CHEN10030-11

CHEN10031-11

1 1/2 hours

The University of Manchester

First Year Examination

Transport Phenomena:
Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

For candidates taking:

BEng and MEng Chemical Engineering

MEng Chemical Engineering with a Foreign Language
MEng Chemical Engineering with Industrial Experience
MEng Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
MEng Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology
MEng Chemical Engineering with Chemistry
MEng Chemical Engineering (Business Management)
MEng Petroleum Engineering

Tuesday 25th January 2011

9.45 – 11.15

Answer THREE questions – Question 1 (compulsory),

and TWO other questions.

All numerical working must be shown.

Tables of mathematical formulae are available and may be used without restriction.

Abridged steam tables are supplied.

Graph paper is available. If used, write your name or registration number on it and return
it inside your answer book.

Electronic calculators may be used.

Dr Grant Campbell, Extn. 64472

 TRANSPORT PHENOMENA:
FLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER

Answer THREE questions: Question 1 (compulsory) and TWO other questions.

Use the attached steam tables where necessary

to find thermophysical properties of water

The following equations and data may be useful. Additional data relevant to a specific
question may be appended to the question.

Surface area of a cylinder of length H and radius r = 2πrH

Surface area of a sphere = 4πr2 = πd2

Stefan-Boltzmann constant, σ, = 5.67 × 10–8 W m–2 K–4

Latent heat of melting of ice = 333.5 kJ kg–1

Temperature in Kelvins ≈ Temperature in °C plus 273.

r 
ln o 
Rcyl =  ri 
2πHλ

Rsph =
(ro
− ri )
4πλro ri

g = 9.81 m s −2

Patm = 1.013 × 105 Pa

Page 2 of 11
1. Compulsory. Answer all parts of this question.
During last year’s heavy winter, a thick layer of snow fell onto a conservatory roof,
providing extra insulation. The area of the roof is 9 m2, and it is made of polycarbonate
sheet 25 mm thick with an effective thermal conductivity of 0.0375 W m–1 K–1. The
thermal conductivity of snow is 0.3 W m–1 K–1. The inside air temperature in the
conservatory is 18°C, and the outside air temperature is –5°C. At the interface between
the polycarbonate roof of the conservatory and the snow, the snow melts due to the heat
coming through the roof, such that the temperature at this interface is 0°C.

a) Calculate the rate of heat transfer through the polycarbonate layer to the interface at
0°C, assuming a convection heat transfer coefficient of 25 W m–2 K–1 on the inside of
the roof. Then, for a 20 cm thick layer of snow, calculate the rate of heat transfer
from the interface to the external air at –5°C, assuming a convection heat transfer
coefficient of 6 W m–2 K–1 between the surface of the snow and the outside air, and
ignoring radiation heat transfer.
[7 marks]

b) The difference between these two rates of heat transfer goes into melting the snow.
The latent heat of melting of ice is 333.5 kJ kg–1. Calculate the rate of melting of
snow. If you don’t have an answer for part (a), use 300 W.
[3 marks]

c) Snow is unusual in that it has a high reflectance in the solar (visible) region, and a
very high emissivity in the thermal region. Radiative heat transfer from the surface of
the snow would be minimal during the day, but substantial into a clear sky at night. If
the night sky has an effective temperature of –30°C, the air in the conservatory cools
to 10°C at night, and the emissivity of the snow is 0.98, it can be shown that the
surface temperature of the snow would be about –13°C (don’t show this!). Calculate
the rate of radiative heat transfer from the snow at this temperature to the night sky.
[4 marks]

d) Eventually the weather suddenly warms up and the sun comes out. On a nearby much
larger building, the snow melts and collects in a tank that then drains through a
vertical pipe, 1 m in length and 5 mm in diameter, leading from the base of the tank.
At steady state, the depth of water in the tank is 0.3 m. Under these conditions, and
ignoring friction, use Bernoulli’s equation to show that the rate at which melting snow
is collecting in the tank and draining from it is 360 kg h–1. Assume the density of
water is 1000 kg m–3.
[11 marks]

e) Calculate the Reynolds Number of this flowrate of water flowing through this
diameter drainpipe. (Find the viscosity of water at 0°C from the attached steam
tables.) Is the flow turbulent or laminar?
[5 marks]

[Total: 30 marks]

continued/…

Page 3 of 11
Q1. Answers
A = 9 m2
a) Draw a picture (not to scale):
houtside = 6 W m–2 K–1

0.2 m, 0.3 W m–1 K–1

Tinterface = 0°C
0.025 m, 0.0375 W m–1 K–1

hinside = 25 W m–2 K–1

From the inside air to the interface:

Q
=
∆T
=
∆T
=
(18 − 0) = 229.2 W
Rtot  1 x 1  1 0.025  1
 + roof   + 
h   25 0.0375  9
 inside λroof  A

From the interface to the outside air:

Q
=
∆T
=
∆T
=
(0 − −5) = 54 W
Rtot  xsnow 1 1  0 .2 1  1
 +   + 
 λsnow houtside  A  0 .3 6  9

b) The difference is 175.2 W. Thus the rate of melting would be 175.2/333500 = 0.525×10–3
kg s–1 or 1.89 kg h–1. For 300 W, rate of melting = 0.9×10–3 kg s–1 or 3.24 kg h–1.

c)
Q
= σA1ε 1 (T14 − T24 )
= 5.67 × 10−8 × 9 × 0.98 × (2604 − 2434 )
= 542 W

p1 u12 p2 u2
d) + + h1 = + 2 + h2 + ∆h f
ρ1 g 2 g ρ2 g 2g
1.3 m
Assumptions: p1 = p2 = 0; u1 = 0; ∆hf = 0; h1 = 1.3; h2 = 0; ρ1 = ρ2 = ρ

u22 u22
h1 = ; 1.3 = ; u2 = 5.1 m s −1
2g 2 × 9.81

πD 2
M
= ρQ = ρu 2 A = ρu 2
4
2
π × 0.005
= 1000 × 5.1 × = 0.1 kg s −1 = 360 kg h −1
4

4 M
4 × 0.1
e) Re = = = 14250
πDµ π × 0.005 × 1.787 × 10−3
Viscosity at 0°C from steam tables. Flow is turbulent.
Page 4 of 11
 Answer TWO more questions.

2. Answer all parts of this question.

a) When asked by a reporter what to do about U-boat sinkings during World War I,
American humorist Will Rogers is said to have responded: “Boil the ocean”. “But
how would you do that?” the reporter continued. Without a beat Rogers replied, “I’m
just the idea man here. Get someone else to work out the details!”

i) The volume of the Atlantic Ocean is 323,600,000 cubic kilometres. Assuming an

average density of seawater of 1030 kg m–3 and a specific heat capacity of
3993 J kg–1 K–1, estimate the energy required to just bring the Atlantic Ocean to
100°C. (N.B. Because of the salt, the boiling point of seawater is about 100.56°C
– for the purpose of this estimate, you can use 100°C.)
[4 marks]

ii) The comment by Will Rogers is claimed to have inspired the invention of the
depth charge, i.e. an anti-submarine bomb that explodes when the pressure reaches
a certain value (giving local boiling of the ocean!). Calculate the detonation
pressure that would be required for a depth charge designed to detonate at a depth
of 200 m.
[4 marks]

b) A Low Temperature Thermal Desalination plant produces pure water from seawater
by boiling the seawater at low pressure and recovering and condensing the vapour.

i) Determine from steam tables the gauge pressure, in kPa, at which vapour at 20°C
could be produced by boiling seawater, and the latent heat of vaporisation at this
pressure.
[4 marks]

ii) The seawater will be boiled at this low pressure by recovering heat from a hot
water stream initially at 50°C. The hot water is available at a flowrate of
20,000 kg h–1. Calculate the production rate of vapour at 20°C if the hot water is
cooled to 30°C. Sketch a temperature-enthalpy diagram of the system. Ignore
any boiling point elevation effects.
[5 marks]

iii) Removal of pure water from seawater results in a concentrated salt brine with a
density of 1043 kg m–3. The brine is to be returned to the sea to a depth of 400 m.
Because the brine is more dense than the seawater, no pump is needed; the brine
will flow to this depth under gravity. The pressure at this depth is 4042 kPa
gauge. The brine flows from an open tank at sea level via a pipe which has
several holes at its outlet to disperse the brine into the surrounding seawater;
between them these holes have an area of 5×10–3 m2. Sketch the system. Then,
ignoring friction and the height of the brine in the tank itself, and listing any other
assumptions, calculate the mass flowrate of the brine.
[13 marks]

[Total: 30 marks]

continued/…
Page 5 of 11
Q2. Answers

a)
i) Assume an initial average temperature of 10°C – any reasonable assumption will do:
Q = mcP (T final − Tinitial ) = ρVc P (T final − Tinitial )
= 1030 × 323600000 × 109 × 3993 × (100 − 10 )
= 1.1978 × 10 26 J = 1.2 × 10 26 J

ii)
∆p = ρ g∆ h
= 1030 × 9.81 × 200
= 2020860 Pa
= 2.02 MPa

b)
i) From steam tables, water will boil at 20°C at an absolute pressure of 0.002337 MPa or
2.337 kPa, which corresponds to –98.988 kPa gauge. hlg = 2454 kJ kg–1.

ii) T
Q
= M
water cP (Tout − Tin ) = M
steamhlg 50°C

20000 × 4.179 × (50 − 30 ) = M
steam × 2454

M
steam = 681 kg h −1

30°C

20°C 20°C
iii)
p1 u12 p2 u2 H

+ + h1 = + 2 + h2 + ∆h f
ρ1 g 2 g ρ2 g 2g

Assumptions: p1 = 0; u1 = 0; ∆hf = 0; h1 = 0; ρ1 = ρ2 = ρ

p2 u22
0 = + + h2
ρg 2 g
4042000 u22
= + − 400 400 m (not to scale)
1043 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
u2
= 395.04 + 2 − 400
19.62
u22 = 97.3
u2 = 9.9 m s −1

M
= ρQ = ρu 2 A = 1043 × 9.9 × 5 × 10 −3 = 51.6 kg s -1

Page 6 of 11
3. Answer all parts of this question.
a) The giraffe’s heart is probably the most powerful in the animal kingdom, in order to
generate the pressure required to pump blood up that long neck to the brain. The
giraffe’s brain is about 2 m higher than its heart. Ignoring frictional effects due to
blood viscosity and kinetic effects due to flow, calculate (in mmHg) the systolic blood
pressure (the pressure when the heart contracts to pump blood through the body)
required to ensure the blood pressure in the giraffe’s brain is 100 mmHg. The density
of blood is about 1060 kg m–3 and of mercury is about 13500 kg m–3.
[6 marks]

b) An elephant squirts a trunkful of water at her keeper with a volumetric flowrate of 5

litres per second. Given that the cross sectional area of the elephant’s trunk is about
2×10–3 m2, estimate the momentum forces on the elephant and on the keeper. Assume
the density of water is 1000 kg m–3.
[6 marks]

c) The Namaqua chameleon, which lives in the Namib

Desert, uses her ability to change colour to aid in
controlling temperature. To warm up, she makes the
side facing the sun darker to absorb heat, and the
side facing away lighter to minimise heat loss. The
solar heat flux in the Namib Desert in the morning is
about 500 W m–2; the amount of this absorbed
depends on the absorptivity of the chameleon’s
surface. While receiving heat from the sun, the
chameleon also loses heat by radiative heat transfer
to the sky which has an effective temperature of
7°C, and by convection to the ambient air at 25°C.

If the chameleon’s own surface temperature is at 35°C, calculate the rate of heat loss
to the air if the convection heat transfer coefficient is 11 W m–2 K–1, assuming each
side has an area of 0.015 m2 (remember this heat is lost from both sides of the
chameleon). If the dark side of the chameleon has an emissivity equal to 0.8, and the
light side has an emissivity equal to 0.3, calculate the rates at which the chameleon
loses heat to the sky from each side. Then, show that these rates of heat loss are
together equal to the heat gained from the sun on the dark side, if the absorptivity of
this side is also 0.8.
[18 marks]

[Total: 30 marks]

continued/…

Page 7 of 11
 Q3. Answers

a)
∆p = ρ blood g∆hblood = 1060 × 9.81 × 2 = 20797 Pa
= ρ mercury g∆hmercury = 13500 × 9.81 × ∆hmercury
∆hmercury = 0.157 = 157 mm

or, more simply

ρ blood ∆hblood = ρ mercury ∆hmercury

1060
∆hmercury = ×2 = 0.157 = 157 mm
13500

So the pressure would be 100 + 157 = 257 mmHg.

b)
ρQ 2
Fmx = ρAu 2 = ρQu =
A

=
(
1000 × 5 × 10 − 3 )
2

2 × 10 − 3
= 12.5 N in equal and opposite directions

c) Draw a picture:

(4
Qrad − lightside = εAσ Tchameleon 4
− Tsky ) ( 4
Qrad − darkside = εAσ Tchameleon 4
− Tsky )
(
= 0.3 × 0.015 × 5.67 × 10 −8 308 4 − 280 4 ) (
= 0.8 × 0.015 × 5.67 × 10 −8 308 4 − 280 4 )
= 0.73 W = 1.94 W

q
inc = 500 W m −2
Qconv = hA(Tchameleon − Tair ) Q
abs = αqinc A
= 11 × 0.03 × (308 − 298) = 0.8 × 500 × 0.015
= 3.33 W = 6W

3.33 + 0.73 + 1.94 = 6.00 W, i.e. heat received = heat lost.

Page 8 of 11
4. An exothermic reaction takes place within a horizontal cylindrical reactor packed with
solid particles. The material in the reactor is 60 cm in diameter and 2.67 m long, and the
casing of the reactor is thin and highly conducting. It is decided to control the reaction
rate by controlling the temperature at the centre of the cylinder at 265°C, and at the same
time to recover heat, by spraying water onto the outside of the reactor in order to generate
steam. The reaction rate does not have a strong temperature dependence, so it can be
assumed that it generates heat at a constant rate of 120 kW m–3 throughout. The effective
thermal conductivity within the reactor is 20 W m–1 K–1.

The temperature profile across a solid cylinder of constant thermal conductivity λ and
radius R in which heat is generated at a constant rate g throughout, and for which the
surface temperature is Ts, is described by:
g 2
T (r) =
4λ
(R − r 2 ) + Ts

where T(r) is the temperature at radius r.

a) Show that the surface temperature required to give a centre temperature of 265°C is
130°C. At what pressure (in kPa gauge) would the water falling on the outside of the
cylinder need to be controlled in order to boil on the surface at this temperature?
[5 marks]

b) Derive an expression for the heat flux as a function of radius. [5 marks]

c) Calculate the heat flux at the surface (i.e. when r = R). Then, given that the surface
area is 5.0333 m2, calculate the overall rate of heat transfer from the surface. Then,
given that the volume of material in the reactor is 0.755 m3, calculate this overall rate
of heat transfer from the reactor in a different way. Finally, show that this rate of heat
transfer leads to a rate of generation of steam, from water initially at 130°C, of
150 kg h–1.
[12 marks]

d) The flowrate of 150 kg h–1

calculated in part (c) is measured
using a flow nozzle as illustrate in
Figure 4.1. Given that:

2 ρ ( p1 − p2 )
M
= CD A2 2
∆h
 A2 
1 −  
 A1 
Figure 4.1. Flow nozzle.

(where symbols have their usual meaning in this context), calculate the height
difference in the manometer for the following conditions: CD = 0.95, A2 = 0.0002 m2,
A1 = 0.001 m2, density of steam = 1.5 kg m–3, and the density of the fluid in the
manometer is 5230 kg m–3.
[8 marks]
[Total: 30 marks]
End of Paper
Page 9 of 11
Q4. Answers

a)
g 2
T (r) =
4λ
(R − r 2 ) + Ts

120 × 103
265 =
4 × 20
(0.32 − 02 ) + Ts
Ts = 130°C

Water would boil at this temperature at a pressure of 0.2701 MPa = (0.2701-0.1013)×1000 =

168.8 kPa gauge.

dT g gr
b) q
( r ) = −λ = −λ × × (− 2r ) =
dr 4λ 2

gR 120000 × 0.3
c) q
( R ) = = = 18000 W m − 2
2 2

Q
= 5.0333 × 18000 = 90599 W

The rate of heat transfer from the surface must also equal the total rate of heat generation:

Q
= gV = 120000 × 0.755 = 90600 W

The latent heat of vaporisation of steam at 130°C is 2174 kJ kg–1:

Q
90600
M
= = = 41.67 × 10 −3 kg s −1 = 150 kg h −1
hlg 2174 × 103

d)
2 ρ ( p1 − p2 )
M
= C D A2 2
 A2 
1 −  
 A1 
150 2 × 1.5 × ( p1 − p2 )
= 0.95 × 0.0002 × 2
3600  0.0002 
1−  
 0.001 
( p1 − p2 ) = 15389 Pa
= (ρ F − ρ )g∆h
∆h =
( p1 − p2 )
(ρ F − ρ )g
15389
=
(5230 − 1.5) × 9.81
= 0 .3 m

Page 10 of 11
Page 11 of 11