torque.
SPP Calculated stand pipe presser (if internal Bingham model is activated).
ROP Calculated rate of penetration.
Nominal drill string Calculated nominal drill string length.
length
String elongation Sum for all corrected component lengths.
Offset load Calculated offset load - i.e. Difference between (measured hookload-traveling mass and
calculated top force.
Simulated block speed Calculated block speed, based on the last block positions.
Simulated time i.e. input_simAppTime(n) - input_simAppTime(n-1).

increment
Computation time for The time it took for the model to calculate the last data set. Only outputted in wellSim, where
each run it is used for debugging purposes.
Wellhead pressure Used wellhead pressure for snubbing force on bop ram elements.
Profiles
The following data can only be plotted in a depth based plot.
Normal frc Normal force on the tubular components vs. MD. This is zero in a true vertical well.
Torque Torque force on the tubular components vs. MD. This is calculated based on normal forces,
and does not take into account forces due to interaction between drill string and drilling fluid.
This results in zero torque in a true vertical well.
Buckling frc. Normal force due to buckling on the tubular components vs. MD.
Axial frc. Axial force on the tubular components vs. MD.
Incl Inclination of the tubular components vs. MD.
Azimuth Azimuth of the tubular components vs. MD.
Norm buckling Normalized buckling force on the tubular components vs. MD.
Sin buckling Sinusoidal buckling.
Hel buckling Helical buckling.
Elong Elongation of the tubular components vs. MD.
Von mises Von Mises stress of the tubular components vs. MD.
Length Length of the tubular components vs. MD.
Nom OD Nominal outer diameter of the tubular components vs. MD.
Nom ID Nominal inner diameter of the tubular components vs. MD.
Gauge Gauge diameter of the tubular components vs. MD.
Mass pr. length Mass per length of the tubular components vs. MD.
Connection OD Outer diameter of connection of the tubular components vs. MD.
Connection ID Inner diameter of the connection of the tubular components vs. MD.
Connection Length Length of the connection of the tubular components vs. MD.
E Young’s modulus of the tubular components vs. MD.
Widgets
This chapter describes the different application modules, which can be repositioned in the user interface if the user desires.
Plots
The plotting canvas is placed in the centre of the application. When creating a new layout, the plot area consists of a grey empty
space, where the user can add plots from scratch. If an existing layout is opened, this will usually populate the plot area with
tabs, and plots inside the tabs. The user can add, remove and rename a tab when right clicking on the tab field, or clicking on an
empty space.
Tab context menu
An example representing a situations when there are no plots.
By clicking on the Add plot tab, a dialog will pop up where the user can choose a name for the tab, and choose the type of plot it
should contain:
• Time based plot, which is the standard way of plotting in our applications.
• Depth based plot. This is for plotting points versus well depth.
• Depth based scatterplot. Similar to depth based plots, but defaults to symbols rather than lines. Unlike the regular depth plot,
this plot type does not expect depth data to always increase and is thus suitable for variable depth data such as bit depth. Useful
for making weight plots during tripping operations and similar.
• Volume based. This is for plotting data versus pumped volume, used for offline simulations
• Segmented plot, which is an older plotting system, incorporated for backwards compatibility. This lets the user insert multiple
plots in the same tab.
Time, Depth and Volume Based Plots
These plots are sometimes referred to by "combined" plots, since one plot can visualise a lot of curves. This supersedes the
segmented plots described below.
Plot interaction
Play mode:
• The only axis interaction possible in this mode is the interval length, ending at current time/depth/volume. This is done by
double clicking the versus scale.
Pause mode: This allows three additional interactions, compared to play mode:
• Scrolling: Changes the time interval, keeping the same time span.
• Rubber band zoom: Let’s the user choose a rectangle, to which to zoom
• Right click: Undo the last zoom, hence zooms out.
Tip
Going from pause mode to play mode, will undo any zoom, and start following the current values.
Warning
Going from play mode to pause mode, will stop following the current values.
Plot configuration
These plotting widgets has a menu on the top-left corner, which includes:
1. Play button, which initialises online mode
2. Pause online mode. Used for navigating in history mode.

3. Clicking curve dialogs will pop-up curve editor, which allows the user to add a new curve or remove added curves. The
picture below shows the Curve Editor.
4. Export. Used for saving the plot to an image file.

5. Print. Used for sending the image to a printer.
6. Copy to Clipboard. Used for copying all of the values shown in the plot to the clipboard. This allows the user to paste
values to external software, such as a spreadsheet.
Curve editor consist of several parts:
1. Add and remove buttons on the top-left corner, which allows the user to add or remove a curve. More information on
adding curves are described in Section 9.1.1.
2. Information:
a. Tag name: The curves associated tag name
b. Curve name: An editable name of the curve, which will appear in the plot.
3. Attributes:
a. Visible: Visibility of the curves.
b. Tracked: If the tool tip shown when hovering over the plot will include data for this curve.
c. Decimals: The number of decimals in the value to be represented in the tool tip.
d. Symbols: This will represent each data point in the curve with a symbol.
e. Step based: This will connect the curve points with a step function (left to right). If this is not set the points will be
drawn with straight lines.
f. Pen colouring
g. Pen style
h. Pen width
4. Scale:
a. Scale: The minimum and maximum limit of the curve.
b. Logarithmic: This will use a logarithmic scale instead of linear.
c. Position: Where the curve is drawn, which is a value between 0 and 1.
d. Grid: Defines if the major and minor grid will be drawn, and the colour of the grid.
e. Background: Defines if a background will be drawn, and a corresponding colour.
5. Other:
a. Clip Mode:
i. No Cutting: This will allow the curve to be drawn outside it’s scale limits.
ii. Cutting: This will cut the curve, if it goes outside it’s scale limits.
iii. Wrapping: This will use a modulo function to always make sure the curve stays within it’s scale limits. This is
default.
b. Reference Line: If a reference line will be drawn with the curve.
c. Reference Value: Defines the properties of the reference line.
Adding a curve
When clicking the Plus sign in Plot Configuration a dialog will appear, shown in Add curve dialog. It consists of a combo box
with curve namespaces. A curve namespace can be linked to the server curves, or curves simulated through Torque and Drag
Evaluation, other wellPlanner modules or What-if simulations.
Important
Make sure that the correct namespace has been selected before picking a curve. If an incorrect namespace has been
chosen, the consequence could be empty curves or curves with unexpected data points.
Add curve dialog
Segmented plots
These plots are superseded by the plots described above. They are still included because of backwards compatibility.
Plot interaction
Context menus will appear when right clicking the time/depth axis, value axis, and canvas.
Right clicking the time/depth axis enables the user to:
1. Set time/depth interval, will make it possible to choose a time/depth interval for plots.
2. Zoom in and out
Right clicking the canvas enables the user to:
1. Sync plots will give the other plots in the same tab, the same time/depth interval as the selected plot.
2. Rename plot enables the user to write a label for the plot.
3. Copy to clipboard will copy all the values assigned to the plot to the clipboard. The user can then paste data to a spreadsheet
or a text editor.
4. Save as image
5. Remove/add the left axis will toggle the visibility of the left axis.
6. Remove/add the right axis will toggle the visibility of the right axis.
Right clicking the value axis enables the user to:
1. Set interval, will make it possible to choose min/max limits of the plot.
2. Auto scale will toggle auto scaling of all curves in the same axis
3. Zoom in / Zoom out will zoom all curves assigned to that axis.
4. Add curve will pop-up a dialog for adding additional curves. Adding curves in this kind of plot will present a taglist to the
user, which is a list of all tags in the system. Hence the user must know what is plottable before choosing a tag.
5. Remove curve will pop-up a dialog of all added curves, where one can be selected for removal.
6. Rename axis enables the user to write a name/label for the axis.
7. Remove axis will hide the axis. The curves assigned to it will still be visible.
When adding a new curve, the legend will appear in the upper-left corner of the plot, which contains the name of the curve and
its unit. Clicking it will pop-up a dialog, which gives the user opportunity to configure the curve.
Real Time Short List
The real time short list will contain a chosen list of signals from the well or models.
The user can configure which signals is of interest. To do this configuration, the user has to right click the background of the
widget, and then click configure. This will pop up a dialog which is called "Configure real time data items", see picture below:
This dialog can be shared into five parts:
1. Item list: A list of items on the left-hand side of the window, which are the items currently in use.
2. Menu: Buttons used for adding, removing and moving the items.
3. Information: Contains the editable curve name and associated tag.
4. Range: Different value intervals can be assigned by a colour.
a. Normal will be the default colours.
b. Bad will be in effect when the data is not connected correctly. If the tag belongs to a model, this can indicate that the
tag is not connected to the model. If the tag belongs to an input, this can indicate that the tag is not connected to the
input source.
c. HighHigh, High, Low and LowLow can be used to configure user alarms. Be aware that data quality checks are
performed, so it will ignore values if the value in LowLow is higher than Low, or if the value in High is lower than
Low. So be sure to input the values in the correct sequence.
5. Attributes:
a. Change the decimal numbers
b. Set timeout interval for when we can assume a dead signal. If an update on a signal has not been received within this
interval, a timeout icon will appear between the signal name and signal output.
Dialog appearing when adding an item.
2D Tunnel
The 2D tunnel shows an overview of the visual situation below the rig. The picture visualises some basic objects:
1. Above RKB, the lines are represented. And can be closed and opened by clicking on the boxes.
1. The RKB to the sea level is represented with light blue colour (sky), and the sea level to the sea bed with a darker blue
colour (sea).
2. Start of a formation are represented with a change in the gradient.

3. Casings/liners are represented as bronze lines, and casing shoes as red triangles.
4. The red and blue line shows pore and fracture pressure in the well.
5. The green line shows the dynamic ECD profile.
6. Bottom-up indicator is visualised with an arrow.

7. Gas can be represented in wellPlanner and wellSim.
8. The area in the annular can be represented as a gradient, which can be configured with the Config button on the bottom.
The combo box to the left of the Config button allows the user to choose:
a. No gradient
b. ECD gradient
c. Temperature gradient
d. Fluid front
Warning
In some cases not all of the fluid fronts are visualized. These are special cases where the fluids are mixed, such as
when:
• using circulation sub / reamer flow through
• displacing while pulling out
This is an output limitation configured in the flow model. The flow model handles them, but only outputs maximum 101
fluid fronts.
The configuration dialog have these options:
• Configuration of minimum and maximum values and colours for ECD and Temperature
• Configuration of fluid front colours, which represents which type of fluid has reached what depth in the well. The sequence of
Fluid fronts would correspond to the Fluids list defined in the well configuration.
• Select a curve pen size, which is the width of the pen size when drawing the pore, fracture and ECD pressure curves.
• Hide or show the pressure profile and casing text boxes.
• Define the depth and width of the view. The initial view depth is the last entry of the trajectory in well configuration.
The 2D Tunnel can be used for data validation, so if it doesn’t look correct, these inputs should be checked:
• Trajectory. It uses the depth from the trajectory to know the lower limit.
• Formations. The first row in the formation table is expected to be the sea bed.
• Wellbore geometry. In addition to the wellbore table, it used the gap air to draw the sky.
• Pore and fracture pressure in pressure profile.
Well Configuration
This is where the user can configure a well, which can be used throughout eDrilling’s product suite.
The well configuration supports different units. If the user is supplied data with a different unit, the Unit System List can be used
to change this. See separate chapter.
Copy/Paste functionality can be used throughout, so data from spreadsheet applications can be copied, and pasted into the well
configuration tables. Make sure that the units used is corresponding to the source.
Generally, you can edit the tables with pop-up menus (right click the table). This will allow the user to:
1. Copy
2. Paste
3. Insert row (will appear if the table is empty, like in Fluid→Initial Fluids)
4. Insert row above
5. Insert row below
6. Insert column right (only in the Fluid→PVT tables)

7. Insert column left (only in the Fluid→PVT tables)
8. Delete row
9. Delete rows (will appear if multiple rows are selected)
Tip
Some standard shortcuts can be used, like Ctrl+C for copying, Ctrl+V for pasting, and Ctrl++ for inserting a row below.
Tip
It is possible to click on the upper left corner of the table, which will highlight all of the cells, including the headers. This can be
used for copying and pasting a complete data set into a spreadsheet.
Caution
The Well Editor Settings dialog found in Tools→Editor Settings must only be used by experienced administrators. This
makes it possible to hide different well configuration inputs, and mark them as important (which will show the text with
underline).
Fluid
Fluid data
• Name: Text describing the name of the fluid.

• Fric Coefficient DS: Friction coefficient inside drill string when using this fluid. This is used together with the friction coef-
ficient drill string, described in Section 10.12. This pair is multiplied, then used as the friction coefficient in the calculations.
The default value is 1.
• Fric Coefficient Annulus: Friction coefficient in annulus when using this fluid. This is used together with the friction coefficient
annulus, described in Section 10.12. This pair is multiplied, then used as the friction coefficient in the calculations. The default
value is 1.
Density data
• Density: Density of the fluid, how it was designed. This should not be changed during an operation. Instead change the mud
density in through the real time input.
• Density Ref Temp: The mud density in, which is inputted through the real time input, is expected to be measured at a specific
temperature. This temperature is the density ref temp. This can vary from rig to rig, but should stay the same during an
operation. For example if the mud density in is 1.5 SG at a 30 degrees Celsius reference temperature, you will get a lower
density at 20 degrees Celsius compared to the same fluid with a reference temperature at 50 degrees Celsius.
Thermal data
• Cp0: Specific heat transfer at 0 degrees Celsius. Default data is 1600 J/(kg*degC) for water, and 2000 J/(kg*degC) for oil.
• Cp1: Derivative of specific heat transfer with respect to temperature at 0 degrees Celsius. Default data is 0 J/(kg*degC2 ) for
water, and 2.7 J/(kg*degC2 ) for oil. If no or only inaccurate data is available the default data should be used.
• K: Thermal conductivity. Default data is 0.6 Watt/(degC*m) for water, and 0.24 Watt/(degC*m) for oil. K affects the heat
conduction. An increase in K would generally lead to higher bottom hole temperature due to higher heat transfer from annulus
to inside of drill string.
The specific heat, Cp, is calculated according to: Cp = Cp0 + Cp1 * T. Specific heat affects both conductional and convectional
heat transfer, i.e. the heat transfer with and without fluid motion. An increase in Cp leads to reduced thermal effects (in conduction
heat transfer is controlled by diffusivity, which is proportional to K/(density*Cp), while the heat transfer relations are a bit more
complex in convective heat transfer).
Fluid components
• Oil Dens Model: See Density Models chapter

• Water Dens Model: See Density Models chapter
• Oil %: Volume percentage of oil in the fluid
• Water %: Volume percentage of water in the fluid
• Oil Density: Density of the oil. Default value is 0.8 SG.
• Water Density: Density of the water. Default value is 1.03 SG.
• Solid Density: Density of the solids. Default value is 4.2 SG.
• Oil Ref Temp: Oil density reference temperature, i.e. the temperature at which the oil density is measured. This temperature
may be different from fluid Density Ref Temp.
• Water Ref Temp: Water density reference temperature, i.e. the temperature at which the water density is measured. This
temperature may be different from fluid Density Ref Temp.
Note
Tool tips on the fluid models will remind you which to choose, but we recommend referring to the user manual when setting up
these parameters.
Brine data
Contains the ratio of different salt contained in the fluid. Choosing Water Density Model 6 activates these inputs.
Initial fluids
This functionality allows the model to startup with several fluid fronts. Right click the table to add and remove fluid fronts.
Important
In this release a mixture of multiple fluids inside and outside of string can’t be defined in the table. So if you want
multiple fluids outside of the string, you can’t have multiple fluids inside the string.
Important
Do not use this functionality in wellBalance! Uncertainties regarding pressure calculations has been experienced, and
should be verified before usage.
Rheology
Rheology data are used to calculate pressure drop in well during circulation. Rheology field data is the measured rheology data.
Rheology lab data is used if Rheology Model on the right-hand side is configured to Field + Lab data.
Be aware that the lower end of the rheology is difficult to measure manually, so these are often incorrect. If these look incorrect,
or from experience the received values are different from actual, it might be a good idea to adjust these.
The PV and YP fields can be used as data quality checks. The outputs are calculated based on the Rheology field data:
PV (Plastic Viscosity) = Reading at 600 rpm - Reading at 300 rpm
YP (Yield Point) = Reading at 300 rpm - PV
PVT
This is the pressure, volume, temperature data used for more accurate fluid modelling. The pressures are defined in the leftmost
column, the temperatures in the topmost row, and the densities in the other cells.
Gelling
Gel effects are modelled by specifying gel strength versus time. In addition the gel decay time has to be specified. Data can be
given at different combinations of pressure and temperature, in which case the flow model will interpolate to actual conditions at
each position along the flow trajectory.
Density Models
The flow model will use the density models based on the selected Water Density Model and Oil Density Model. See table below
for the available options and consequences.
Oil density model 1-6 Oil density model 7

Water density model 0 Water is incompressible. Oil uses correlation Oil uses pvt-data from
model for oil, ref. [standings_1947]. Input_Fluid_PvT_Oil.
Input_Fluid_OilDensity is not used. Instead
model calculates it based on interpolation in
table. It is assumed that no water is present.
Tip
Recommended if you have PVT for oil, and
no water is present.
Water density model 1 Water uses correlation model no. 1, ref. Same as above
[danesh1]. Oil uses correlation model for oil,
ref [standings_1947].
Tip
Recommended for reservoir fluids, when
you do not have PVT for water.
[danesh2], Derived by integrating a
compressibility correlation for gas free
water.Oil uses correlation model for oil, ref.
[standings_1947].
Tip
Recommended for reservoir fluids, when
you do not have PVT for water.
Water density model 3 Model no. 3 is obsolete. Water uses Same as above
correlation model no. 4, ref. [babu_1996]
and [babu_1993]. Oil uses correlation model
for oil, ref. [standings_1947].
[babu_1996] and [babu_1993]. Oil uses
correlation model for oil, ref.
[standings_1947].
Tip
Recommended for drilling fluids (including
sea water), when you do not have PVT for
water.
Water density model 5 Water uses pvt-data from Same as above

Input_Fluid_PvT_Fluid. Oil uses correlation
model for oil, ref. [standings_1947].
Oil density model 1-6 Oil density model 7

Water density model 6 Water uses correlation model no. 6, ref Same as above
[kemp_1989]. Oil uses correlation model for
oil, ref. [standings_1947].
Tip
Recommended for brine fluids.
Water density model 7 Water uses PVT data from Oil uses PVT data from
Input_Fluid_PvT_Water Input_Fluid_PvT_Oil.
Input_Fluid_WaterDensity is not used. Input_Fluid_OilDensity is not used. Instead
Instead model calculates it based on model calculates it based on interpolation in
interpolation in table. It is assumed that no table. Water uses PVT data from
oil is present. Input_Fluid_PvT_Water
Input_Fluid_WaterDensity is not used.
Tip Instead model calculates it based on
Recommended if you have PVT for water, interpolation in table.
and no oil is present.
It is assumed that one table has densities >
Input_Fluid_Density and the other has
densities < Input_Fluid_Density If both
fluids have density < Input_Fluid_Density
only the table that has biggest density is
used. The other table is neglected.
Tip
Model 1 and 2 are derived based on petroleum reservoir fluids, and may be tried for comparison with model 4.
Tip
If selecting 7 for water and 7 for oil, the oil component will be changed into weight material. Then the PVT oil needs to be
defined for the weight material, and the oil density needs to be defined for the weight material. The model will calculate the
water/weight material ratio from the density.
References
[1] [danesh1] Ali Danesh, "PVT and phase behaviour of petroleum reservoir fluids", pp92-93.
[2] [danesh2] Ali Danesh, "PVT and phase behaviour of petroleum reservoir fluids", pp92.
[3] [babu_1996] D. R. Babu: "Effects of p-rho-T behavior of muds on static pressures during deep well drilling",
SPE Drilling & Completion, June 1996.
[4] [babu_1993] D. R. Babu: "Effects of p-rho-T behavior of muds on static pressures during deep well drilling",
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 9 (1993) 341-349.
[5] [kemp_1989] Nantelle P. Kemp, David C. Thomas, and Gordon Atkinson and Betty L. Atkinson, "Density
Modeling for Brines as a Function of Composition, Temperature, and Pressure", SPE Production Engineering,
November 1989, pps 394-400.
[6] [standings_1947] Standing, M.B. "A Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlation for Mixtures of California Oils
and Gases. API Drilling and Production Practice", 1947, 275-287.
Trajectory
This lists the trajectory, which should reach all the way to the final target depth. In other words it should contain both the actual
and planned trajectory. The planned trajectory should start where the actual ends.
Comment Text describing the input, i.e. the source of the data / file name.
Target depth A descriptive field, but also used by the 2D Tunnel to know its drawing boundary.
MD Measured depth (depth along the trajectory)
TVD True Vertical Depth from RKB
Incl Inclination, used by the models.
Azi Azimuth, used by the models.
Northing Global Y coordinate, used by the trajectory plot and wellViz3D.
Easting Global X coordinate, used by the trajectory plot and wellViz3D.
Functionality
Plot The plot can be used to verify the input data. The user can spin the trajectory for further inspection.
Right clicking the plot will reinitialise it with the initial viewpoint.
Northing/Easting Right clicking the Northing/Easting columns will give the option to calculate the coordinates
Calculation (Northing, Easting and TVD). It is advisable that the first row in Northing and Easting is the global
coordinate, since it will use this as origo. This functionality can be used if the northing/easting has
not been supplied.
Tubular
Name A text identifying the tubular

Tool joint distance The mean distance between tool joints. The flow model will divide longer tubular components into
shorter components based on this input. If this input is used, connection ID, OD and length should
still be configured for single pipes (not multiplied with amount of actual pipes). The torque and
drag model and wellViz3D does not support this input, hence must be avoided for products
involving these.
BitPwdDist The distance between the PWD tool and the bit. This is used to place a virtual sensor, which can be
plotted through the ECD@PWD, pressure@PWD and temperature@PWD output.
Mud Motor Constant pressure loss over the motor. This is positioned by setting the TypeIdentifier, and must be
Pressure Loss defined for this value to be used.
Circ Sub Ratio of flow going through the circulation sub. Typical value could be 0.2 ratio if 20% flow is lost
Flowthrough ratio through the circulation sub, hence 80% continues towards the bit. A circulation sub element needs
to be defined for this ratio to be used, ref Section 10.3.5.
Reamer Ratio of flow not going through the reamer (to annulus), hence the flow continuing along the
Flowthrough ratio tubular. Typical value could be 0.8 ratio if 20% flow is lost through the reamer. A reamer element
needs to be defined for this ratio to be used, ref Section 10.3.5. This input will be used even while
the reamer is deactivated.
Quantity This is the quantity of tubular components defined in the row. Remember to set the length to the
same as a single component, both for the whole component and the connection (not the aggregated
) The maximum length of a component without using connections is 30 meters. In these situations
connections is added automatically.
TypeTubularComp Text describing the component
ID The inner diameter of the component
OD The outer diameter of the component
ODMx The maximum outer diameter of the component, used for reamers etc.
Len The length of the component
WtPerLen Weight in air divided by build length
TypeIdentifier Identifier of the type of tubular
EMod Young’s modulus. Describes the elasticity of the material. Used to calculate elasticity and
compression. Typical value for steel is 2.1E11 Pa or 2.1E6 bar.
Yield Strength The stress limit before the tubular yields. This can be plotted against von Mises stress from TD.
ConnectionID Inner diameter of the tool joint
ConnectionOD Outer diameter of the tool joint
ConnectionLen Length of the tool joint
MakeUpTorque The torque limit of the components
CumulativeLength Cumulatively sums the tubular component lengths (Len)
CumulativeWeight Cumulatively sums the tubular component weights (based on Len and WtPerLen)
Functionality
Total length When selecting tubular components, the status bar will show the total length of the selected
components.
Tubular Library Right clicking, and selecting Insert from library. . . allows the user to select a preconfigured tubular
component. This is described in Section 10.3.7.
ODMx
FM only uses ODMx when the reamer signal is activated, and when this is true it uses it only for hole opening (not flow
restrictions). The flow model assumes that only one reamer is specified. The reamer is located by iterating from bit and upward.
The first element found that has a ODMx (reamer) diameter larger than the diameter of open hole is regarded as the reamer.
Reamers above this element are ignored.
TD uses ODMx as a gauge, and does not use it for hole opening. ODMx is used even when the reamer signal is deactivated.
Gauge is the element in a drill pipe that has the largest diameter. TD check all diameters of a pipe element and assign gauge the
largest. The gauge of the first pipe-element (bit) sets the bit diameter. Gauge is used for calculating torque, not for frictional
pressure loss calculation.
The length of ODMx can not be configured, since the calculations does not take this into account.
OD and ConnectionOD
FM modifies the string body OD, to minimum 0.5 cm between casing ID and string OD. It also modifies connection OD, to
minimum 10% of casing ID. Drill pipe elements with OD ⇐ 0.05 m are ignored. If the gap between string OD and casing ID is
narrow, the model can output very high calculated ECDs.
In TD the difference between well (casing/open hole) and drill string must be over 2 cm. The model checks each drill pipe
element, and sets the diameter to min( well diameter – 0.02 m, Drill pipe element diameter). Gauge-diameter is not used in
frictional pressure loss calculation.
ID
This input affects the frictional pressure loss and string tension.
Weight per length
This input is the element weight in air divided by the effective (build) length of the element and should be consistent with
displacement volume and density of the pipe. It is therefore an indicator if the diametres are correctly configured.
In TD this is used to calculate the weight of the pipe, which affects axial forces.
Note
The weight per length includes both the body and connections.
Type Identifiers
This input is used by the models and the data quality checks. Certain data quality warnings can be avoided by setting the type
identifiers correctly.
0 Default: This is the identifier for unknown components.

1 Reamer: The reamer must be placed within 80 meters behind the bit.
A reamer will not be able to activate if the reamers ODMx is not the widest element of the tubular list.
FM activates its ODMx as hole opener if the reamer is activated. A configured flowthrough ratio can
also be defined, and will be used even though the reamer is not activated.
2 Float Valve: FM activates float valve to prevent back flow up drill string. The position of the float
valve in the tubular is not important, since it will internally move the float valve in front of the bit
during simulations.
3 PDM: Positive Displacement Motor is used in TD and FM for identifying motor element in string.
They expect only one motor element. In TD the motor element will have additional fractional
pressure loss. In FM the pressure loss is specified in the Mud Motor Pressure Loss input. The
position of the PDM in the tubular is not important.
4 BHA: This is used by the data quality check, to ignore the inputted weight per length vs. the
calculated weight per length (based on the diameters).
5 Bit: This is used by the data quality check to warn the user when an open hole section has not been
configured, while a bit has not been defined. It is also used for visualization.
6 Circulation Sub: The circulation sub is active when defined, and when flow through is configured
higher than 0. The result is that FM simulates parts of the flow through the circulation sub and into
the annulus (user specifies fraction of flow that goes through circulation sub). This leads to less
frictional pressure loss across bit nozzles and BHA.
See Circ Sub Flowthrough ratio for more information.
7 Stabilizer: This is used by the data quality check, to ignore the inputted weight per length vs. the
calculated weight per length (based on the diameters).
8 DSV: FM activates DSV (Drill String Valve) if rig pump is off and pressure difference across bit is
below a user-specified threshold. DSV is deactivated if pumping is resumed and pressure difference
across bit is above the user-specified threshold. This component avoids utubing in drill string.
9 Unused
10 Pipe: Not used by the models.
11 Coiled Tubing: TD uses this for identifying coiled tubing elements in the drill string.
EMod
This input affects string elongation in TD.
Tubular Library
The application includes a tubular component library, which can be used to build an extensive selection of components. The
library contains some standard data, from different data sheets, and previous BHA sheets.
This library can be accessed either by right clicking the table in tubular, or through Tools→Tubular Library.
The library contains a selection of categories, which can be added and removed according to the users need. Right clicking in
the category list gives the user an option to:
1. Insert Category
2. Insert Component
3. Remove Category (only enabled if it doesn’t contain any components)
4. Remove Component (only enabled when a component has been selected)
Each component can contain multiple data sets, in case they have different properties, for example different dimensions or worn
levels. This is configured in the Type Data, and can be configured like all other tables in the application (by right clicking the
table).
Selecting a row in Type Data will populate data in the attributes below, and can be adjusted if the users sees fit.
When the user wants to add components to the tubular table, the Insert button can be clicked. It will then append rows from the
currently selected index. Number to insert can be adjusted in case multiple identical rows are needed.
Bit
Use Total Flow If true, the total flow area is used, otherwise the nozzle diameters are used.
Area
Total Flow Area Is a summation of the bit nozzles, indicating how much fluid can flow through. This has big
influence on the pressure calculations.
NozzleDia The diameter of the nozzle. This has big influence on the pressure calculations.
Flat Angle Shape of the bit (assumed shape is a hemisphere) 0 is hemisphere, while 1,57 is just at flat front bit
(0-1.57). Not used in wellAhead or wellPlanner.
Zeta Relation between cutting torque and cutting weight (dimensionless) (0.5-0.8). Not used in
wellAhead or wellPlanner.
Support Length Bit dullness (0.001-0.02). Not used in wellAhead or wellPlanner.
Clearance "Delay of cutting problems". Not used in wellAhead or wellPlanner.
Remove rate "Cuttings production threshold". If cuttings production exceeds this level, drilling will be affected.
Not used in wellAhead or wellPlanner.
Functionality
TFA ←→ Editing nozzle information will automatically convert this to the TFA information, and vice versa.
Nozzle This can be used for data validation.
conversion
Wellbore Geometry
Gap air The height between the drill floor and sea surface
TypeHoleCasing Text that describes the component
MDTop Measured depth at top: Start of the section, measured along the trajectory. The reference is RKB.
MDBottom Measured depth at bottom: End of the section, measured along the trajectory. The reference is
RKB.
IDSection Inner diameter
OD Outer diameter
HasCasingShoe True if the section has a casing shoe, or else set to false
HoleDiam Hole diameter is the hole outside of the geometry (i.e. hole size before the casing was set). This
influences the heat transfer from the formation to the casing. Can be set to -999.25 if the section is
an open hole.
Roughness Roughness describes the friction in relation to turbulent flow. Set this to 0 if this data is lacking, set
it to a positive value to add more friction because of turbulent flow, or to a negative value to remove
friction.
Open Hole
The flow model already assumes an open hole section from MDBottom in last row in WbGeometry table to the current well
depth. This open hole will have a diameter of the widest element (excluding deactivated reamer) in the tubular table. If an
additional open hole is desired, enter a separate row in the WbGeometry table, but use a negative number for the outer diameter
(for example -1 or -999.25). Two open hole sections are then assumed when the well depth is deeper than MDBottom of the open
hole.
This means you only need to insert a separate row for open hole when drilling with two diameters after last casing shoe/liner.
For example when first drilling with 7 3/4" bit to 4000 metres, followed by a bit change to 6 1/2" bit, to continue drilling to 4200
metres. In this situation you should append a row with open hole from last section to 4000 metres. The model will itself assume
a continued open hole from 4000 metres to 4200 metres, so this can be ignored by the user.
An example of how to insert an open hole (based on the previous information):
Type MDTop MDBottom IDSection OD HasShoe HoleDiam Roughness

[] [m] [m] [inches] [inches] [] [inches] [m]
Riser 0 159.41 18 20 false 26 0
Conductor 0 365.76 20 24 true 26 0
13 3/8" 0 1467 12.347 13.375 true 14 0
Casing
Open hole 1467 4000 7.75 -999.25 false 7.75 0
Temperature Profile
This describes the well temperature. If you don’t have data for either MD or TVD, keep the values as -999.25 in the whole
column. If a whole column has values of -999.25, the other column will be used. TVD is the most important depth column.
Tip
It is recommended to run with the Is dynamic field checked, since this will activate the temperature model.
Is dynamic If true, the temperature model will be activated and the temperature gradient in the formation
configuration will be used. If false, the static in this configuration will be used.
MD Measured depth: Depth along the trajectory. The TVD has priority over this column, so if both
have values TVD will be used by the models. Therefore it is normal to set this column as
-999.25 for all values.
TVD True vertical depth from RKB. This column has priority over MD, see description of MD.
StringTemp Prognosed temperature in the string.
Annulus Temp Prognosed temperature in the annulus.
Formation Temp Prognosed temperature in the formation.
GeoThermalGradient Prognosed rate of temperature change by TVD. This is used by the temperature model in FM if
the Is dynamic property is set.
Functionality
Plot The plot can be used to verify the input data. When the data are all the same, only one curve will be
visible.
Conversions If you don’t have the geothermal gradient, it is possible to calculate this based on the formation
temperature. This will be done by right clicking a cell in the Formation temp column, and clicking
Calculate dynamic profile. It is also possible to calculate the formation temperature based on
geothermal gradient, by right clicking a cell in geoThermalGradient, and clicking Calculate static
profile.
Pressure Profile
MD Measured depth: Depth along the trajectory. This is the depth used for plotting, hence is more
important.
TVD True vertical depth from RKB
PorePres Prognosed pore pressure
FracPres Prognosed fracture pressure
CollapsePres Prognosed collapse pressure
Functionality
Plot The plot can be used to verify the input data.
Formations
This describes all the formations in the well. It will be used by the models, and the clients for visualization.
Adjusting formation hardness (changing the drillability of the formation) is done by adjusting the following three parameters of
the formation: Emod, Yield and DrillingStrength. These are parameters that should be available from the geologists. Higher
values makes the formation harder and stronger.
Important
The first formation is the sea floor or ground, depending on if it is an offshore or a land rig.
Cuttings density Density of the cuttings drilled from formation. Used by FM.
Cuttings diameter Diameter of the cuttings drilled from formation. Used by FM.
Name A text identifying the formation.
Type This drop-down menu contains some preconfigured formation types. Selecting a type will
automatically fill columns with these configurations.
MD Measured depth along the trajectory. This is the top of the formation.
TVD True vertical depth from RKB. This is the top of the formation.
EMod The Youngs modulus of formation. Indicates how much force is needed to push the bit into the
formation. Used when drilling with low WOB, e.g. when starting drilling. Data range
(approximate): 10ˆ9 - 10ˆ11 Pa. Used in the wellSim products, but not in wellAhead.
Yield Yield tension of the rock, after this limit all loads is used to cut the formation. Used in the wellSim
products, but not in wellAhead.
DrillingStrength Drilling Strength indicates the amount of torque required to break the formation. Typical range
10ˆ7 - 10ˆ9 Pa. Used in the wellSim products, but not in wellAhead.
CompStrength Not used in wellAhead.
TensStrength Not used in wellAhead.
Friction Drag friction of cutter on bottom (not related to cutting work). Not used in wellAhead.
Density Density of rock. Of importance for cuttings remove rate at bit. Used by FM.
Permeability Permeability of formation. Not used in wellAhead
Porosity Porosity of formation. Not used in wellAhead.
ProductivityIndex Productivity Index of formation. Not used in wellAhead.
GammaLog Not used in wellAhead.
Poisson Not used in wellAhead.
Young Not used in wellAhead.
Biot Not used in wellAhead.
ThermExp Not used in wellAhead.
FricAngle Not used in wellAhead.
Cp0 Specific heat. Used by FM.
Conductivity Thermal conductivity. Used by FM.
Reservoir
MD Top Top position of reservoir measured depth from RKB. This parameter defines the upper limits of the
reservoir, and when the well extend below this depth, a kick can take place.
MD Bottom Bottom position of reservoir, measured depth. Defines the extension of the current reservoir.
Permeability The permeability of the reservoir is a measure of the capacity of a medium / rock to transmit fluids
/ or a measure of the fluid conductivity of the particular formation or rock. It normally has the unit
of Darcy. For a sandstone typical values can be from 0.5 to one Darcy (above one Darcy is rather
seldom). For a tight reservoir, the permeability may range from a few milli-Darcy (mD) to 50 mD.
Porosity Porosity of reservoir. Defined as rock pore volume ratio compared to total rock volume. For
sandstone typical values are 30%. For shales 5-10 %. For carbonates 3 %.
Skin Value The skin value represents the damage of the reservoir flow properties due to drilling. The
recommended value is zero. However, the parameter can be used as a calibration factor when
history-matching a kick case to model results.
Top Pressure Pressure at top of reservoir. Influx depends on the pressure difference between wellbore and
reservoir / formation, the length of the reservoir exposed to the well, and the permeability and
porosity of the reservoir. Used to simulate drilled kicks.
Temperature Temperature in reservoir.
Influx Type Influx type (Gas or oil). Set 0 for Gas or 1 for Oil.
GOR Gas oil ratio. Only applicable for oil influx. This is the amount of gas that comes out of the solution
at surface condition, compared with the oil return. The amount is here volume per volume. If the
GOR is set to 1, for every barrel of oil we get one barrel of gas. Is this is set to 100, for every barrel
of oil we get 100 barrels of gas. Hence the minimum value for this is 0, and maximum is unlimited.
Water Cut The water cut is the ratio of water produced compared to the volume of total liquids produced.
Only applicable for oil influx.
Gas Dens Density of the gas in the gas influx. Default value is 0.000735 SG (0.735 kg/m3 ), and should not
exceed 0.0025 SG (2.5 kg/m3 )
Gas N2 Mass fraction of gas components. Together with CO2 and H2 S it should be <1.
Gas CO2 Mass fraction of gas components. Together with N2 and H2 S it should be <1.
Gas H2 S Mass fraction of gas components. Together with CO2 and N2 it should be <1.
Oil Dens Density of the formation oil. Default value is 0.9 SG.
Oil Visc Viscosity of the formation oil. Default value is 2.0 cP. This parameter is used in the calculation of
oil inflow rate.
Oil Vol Factor Volume factor for the formation oil. Default value is 1.1. The oil formation volume factor (often
named Bo) is the volume of one unit volume of oil when moved to reservoir conditions allowing
gas to dissolve; divided by the unit volume.
Oil Compressibility Compressibility of the formation oil. Default value should be 0.0000000005 1/Pa.
Water Dens Density of the formation water. Default value is 1.0 SG.
Water Visc Viscosity of the formation water. Default value is 2.0 cP. This parameter is used in the calculation
of liquid inflow rate.
Water Vol Factor Volume factor for the formation water. Default value is 1.1. The water formation volume factor
(often named Bw) is the volume of one unit volume of water when moved to reservoir conditions
allowing gas to dissolve; divided by the unit volume.
Note
Gas Dens, Gas N2 , Gas CO2 and Gas H2 S is used to calculate the Z-factor of the gas mixture. The Z-factor is calculated by
an Equation-of-State, and represents the deviation of the Real Gas from Ideal Gas.
Important
The inflow rate of gas is very sensitive to the permeability and porosity of the reservoir.
Rig
This describes the rig, mostly for descriptive purposes. The only parameter which is important for the calculations are the weight
on block.
Name The name of the rig. Only used for description purposes.
Is active Should be true. Is used for the visualization.
Owner Company owning the rig. Only used for description purposes.
Type Rig Floater/platform/Jackup? Only used for description purposes.
Comment Text describing the input, i.e. the source of the data / file name. Only used for description purposes.
Weight Block The weight of the block. This is usually used in wellAhead to correct the hookload:
Corrected hookload = measured hookload - weight on block
Flow lines
Flow lines configuration is one of the important part of the input data for simulation. They need to be done correctly for getting
credible value. The following data for each line is required:
• Length
• Diameter
• Vertical position begin
• Vertical position top
• Vertical position end
In general, a line has only one flow direction, but u-tubing in lines are implemented. (level in line can decrease/increase as a
result of what is happening in the well. i.e. the riser level is low, due to a loss situation, the level in the drill string will drop when
stop pumping). Not all lines are equally important for all types simulations.
Important
RKB is defined as zero point.
Important
A negative value on vertical position means that the position is above RKB.
Kelly line
This is the line going from mud pumps through the top drive, and is connected to the drill string. This usually goes from the pump
room (below RKB) and up to the top of derrick and into the top drive. Vertical position begin is equal to the vertical position
of the mud pumps, can be set to zero if unknown. The vertical position top is equal to the top of the derrick, or at least higher
than the stand length. The vertical position end is equal to zero. Length needs to be longer than the distance between the vertical
points.
Kelly line is important for having correct SPP, this means length, diameter and vertical positions has an effect, and should be
configured correctly. The simulation can be done even if the data is incorrect, but some deviations will occur on SPP.
Kill line
A line leading from rig pumps to the BOP stack. During normal well control operations, kill fluid is pumped through the drill
string and the flow out through choke line. If the drill pipe is inaccessible, it may be necessary to pump heavy drilling fluid
through kill line in the top of the well. The model only supports one-way flow direction and therefore it is only possible to pump
through kill line. The model support u-tubing effect on the flow lines and therefore kill line pressure is available.
Vertical position start is equal to the vertical position of the mud pumps. Vertical position top is set to be the highest point of the
line, can be set equal to "Vertical position start" if unknown. Vertical position end is set to where the kill line goes into the BOP
(below Rig annular, often above the lowest ram in BOP.) Length needs to be longer than distance between the vertical points.
The kill line friction is depending on the kill line length, vertical position and diameter. In floating operations, the kill line goes
from surface down to the subsea BOP stack along the outside of the riser. The volumetric and frictional effects of this long kill
line must be taken into account for proper kill line pressure.
Choke line
A line leading from an outlet on the BOP stack to the rig choke manifold. During well-control operations, the fluid under pressure
in the wellbore flows out of the well through the choke line to the choke, reducing the fluid pressure to atmospheric pressure.
Using choke line requires closed BOP. Vertical position start is where it goes out from the BOP. Vertical position top is the highest
point of the line, can be set equal to "vertical position end" if unknown. Vertical position end is the end of the choke line, where
the choke is positioned. Length needs to be longer than distance between the vertical points. If choke line is present, then the
bottom position of riser is adjusted to coincide with the vertical start position of the choke line.
Choke line is used normally for circulating out the influx/kick, but can also be used for other purposes. The choke line friction
depends on the choke line length, vertical position and diameter. In floating operations, the choke line exit the subsea BOP stack,
and run along the outside of the riser to the surface. The volumetric and frictional effects of this long choke line must be taken
into account to properly control the well.
Return line
The line start from the riser(normally), or from the choke (when BOP closed and flow is coming out through the choke line). All
vertical positions are usually set at 0 m.
Note
The simulation effects are minimal due to the return line.
Booster line
The line is used to give extra lift in the riser, and is usually configured with "vertical position start" equal to booster pump vertical
position (0 m if unknown). "Vertical position end" is at the bottom of the riser. The vertical position top is often set to the same
as the vertical position start. The length needs to be longer than distance between the vertical points.
Choke Flow
The choke flow is the configuration of the choke caracheristics.
Delay Control system delay, the time it takes for the choke to start/stop moving
Choke Speed The time the choke needs to go from fully open to fullt closed, and the other way around
Change Speed The acceleration of the choke
acceleration
Change Speed The deceleration of the choke
deceleration
Flow Curve Data The CV curve of the choke - Opening vs. flow through the choke
Flow Model Specifics
These inputs contains tuning and configuration parameters for the flow model.
Pump rate change rate Limit of flow rate changes the flow model will allow. This is an internal data quality
parameter, which can limit extremely large pump rate changes from disturbing the
calculations. For example setting this to 12 000 l/mˆ2 will limit the pump rate change to
200 liter per second.
Pump ramping EMW Limit on how large change on EMW the flow model will allow on pump ramping.
change
Max MPD pressure change Max change MPD pressure. MPD specific.
rate
MPD Mode None: Conventional operation (not MPD)
MPD Choke wellBalance: Default mode in wellBalance. Calculate pressure to add based
on setpoint, like normal MPD. In this mode the ECD is set to Desired EMW even when it is
below the mud density. This is to avoid pressure fluctuations.
Subsea Pump ECD-C: Calculate pressure to subtract based on setpoint, like ECD-Control.
Subsea pump EC-Drill: Calculate pressure to subtract based on setpoint, like EC-Drill.
Flow across will not be used. Also calculate mud riser level.
MPD Choke wellPlanner: Choke with realistic ECD. Recommended in wellPlanner/DHT,
for wellBalance mode 1 is recommended.
Bit depth filter Filter to stabilize flow calculations if unstable bit depth. If ⇐ 0 the filter will be disabled,
else the last "Bit depth filter" + 3 values will be used to filter the ROP. Default value is 0.
Friction coef. annulus Friction tuning coefficient in the annulus, which can be used to tune the calculated ECD.
In principle, this value should be kept close to 1. If the user needs to change this more than
0.5 to get the measured and calculated ECD to be comparable, it should be an indicator that
the well configuration is wrong, for example the fluid or geometry data.
There are also additional tuning coefficients for each fluid, described in Section 10.1. These
two tuning coefficient are multiplied, and the result is used as the combined friction
coefficient. Most often the friction coefficient for the fluid is 1, hence doesn’t have an
effect.
Friction Coef. Drill string Friction tuning coefficient drill string, which can be used to tune the calculated SPP.
Decreasing it will decrease the friction in the string, hence lowering the calculated SPP, and
increasing it will increase the friction in string, hence heighten the calculated SPP. In
principle, this value should be kept close to 1. If the user needs to change this more than 0.7
to get the measured and calculated SPP to be comparable, it should be an indicator that the
well configuration is wrong, for example the fluid or geometry data.
There are also additional tuning coefficients for each fluid, described in Section 10.1. These
two tuning coefficients are multiplied, and the result is used as the combined friction
coefficient. Most often the friction coefficient for the fluid is 1, hence doesn’t have an
effect.
SPPFactor Used to detect no-flow in string because of low pump pressure. This is the ratio SPP
divided by choke pressure, before the choke opens. This is used if the
UseSPPdetectFillString is checked.
dSPPFactor Used to detect no-flow in string because of low pump pressure. This is used if the
UseSPPdetectFillString is checked.
cRot The rotation effect on annulus friction.
xFactorLow Friction factors for low shear rate. This parameter should not be changed by normal users.
xFactorDSLow Friction factors for low shear rate in drill string. This parameter should not be changed by
normal users.
UseSPPdetectFillString Use SPP to detect (filling of string with) no annulus flow. If this is set, the flow model must
receive a valid stand pipe pressure and choke pressure, or else it might assume no flow.
It will assume no flow while the actual stand pipe pressure is less than the actual choke
pressure times SPPFactor. The model uses the dSPPFactor to gradually increase to full
flow, so that full flow is assumed when stand pipe pressure is more than the actual choke
pressure times (SPPFactor + dSPPFactor).
PreCalcDuration Runs the temperature model as fast as possible for the given time steps to stabilize the
temperature. This can help getting stable flow conditions if there are large temperature
differences between the formation and the fluids that are pumped.
PWD puls threshold Flow rate when PWD starts pulsing.
MaxTrippingSpeed The maximum speed the tubular can move upwards.
MinTrippingSpeed The maximum speed the tubular can move downwards.
Menus
The File menu lets the user:
• New: Create a new well configuration

• Open: Open an already existing well configuration. Select the folder where the well configuration files are located.
• Save: Save a well configuration
• Save as: Save the well configuration with a new name
• Close: Close the well configuration window
The Edit menu lets the user:
• Retrieve from server: Retrieves the well configuration which is located on the server (replaces the local one). This can be
used as an undo.
• Send to server: Send the local well configuration to the server.
• Import from WitsML: Opens the WitsML importer, where data can be loaded from a WitsML server to the Well Configuration
Editor. Ref. Section 10.15
The Tools menu lets the user:
• Check tag connection: Performs a signal check, and will give a warning if some tags are missing on the server.
• Check data quality: Performs a data quality check on the well configuration. Ref. Section 10.14.
• Editor Settings. . . : This is for administrators only. The visibility configuration that comes with the installation is the recom-
mended setting.
• Tubular Library. . . : This is a tool for keeping track of tubular components. Ref. Section 10.3.7.
Validation of Well Configuration Data
The application tests for missing tags on the server, and makes logical data quality checks.
S OME OF THESE ARE :
• Checks that the bit OD is equal to ODMx. The bit OD is the diameter used to create additional open hole while drilling, hence
should be as large as ODMx.
• Checks that the weight per length is comparable to the diameters, when the material has a density of steel/iron.
• Checks that the inner diameter is smaller than the outer diameter.
• Checks that the measured depth of trajectory, formations, pressure profile and temperature profile is continually increasing.
The well configuration window also contains multiple plots, to make it easy for the user to visually check for errors.
WitsML Importer
The WitsML Importer allows the user to browse and download well configuration from a WitsML server.
Tip
Before starting, make sure the WitsML connection settings are correctly configured. Ref. Section 15.7.
When opening the WitsML Importer, it will list the available wells on the left. Choosing a well will repopulate this list with the
wellbores corresponding to the chosen well. When choosing a wellbore, each of the other list will populate wit the available data.
Choosing available data, and pressing Import Selected will load this into the Well Configuration Editor. It will not be used by the
models until a Send to Server has been pressed from the menu in the Well Configuration Editor. Before sending to the server, the
data should be analyzed and corrected, since it is probable that the imported data is of bad data quality.
Drilling Control
The Drilling Control tool has two main purposes:
• To run and control simulations in wellSim Interact

• Manipulate input to control the emulation of drilling equipment
This chapter first describes the simulation dashboard, which contains the most important simulation controls. This window is
found in the Tools menu.
Dashboard
Drilling Control Interface is divided to these parts:
• Top menu
• Simulation Control
• Fluid & Volume Properties
• Drilling Equipment Controls
• 2D-tunnel
Top Menu
The top menu consists of these buttons:
• Load simulation from file, which loads an already existing simulation. The simulation must fit the current well configuration.
• Save simulation as, which saves the simulation to requested folder.
• Save simulation, which saves the simulation with the same file name.
• Automatic kill, where the user can define the kill parameters and control and monitor the automatic kill sequence.
• Scenario Editor, where the user sets up parameters for the simulation and for equipment control properties.
Simulation Control
This part contains stop, play, replay and pause buttons. In addition, the simulation can be run faster, up to 10 times real time,
from here.
Before a simulation can be started, a well configuration needs to be loaded or created, then activated.
Start: Simulation is started from start conditions, as set up in the Scenario Editor.
Note: If the well config contains a pre-calc periode > 0, the simulation will not commence until the pre-calculation is
completed.
Pause: Simulation is paused. As simulation time is also paused, there is now dynamic behavior as long as simulation is paused.
When pressed again, or Play is pressed after Pause, the simulation is resumed from last known state.
Stop: Simulation is stopped. Cannot be resumed.
Replay: Simulation is stopped, and restarted from start conditions, as set up the Scenario Editor. Similar to pressing Stop + Play.
Drilling Equipment Controls
The Drilling Equipment Controls are used to interactively control main drilling functionality. They are not simulation parameters
as such, but represents the parameters a driller can normally control from his control cabin. The simulator will respond to these
changes, just like a real well will respond to driller’s control of main equipment.
Note: The responsiveness of the machines are defined in the Scenario Editor, but default values will work well in most
cases.
Bar graphs
The Bar Graphs consist of the following elements:
• The set point value (green bar)

• The actual value (yellow bar)
• The scale
• The numerical actual value
The set point value responds immediately to new set point inputs. The actual value responds according to how it is defined in the
Scenario Editor (to emulate real machines). Therefore, the yellow actual-bar will show a different value than the green set-point
value until the actual value has reached the set point.
The scale can be changed by the user. Simply click on the top or bottom numerical value, and enter a new value.
Input values
Input values can be altered in two ways:
• Click the Edit-pencil and type in the new value in the editable field
• Click the plus/minus icons
The dark green numerical value below the input controls shows the current set-point.
Parameters
• Rotational speed ** The Pause-button can be used to temporarily stop the

• rotation and resume rotation again afterwards. It has a circular sequence,
• where the duration of each sequence in defined in the Scenario Editor:
• The Pause-button ramps the RPM down to Zero.
• Re-pressing the Pause button (now named Resume 1) ramps the RPM up to a ratio of the last entered set point (can be set in
the Scenario Editor. Default is 10% of the last entered set point. Ramp duration can be set in Scenario Editor)
• Re-pressing the Pause button (now named Resume 2) ramps the RPM up to the last entered set point (ramp duration can be set
in Scenario Editor)
• Block speed: Positive value is downwards, negative value is upwards movement

– The Stop-button sets the block speed set point to zero. After which, the button becomes deactivated until a new set point
different from zero is entered
– The Connection-button initiates a full string connection. The connection sequence is described in details in a subsequent
chapter. However, it is important to notice the following:
* If pressed with block position in the upper half of the derrick, the system will perform a trip-out connection. I.e. it will
remove a stand, travel down and re-connect to the string
* If pressed with block position in the lower half of the derrick the system will perform a trip-in connection. I.e. it will
travel to the top, and a stand, and re-connect to the string.
• ROP: calculated by the model
– ROP can never be negative.
– ROP is only updated if block movement is positive (downwards) and bit is at bottom.
– Dynamic effects can result in that ROP is not starting to update even if the above conditions are met. This is the case during
string compression.
• WOB: calculated by the model
– The Tare-button can be used to tare the weight at any time. However, this should not normally be necessary, as the system is
automatically taring the weight when the bit reach the bottom.
• Flow in: Mud flow in. This parameter is a simplification of pump control. It represents the sum of all active pumps.
– The pause-button can be used to temporarily stop the pumps and resume operation again afterwards. It has a circular
sequence, where the duration of each sequence in defined in the Scenario Editor:
* The Pause-button ramps the flow rate down to Zero.
* Re-pressing the Pause button (now named Resume 1) ramps the flow rate up to a ratio of the last entered set point (can be
set in the Scenario Editor. Default is 10% of the last entered set point. Ramp duration can be set in Scenario Editor)
* Re-pressing the Pause button (now named Resume 2) ramps the flow rate up to the last entered set point (ramp duration
can be set in Scenario Editor)
• Gain/Loss: calculated by the model

– The Gain/Loss parameters has a high and a low alarm, indicated as pointers on the bar graph. The limit values can be set in
the Scenario Editor.
– When Gain/Loss is outside the limit values, the bar graph colour changes to red.
– The Reset-button sets the current value as the new normal value. This also clear the alarm state, if present.
• Flow out: Mud return flow. Calculated by the model
• SPP: Standpipe pressure. Calculated by the model
Connection sequence
In addition, connections will be done automatically by clicking the connection button.
Fluid Input and Volume
The user can change fluid type, fluid density and fluid temperature from here during the simulation by clicking on the fluid box
under the flow control bars for the Kelly line and the Kill line.
Upon startup, the system will use the selected fluid from the Scenario Editor (which in turn already has chosen the active fluid
from the Wellconfig) However, the user can select a different fluid in the Scenario Editor, and change its density and temperature
prior to starting the simulation.
After simulation has started, the user can change the fluid and fluid properties in the dashboard directly, and these parameters are
disabled in the Scenario Editor.
On the kill line it is also possible to select gas, with the correct density and temperature to be able to perform nitrogen cap drilling
(NCD).
Changes to Fluid, Fluid Density and/or Fluid Temperature will not take effect until the user presses the Apply button. The Apply
button will appear when a value is changed, and you have moved the cursor away from that field.
Note
Changes to Fluid Density and Fluid Temperature are not persistent in the system, and will be gone the next time you select the
same fluid. For persistent changes, the fluid must be updated in the well configuration.
To change to a fluid type not available in the drop-down list, the user first needs to add these fluid types in the well configuration.
Volume and depth
The above parameters are calculated by the system, and presented for info.
Clicking on the R will reset the ’total volume pumped’ and ’total strokes’. ’Bit depth’ and ’well depth’ shows current values and
can’t be reset.
Well Control
When performing a simulation where an influx is introduced there is two ways to handle the influx. 1. To start an automatic kill,
as described in chapter 11.4.2. Automatic Kill, and 2. To do perform a manual Kill operation.
Pressing the A/M button on the top of the Drilling Control screen will open the well control panel. Selecting the second pane
will allow for Manual Well Control with a manual choke. The Choke CV curve is set up in the well configuration and will give
a realistic response on the choke according to the choke specification. To be able to run any well control operation the BOP has
be closed in the 2D tunnel.
In the manual choke panel there are two gages, one for the stand pipe pressure and one for the choke pressure. The choke opening
is adjusted by pressing the Open and close buttons. THe choke speed can be adjusted with the slider below the choke opening
indicatore.
The manual well control module allows for training on any well control opeations. NB! To be able to do Bullheading, a loss zone
needs to be added in the scenario editor.
2D Tunnel
Base functionality for the 2D-tunnel is described in separate chapter.

In Drilling Control, the 2D-tunnel is configured with flow lines. These are shown as green/gray rectangles.
They can be clicked at, and the colour represents their state:
• Green: Open
• Gray: Closed
For the Booster line, clicking on the Booster Line button does also start the booster pump, and vice versa.
Scenario Editor
This editor allows the user to define the start conditions of the simulation, tripping limits, connection and machine properties and
edit/activate malfunctions.
Start Conditions
The start conditions are the parameters used when starting a simulation. If the same parameters (Fluid, Fluid Density and Fluid
Temperature) is altered during simulation, this will not influence the start conditions.
• Initial well depth: Select any depth (MD) along the well trajectory.
• Initial bit depth: Select any depth (MD) ⇐ Initial well depth
• Fluid: Select one of the fluids already configured in Well configuration
• Fluid density: Enter any number, which will override the value received from the well configuration
• Fluid temperature: Enter any number, which will override the value received from the well configuration
Note
It can make sense to set the initial well depth 2-4 meters deeper than the initial bit depth, to compensate for string elongation
when starting the pumps.
Tripping properties
The tripping properties defines the block traveling speeds and acceleration/deceleration:
• Trip out block speed: Speed used during the automatic tripping out sequence
• Trip in block speed: Speed used during the automatic tripping in sequence
• Acceleration: Block acceleration at startup (hard-coded)
• Deceleration: Block deceleration at retardation (hard coded)
Connection set-up
This set of parameters (together with the tripping properties) can be used to tune the behaviour of the automatic tripping sequence.
• Pump ramp-down time: Duration of ramping down flow rate from current value to zero.
• Pump ramp-up 1 time: Duration of ramping up from zero to the ratio of last current set point
• Pump ramp-up 2 time: Duration of ramping up from ratio of last current set point to last current set point.
• Pump ramp-up 1 level: A ratio of last current set-point, at which the pump rate is targeting when pressing Resume 1.
Note
the purpose of the Resume 1 and Resume 2 buttons are to resemble slow pumping/rotation startups after stops, to gently break
the gel.
• RPM ramp-down time: Duration of ramping down rotation from current value to zero.
• RPM ramp-up 1 time: Duration of ramping up from zero to the ratio of last current set point
• RPM ramp-up 2 time: Duration of ramping up from ratio of last current set point to last current set point.
• RPM ramp-up 1 level: A ratio of last current set-point, at which the rotation is targeting when pressing Resume 1.
• Connection (waiting) time: Is a time to represent the time it takes for tong operations (cleaning/doping + spin up + make up,
and equivalent for tripping out).
• Lift-off height: Height above bottom for pulling off prior to setting slips
Settings
This set of parameters is defining machine properties necessary for the emulation:
• Volume per stroke: Pumped volume per pump stroke. Used to calculate SPM and total SPM from mud flow rate
• Maximum torque: Limit for topside torque.

• Booster pump rate: Pump rate which will be used if the booster pump is turned on
• Stand length: Length of a stand. Determines the block travel distance during connections
Alarm Limits
This is the alarm limits for gain and loss.
• Gain limit: High alarm limit for mud gain
• Loss limit: Low alarm limit for mud loss
Note
These limits are only used to change colour on the gain/loss bar graph. There is no connection to any alarm system of any
sort.
Malfunctions
Loss
Loss is used to configure loosing of drilling fluid in weak
formation. Choose the position of weak formation and
calculate the pressure from TVD or put it directly into
EMW. TVD can be picked from trajectory. During testing
of the scenario, the user can change loss rate or pressure for
adjustment of loss rate. For each change the active state on
malfunction list should be toggled to false and back to true
to activate the changes. For stopping of loss change the
value from true to false and loss will be deactivated. See
picture below with active loss and loss properties in the
left. Other malfunctions are inactive.
Twist off
The twist off is a function to simulate the drill pipe twisting
off. As with all malfunctions, it can be active from the start
up, or you can activate it from the Malfunction List during
the simulation. The twist off is modeled to break off the
drill pipe. The given position is the Distance from bit
property. This means that if you set the Distance from bit
to be 500 meters, and the bit depth is 3500 meters, the 500
meters of the end will drop off and give huge changes on
the hook load, torque and the flow. Therefore, what
happens is that for the hydraulic calculations, the string
will be 500 meters shorter. For the torque and drag
calculations the configured weight (Tubular config) will
disappear. This means, that it is not possible to continue
drilling afterwards, but the students need to diagnose what
just happened.
Wash out
When configuring a wash out, you need to understand a
couple of things. The position is the distance measured
from the bit. The severity is the max percentage of wash
out to achieve. This is given in percentage, and is therefore
not as accurate as with the bit nozzles configuration, but
will give a good training condition. The duration is the
time it will take to achieve the severity. As with all
malfunctions, it can be active from the start up, or you can
activate it from the Malfunction List during the simulation.
Nozzle blockage
This is a percentage blockage of the nozzles. Since it is
percentage, it is not possible to block a certain number of
nozzles, but it will give good training for the students. As
with all malfunctions, it can be active from the start up, or
you can activate it from the Malfunction List during the
simulation
Stuck pipe
The stuck pipe function is a differential stuck function
(which will not affect the hydraulics). This is also
configured with the distance from the bit. As with all
Our recommendation is to configure it closer to the surface
than you would expect, this is to avoid too much of
stretching of the string. If you would like to achieve a
mechanical stuck situation, which also affects the
hydraulics, you need to combine this with a pack off
malfunction.
Pack off
A pack off is hydraulic blockage in the well. This can be
configured with a position (which will allow you to drill
into the pack off). A severity is the amount of blockage,
wince this is percentage, it is not easy to understand what
value to set, and it can be different from one well to
another. However, we recommend starting with a rather
high value when testing, around 95-96 %. Max pressure
drop is not used any more. Duration is the time it uses to
achieve the severity after activation. As with all
BOP Leakage
The BOP leakage will only effect the Annular preventer.
This means that there will not be a leak in the pipe ram. It
is configured with a leak rate and the malfunction will
make it impossible to keep up the pressure in the well in a
well control situation (if leak rate is set high enough). As
with all malfunctions, it can be active from the start up, or
you can activate it from the Malfunction List during the
simulation
Automatic Operations
Connections
An automatic connection can be performed based on what has been defined in the Scenario Editor.
The sequence is as follows:
Drilling:
• Pull of bottom (2 m, tripping out speed)

• Stop RPM
• Future selectable
– Lift off (xx m (stand length from scenario editor))
– Slack down
– Lift off
• Stop Pumps
• Set slips (while ramping down pumps)(hookload = 0)
• Connection waiting time (top drive moves up)

• Release slips (hookload = full string weight)
• RPM Ramp Up 1
• Pump Ramp Up 1
• When Return Flow > 0, Pump Ramp Up 2 + RPM Ramp Up 2

• Move block down with ROP speed
• When WOB stable + bit depth < well depth, reset WOB
Tripping in:
• Ramp down block speed to Zero (if not already zero)

• Set slips (hookload = 0)
• If pumping, ramp down the rig pumps (flowIn = 0)

• Release slips (hookload = full string weight including added string element)
• If pumping prior to connection, ramp up the rig pumps to earlier flow rate
• Ramp block speed up to Tripping In speed
Tripping out:
• Ramp down block speed to Zero (if not already zero)

• Set slips (hookload = 0)
• If pumping, ramp down the rig pumps (flowIn = 0)
• Release slips (hookload = full string weight)

• If pumping prior to connection, ramp up the rig pumps to earlier flow rate
• Ramp block speed up to Tripping Out speed
Automatic Kill
An automatic kill procedure can be performed based on what has been defined in the Automatic Kill window. This can be opened
by clicking on the A button the Drilling Control menu.
The automatic kill procedure starts from the current state of the well and completes a full kill procedure automatically by
controlling the pumps/pressure and the choke.
Note
The automatic kill function does this in an “ideal” way, as it controls the choke based on the simulated pressures in the well
rather than the choke and standpipe pressures which are available to a real driller. A driller will never be able to perform the kill
process with optimal results like this.
Note
The models cannot handle influx larger than 5m3 gas at downhole conditions. In case you receive the following message,
simulation parameters must be adjusted to reduce the size of the kick.
Automatic Kill Dashboard
The automatic kill dashboards comprise five parts:
• Simulation control
• Kill process set-up
• Kill process progress/status
• Choke valve control

• Volume and depth
• Simulation tuning
Simulation Control
Automatic kill operations are always performed at maximum simulation speed. There are two controls:
• Start simulation
• Stop simulation
Restart and pause are not possible actions.

When pressing start, a test is performed to verify that all condition are ready for the automatic kill operation. If the test result is
positive, the operations commences. If not, a warning pop-up is showed:
Kill Process Set-up
The automatic kill functionality can use four parameters to control the shut in period, prior to starting circulation:
• Time: Enter number of minutes

• Influx stop: Influx has stopped (gas rate = 0)
• Influx value: Influx is below a user entered rate (gas rate < specified value [mass/s])
• Stable WH pressure: Circulation starts when wellhead pressure is stable (can result in enormous pressures for some well
configurations)
• None: circulation will start immediately
Note
The shut in period condition Influx Stop might result in too long shut in period. This can be caused by well conditions where
influx is only almost reaching zero. In that case, use Influx Value instead.
Note
The shut in period condition Stable WH Press might result in continuously increasing pressures due to fast migration of gas,
especially in cases with water based mud.
Three circulation methods can be chosen:
• Driller’s method
• Wait and Weigh
• Reference Depth
Circulation methods have available following input parameters:
• Driller’s method
– Static safety margin [pressure]
– Dynamic safety margin [pressure]
– Circulation rate [volumetric flow rate]
– Kill mud circulation rate [volumetric flow rate]
• Wait and Weigh
– Kill circulation reference depth. This defines the position in the well in which pressure is to be kept stable during kill
operation.
– Circulation rate [volumetric flow rate]
– Kill mud circulation rate [volumetric flow rate]
• Reference Depth
– 1st Circulation rate [volumetric flow rate for 1st Circulation volume (below)]
– 1st Circulation volume [volume to be pumped with 1st Circulation rate]
– 2nd Circulation rate [volumetric flow rate for the remaining volume]
Volume and Depth
The above parameters are calculated by the system, and presented for info.
Clicking on the R will reset the total volume pumped and total strokes. Bit depth and well depth shows current values and can’t
be reset.
Kill Process Progress
When a simulation is running, a vertical progress bar and a descriptive text is displayed on the dashboard.
The progress bar illustrates the progress of the current part of the sequence, not the total operation.
All input parameters are disabled during simulation.
Choke valve control
The Choke Opened/Choke Closed button must be closed prior to starting any kill operation.
It should not be used during kill operations.
Simulation tuning
Clicking the cogwheel opens the simulation tuning dialog.
The following parameters can be tuned
• Well head press diff. threshold: Value defining the window for meeting the pressure stability criteria. In the above example, a
variation within a 0,2 bar over a given time is deemed to be stable
• Pump shut-down delay: Time in minutes from activation of a pump shut-down until the pump starts responding
• Pump ramp down time: Time in minutes to ramp down pump from current flow rate to zero flow rate
• Pump ramp up time: Time in minutes to ramp up pump from zero to set point flow rate
• BOP close delay: Time in minutes from activation of BOP until the BOP starts responding
• BOP closing time: Time in minutes required to move BOP rams from open to closed position
• Choke closing time: Time in minutes to close choke line
Eccentricity
Eccentricity along wellbore can be defined in the tuning dialog.

The Use Eccentricity is a flag sent to the simulation models to include or exclude eccentricity from the simulations.
Any number of rows can be added. For each row, a depth and an eccentricity ratio must be entered.
Report Maker
The application includes a report maker, where the user can extract data from the system. The report maker is also a simple word
processing software, so can be used to write and edit text.
The menu contains buttons for:
• Making a new report

• Opening an existing report
• Saving the report as PDF, ODF (OpenDocument) or HTML.
• Print the report
• Undo / redo
• Add report items
• Additional text formatting
When pressing the "add report items" button, a dialog will appear with the following insertion possibilities:
• Well configuration data tables.

• Well configuration plots (pressure profile, temperature profile, trajectory).
• Plotted data from the offline simulation, and from wellAhead / wellSim hub.
• Logged data, if used in wellAhead.
Customize report
It is possible to add a custom logo to the report. This is done by replacing/edit the file logo.png located in the graphics folder.
When editing the logo the user needs to take into consideration that the logo is scaled to a height of 50px when it is added to the
document. This means the width is scaled with the same factor.
Below the text "Simulation Report" there is two names that can be edited, which is the name of well and rig. These are located
in the well configuration editor. The well name is located in the well tab, and the rig name is located in the rig tab.
It is also possible to customize the header and footer further. This can be done by editing the html files located in the "/config/"
directory, where the application has been installed.
Unit System
This configuration can be found in the Admin menu. This allows the user to alter existing unit systems, or create new ones.
The different elements in this list are:
1. Refresh. Reloads unit system definitions from disk.

2. Save. Saves unit system definitions to disk.
3. Add. Adds a new unit system.
4. Remove. Removes the selected unit system, as indicated in the Selected field.
5. Select unit system. Click a column to select unit system.
6. Make default. Click the white arrow on green circular background to make the selected unit system the default (remember
to save to make this change persistent).
7. Search. Search for a unit in the selected unit system using the search field on the right hand side of the toolbar. Clear the
search with the red X button.
8. Change unit. Double click a quantity cell in the unit system column to change a quantity’s unit. Clear the cell to bring
up suggestion units; writing in the cell will result in suggestions appearing in dropdown list below. Click preferred unit to
select from list or use arrow keys and <Enter> to select.
The units selected in a unit system will be used as display units per default. Should it be needed to display other units for specific
tags, a display unit can be set in the tag list, which will override the default unit from the unit system.
Note that changing units in tag list will not be used until the list is re-loaded, so save it and load it again to trigger the change in
tags immediately.
INFO: Notice that length is defined as three different quantities (length, diameter and nozzle size), which makes it easy to
conform to company standards.
Configuring tags and sockets
Caution
The user should only use this functionality to troubleshoot the system.
The application communicates with the eDrilling system’s databases and real time information stream over a tag system. Tags
represent a source of information that sockets in the application can connect and subscribe to. A socket can only subscribe to one
tag at a time; many sockets can subscribe to the same tag.
The subscription of tags to tag sockets and other configuration of tags is accessed 1 from the Tools menu.
Tag system menu
1 Tag- and trend tag views are only accessible to an administrator user level
Tag List
The tag list displays all tags available on the server and their status.
Tag list view
Finding tags
Sorting
Sort the tag list by clicking on the column header.
Searching
Search for tags by entering your search string in the Search entry field and click the Search button. If the string is found the entry
is highlighted in the list, click search again to repeat search in the remainder of the list. Clear the search entry field by clicking
on the Reset button.
Filtering
Select a subsystem from the Filter dropdown menu and click Apply Filter to display only tags related to one subsystem.
Edit tag list
Editable fields in the tag list
Double-click the cell you wish to edit. Editable fields are:
• Desc. Short description.
• SI Unit. The tag’s value is interpreted as this base unit.

• Display unit. SI Unit is converted to and displayed as this unit. Overrides the default unit system conversion. To deactivate the
display unit override, remove the text, and press Space and Enter.
• Description. Long description.
Warning
It is advisable to avoid using the unit overriding property, but instead use the Unit System List.
Load/save tags
The tag list is located in a default location in your project hierarchy.
• Click the Load button to load the tag list from disk.
• Click the Save button to save your changes to the tag list.
Only tags that have been configured will be saved in the tag list file.
Tag Sockets List
The tag sockets list view is similar to the tag list view, and contains the tag sockets in application.
Subscribe to tag
Double click the Tag Name cell to bind tags to sockets to subscribe to information. In the tag selector, find the tag you wish to
subscribe to, select it and click OK.
Binding tag sockets to tag
The application only updates the value of subscribed tags, i.e. tags connected to a tag socket.
Load/save tag socket binding
Tag socket bindings list is located in a default location in your project hierarchy.
• Click the Load button to load the tag socket binding from disk.
• Click the Save button to save your changes to the tag socket-binding list.
Trend Tag List
The trend tag list view displays the trend tags available in the system.
Trend tag list view with editable fields
Bind tags to trend tags
Trend tags hold historical data. Binding the tag that supplied the historical data to the trend tag will make this data available to
the trend tag subscribers. The tag and the trend tag will have to be set up with the same units for the binding to succeed.
Finding trend tags
Sorting
Sort the trend tag list by clicking on the column header.
Searching
Search for trend tags by entering your search string in the Search entry field and click the Search button. If the string is found
the entry is highlighted in the list, click search again to repeat search in the remainder of the list. Clear the search entry field by
clicking on the Reset button.
Filtering
Select a subsystem from the Filter dropdown menu and click Apply Filter to display only trend tags related to one subsystem.
Load/save trend tags
The trend tag list is located in a default location in your project hierarchy.
• Click the Load button to load the tag list from disk.
• Click the Save button to save your changes to the tag list.
Trend Tag Socket List
The tag sockets list view is similar to the tag list view, and contains the tag sockets in application.
Subscribe to trend tag
Double click the Tag Name cell to bind tags to sockets to subscribe to information. In the trend tag selector, find the tag you
wish to subscribe to, select it and click OK.
Binding tag sockets to tag
Load/save trend tag socket binding
Trend tag socket bindings list is located in a default location in your project hierarchy.
• Click the Load button to load the trend tag socket binding from disk.
• Click the Save button to save your changes to the trend tag socket-binding list.
Tag- and tag socket status indicators
Tag status is displayed using different background colors in the list:
• Yellow: Tag is connected to a tag socket.

• Light red: Uncertain quality
• Red: Bad quality

• Dark red: Unknown quality
• Pink (display unit field): default unit has been overridden
Application Settings
The application settings window can be found in Admin→Application Settings. This lets the user alter project independent
settings, like font sizes, etc.
These are the settings that can be configured:
General
Here the user will find the current paths used by the application. These are read-only for the moment, and will only be changed
when i.e. opening a new well configuration.
Plot
Interpolation threshold: The segmented plot will use interpolation if it finds data points above this number.
Number of values on interpolation: This will be the number of points received if interpolation is used.
Step based plots: This will connect the curve points with a step function (left to right). If this is not set the points will be drawn
with straight lines.
Font size on axes: Is the font point size of the axes.
Font size on titles: Is the font point size of the tabs.
Font size on legeds: Is the font point size of the legends in segmented plots.
Update rate: Is the interval between each redraw of the plot. A normal value is 1000 ms.
Antialiased rendered curves: This will make the curve look nicer.
Tip
In wellSim, step based plots are advisable. When connected to an actual real time stream (wellAhead), this is usually deacti-
vated (straight lines).
Tip
If the application is installed on a slow computer, it is advisable to turn off antialised rendered curves.
Warning
It is advisable to avoid interpolation, since this can result in loss of important data points.
Real Time Short List
Here the user can configure the font point size on the real time short list.
Event Log
This configures the event log placed in the lower right corner.
Ignore success events: Deactivating can be used for debugging purposes, and will then show normal messages in the event log.
Ignore warning events: Let’s the user ignore events which is not necessarily critical.
Limit on number of events: This is the maximum number of events the event log will hold. If additional events are added, the
oldest one will be removed.
Models settings
Here the user can turn on or off logging for local models. Configuration of model logging on the server must be done in Server
Settings, ref. [?].
Tunnel
Here the user can configure the 2D Tunnel. This is the same configuration as done when pressing Config button below the 2D
Tunnel. Ref. <<ref_chapter_2dtunnel>.
WitsML
Here the user can configure the WitsML connection used in the well configuration.
• URL: The URL to the Witsml server

• Username
• Password
• Ignore SSL Errors
• Certificate Authentication
– Certificate: The path to the certificate file
– Key: The path to the key file
Real Time
Here the user can configure the expected data frequency. If the application doesn’t receive update within the configured interval,
the Realtime status LED on the bottom right of the main window will light red.
Troubleshooting
General
The application asks me for a password I don’t have
A password can be used to avoid other users from access to the application. If you don’t remember what you configured, you can
delete the file which stores the password. This file is located where you installed the application, /config/userlevel.xml. When
you start the application after this file has been deleted, we suggest you choose Administrator so you gain the user privileges.
If you are comfortable with editing text files, you can edit the same file and put "NA" as the password. That means it will not use
any.
Flow Model
The model doesn’t calculate
There can be different reasons for this:
• The real time stream has stopped (WITS, Witsml, OPC or OPC UA).
• PrealcDuration (Well Configuration → Flow Model Specifics) is set for a long time interval.
• The well configuration is wrong, and makes it impossible for the model to calculate.
• The hard drive is full, which prevents the model from logging.
The model crashes
1. Check if the entire BHA Length (Well Configuration → Flow Model Specifics) is inside the well.
2. Too many fluids with large PVT tables are defined.

3. The hard drive is full, which prevents the model from logging.
4. Have a look at the message from the well configuration data quality check.
5. Another part of the well configuration is wrong. Look over the input data again.
6. Try to run a known working well configuration, and successively replace it with the non-working well configuration until
the error has been found.
The model calculates slowly
There can be different reasons for this:
• The well configuration is wrong, and makes it difficult for the model to calculate.
• The model logging has been activated, see Section 16.2.4.

• The system specifications is not as required.
• The model has been running for a very long time, and might need restarting.
The model is extremely slow when activating log files
The model will run slower when activating log files, but sometimes this results in an extremely slow behavior. In rare cases we
have experienced that some specific hard drives to be too slow, though we have not recorded which maker and model.
If a hard drive is used (and not a solid state, but a spinning disk), this can be the result of a defragmented disk. Since the model is
continuously writing the log (without buffering), the hard drive will have trouble writing to new segments because the movable
heads needs time to reposition to the other segment. In this case it would be an advantage to defragment the disk. This tool
should is included in Windows 7, and is called Disk Defragmenter. In Windows 10 it is called Optimize Drives.
We have also experienced this issue on some virtual machines.
The model behaves like there aren’t any flow, even though it receives a valid input
Check that the Flow Model Specifics→UseSPPDetectFillString is set to false. Also check that the Flow Model Specifics→Pump
rate change rate is more than 0, or else it will assume static flow rate.
The model calculates wrong ECD
Refer to Section 8.1.6 for information on what input affects the ECD significantly. Use this information to alter the well config-
uration.
If the operator is sure the well configuration is correct, tune the model with the friction factor annulus or the choke offset factor.
The model calculates wrong SPP
Refer to Section 8.1.7 for information on what input affects the stand pipe pressure significantly. Use this information to alter the
well configuration.
If the operator is sure the well configuration is correct, tune the model with the friction factor drill string.
The model calculates fluctuating flow out
If the modeled flow out fluctuates when bit depth changes, it might be that the bit depth filter is deactivated. This can be
configured in Section 10.12.
The above troubleshooting didn’t lead to a solution, the calculated values are still incorrect. What now?
Verify that the well configuration and real time data input is correct.
If the flow model output is still incorrect, get the following, and send them to support@edrilling.no:
1. Model logs (refer to Section 16.2.10).

2. Well configuration files.
3. Detailed description of what happened, and what you expected.
4. If the issue can be experienced in wellPlanner, also send the simulation job file.
When calculated values are incorrect, how do we extract the log files for external inspections?
When you need external help with the model calculations, it is very helpful for model experts to examine issues through the log
files. These can be used for debugging.
If model logging has been activated, the log files are created on the server where FM was installed, which is usually C:\eDrilling\models\F
Here there are two types of log files, log_DDS_Interface files and FlowModelResults files.
The log_DDS_Interface files are the most important files, since they contain all the input data required to rerun the whole
simulation. A simulation can be segmented into several files to avoid very large files, so it is essential to get the start of the log.
The files are named with the date and time, so we easily can find the simulation we need.
To find the latest log, locate the latest log_DDS_Interface file, and open it in a text editor. If the log file begins with the following
string in the second line: ". . . log file continued from previous file without stopping model . . . " it means that we also need the
previous log file to be able to rerun the simulation. Continuously inspect the previous log file, with the purpose of finding the
initial file.
The FlowModelResults files contain a subset of the inputs and outputs, and can easily be plotted with a plotting tool of your
choice. The files are segmented each 6th hour, and it’s helpful to compress these together with the log_DDS_Interface file with
the same time interval.
This group of log files should be compressed (we recommend 7-zip for efficiency), and sent to support@edrilling.no, together
with the other files listed in Section 16.2.9.
Tip
Be aware that the FlowModelResults files uses UTC time in the naming, and log_DDS_Interface uses local time.
How to activate/deactivate logging?
Open up the web interface to eDrillingHub, and search for "fm.log". Then two tags will appear:
1. FM.logEnable_DDS: This will enable the log_DDS_Interface file writing if it is 1, or will be deactivated when 0.
2. FM.logEnable_ModelResults: This will enable the FlowModelResults file writing if it is 1, or will be deactivated when
0.
Right click the tag, and select "Write". Choose 0 or 1 according to the choices above.
Note
When deactivating the logging, it will make it harder for model experts to reproduce issues found by users.

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Document Title User Manual for wellSim Interact

Document Number wellSimInteract-OPM-001

eDrilling AS Koppholen 20, 4313 Sandnes, Norway Phone +47 51 70 73 00 www.edrilling.no

7 Drilling Parameters / Real Time Inputs 10

Constant Reservoir Influx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

10.6 Temperature Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

11.4.2 Automatic Kill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

14 Configuring tags and sockets 81

This manual describes the operation and functionality of wellSim Interact.

• Drilling and tripping operations

• Realistic and fast "Drill well on simulator"

• Hard disk: 256 GB

These operating systems are supported (64 bit only):

Third party components

OpenView2D uses these third party components:

• Qt, available under LPGL: http://opensource.org/licenses/LGPL-2.1

Abbreviations and Definitions

Table 1: Topology Abbreviations

eLCDS eDrilling’s Life Cycle Drilling Simulation

Table 2: Drilling Abbreviations

BHA Bottom Hole Assembly

TTRD Through Tubing Rotary Drilling

Double click the installation file, and follow the guide.

The File menu lets the user:

• Connect to the server, described in Section 4

• Save current layout with another name

• Real Time Short List, described in Section 9.2

• Replay Toolbar, described in Section 5

• Well Configuration, described in Section 10

• Make report, described in Section 12

• Tags→Tag List, described in Section 14.1

• Unit System List, described in Section 13

The Help menu contains information for the user:

• Help, contains a copy of this user manual

There are two options for configuring an auto connect on startup.

Drilling Parameters / Real Time Inputs

Bit depth The position of the bit, with RKB as reference.

Calc ECD@bottom Calculated ECD at bottom.

Calc SPP Calculated stand pipe pressure.

The following data can only be plotted in a depth based plot.

ECD profile (MD) Profile of the ECD in the well.

Dynamic Change of Well Configuration

• Fluid properties: Density and field rheology

• Temperature Profile: Activating/deactivating temperature model (isDynamic flag)

Stand Pipe Pressure

• Nozzles (nozzle diametres)

Surge and Swab Effects

Two phase flow

Slip between the two phases is taken into account.

Dynamic Reservoir Influx

Constant Reservoir Influx

Internal Data Quality Checks

• An initial bit depth has been received

• An initial bit depth has been received

Calculation of fluid density is based on one of the following options:

Rheology and Frictional Pressure Loss Modelling

Rheology and Frictional Pressure Loss

Single-phase Frictional Pressure Loss

The model handles a mixture of individual fluid components:

• Weight fraction of each component for composed fluids.

Correlations have been implemented to fill in when corresponding data is missing.

Examples of Other Features

Examples of challenges the numerical solution algorithm meets to a high degree: