Enhancement of Thermal Performance of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger by Using Nanofluid

Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development Vol. 22, No. 2 (part-6), March 2018 www.jeasd.
org (ISSN 2520-0917)

The Fourth Scientific Engineering and First Sustainable Engineering Conference
Vol. 22, No. 2 (Part-6), March 2018

ISSN 2520-0917
10.31272/jeasd.2018.2.91
ENHANCEMENT OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF DOUBLE

PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER BY USING NANOFLUID
*Dr. Mushtaq Ismael Hasan1, Dr. Mohammed Dakhel Salman2, Ayat Lateef Thajeel3
1) Prof., Mechanical Engineering Department, Thi-Qar University, Thi-Qar, Iraq

2) Assist. Prof., Mechanical Engineering Department, Thi-Qar University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
3) M.SC, Mechanical Engineering Department, Thi-Qar University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
Abstract: In this paper, the performance of double pipe heat exchanger was studied experimentally
with two flow arrangements (counter and parallel flow) and two types of nanofluid as a cooling fluid.
A (20 nm) nanoparticles of (Al2O3 and TiO2) are used with deionized water as base fluid. The
nanoparticles volume concentrations which studied were (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3) % and flow rates
were (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2) L/min for water and NF. Hot fluid (water) and cold fluid (Nanofluid) flow in heat
exchanger with constant inlet temperature of 59.3 C° and 30.7 C° respectively, so the two fluids
flowing with constant inlet velocity. The experimental results showed that the nanofluid absorbed heat
more than the water at low flow rate, which would lead to improve the thermal performance of heat
exchanger due to enhancing of thermo physical properties of these fluids. Also, it showed that the heat
transfer rate increased with the increasing of nanoparticles concentration. In the same context, one
notice the effect of the type of nanoparticles on the rate of heat transfer, where Al 2O3-water NF had
heat transfer rate greater than that for TiO2-water NF. In addition, it showed that the maximum heat
transfer coefficient (HTC) at 0.3% volume concentration was enhanced by 18.25% and 15.5% for
AL2O3-water nanofluid and TiO2-water nanofluid respectively with 20 nm diameter.
Keywords: Nanofluid; Double pipe heat exchanger; Laminar flow; Effectiveness, Heat transfer
enhancement
‫تحسين األداء الحراري لمبادل حراري مزدوج االنابيب باستخذام موائع نانوية‬
‫ رى فً ْذِ انزسبنخ إجزاء دراسخ وعًهٍخ نألداء انحزاري وانجزٌبٌ نهًوائع انًزُبٍْخ انذقخ وانزً رجزي فً يجبدل حزاري‬:‫الخالصة‬
ٌٍ‫ َبَويزز ثقطز َبَويزز يع يبء غٍز يؤ‬02 ‫ ثقطز‬,TiO2 (AL2O3( ‫ رى اسزخذاو َوعٍٍ يٍ انجشٌئبد انًزُبٍْخ انذقخ‬.‫يشدوج االَبثٍت‬
‫ ٌجزي فً االَجوة انذاخهً يبء يُشوع االٌوَبد سبخٍ ٌذخم ثذرجخ‬.ً‫ رًذ انذراسخ فً يُطقخ انجزٌبٌ انطجبق‬.ً‫ٌسزخذو كًبئع أسبس‬
‫ سٍهٍشٌخ وكال‬52.3 ‫( ٌذخم ثذرجخ حزارح‬Nano fluid( ‫ سٍهٍشٌخ واالَجوة انخبرجً ٌجزي فٍّ يبئع يزُبًْ انذقخ‬3..5 ‫حزارح‬
،2.0 ،2.03 ،2.0 ،2.23( ‫ رى اسزخذاو َوعٍٍ يٍ انًوائع انًزُبٍْخ انذقخ ثخًس رزاكٍش يخزهفخ‬.‫انًبئعٍٍ ٌجزٌبٌ ثسزع دخول ثبثزخ‬
‫ أوضحذ انُزبئج انعًهٍخ‬.‫ ) نزز فً انذقٍقخ وفً ارجبٍٍْ نهجزٌبٌ عكسً ويزواسي‬0 ،0.3 ،0 ،2.3( ‫ وثًعذالد جزٌبٌ يخزهفخ‬% )2.5
‫ كذنك رى اسزُزبج إٌ َوع انجشٌئبد‬.ً‫أٌ يعذل اَزقبل انحزارح ٌشداد ثبسدٌبد َست رزكٍش انجشٌئبد انًزُبٍْخ انذقخ فً انًبئع األسبس‬
‫( ٌعطً يعذل‬AL2O3( ‫انًسزخذيخ نّ رأثٍز عهى يعذل اَزقبل انحزارح حٍث وجذ اٌ انًبئع انًحزوي عهى جشٌئبد أوكسٍذ االنًٍُوو‬
‫ أٌضب وجذ اٌ اعهى يعذل اَزقبل انحزارح عُذ اعهى‬.)TiO2( ‫اَزقبل حزارح اعهى يٍ انًبئع انذي ٌحزوي عهى جشٌئبد أوكسٍذ انزٍزبٍَوو‬
.( ( ‫ نهًبئع‬%03.3 ‫) و‬AL2O3-water( ‫ نهًبئع‬% 02.03 ‫ حٍث كبَذ َسجخ انزحسٍٍ نًعبيم اَزقبل انحزارح ٌجهغ‬%2.5 ‫َسجخ رزكٍش‬
TiO2-water
*mushtaq76h@gmail.com
1. Introduction
150
Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development Vol. 22, No. 2 (part-6), March 2018 www.jeasd.org (ISSN 2520-0917)
Heat transfer fluids, such as ethylene glycol, water and engine oil are used in many
cooling and industrial applications include air conditioning, energy supply, heat
exchanger, and transport. Conventional fluids however have law thermal
conductivities so their heat transfer performance is poor. Development and research
are being accomplished to enhance properties of heat transfer fluids. It was known
that the thermal conductivity of non-metallic materials, such as Copper Oxide and
alumina and solid metallic materials such as copper have thermal conductivities much
higher than that for pure fluids.
There is innovative idea to enhance the thermal conductivity of heat transfer fluids
by adding solid particles into these fluids. This idea was used about two decades ago,
where at beginning it used micrometer-sized solid particles even millimeter, but the
large size of the solid particles caused annoying problems, such as block out channels,
corrosion of the surface, increasing the pressure drop and driftage of the pipeline,
which virtually limits the workable applications. In order to enhance the thermal
conductivity of heat transfer fluids the small quantity of nanoparticles (1 - 100) Nano-
meter adding to the base fluid to make suspensions, this type of fluid is called
nanofluid. This small amount of Nano-particles in the heat transfer fluids enhance
their thermal conductivity [1].
There are many researches available in literature made to study the enhancement of
thermal performance of double pipe heat exchangers by using nanofluids. P C.
Mukeshkumar et al (2012) [2] performed experimental work for heat transfer of
nanofluid using Al2O3-water nanofluid flowing inside heat exchanger of type shell
and helically tube in parallel and counter direction under laminar flow condition and
two volume concentrations 0.4% and 0.8%.
Their result show that the maximum overall heat transfer coefficient was obtained
at counter flow, where the overall heat transfer coefficient of parallel flow was 5-9%
less than that of counter flow at 0.8% volume concentration and 4-8% less than that
counter flow at 0.4 % volume concentration. Jaafar Albadr et al (2013) [3]
experimentally investigated the forced convective heat transfer of nanofluid flowing
in shell and tube heat exchanger under turbulent flow and counter flow direction using
water as the base fluid with different volume concentration (0.3-2) % of alumina with
30 nm diameter. They found that the heat transfer coefficient of the base fluid is lower
than the nanofluid at the same mass flow rate.
The heat transfer coefficient of nanofluid increased with an increase in volume
concentration of Al2O3 nanoparticles in the base fluid and with the increase of the
mass flow rate. However, the viscosity of nanofluid increased with the increasing
volume concentration and therefore the friction factor increase. Reza D. et al (2013)
[4] numerically investigated the heat transfer characteristics of nanofluid in laminar
flow with constant heat flux in the circular tube using alumina nanoparticles in water
with volume concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5)%. They used two particles sizes 50
and 20 nm and assumed all thermo physical properties of nanofluid to be temperature
independent. They found that the heat transfer coefficient increased with increasing
the Reynolds number and with the increase of volume concentration of nanoparticles
151
in water and the maximum heat transfer coefficient at the highest concentration of
nanoparticles in the base fluid is (2.5%). Also the two nanofluids have heat transfer
coefficient higher than that for water, although the nanofluid with 20 nm of
nanoparticles had the highest heat transfer coefficient. Mushtaq I. Hasan (2014) [5]
Numerically investigated (Al2O3-water and Diamond-water) as cooling fluids in
addition to pure fluid with concentration at rang (1-4)% flowing in "micro pin fin heat
sink" in two cases unfinned micro channel and fined micro channel with three
geometries of fins (circular, triangular and square). He used constant wall temperature
boundary condition and same Reynolds number at range (100-900) to remains in
laminar flow.
He found that the using of nanofluid as a cooling fluid lead to enhance the heat
transfer performance because of increasing heat dissipated but this increasing leads to
increase the pressure drop. Nawras A. A. (2014) [6] experimentally investigated the
fluid flow and heat transfer of nanofluids with uniform heat flux flowing inside a
horizontal circular tube with laminar flow. Two types of nanoparticles are used
(Al2O3 of 80 nm) and (Tio2 of 50 nm) with distilled water. Different values of volume
concentration are used (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6) %, the range of Reynolds
number is (785-1962) and heat flux ranging are chosen (50-400 w/m2). She found that
the heat transfer increased with Reynolds number and volume concentration increases
where the highest enhancement was obtained when the Reynolds number equal to
1962 and 0.6% volume concentration. In addition, the type of nanofluid effect on the
range of heat transfer where the Al2O3-disilled water Nano fluid gave value of
enhancement more than the TiO2-distilled water Nano fluid, where the enhancement
was ( 26% and 22%) for Al2O3 and TiO2 respectively.
Hsien H. T. et al (2015) [7] investigated numerically the convective heat transfer of
nanofluids AL2O3/water flowing inside duct with a square cross section under laminar
flow conditions with a constant heat flux. They took six particle concentrations (2.5
%, 2%, 1.5%, 1%, 0.5%, and 0.2%) and used nanoparticles with 25 nm diameter.
They studied the effects of peclet number and concentration of nanoparticle on the
heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids (AL2O3/water). They found that the
increasing in particle volume concentration and peclet number caused increase in
Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficients of nanofluid Al2O3/water.
They also found that the nanofluids heat transfer coefficient was increased about
25.5% at a peclet number of 7500 and 2.5% particle volume concentration compared
with pure water, and the enhancement of the effective thermal conductivity of
AL2O3/water nanofluid was (9.98%) much lower than that of convective heat transfer
coefficient (25.5%). Adel Y.A. (2016) [8] Performed experimental work to enhance
of heat transfer using MgO nanoparticles with 40 diameter with distilled water as
nanofluid flowing inside cross flow finned tube heat exchanger, the test section is
from Pyrex glass and single copper tube with eight passes. Air was passed through
test tube as cooling fluid with different velocity (1, 2, 3 and 4) m/s. water and
nanofluid flowing inside inner tube with different flow rate (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) L/min
and inlet fluid temperature is (50, 60, 70 and 80) C°. The nanoparticles dispersed in
152
base fluid with volume concentration (0.15, 0.35, 0.55 and 0.75) %. From the results
can be seen that the density and thermal conductivity increasing when using
nanofluid, so the heat transfer characteristics is enhanced when using nanofluid.
In this paper an experimental investigations will be done to explore the advantages of
using nanofluid as a coolant to enhance the thermal performance of double pipe heat
exchanger. Different related parameters will be studied, such as nanoparticles type,
flow rate, and concentration.
2. Experimental Work
2.1. Test Device
The experimental rig consists of the following parts:
1- Bench-Top HE from (TEC QUIPMENT) which is consist of:
A-Double pipe heat exchanger
I- Inner pipe is Circular stainless steel pipe with diameters (Do=12mm and
Di=10mm)
II- Outer pipe is Circular glass pipe with diameters (Do=30 mm and Di=20 mm).
B-Hot system board.
C-Digital temperature recorder and digital flow rate recorder.
D-Hub board to connect the device with computer.
E-Thermo couples (six thermo couples for hot and cold fluids).
2- Heater and hot fluid tank.
3- Hot fluid pump.
4- Cold fluid Pump.
5- Electronic flow meter for hot fluid.
6- Flowmeter for nanofluid.
7- Refrigerator and tank for nanofluid.
8- Pressure measurement sensors.
9- Digital pressure recorder.
10- Water pump.
1- Bench top heat exchanger

C D
A-Double pipe heat
B
exchanger
E
B-Hot system board.
C-Digital temperature
recorder and digital flow rate
recorder.
A Figure (1) Experimental
device.
2.2. Specifications of Experimental Test Rig
Two types of fluid are flow in this device, hot fluid (deionized water) and cold fluid
(nanofluid), where heat transfer happened due to difference between temperatures of
153
two fluids. Deionized water set in hot fluid tank and heated by heater to 60 C° then
pumped by hot pump from tank in to device inside inner tube, and nanofluid set in
refrigerator tank is cooled to 30 C° then pumped by cold pump to device inside outer
tube with constant inlet velocity and constant inlet temperature. This procedure is
repeated for all types of nanofluid, all volume concentration and four flow rate values
(0.5, 1, 1.5, 2) L/min where control of the flow rate through flow meter and valve
which putting before the flow meter.
2.3. Tables
In the present study two types of nanoparticles were used (AL2O3) and Titanium
oxide (TiO2) with deionized water as a base fluid. The diameter of nanoparticles is 20
nm. The properties of nanoparticles have been taken from the company.
Table (1) Thermo-physical properties of Al2O3-water nanofluid

Concentration% Density Specific heat Thermal conductivity Viscosity
Kg/m3 J/kg.K W/m.K N.s/m2
Al2O3 3890 880 32 _
Pure water 994.158 4178.4435 0.6215 0.000738
0.05 995.605 4176.794 0.62238 0.000739
0.1 997.053 4175.145 0.62326 0.00074
0.15 998.636 4173.4958 0.62414 0.000741
0.2 1000.129 4171.8466 0.62502 0.000742
0.3 1003.1155 4168.548 0.62679 0.000744
Table (2) Thermo-physical properties of TiO2-water nanofluid

Concentration% Density Specific heat Thermal conductivity Viscosity
Kg/m3 J/kg.K W/m.K N.s/m2
TiO2 3996 690 10.2 _
0.05 995.6589 4176.699 0.622281 0.000739

0.1 997.1598 4174.955 0.623062 0.00074
0.15 998.66 4173.21 0.623844 0.000741
0.2 1000.161 4171.4666 0.624627 0.000742
0.3 1003.1635 4167.478 0.626194 0.000744
3. Mathematical Formulation
3.1. Heat Exchanger Relations
In this paper, double pipe heat exchanger concentric type is used with two
directions of flow (parallel and counter) [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13].
3.1.1. Heat dissipation rate
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
154
QC = QH
3.1.2. Logarithmic mean temperature difference
( )
( )
For parallel flow:

( ) ( ) ( )
For counter flow:

( ) ( ) ( )
3.1.3 Effectiveness
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
Where Cmin is the minimum value of Ch and Cc
( )
3.1.4. Performance Index

It is the ratio of heat exchanger effectiveness to the pressure drop which represents
the overall performance for heat exchanger taken into account both of the thermal and
hydrodynamic performances [10, 12].
( )
3.1.5 Overall heat transfer coefficient
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
155
3.1.6. Heat transfer coefficient
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
Where T1, T2, T3, Tn represent the temperatures along the pipe.
3.1.7. Nusselt number
( )
( )
3.1.8. Reynolds number
( )
( )
( ) ( )
3.2. Thermo-Physical Properties of Nanofluid

Thermo physical properties of nanofluid can be calculated from the following
relations [5, 8, and 14].
3.2.1. Thermal Conductivity
k nf k p  ( SH  1)k f  ( SH  1)c(k f  k p )
 (24)
kf k p  ( SH  1)k f  c(k f  k p )
SH is solid particles shape factor

Where ψ is Sphericity, represent the ratio of sphere surface area with a volume which
equal to that of the particle to particle surface area , SH of spherical particles equal 3.
3.2.2. Density
( ) ( )
156
3.2.3. Specific heat

( ) ( )
3.2.4. Viscosity
( ) ( )
3.2.5. Volume fraction concentration
( )
4. Results and Discussion

The inlet temperatures of cold and hot fluids used are enter to device with
temperature Tci=303 k and Thi=333 k respectively. Two flow arrangements were
studied for heat exchanger (parallel and counter) flow. The tests were made for water-
water case and then repeated for water-nanofluid with two types of nanofluids, and
different values of volume concentration, and flow rates.
Figure (2) explains the relation between the specific heat (CP) of nanofluid with the
volume concentration for Al2O3-water nanofluid and TiO2-water nanofluid. This
figure shows that the CP is decreasing when the volume concentration of nanoparticles
is increased. This is because of the lower CP of nanoparticles compared with pure
fluid, which cause the decreasing in the CP of fluid when the nanoparticles are added
to pure fluid. In addition, the CP of Al2O3-water nanofluid is higher than that for TiO2-
water nanofluid because of the higher CP of Al2O3 compared with that for TiO2
nanoparticle.
4177.0
4176.5 Al2O3-water
4176.0 Tio2-water
4175.5
4175.0
4174.5
4174.0
Specific heat (J/kg.K)
4173.5
4173.0
4172.5
4172.0
4171.5
4171.0
4170.5
4170.0
4169.5
4169.0
4168.5
4168.0
4167.5
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
concentration%
Figure (2) The variation in specific heat against concentration

for Al2O3-water and TiO2-water nanofluid.
Figure (3) represents the variation of difference in temperature of hot fluid (Tho-
Thi) against the flowrate for two types of NF and pure water in two flow directions.
This figure shows that the temperature difference is decreased with the increasing in
157
the flowrate for all cases due to the increasing of the velocity of flow and as a result,
the fluids have no enough time for heat exchange. In addition, this shows that the
temperature difference for two NF is higher than that for pure water due to improving
of thermo physical properties of fluid by adding nanoparticles, which lead to enhance
the efficiency of heat transfer process.
8.0
Al2O3-water parallel
Al2O3-water counter
7.5 Tio2-water parallel
Tio2-water counter
Hot temperature differance (C°)
water-water parallel
7.0
water-water counter
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20
Flow rate (L/min)
Figure (3) The variation of hot fluid temperature difference against flowrate for
Al2O3and TiO2 in two flow directions at 0.3% concentration.
Figure (4) indicates the variation of difference in temperature of hot fluid versus
the volume concentration for two fluids with two flow arrangements. The zero
concentration represents pure water case. This figure shows that the temperature
difference is increasing when the volume concentration for all cases is increased
because of increasing in the thermal conductivity of nanofluid, which increases the
amount of nanoparticles in base fluid as a result of increasing the volume
concentration. Also figures (7 and 8), show that Al2O3-water nanofluid temperature
difference is greater than that for TiO2-water nanofluid for all cases because of Al2O3
nanoparticles thermal conductivity is high compared with that for TiO2 nanoparticles,
which causes extra enhancement in heat transfer process. Also the counter flow
direction is the best one compared with the parallel flow since it cause higher values
of temperature difference for all types of studied fluids.
8.0
Al2O3-water counter
7.8
Tio2-water parallel
Hot temperature difference (C°)
Tio2-water counter
7.6
7.4
7.2
7.0
6.8
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
concentration %
Figure (4) The variation of hot fluid temperature difference against concentration
for Al2O3and TiO2 in two flow directions at 0.5 L/min flow rate.
158
Figure (5) shows the variation of heat exchanger effectiveness versus flowrate for
two types of nanofluid and pure water in two flow directions. This figure shows that
the effectiveness is decreased with the increasing in the flow rate for all flow
arrangements and nanofluids due to increasing of the actual heat transfer rate is
smaller than the increasing in maximum heat transfer rate with the increasing of flow
rate, which leads to decreasing in effectiveness. Also this shows that the effectiveness
for two nanofluids is higher than that for pure water due to the higher amount of heat
exchanged that is caused by the larger thermal conductivity of nanofluids compared
with pure water. In addition, this shows that the effectiveness for Al2O3-water NF is
higher than that for TiO2-water and pure water for all values of flow rate. Moreover,
the counter flow for two nanofluids is higher than the parallel flow because of the
amount of heat dissipated for counter flow is higher than that for parallel flow.
Further, the heat dissipated for counter flow is higher than the parallel flow as
explained previously.
0.28
0.27 Al2O3-water counter
Tio2-water parallel
0.26
Tio2-water counter
0.25 Water-Water parallel

Water-Water counter
0.24
Effectiveness
0.23
0.22
0.21
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

Flow rate (L/min)
Figure (5) The variation of Effectiveness versus flow rate for TiO2-water, Al2O3-water nanofluids and
water in parallel and counter directions at 0.3% concentration.
Figure (6) shows the variation of effectiveness against the nanoparticles volume
concentration for two nanofluid with two flow directions.
This figure shows that the effectiveness is increasing when the volume
concentration is increased because of increasing the heat dissipated in case of
nanofluid due to the increasing in the thermal conductivity of NF with the rising of
the volume concentration value as a results of dispersing extra amount of
nanoparticles. Also this shows that the Al2O3-water nanofluid effectiveness is higher
than that for TiO2-water NF for all values of flow rate.
In addition, the counter flow for two nanofluids is higher than the parallel flow for
same reason that mentioned previously in Figure (5).
In order to investigate the hydrodynamic performance of heat exchanger by using the
nanofluid as coolant.
159
0.275

Tio2-water parallel
0.265 Tio2-water counter
Effectiveness
0.260
0.255
0.250
0.245
0.240
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
concentration %
Figure (6) The variation of Effectiveness against concentration for Al2O3-water and
TiO2-water nanofluid in two flow directions at 0.5 L/min flow rate.
The variation of pressure drop with volume concentration for two kinds of NF with
two flow arrangements is presented in Figure (7). As expected, the pressure drop is
increased as the volume concentration value is increases for all cases due to the
increasing in the viscosity of nanofluid which refers to high amount of nanoparticles
dispersed in base fluid. Also, this figures shows that the small difference between the
pressure drop of Al2O3-water and TiO2-water nanofluid due to the difference in
density of Al2O3-water nanofluid and TiO2-water nanofluid. Previous figures give an
indication about the thermal performance and hydrodynamic performance separately.
It is important to get insight about the overall performance taking into account both
the thermal and hydrodynamic performance. In order to investigate the overall
performance of heat exchanger, so called performance index is calculated as
explained previously.
578.00
577.50
577.00
576.75
576.50
576.25
Pressure Drop (Pa)
576.00
575.75
575.50
575.25
575.00
574.75
574.50
574.25
574.00
573.75
573.50
573.25
573.00
572.75
572.50
0.00 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.20 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.35
concentration%
Figure (7) The variation of pressure drop against concentration for Al2O3-water and
TiO2-water nanofluid in two flow directions at 0.5 L/min flow rate.
Figure (8) indicates the variation of performance index versus flowrate for two
types of nanofluid and pure water in two flow directions. This figure shows that the
performance index is decreased with the increasing in the flow rate for all cases
because of the increasing in pressure drop with flow rate is larger than the
effectiveness with flow rate which leads to decreasing in the performance index,
where the performance index for pure water at 0.5 L/min is 0.0031 and for Al2O3-
160
water and TiO2-water nanofluid at 0.3% concentration is 0.0035 and 0.0034

respectively. Also, this figure reveals that the performance index for two nanofluid is
higher than that for pure water due to the enhancement that is occurred in
effectiveness when using nanofluids instead of pure water.
Figure (9) represents the variation of performance index against volume
concentration for two NF in two directions of flow. This figure reveals that the
performance index is increased as the volume concentration is increases for all
selected ranges concentration for all cases because of the increasing in the
effectiveness is dominated with the rising in pressure drop, which leads to increase the
performance index. In addition, figures (8 and 9) show that the performance index for
Al2O3-water nanofluid is larger than TiO2-water nanofluid because of the
enhancement in effectiveness with the former nanofluid is larger than latter. Also, the
performance index of nanofluids in the counter direction of flow is larger than that for
parallel flow arrangement for two nanofluids due to the heat dissipated for nanofluids
in counter direction of flow is greater than that for parallel flow arrangement which
causes higher effectiveness.
0.0036
0.0034 water-water parallel
0.0032 water-water counter
0.0030
AL2O3-water parallel
0.0028
Performance index

0.0022
Tio2-water counter
0.0020
0.0018
0.0016
0.0014
0.0012
0.0010
0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
0.0002
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1
Flow rate (L/min)
Figure (8) The variation of performance index versus flowrate for Al2O3-water and TiO2-water
nanofluid in two flow directions at 0.3% concentration.
0.003525
Al2O3-water paralle
0.003500
AL2O3-water counter
0.003475
Tio2-water paralle
0.003450
Tio2-water counter
0.003425
0.003400
Performance index
0.003375
0.003350
0.003325
0.003300
0.003275
0.003250
0.003225
0.003200
0.003175
0.003150
0.003125
0.00 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.20 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.35
concentration%
Figure (9) The variation of performance index against volume concentration for Al 2O3-
water and TiO2-water nanoflui in two flow directions at 0.5L/min flow rate.
161
Figure (10) shows the variation of the Nusselt's number versus concentration for
two nanofluid and pure water in two flow directions. This figure shows that the
Nusselt's number is increased as the volume concentration is increases for all cases.
Also this figure reveal that, the Nusselt's number for two nanofluid is larger than that
for pure water because the Nusselt's number depends on the heat transfer coefficient
and thermal conductivity, so that the heat transfer coefficient and thermal conductivity
of nanofluids are higher in nanofluids which leads to produce the Nusselt's number of
nanofluid higher than pure water. Also, this figure shows that the Nusselt's number for
Al2O3-water nanofluid is higher than TiO2-water nanofluid because of the heat
transfer coefficient and thermal conductivity of Al2O3-water are higher than that for
TiO2-water. In addition, the counter flow direction is the best one compared with
parallel flow direction since it leads to higher values of Nusselt's number for all types
of nanofluids.
35.50
35.00
34.50
34.00
33.50
33.00
32.50
Nu
32.00
31.50
31.00
30.50
Al2O3-water counter
30.00
TiO2-water parallel
29.50
TiO2-water counter
29.00
0.00 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.20 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.35
Concentration%
Figure (10) The variation of nusselt's number versus concentration for Al2O3-water
and TiO2-water NF in two flow directions at 0.5 L/min flow rate.
Figure (11) represents the relation between outer and inner heat transfer coefficient
and volume concentration for all nanofluid in two-flow directions. This figure shows
that the heat transfer coefficient is increased as the volume concentration is increased
for all cases because of enhancing the heat transfer process as result of improving the
thermal physical properties of fluid.
2500
hi Al2o3-water paralle
hi Al2o3-water counter
2400 hi Tio2-water parallel
hi Tio2-water counter
2300 ho Al2o3-water paralle

ho Al2o3-water counter
ho Tio2-water parallel
2200
ho Tio2-water counter
2100
h (W/m^2.K)
2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

concentration %
Figure (11) The variation of inner and outer heat transfer coefficient versus concentration
for Al2O3-water and TiO2-water nanofluid in two flow directions at 0.5 L/min flow rate.
162
Figure (12) represents the relation between outer and inner heat transfer coefficient
and flowrate for two nanofluid and pure water in two flow directions. These figures
show that the heat transfer coefficient is increased, as the flowrate of nanofluid is
increases because of the heat transfer rate of nanofluid is increased when the flowrate
of nanofluid is increased. Also, this show that the heat transfer coefficient for
nanofluid is larger than that for base fluids due to enhancing of thermo physical
properties of fluid by adding nanoparticles which lead to increase the efficiency of
heat transfer process. Figures (11 and 12) reveal that the heat transfer coefficient of
Al2O3-water nanofluid is larger than that for TiO2-water nanofluid due to the thermal
conductivity of the former is larger than the latter. In addition, the counter flow is
better than the parallel flow arrangement, which causes higher values of heat transfer
coefficient of nanofluids.
2300 Al2O3-water parallel

2200 Al2O3-water counter
2100 Tio2-water parallel
2000 Tio2-water counter

water-water parallel
1900
water-water counter
1800
1700
hi (W/m^2.K)
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
Flow rate (L/min)
A-Inner heat transfer coefficient.

2000
1900
Al2O3-water counter
1800 Tio2-water parallel
1700 Tio2-water counter
1600 water-water parallel

water-water counter
1500
ho (W/m^2.K)
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
0.40 0.80 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.40

Flow rate (L/min)
B-Outer heat transfer coefficient.
Figure (12) The variation of inner and outer heat transfer coefficient versus flow rate
for Al2O3-water and TiO2-water nanofluid in two flow directions at 0.3% concentration.
163
5. Conclusions
In this paper, experimental investigation is made to study the effect of using
nanofluid as cooling medium instead of pure fluid on the performance of parallel and
counter flow double pipe heat exchanger. From results it can concluded that:
1- Using of nanofluid cause the increasing of effectiveness and performance index of
counter and parallel flow double pipe heat exchanger.
2- The Al2O3-water nanofluid absorb heat more than that for Tio2-water nanofluid
because of the thermal conductivity of Al2O3 nanoparticles is higher than that for
Tio2 nanoparticles.
3- The counter flow arrangement is best than that of parallel flow arrangements for all
types of nanofluid studied.
4- The enhancement of thermal performance is increased with using nanoparticles
have high thermal conductivity.
5- The improvement in heat exchanger thermal performance increased with increasing
volume concentration due to extra enhancement in heat transfer process.
6- The effect of nanofluids at lower flow rate of fluids is larger while at higher flow
rate the effect of nanofluids is small.
Nomenclature
CP Specific heat (J/kg.K)
K Thermal conductivity (W/m.K)
Q Heat transfer rate (W)
hnf Heat transfer coefficient of nanofluid (W/m2.K)
Nunf Nusselt's number of nanofluid
Renf Reynolds number of nanofluid
U Overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2.K)
T Temperature (C°)
ΔP Pressure drop (bar)
Dh hydraulic diameter (m)
Ai inner area of heat exchanger (m2)
Ao outer area of heat exchanger (m2)
µ Dynamic viscosity (N.s/m2)
ρ Density (kg/m3)
ε effectiveness
φ volume concentration %
6. References
1. Zenghu Han, (2008)"nanofluid with enhanced thermal transport properties",
University of Maryland at college of park, thesis for the degree of Doctor of
philosophy of science of Mechanical engineering,
2. P. C. Muckeshkumar, J. Kumar, S. Suresh, K. Praveen babu, 2012,"Experimental
study on parallel and counter flow configuration of a shell and helically coiled
164
tube heat exchanger using Al2O3/water nanofluid", J. Master. Environ, sci. 3, Vol.
4, p.p. 766-775
3. Jaafar. A, Satinder. T, Mushtaq. A, 2013,"Heat transfer through heat exchanger
using Al2O3 nanofluid at different concentration", Case Studies in Thermal
Engineering, Vol.1, p.p. 38-44
4. R. Davarnejad, S. Barati, M. Kooshki, 2013,"CFD simulation of the effect of
particles size on the nanofluids convective heat transfer in the developed region in
a circular tube", Springer Plus, Vol. 2, 2013, 192
5. M. I. Hasan, 2014, "Investigation of flow and heat transfer characteristics in micro
pin fin heat sink with nanofluid", Applied thermal engineering, Vol. 63, p.p. 598-
607
6. Nawras A. A, 2014 "Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Uniformly Heated Tube
Using nanofluids", University of Babylon , thesis for the degree of Master science
in Mechanical engineering,
7. H. H. Ting, S. S.Huo, 2015,"Investigation of laminar convective heat transfer for
Al2O3-water nanofluids flowing through a square cross-section duct with a
constant heat flux", Materials, Vol. 8, 5321-5335, dio: 10.3390/ma8085246
8. Z K. Kadhim, M S. Kassim, A Y.Abdul Hassan, 2016,"Effect of (MgO) nanofluid
on heat transfer characteristics for integral finned tube heat exchanger",
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJEMT), Vol. 7,
p.p. 11-24
9. R. B.Bird, Warren. E. S, Edwin. N. L, Transport Phenomena, second edition, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2002
10. M. I. Hasan, A. A. Rageb and M.Yaghoubi 2012"Investigation of a Counter Flow
Microchannel Heat Exchanger Performance with Using Nanofluid as a Coolant",
Journal of Electronics Cooling and Thermal Control, Vol. 2, 2012, p.p. 35-43,
doi:10.4236/jectc.2012.23004
11. Yunus A. Cengel, HEAT TRANSFER, A Practical Approach, Second edition,
McGraw-Hill Series in Mechanical engineering, 2010
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Mechanical engineering, 2010
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geometry on the performance of a counter flow micro channel heat exchanger",
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165

Enhancement of Thermal Performance of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger by Using Nanofluid

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Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development Vol. 22, No. 2 (part-6), March 2018 www.jeasd.

org (ISSN 2520-0917)

Vol. 22, No. 2 (Part-6), March 2018

ENHANCEMENT OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF DOUBLE

1) Prof., Mechanical Engineering Department, Thi-Qar University, Thi-Qar, Iraq

1- Bench top heat exchanger

Table (1) Thermo-physical properties of Al2O3-water nanofluid

Table (2) Thermo-physical properties of TiO2-water nanofluid

0.05 995.6589 4176.699 0.622281 0.000739

3.1.1. Heat dissipation rate

3.1.2. Logarithmic mean temperature difference

For parallel flow:

For counter flow:

Where Cmin is the minimum value of Ch and Cc

3.1.4. Performance Index

3.1.5 Overall heat transfer coefficient

3.1.6. Heat transfer coefficient

3.1.7. Nusselt number

3.1.8. Reynolds number

3.2. Thermo-Physical Properties of Nanofluid

3.2.1. Thermal Conductivity

SH is solid particles shape factor

3.2.3. Specific heat

3.2.5. Volume fraction concentration

4. Results and Discussion

Figure (2) The variation in specific heat against concentration

0.25 Water-Water parallel

0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

0.270 Al2O3-water counter

0.265 Tio2-water counter

water and TiO2-water nanofluid at 0.3% concentration is 0.0035 and 0.0034

0.0024 Tio2-water parallel

2300 ho Al2o3-water paralle

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

2300 Al2O3-water parallel

2100 Tio2-water parallel

2000 Tio2-water counter

A-Inner heat transfer coefficient.

1600 water-water parallel

0.40 0.80 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.40

B-Outer heat transfer coefficient.

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