1d aie) leis) 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6, 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 Chapter D Ladle and Tundish Contents Ladle Ladle lining High-alumina ladle lining Basic ladle lining Ladle preheating Ladle nozzles Inert gas stirring Ladle covering Reoxidation protection and ladle lift Tundish General Tundish lining Cold tundish Standard type tundish Protection against reoxidation and covering the steel bath in the tundish Slag weirs, baffles, and argon stirring Tundish nozzles Tundish slide gates Stoppered tundish nozzles Stoppers Submerged nozzles Emergency slide gates Preheating of tundish Tundish preparation shopChapter D Ladle and Tundish Ladle Ladle lining The type of ladle lining depends on local requirements and the intended method of ladle treatment. Basic and high-alumina linings are mainly used in continuous casting, while acid ladle linings are no more seen adequate for high quality conticasting. High-alumina ladle lining High-alumina ladle bricks, such as bauxite or corundum, have a very good service life and are resistant to high temperatures. A disadvantage, however, is the high heat conductivity of high-alumina refractory. This means that the liquid steel in the ladle loses more heat during casting than in a ladle with les’ dense bricks. Too high heat losses may lead to steel freezing and skull formation in the ladle. Therefore, an overall high-alumina lining is not recommended for continuous casting. A common practice is the combination of basic material with high-alumina lining in critical areas, e. g. the bottom. Basic ladle lining Basic lining material, such as dolomite or magnesite, is used in case of steel desulphurization or Casi treatment in the ladle. Since the temperature shock re- sistance of basic refractory material is low, ladles lined with such material should be covered with lids and must be heated between the casts. Therefore, the heat content of such ladle lining is generally high enough to avoid major heat losses.1.2 Ladle preheating The need to keep the steel temperature as constant as possible during the casting period demands that the refractory material of the ladle lining must not extract too much heat from the steel. This means on the one hand that the insulating capability of the lining must be high, a feature which can be augmented by a special insulating layer provided between the working layer and the ladle steel shell. On the other hand, the refractory lining of the ladle must be heated so much that only little heat is removed from the steel. For this reason, preheating stations are employed. They serve to heat the ladle lining not only superficially but through- out the entire thickness. The Mannesmann practice is to heat newly lined ladles for a period of 24 hours. Additionally, the first heat to be tapped into asmewly lined ladle is tapped 10 to 15 °C hotter to compensate for possible heat losses. This higher tapping temperature also allows a longer stirring timé in order to attain a high level temperature distribution in the brickwork. Ladles with basic and high-alumina linings must be heated between casts. D-s 21.3 Ladle nozzles slide gates for ladles are normal state of the art. If properly maintained and serviced, ladle slide gates are reliable, relatively easy to change, and, above all, allow longer treatment and waiting times of the steel in the ladle because, unlike stoppers, they are not exposed to direct slag attack. Ladle slide gates not only offer advantages. One dis~ advantage is that the flow rate thrcugh the gate opening varies with the steel level in the iadle. Therefore, a slide gate must either have several bores of different sizes or a throttling capability which is satisfactory enough to ensure a compact, non-flaring, and vertical steel stream even when the flow is considerably throttled. Another slide gate disadvantage is the fact that much earlier than in a stoppered ladle, slag is drawn into the vortex before the ladle becomes empty. Since the slag runs inside the steel stream it flows into the tundish unnoticed. This may entail problems, especially during sequence casting, where ladle slag can be sucked through the tundish into the mould. Ladle slide gates are usually gas-cooled. Often air is used as the cooling medium. As no slide gate design can completely exclude contact between cooling gas and the steel stream, air should not be used for cooling when casting strands which require high cleanliness. Argon should be preferred or nitrogen where no nitrogen pickup must be feared.D-s Ladle nozzle bore sizes depend on the desired casting rate. A diameter of 65 mm is suitable for capacities of up to about 6.5 tons per minute, but 70 or 75 mm dia. nozzle bores are required for higher rates. It 4s important to carefully fill the slide gate bore with suitable sand to ensure gate opening without delay. oxygen lancing to open the nozzle of a ladle is difficult because the tundish under the ladle most often impedes access with the necessarily long oxygen lance. If oxygen lancing takes too much time, the tundish and the submerged nozzles cool down too much and may cause major casting start problems. Besides, the ladle shroud cannot be put into position immediately after lancing. This means, that there is no shrouding of the steel stream for a considerable time period. Especially in se- quence casting, this can be a serious problem. When using a suitable sand and a correct filling practi- ce, the frequency of "self-opening" should be well above 95 &. Inert gas stirring Inert gas stirring in the ladle has been described in Chapter C, item 4.2. Ladle covering Heats tapped slag-free or with little slag must be covered with an insulating compound in the ladle to avoid or reduce temperature drop by radiation and to inhibit reoxidation. Of course, such compounds should not react with the steel and should not form a highly fluid slag which might be sucked through the vortex into the tundish and possibly into the mould. 2The following materials are suitable for ladle covering: Compound sid, Fe. 05 c Consumppion type % % % per m steel level area Calcinatea | 90-95] - - <5 | 10-15 kg/m? rice ash Fly-ash 35 | 20 8 25 | 30-45 kg/m? (Glutin 25) Calcinated rice ash evolves much dust, and fly-ash may cause recarburization in low carbon steels, especially during re-stirring. Ladles with basic lining must be covered with lids. Nevertheless, the direct covering with insulating mass has to be applied additionally.1.6 Reoxidation protection and ladle lift Conticast strands with low oxide impurities can only be produced if the liquid steel is protected against reoxidation by the oxygen of the air. Fig. 1 schematically shows several protection methods between the ladle and the tundish and between the tundish and the mould. For details see Chapter H, “Special Process Techniques’ A ladle lifting device is a highly recommended aid in protecting the steel stream against reoxidation. Its advantage becomes obvious when the nozzle of the ladle has to be opened with an oxygen lance or when the ladle 4s almost empty and the slag must be recognized early enough. Fig. 2 shows a ladle turret with a hydraulic one-cylinder lifting device. D-s 223 2.2 D-s Tundish General Tundishes serve several purposes at the same time. A tundish has to distribute the liquid steel to the moulds without major heat losses and it should allow coarse impurities to rise to the surface of the metal bath. The tundish also has to serve as a capacity buffer between the ladle and the moulds, enable accurate control of the steel flow into the moulds, and must offer enough storage capacity for the ladle change in case of sequence casting. The bottom and the sidewalls should be straight, without unnecessary corners or recesses in order to avoid erosion or freezing. Sidewalls slightly inclined outwa?d from bottom to top are preferred as this shape makes deskulling easier. This design also facilitates access to the moulds and allows the operators to look into them (see profile in Fig. 3). The tundish shape is mainly dictated by the arrangement of the strands. strands arranged in line require an oblong tundish, either with a central inlet opening (rectangular tundish) or an inlet box attached to one tundish side (T-shape or delta-shape tundish). The position of the inlet opening should be symmetrical between the strands to avoid un- equal flow distances to the moulds. The tundish must be high enough to always ensure a sufficient depth of the (steel bath even when ladles are changed so that no slag or covering compound can flow through the tundish nozzles into the moulds. Experience shows that a suitable bath depth is approx. 600 mm or more for stopper controlled tundishes. 2D-s The tundish capacity must be great enough to make a reduction in the casting speed unnecessary when the supply of steel is interrupted during ladle changing. Depending on the casting rate and the number of strands, the tundish capacity should be in the range of 30 - 60 tons. A tundish must have an overflow spout to avoid un- controlled overflowing in case of a free running ladle. Tundish lids are preferably made from rolled or continuously cast slabs (if residual length slabs are available). Lids with bricked or rammed refractory lining are also in use. The refractory lining of the lids must not spall off and fall into the tundish. Tundish lining Regarding lining and treatment, several tundish types are available for continuous casting. According to Mannesmann's experience, the two best known systems can be grouped as follows: * Cold tundish: not very suitable for the casting of high quality steel * Standard type tundish: suitable for all steel grades 22.2.1 Cold tundish Opinions atout cold tundishes with cold boards differ. Some casting machine users found out that cold boards improve and others that cold boards deteriorate the level of oxide purity. Surely, these findings must be related to the type and quality of the refractory material used as a reference base. No doubt, both acid and basic cold boards yield hydro- gen to the steel for about 10 minutes after casting start. The hydrogen pickup in the.case of basic cold boards (from chemical binder and moisture) is about 4 ppm in addition to the existing level. Preheating the tundish can reduce hydrogen pickup but necessitates a preheating station. Preheating may cause the disintegration of the cold boards. Stoppers and sub- merged nozzles need preheating in any case. Since usually only the stoppers and nozzles and not the tundish sidewalls are preheated, heat loss and spot freezing of the liquid steel may occur during the filling of the tundish or when casting is started. If freezing occurs on the stopper head or stopper seat of the nozzle, the stopper can no longer be completely closed - at least for a short period -, and the steel stream cannot be throttled. Generally, it is attempted to avoid this by using 5 - 10 °C higher steel tempera- tures. The disadvantage is that the energy input during steelmaking must be increased and moreover such super- heating of the steel is not an appropriate solution be- cause the temperature in the tundish stabilizes soon after casting start and the temperature level of the steel remains too high during the main part of the casting time.= 0L" Further disadvantages of cold boards are: More time is required for the fitting of the boards than for the gunning of a tundish. The insulation effect of the boards slows down the cooling rate of the skull in the tundish after casting, which results in longer waiting times and therefore longer tundish turn-around times. Also, much dust arises when a cold tundish is tilted. Mannesmann does not recommend the cold tundish for the casting of high-quality steel. D-s 2ze2ea| D-s 2 -i- Standard type tundish Most continuous casters are equipped with conventionally brick-lined tundishes in which the brick lining surface is coated with a.refractory mix. It is unimportant for the quality of the cast steel whether the mix is applied by ramming, brushing, or gunning. However, the mix must be suitable for its duty and the method of its application. Gunning, an easy and fast method, is very common today. A tundish lining consisting of fireclay bricks and a coating of gunned-on magnesite mix has proved to be @ good combination. First, the tundish is lined with a safety layer 40 mm thick. The bottom is covered with large-size ‘bottom blocks but standard size bricks may also be used. The steel stream impact area of the bottom is reinforced with a course of bricks 20 - 40 mm thick or a special wear-resistant impact block. Wedge-shaped bricks form the transition between the bottom and the inclined sidewalls, and standard bricks are used for the side~ walls. Common sticky sand may be employed as mortar for the fireclay bricks. Special silica-based patching compounds are available for minor repairs of the brickwork. Magnesite material is gunned on the brickwork to form a layer approx. 20 mm thick. This coating must not crack or spall when the tundish is preheated. It serves as a protective coat to hinder steel from penetrating into the joints between the bricks and it makes tundish deskulling easier. No additional steel impurities should come from this coat.Sino Gunning the magnesite material on the bricks is not the only application method, ramming or brushing are equivalent methods. The magnesite coat must be replaced after each heat or sequence of heats, regardless of the application method. The lifetime of the brickwork is 150 to 300 heats depending on the shape and size of the tundish, for example, 200 to 250 heats of 220 t for a rectangular tundish. The nozzle bricks must be replaced every 1 - 2 casts to be on the safe side. A new development is the use of refractory concrete as tundish lining. Slab tundishes with such concrete lining have reached service lives of over 1.000 heats. The following table summarizes refractory materials suitable for conticaster tundish linings: Use Description |sio, |A1,0,] Zr0,| Ngo [Manu- * % g % % |facturer Refractory |Fireclay 75 20] - - |Hénningen pricks Steuler Didier Mortar for |Sticky sand |90-95 satzvey above Bauxite mortar| 40 60 | - - |MeP Patching | Weco 63-68 4 |20-28 Feuerfest mix Siegburg Brushing Brolitin II 10 4-5 - 70 Feuerfest mix : Siegburg Rubinit MF 3 68 Didier Brolitex 10 4| - |70-75|Feuertest Gunning mix Siegburg Rubinit MS 85 |Didier Mortar for Feuerfest nozzles Weco 63-68 4 [20-28] - |Siegburg D-s 2-13- Manufacturers in West Germany: Feuerfestwerk Bad Hénningen GmbH Am Hohen Rhein 1 5462 Bad Hénningen Steuler Industriebedarf GmbH Postfach 1448 5410 Héhr-Grenzhausen Didier AG Rathausallee 4 4100 Duisburg 46 Satzveyer Ton- und Kaolinwerke GmbH 5353 Mechernich-Satzvey Feuerfest Siegburg Peter Lichtenberg GmbH & Co., KG 5353 Mechernich-Satzvey Martin & Pagenstecher Postfach 80 07 20 5000 Kéln 80 2.3 Protection against reoxidation and covering the steel bath in the tundish Steps to prevent the steel from absorbing oxygen from the ambient air and so protect it against reoxidation have been mentioned before (detailed description in Chapter H, "Special Process Techniques"). Protective steps must be taken not only between the ladle and the tundish, and the tundish and the mould but also inside the tundish to preclude oxidation of the steel. This can be achieved by spreading covering material on the metal surface.2.4 -14- Some factors are important in this connection: The covering material must not react with the steel and must not yield hydrogen, oxygen, or oxides to the metal bath. The covering layer must be capable of ab- sorbing impurities which rise up in the steel but must not become so fluid that it would be sucked into the vortexes of the tundish nozzles and so would be en- trained into the moulds when the bath level in the tundish drops. On the other hand, the covering compound must not form a hard crust which might block the stoppers and make temperature measurements difficult. Covering material which has proved successful: Sid, | Al, 0, | Fe. c Parl 2403 2q3 % Accutherm T | 37 20 7 19 Slag weirs, baffles, and argon stirring Slag weirs and baffles designed to force the steel to flow in defined directions are often installed in tundishes in order to keep slag or covering powder away from the tundish nozzles and assist in separating non- metallic inclusions from the liquid steel. A variety of designs is described in continuous casting literature Fig. 4). Common to them all is that they mean extra work in the tundish preparation shop because they usually have to be replaced after each tundish use. Therefore, they should be installed only if they are absolutely necessary for quality reasons and they should be as simple as possible. It is advisable to conduct model tests before installing such weirs in a tundish because it was often discovered that actual steel flow patterns were other than anticipated.ces Separating the inlet area from the remaining parts of the tundish by providing passages for the steel under the bath level at a sufficient distance from the slag and from the zone of turbulence generated by the in- coming steel stream proved to be advantageous in many cases. Stirring the steel in the tundish with argon could be a possibility to help impurities to rise to the surface and improve the cleanliness of the cast strands. How- ever, bubbling through the tundish bottom incorporates some risks because due to sequence casting the casting period during which gas bubbling has to be applied is necessarily long. Injecting argon through the tundish stopper ifto the moulds (Fig. 5) is a technique often succesfully em- ployed, especially for fully aluminium killed steel grades for sheet. Basically, the gas injected through the submerged nozzle reduces alumina deposits in the nozzle and so delays clogging. Moreover, the cleanliness of the steel is improved, especially in the case of sheet grades. The stirring gas is injected from above into the hollow stopper. The injected gas leaves the stopper either through the porous stopper head or through a bore, e. g. of 4 - 5 mm diameter, enters the steel stream in the submerged nozzle, and eventually reaches the mould. The gas then rises to the upper sur- face in the mould, thereby originating a floatation ef- fect which helps impurities in the steel to rise up.Baie The amount of injected gas must be controlled according to the visible action inside the mould to avoid exces sive turbulence in the mould level. It depends on the mould size, the casting rate and other factors, and ran- ges between 3 to 10 liters per minute. The inlet pres- sure at the top end of the stopper is 1 - 2 bars. The stirring gas supply system must be really tight because major amounts of side air might otherwise infiltrate, and reoxidation on the one hand and uncontrolled and un- desirable whirls on the other hand would be caused. Such whirls might even lead to a break-out. D-s 2Ee Tundish nozzles Tundish slide gates At present, many continuous casting machines use tun- dish slide gates. Tundish slide gates are considered as very reliable closing devices, but they also show se- rious disadvantages. * 2-plate gates move sideways in the mould when thrott~ ling or increasing the flow, which may cause problems at least in the case of narrow strands, * 3-plate gate units are usually big and hinder sight and access to the mould, * All slide gates tend to suck air through their plate gaps. Gate cooling, even if argon is used, may produce uncontrolled turbulence in the mould. * All slide gates suck tundish slag even if the steel level in the tundish is relatively high (physical law of the formation of turbulence or vortex strings). Since stoppers can be controlled as easily as.slide gates - if not better - by an automatic steel level control system, there is no reason for preferring the more expensive slide gate system. A description of the operation with tundish slide gates is given in Chapter H, para 3.2.5.2 2.5.2. D-s 2 eae Stoppered tundish nozzles Stoppered tundish nozzles still represent the techni- cally best solution. They are reliable in operation, permit accurate control (both manual and automatic), and are superior to slide gates as far as the strand quality results are concerned. Operational details are given in Chapter H, para 3. 1 Stoppers Today, mono-bloc stoppers are used almost every- where, bricked-up sleeve stoppers are quite unusual. They are made either of specially formed or of isos- tatically pressed alumina graphite. Specially formed stoppers prove to be better than isostatically pressed ones because of the lower heat condugtivity of the plastically formed material. The shape of the stopper head can be round, half conical or pointed. A widely preferred shape is the round one, because it offers the greatest mechanical stability. Conical stoppers are said to close the outlet more tightly. However, experience shows that the steel flow reshapes every stopper head inde- pendently of the original shape. At casting start, a stopper can function reliably only, if the head and the seat have even surfaces and fit together exactly and tightly.- 19 - Manufacturers of tundish stoppers are: Feuerfestwerk Bad Hénningen GmbH Am Hohen Rhein 1 5462 Bad Hénningen West Germany Vesuvius Crucible Co. 3636, Blvd. of the Allies Pittsburgh, PA. 15213 USA Vesuvius International Corp. 32, Av. des Ombrages 1200 Bruxelles Belgium Morganite Crucible Ltd. Norton, Worcester WR5 2PU UK Morgan GmbH Holterkamp 7 4030 Ratingen West Germany Didier-Werke AG Rathausallee 4 4100 Duisburg 46 West GermanySie 2.5.2.2 Submerged nozzles As submerged nozzles are especially important parts of the continuous casting process, they are described in detail in Chapter H, “Special Process Techniques". For context reasons some major items should be mentioned here, too: * Continuous casting of high quality strands is possible only with submerged nozzles and casting flux. * Submerged nozzles can be single-piece nozzles or multi-piece nozzles (mainly two parts). * Two-piece nozzles consist of a "control-nozzle" sitting in a nozzle brick in the tundish bottom and a tube flanged-on from underneath the tundish bottom by means of a holding device. This arrangement allows a relatively easy adjustment of the tube position’in the mould center but it has the severe metallurgical disadvantage, that air may be sucked through the flange joint, even if the joint has been sealed (oxygen pick-up, alumina formation) . The top part (control nozzle) is usually made from corundum containing material (70 % AL,0, plus carbon addition), or from alumina graphite. Nozzles made from zircon silicate or zircon oxide are critical because of their high heat conductivity. * Single-piece nozzles, inserted through the nozzle brick from the tundish inside, avoid the sucking-in of air, They are the best solution in respect to strand quality and operational reliability.-21- The cross-sections of the submerged nozzles are either round or oblong (oval or jumbo nozzles). Both types have a closed bottom and 2 lateral outlet ports directed towards the narrow sides of the slab moulds. Multiport-nozzles are also in use, such as the 6-port nozzle of Bethlehem Steel. Depending on casting conditions, the outlet ports may be directed downward, upward or in horizontal direction. * Two refractory materials are available for the ma~ nufacture of submerged nozzles: amorphous silica and alumina graphite, both with certain limita- tions. * amorphous silica has a relatively high resistance against the attack of the casting flux, and on account of its low thermal conductivity and favourable surface texture it is less prone to steel freezing and oxide depositing. Silica material, however, is not resistant against steels with manganese contents in excess of 0.8 % (sometimes 1.0 %) because low melting manganese silicates form. * Alumina graphite has the advantage of a good resi- stance against the attack of manganese in steel. * Alumina graphite, isostatically pressed, is very common in conticasting, but because of its spe- cific surface texture together with its high heat conductivity freezing of steel at the nozzle wall and depositing of alumina clusters inside the nozzle tube is a frequent problem. This leads often to skulling and nozzle clogging. * Alumina graphite, plastically pressed in a special process (VAPEX), shows a better behaviour, because its heat conductivity is lower. So, the VAPEX nozzles combine, to a certain limit, the advanta- ges of fused silica and alumina graphite nozzles.- 22 - * special erosion resistant sleeves are recommended for the casting level area where the alternating chemical reactions of casting flux and steel can cause heavy erosion. Wear resistant sleeves, made of zirconia graphite, for example, help to extend the service life. Manufacturers of submerged nozzles are: ALO, (VAPEX): Feuerfestwerk Bad Hénningen GmbH Am Hohen Rhein 1 5462 Bad Hénningen West Germany AL,0, (tsostat.): Staverma GmbH & Co., KG Postfach 14 28 5760 Arnsberg 1 West Germany Vesuvius Crucible Co. 3636, Blvd. of the Allies Pittsburgh, PA. 15213 USA, Vesuvius International Corp. 32, Av. des Ombrages 1200 Bruxelles Belgium Morganite Crucible Ltd Norton, Worcester WR5 2PU UK2.6 -23- sio,: Staverma GmbH & Co., KG Postfach 14 28 5760 Arnsberg 1 West Germany Dyson Refractories Ltd. Stannington, Nr. Sheffield s6 6BW UK Lafarge Réfractaires: 99, Av. Aristide Briand B.P. 560 92542 Montrouge Cedex France Leco Corp. 3000 Lake View Ave. St. Joseph, MI 49085 - 2396 USA Leco Corporation Holland BV 6374 BW Landgraaf Netherlands Emergency slide gates The refractory material of stopper and nozzle underlies @ natural wear during casting. Especially when casting long sequences, or if the refractories fail prematu- rely, it may happen that the stopper cannot completely shut off the steel stream. In the worst case such a “free-runner" could lead to a mould overflow. A useful device to stop a free-runner at a tundish nozzle is the so-called emergency slide gate. This de- vice is attached underneath the tundish bottom beside the nozzle. It consists of a knife-shaped cast iron plate connected to a hydraulic cylinder. If actuated, the cylinder pushes the plate quickly forward, the plate cuts through the nozzle tube and cuts off the steel stream. D-s 2oe Preheating of tundish Appropriate tundish preheating is an essential precon- dition for trouble-free casting and satisfactory quali- ty results. Too cold a tundish cools the first incom- ing liquid steel so much that it freezes inside the tundish nozzle completely (casting abort), or partly (speed reduction or free runner), or causes skulling on the outside of the submerged nozzle (requiring oxygen lancing in the mould). Excessive tundish preheating may damage the refractory material or scale thé steel covers of the tundish so that the resulting FeO containing slag causes inclu- sions in the strands, or the nozzles become clogged by slag or refractory fragments. The preheating must soak the tundish lining with heat throughout. Therefore, brief intensive heating result~ ing only in high surface temperatures must be avoided. The preheating time should be a minimum of 1 hour or more. After this, the surface temperature should be about 1100 °C and the temperature in the middle of the refractory lining approximately 300 - 400 °C. A tundish preheated in this manner allows the casting temperature to be kept constant over a long casting period provided that temperatures in the ladle are well equalized (Fig. 6). Inside the tundish a temperature drop of 4 °C per meter of distance between steel inlet and outlet must be expected. 8 2- 25 - 2.8 Tundish preparation shop Tundishes must be serviced after casting. Sufficient space must be available for cooling, cleaning, re~ bricking, gunning, etc. A tundish tilter with a deskulling device and a cooling facility are useful aids for tundish preparation (Fig. 7, 8, 9). ‘The number of tundishes required can be deducted from the following time schedule which may have to be mo- dified from case to case: Dismantling of stopper guides 20 minutes = in the Removal of lids 20 minutes —‘ tundish Cooling (with water) 30 minutes tilter Deskulling 20 minutes Cooling (with fans) 90 minutes Cleaning, nozzle brick replacement, bottom reinforcement, and gunning 80 minutes Fitting of nozzles 40 minutes Placement of lids 20 minutes Fitting of stopper guides and stoppers 60 minutes Waiting and transport times 100 minutes 480 minutes = 8 hrs The above schedule shows that a tundish can be available again for reheating within 8 hours after the end of casting. Together with the preheating time (1 hour) and an assumed casting time of 2 hours (3-ladles sequence), this leads to a total turn-around time of 11 hours. D-s 2The casting of, e.g., 30 daily heats as 3-ladles sequences requires 10 tundishes. Therefore, 24 10: —= 4,6 = 5 tundishes (at least) a must be in circulation. “The total number of tundishes available, including those being relined, or mechanically repaired, and to cover unforeseen delays, should be 7 - 8. A typical tundish relining time schedule is indicated below: Cooling (by fan) 2 brs Wrecking the old lining 2 hrs Relining 7 brs Drying with burners 24 hrs at least Total approx. 36_hrs A crew consisting of 1 crew leader and 5 bricklayers must be employed per shift to prepare the daily number of 10 tundishes mentioned as an example. Moreover, drivers for 1 fork-lift and 1 crane must be provided. Preparation of a tundish for casting itself, i.e. cleaning the tundish, placing the.lids, setting the stoppers, etc., is carried out by the casting crew. Another 2 operators per shift are therefore required for this preparation work. D-s 2Fig. Fig. Fig. Pig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Chapter D Ladle and Tundish List of Illustrations Possibilities of reoxidation protection between ladle / tundish / mould Ladle turret with lift Cross-sectional view of a tundish Flow patterns in tundish, water model Argon stirring through tundish stopper insert: argon/tundish/mould Temperature curve of steel in tundish during casting Tundish preparation area at Mannesmann Tundish on tundish tilter Fan cooling of tundishi 5 2 5 5 g 3 Pranne /Verteiler/Kokille D-S 2‘eube cam pe D-S 2D-s 2 @® | cements im tno arn den Verwiarstooten a eee i @D-S 2D-S 2