INVERSE

TRIGONOMETRIC 1.2.3
FUNCTIONS
 QUIZ! 

Integral Problem Proper/Appropriate substitution to

solve the problem
u=
𝟏. 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 du=

u=
𝟐. 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 du=

u=
𝟑. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 du=
CONTINUITY OF INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

DOMAIN
f  x   Arc sin x
  1,1 
f  x   Arc cos x
f  x   Arc tan x
   ,  
f  x   Arc cot x
f  x   Arc sec x
   ,  1    1,   
f  x   Arc csc x
CONTINUITY OF INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

•The inverse trigonometric

functions are
CONTINUOUS over their
respective domains except
for some boundary points.
DERIVATIVE OF INVERSE SINE
FUNCTION

Let y  Arc sin x.

dx
 x  sin y   cos y
dy
dy 1 1
  dx 
dx cos y
dy
sin y  cos y  1  cos y  1  sin 2 y
2 2

dy 1 1
  
dx cos y 1 x 2

1
Thus, Dx  Arc sin x   .2
1 x
CONTINUITY OF INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1
Dx  Arc sin x  
1 x 2
1
Dx  Arc tan x  
1 x 2
1
Dx  Arc sec x  
x 2
x 1
CONTINUITY OF INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1
Dx  Arc cos x  
1 x 2
1
Dx  Arc cot x  
1 x 2
1
Dx  Arc csc x  
x 2
x 1
CONTINUITY OF INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1
Dx  Arc cos x  
1 x 2
1
Dx  Arc cot x  
1 x 2
1
Dx  Arc csc x  
x 2
x 1
CHAIN RULE
Let u be a differentiable function of x.
1
Dx  Arc sin u    Dx u
1u 2
1
Dx  Arc tan u    Dx u
1u 2
1
Dx  Arc sec u    Dx u
2
u u 1
CHAIN RULE
Let u be a differentiable function of x.
1
Dx  Arc cos u    Dx u
1u 2
1
Dx  Arc cot u    Dx u
1u 2

1
Dx  Arc csc u    Dx u
2
u u 1
EXAMPLE 1. SOLVE FOR 𝒚′.
𝒚 = 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏

Solution:
𝒚 = 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
′
𝟏
⇒𝒚 =− ⋅ 𝑫𝒙 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏
=− ⋅ 𝟐𝒙
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝟐
𝟐𝒙
=−
𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟒
EXAMPLE 2. (P. 8, TRY THIS #2)
SOLVE FOR 𝒚′ IF 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙𝟐

Solution:
𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙𝟐
⇒ 𝒚′ = 𝟐𝒙 ⋅ 𝑫𝒙 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙𝟐 + 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙𝟐 ⋅ 𝑫𝒙 𝟐𝒙
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟐𝒙 ⋅ ⋅ 𝑫 𝒙 𝒙 + 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝟐
𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
= 𝟐𝒙 ⋅ 𝟒
⋅ 𝟐𝒙 + 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 ⋅𝟐
𝟏+𝒙
𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝟐
= + 𝟐𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
𝟏 + 𝒙𝟒
EXAMPLE 2. (P. 8, TRY THIS #2)
SOLVE FOR 𝒚′ IF 𝒚 = 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝟑

Solution:
𝟑
𝒚 = 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)
⇒ 𝒚′ = 𝟑 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝟐
⋅ 𝑫𝒙 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)
𝟐
𝟏
= 𝟑 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) ⋅ ⋅ 𝑫𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
= 𝟑 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) ⋅ ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏
FOR MORE EXERCISES:

•p. 17, Lecture Guide Unit 1

WHAT’S THE “GLITCH”?

1
Dx  Arc sin x  
1 x 2


1
 dx  Arc sin x  C
1 x 2
1
 
1
dx   dx
1 x 2 1 x 2
  Arc cos x  C
WHAT’S THE “GLITCH”?


1
dx  Arc sin x  C
1 x 2


1
dx   Arc cos x  C
1 x 2
HOW IS THIS POSSIBLE?

Arc sin x   Arc cos x 
2
INTEGRALS YIELDING INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS


1
dx  Arc sin x  C
1 x 2

 1  x2
1
dx  Arc tan x  C

x
1
dx  Arc sec x  C
2
x 1
INTEGRALS YIELDING INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

If a is a constant,
x

1
dx  Arc sin  C
2
a x 2 a
x

1 1
dx  Arc tan  C
2
a x 2 a a
x
x
1 1
dx  Arc sec  C
2
x a2 a a
If u is a differentiable function
of x and a is a constant,
du u
 2
a u 2
 Arc sin  C
a
du 1 u
 2
a u 2

a
Arc tan
a
 C

du 1 u
 2
u u a 2
 Arc sec  C
a a
EXAMPLE. EVALUATE
𝟑
𝒅𝒙 .
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓
Solution:
𝟑 𝒅𝒖
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓 𝒖 𝒖𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
𝟏 𝒖
= 𝟑 ⋅ 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐞𝐜 + 𝑪
Let 𝒖 = 𝒙, 𝒂 = 𝟓 𝒂 𝒂
𝟑 𝒙
⇒ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐞𝐜 + 𝑪
𝟓 𝟓
EXAMPLE. EVALUATE
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝟐
𝒅𝒙 .
𝟔 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

Solution:
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒖
𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = −
𝟔 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐
𝟏 𝒖
Let 𝒖 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙, = − 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 + 𝑪
𝒂 𝒂
𝒂= 𝟔 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
⇒ 𝒅𝒖 = −𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 +𝑪
𝟔 𝟔
⇒ −𝒅𝒖 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
EXAMPLE. EVALUATE
𝟐
𝒅𝒙 .
𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐

Solution:
We first complete the square of 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 .
𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒 − 𝟒 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐
= 𝟒 − (𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 )
= 𝟐𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝟐
Hence,
𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝟐
EXAMPLE. EVALUATE
𝟐
𝒅𝒙 .
𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐

𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝟐

𝒅𝒖
=𝟐
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐
Let 𝒖 = 𝒙 − 𝟐, 𝒖
𝒂=𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 + 𝑪
𝒂
⇒ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒙−𝟐
= 𝟐 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 +𝑪
𝟐
DERIVATIVE OF THE NATURAL
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

x  
Dx e  e x

. . . to be established later
EXAMPLE 3. (P. 11, TRY THIS #5)
EVALUATE
𝒅𝒙
𝒆𝟐𝒙 − 𝟗
Solution:
𝒅𝒙 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 𝒙
⋅
𝒆𝟐𝒙 − 𝟗 𝒆 𝒆𝟐𝒙 − 𝟗
𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙
=
Let 𝒖 =𝒆𝒙 , 𝒆𝒙 𝒆𝒙 𝟐 − 𝟑𝟐
𝒂=𝟑 𝒅𝒖
⇒ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒖 𝒖𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
EXAMPLE 3. (P. 11, TRY THIS #5)
EVALUATE
𝒅𝒙
𝒆𝟐𝒙 − 𝟗
Solution:
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖
=
𝒆𝟐𝒙 − 𝟗 𝒖 𝒖𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
𝟏 𝒖
= 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐞𝐜 + 𝑪
𝒂 𝒂
Let 𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙 ,
𝒂=𝟑
𝟏 𝒆𝒙
= 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐞𝐜 + 𝑪
⇒ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟑 𝟑
HOW ABOUT THESE???

 Arc sin xdx  ???

 Arc sec xdx  ???

 Arc tan xdx  ???

FOR MORE EXERCISES:

•p. 20, Lecture Guide Unit 1

EXAMPLE. EVALUATE
dx
x 2
x 6
Solution:
dx 1 x
x 2
x 6

6
Arc sec
6
C

a 6
EXAMPLE 1. EVALUATE
cos x
 2
3  sin x
dx

Solution:


cos x du
 2
3  sin x
dx 
3u 2
u
 Arc sin C
Let u  sin x 3
du  cos x  dx  sin x 
a 3  Arc sin   C
 3 
EXAMPLE 2. EVALUATE

 x2  8 x  25
2
dx

Solution:
dx
 x2  8 x  25  x2  8 x  25
2
dx  2

2
x  8 x  25
2 2
 x  8 x  4  25  4 2

 x  4   9  x  4   3
2 2 2
Solution (continued):
dx
 x2  8 x  25  32   x  4 2
2
dx  2

du
Let u  x  4
du  dx
2
 3 2  u2
a3 1 u
 2  Arc tan  C
3 3
2 x4
 Arc tan C
3 3
EXAMPLE 3. ( TRY THIS #5)
EVALUATE
𝒅𝒙
𝒆𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒
Solution: x
e dx
 2 x
e 4
dx 

e x

2
e 4x
du
Let u  e x

 2
u u 4
x
du  e  dx 1 u
a2  Arc sec  C
2 2
Solution (continued):

Thus,
dx e x

1
 Arc sec  C
2 x
e 4 2 2
HOMEWORK. 1 WHOLE
EVALUATE THE FF:

e x
 4 e 2 x
dx

x
 x2  1 4 2
x  2x  3
dx

𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟔𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
END 1.2.3