Test Questions and Answers

Question#1: Sigma refers to a roman letter that mathematicians use when discussing “average”
or “mean”

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#2: Z distribution is the simplest normal distribution with the mean equal to ______ and
standard deviation equal to ________?

Mean=0 and Standard Deviation=1

Mean=1 and Standard Deviation=0

Mean=0 and Standard Deviation=0

Mean=1 and Standard Deviation=1

Answer: 1

Question#3: A t-test is a hypothesis test in which the test statistic follows a student’s t
distribution if the null hypothesis is true?

True

False

Answer: 1
Question#4: In which conditions, can the null hypothesis be rejected?

The test statistic is greater than the critical value

P-value is smaller than alpha level

P-value is greater than alpha level

Answer: 1,2

Question#5: Inferential statistics is descriptive only and does not make any generalizations
beyond the data at hand?

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#6: Match the hypothesis test with the appropriate purpose:

2 Sample t-test – Compare the means of 2 populations

1 Sample t-test – Compare the mean of a population to a value

1 Proportion test – Compare a proportion to a value

2 Proportion test – Compare two proportions

Answers identified in red

Question#7: One sample t-test is a hypothesis test to study whether there is a statistically
significant difference between a population mean and a specified value or target?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#8: One-tailed hypothesis test is used when we care about whether there is a
difference between groups, and we don’t care about the direction of the difference?

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#9: One-way ANOVA (one-way analysis of variance) is a statistical method to compare

means of two or more populations?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#10: One-way ANOVA (one-way analysis of variance) is a statistical method to compare

variances of two or more populations?

True

False
Answer: 2

Question#11: Select only those that are examples of graphical analysis tools

Box Plots

Scatter Plots

Histograms

Regression Equation

Run Charts

Answer: 1,2,3,5

Question#12: The Exponential distribution is very similar to the Poisson distribution except that
the Exponentials is built on continuous variables and the Poisson is built on discrete variables.

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#13: The higher the confidence level, the wider the confidence interval?

True

False

Answer: 1
Question#14: The more variability, the wider the confidence interval?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#15: The null hypothesis for a normality test is that the data are normally distributed?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#16: The null hypothesis for a Paired t-test is: MuA – MuB = 0

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#17: The proportion of the area under the sampling distribution and beyond the test
statistic is p-value?

True

False

Answer: 1
Question#18: To reduce β risk, we decrease the sample size?

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#19: What might your conclusion be for the following hypothesis test results? p-value
= 0.01

Reject the Null Hypothesis

Fail to Reject the Null Hypothesis

Answer: 1

Question#20: What would your conclusion be for the following hypothesis testing results? p-
value = 0.50

Reject the Null Hypothesis

Fail to Reject the Null Hypothesis

Answer: 2

Question#21: Which hypothesis test is used to check whether the population of our interest is
normally distributed?

Anderson-Darling test
 Shapiro-Wilk test

Jarque-Bera test

Answer: 1,2,3

Question#22: Which is NOT an assumption of a one-way ANOVA?

The k population

The data of k populations are normally distributed

The variances of k populations are unequal

Answer: 3

Question#23: Which of the following statements are goals of rational subgrouping? (more than 1
correct response)

Maximize the likelihood of detecting special cause variation

Maximize the likelihood of detecting common cause variation

Identify the changes in the process

Reflect the variation between sub groups

Answer: 1,3,4

Question#24: Which of the following tests would you use to determine if there is a statistically
significant difference between a population mean and a specified value?

2 sample t-test
 Normality test

Test for equal variances

1 sample t-test

Answer: 4

Question#25: Which of these would you reject the null hypothesis?

p-value-0.014

p-value=0.000

p-value=0.400

p-value=0.140

Answer: 1,2

Question#26: α risk is the risk of making a Type I error?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#27: If the correlation coefficient of two variables is zero, the two variables are
independent?

True

False
Answer: 2

Question#28: Correlation implies causation?

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#29: R2 measures the proportion of variability in the data which can be explained by
the model?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#30: In a multiple linear regression analysis, the p-values of the insignificant predictors
are the ones that are smaller than the alpha level?

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#31: When eliminating insignificant variables from a multiple linear regression model,
we should remove all insignificant variables at the same time?
 True

False

Answer: 2

Question#32: Multicollinearity is the situation when two or more independent variables in a

multiple regression model are correlated with each other?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#33: Replication in DOE increases the total degrees of freedom?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#34: Fractional factorial experiments require fewer resources and runs than full
factorial experiments?

True

False

Answer: 1
Question#35: Which of the following situations does NOT indicate that the simple linear
regression model is statistically significant?

F-statistic of ANOVA is greater than the critical statistic

F-statistic of ANOVA is smaller than the critical statistic

p-value of the F-test of ANOVA is lower than the alpha level

correlation coefficient between the dependent and independent variable is close to 1

Answer: 2

Question#36: What is the total degrees of freedom of a simple linear regression model built
using 25 data points?

25

24

Answer: 2

Question#37: Which of the following assumptions is NOT required to ensure the reliability of
the linear regression model?

The errors are normally distributed with mean equal to zero

The errors are independent

The errors have a constant variance

The underlying population relationship is non-linear

Answer: 4

Question#38: In a two-level full factorial DOE with four factors, how many runs should there be?

16

Answer: 3

Question#39: In an orthogonal design, the sum of products for each run should equal zero?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#40: What type of design would you call a 23-1 DOE?

full factorial

1/2 fraction factorial

1/4 fraction factorial

Answer: 2
Question#41: What is the resolution of a 23-1 DOE?

Resolution III

Resolution IV

Resolution V

Answer: 1

Question#42: Pearson’s correlation coefficient measures both linear and non-linear

relationship between two variables?

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#43: In a resolution III design, the main effects are confounded with?

2 way interaction

3 way interactions

4 way interactions

Answer: 1

Question#44: A correlation coefficient of 0.00 means there is absolutely no relationship?

True

False
Answer: 2

Question#45: Match the following correlation coefficients with the most accurate description:

r= 0.99 – Strong Positive Linear Relationship

r = -0.99 – Strong Inverse Linear Relationship

r = 0.61 – Moderate Positive Linear Relationship

r = -0.59 – Moderate Negative Linear Relationship

r = 0.00 – No linear Relationship

Answers identified in red

Question#46: Which of the following indicates a strong inverse relationship?

r = -0.05

r = 0.9

r = 1.0

r = -0.85

Answer: 4

Question#47: Which of the following are ways in which you might deal with multicollinearity?

Increase the sample size

Decrease the sample size

 Remove the variable with high mulitcollinearity and high p-value

Remove the variable with low multicollinearity and high p-value

Answer: 1,3

Question#48: If VIF ≥ 10, there is no multicollinearity?

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#49: If VIF = 1, there is no multicollinearity?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#50: In the following hypothetical regression equation, Flavor is more heavily

influenced by which factor? Flavor = (124 + 0.98*temp – 9*time)

temp

time

Answer: 2
Question#51: Experiments are passive studies in which historical data are used to conduct
analysis?

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#52: In DOE the principle of parsimony suggests that the ultimate goal of DOE is to use
the minimum amount of data to discover the maximum amount of information?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#53: When two input factors are aliases of each other, the effects they each have on
the response cannot be separated?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#54: Match the following resolutions with the most accurate descriptions

Resolution III – Main effects are confounded with two-way interactions

Resolution IV – Main effects are confounded with three-way interactions

 Resolutions V – Main effects are confounded with four-way interactions

Answers identified in red

Question#55: R2 is also referred to as the coefficient of determination?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#56: A Cause & Effect Diagram is used to identify, organize and graphically display the
potential causes of a specific effect or event?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#57: Cause & Effect Diagram provides quantitative analysis of correlation between
each cause and the effect.

True

False

Answer: 2
Question#58: Cp considers the within-subgroup standard deviation and Pp considers the total
standard deviation from the sample data?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#59: Cp, and Pp take both the variation and the average of the process into
consideration when measuring the process capability?

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#60: Cpk measures the process’s potential capability to meet the two-sided
specifications. It doesn’t take the process average into consideration?

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#61: If Kappa is equal to 0, the measurement system is excellent?

True

False
Answer: 2

Question#62: Median is the average of a set of data?

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#63: Median is the middle value in a set of data?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#64: Mode is the value in a data set that occurs most frequently?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#65: SIPOC is an acronym using which words?

Process

Primary
 Suppliers

Secondary

Inputs

Answer: 1,3,5

Question#66: Standard Deviation is a measure that describes how far the data points spread
away from the mean?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#67: Which are common sources of variation in most measurement systems?

Part to Part Variation

Humidity

Repeatability

Altitude

Reproducibility

Answer: 1,3,5

Question#68: Which of the following items is not related to the accuracy of the measurement
system?
 Bias

Linearity

Reproducibility

Stability

Answer: 3

Question#69: Which of the following measurement is NOT a process capability index?

Cp

Cpk

Kappa

Percent Defectives

Answer: 3

Question#70: Which distribution has mean equal to np and the variance equal to np(1-p)?

Binomial Distribution

Normal Distribution

Exponential Distribution

Weibull Distribution

Answer: 1
Question#71: Which of the following items should always be on control charts?

Control Limits

Process Mean

Customer Specification Limits

Answer: 1,2

Question#72: Match each control chart with the description that fits best:

U chart – Average defects per unit

P chart – percent defective

NP chart – Count of defectives

Answers identified in red

Question#73: What is the recommended subgroup size when using Xbar-S chart to check for
process stability?

<10

>10

No constraints on subgroup size for Xbar-S

Answer: 3

Question#74: What is the subgroup size when using a I-MR control chart?
 1

No constraints on subgroup size

Answer: 1

Question#75: Which principle of the 5S methodology is about avoiding falling back to the old
ways of cluttered and unorganized work environment?

Sorting

Shining

Standardizing

Sustaining

Answer: 4

Question#76: A Black Belt stores tools in marked locations so that workers can find & access
them easily when they are needed. Which principle of 5S methodology is the Black Belt
applying?

Shining

Sustaining

Sorting

Straightening (Set in Order)

Answer: 4
Question#77: The individuals chart in an IMR control chart is valid only if the moving range
chart is in control?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#78: Control charts are valid only if the data are normally distributed?

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#79: If a process is stable, the future performance of that process is predictable within
certain limits?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#80: In an EWMA chart, the more recent data gets more weight than the older data?

True

False
Answer: 1

Question#81: The subgroup sizes of an NP chart are constant?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#82: Return on Investment (ROI) is the ratio of net financial benefits (either gain or
loss) on a project or investment, to the financial costs?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#83: Net Present Value (NPV) is total value of all future cash flows discounted to
today’s value?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#84: Select all reasons why one financial benefit estimation might differ from another?

Use of different discount rates

 Different color pen

Different assumptions on project duration

different assumption on project costs

Answer: 1,3,4

Question#85: All of the following are benefits of control plans except?

Ensures compliance with changes through auditing and corrective actions

Standardizes processes and work procedures

Coordinates ongoing team and individual involvement

Measures process performance, stability and capability

Plans actions to mitigate possible out-of-control conditions

Helps to analyze and eliminate potential x’s

Answer: 6. Helps to analyze and eliminate potential x’s

Question#86: Select all that are components of a control plan?

Key Metrics

Measurements

Specification Limits

Mitigation Actions

Work Breakdown Structure

Answer: 1,2,3,4

Question#87: Select any of the following that are collective elements of a great control plan?

Standard Operating Procedures

Audit Checklists

Training Plans

Communication Plans

Response Plans

Answer: 1,2,3,4,5

Question#88: Standard Operating Procedures should never include process maps or step by
step procedures?

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#89: Communication plans are intended to plan and prepare for the dissemination of
information?

True

False

Answer: 1
Question#90: Communication plans should always include the intended audience, message
and purpose?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#91: Standard Operating Procedures should never be documented?

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#92: From the following, select those that are characteristics of a Lean Enterprise

Pull Systems

Flow

Availability

Zero Waste

Value Add

Answer: 1,2,3,4,5
Question#93: What type of muda is waste from working more than required, scheduling more
capacity than necessary or using resources that are overkill?

Inventory

Over-Processing

Waiting

Over-Production

Motion

Answer: 2

Question#94: The 5 Principles of Lean are paraphrased below, select the correct 5

Customer Defines Value

Identify the Value Stream

Batch Processing

Continuous Flow

Manage Toward Perfection

Answer: 1,2,4,5

Question#95: Six Sigma originated in the 1980’s at Motorola?

True

False

Answer: 1
Question#96: Achieving Six Sigma has nothing to do with meeting customer expectations?

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#97: Hard costs and soft costs are two types of COPQ

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#98: CTQ’s are translated from VOC

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#99: In Six Sigma Primary and Secondary Metrics are Mandatory

True

False

Answer: 1
Question#100: To achieve Six Sigma the DMAIC methodology follows which approach

Brainstorm possible factors then randomly analyze them to find the significant ones

Use SME knowledge and experience to quickly find solutions

Use the transfer function Y=f(x)

Answer: 3

Question#101: Who is credited as being the father of Six Sigma?

Bob Galvin

Mikel Harry

Bill Smith

Jack Welch

Answer: 3

Question#102: Which of these is not one of the 4 stages of team development?

Performing

Norming

Storming

Forming

Adorning
Answer: 5

Question#103: Which is not a characteristic of a successful team?

Team member diversity (skills, knowledge, experience..)

Common goals and working together to achieve said goals

Appropriate resources are available

A good leader among the team

Mutual Respect

Complacency exists

Answer: 6. Complacency exists

Question#104: A well written problem statement contains all of the following except?

Baseline

Goal

Gap

COPQ

Timeline Reference

Complete Project Plan

Answer: 6. Complete Project Plan

Question#105: Lean and Six Sigma are Both focused on Quality & Value for the customer?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#106: Which of the following is the one that is not part of the 7 deadly Muda?

Defects

Over-Production

Waiting

Transportation

Measuring

Answer: 5

Question#107: A process operating at 6 Sigma will only generate 3.4 defects per million
opportunities?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#108: Lean is only about removing waste from the enterprise?

True
 False

Answer: 2

Question#109: Continuous variables are measured, Discrete variables are counted?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#110: Sort these 5S’s to the proper order of execution

Sort

Set in Order

Shine

Standardize

Sustain

Answers above are ordered correctly

Question#111: Match the following test results with the correct conclusion:

p-value=0.049 – Reject the Null

p-value=0.490 – Fail to Reject the Null

Answers identified in red

Question#112: _________ is used to model the linear relationship between one output and two
or more inputs?

Multiple Linear Regression

Simple Linear Regression

Correlation Coefficent

Residual Analysis

Answer: 1

Question#113: __________ is how consistent measurements deliver the same values under the
same circumstances?

Precision

Reproducability

Non Bias

Answer: 1

Question#114: The risk prioritization number is the product of the ______ score, _____ score and
______ score?

Severity, Occurrence, Detection

Severity, Occurrence, Prevention

Mean, Median, Mode

Answer: 1

Question#115: _______ are the vertical differences between actual values and the predicted
values or the “fitted line” created by a regression model?

Residuals

Outliers

X’s

Fitted Values

Answer: 1

Question#116: Process ________ measures how well the process performs to meet given
customer specification limits?

Capability

Stability

Variation

Answer: 1

Question#117: When the variance inflation factor of an independent variable is larger than
______ there is large multicollinearity for this variable in the model?

10

5
 1

Answer: 1

Question#118: Mann-Whitney test is a statistical hypothesis test to compare the _______of two
populations which are not normally distributed?

Medians

Means

Standard Deviations

Modes

Answer: 1

Question#119: Control limits are approximately _____ standard deviations away from the
process mean?

Answer: 1

Question#120: __________ is the difference between the observed value and the true value of a
measurement?
 Bias

Precision

Stability

Capability

Answer: 1

Question#121: The underlying distribution of the P chart is the _____ distribution?

Binomial

Exponential

Normal

Answer: 1

Question#122: ______ should be used when trying to understand the links between customers,
process steps and process outputs

SIPOC

FMEA

Fishbone

Thought Map

Answer: 1
Question#123: ______ is the measure or quantifiable degree of confounding?

Resolution

VIF

RPN

Alias

Answer: 1

Question#124: _________ is when more products are produced than are required by the next
function or customer.

Over Production

Over Processing

Motion

Conveyance

Answer: 1

Question#125: Poka-Yoke eliminates the defect as early as possible in the process

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#126: SPC is used to identify the ____ cause variation?

 Special

Common

Answer: 1

Question#127: Kanban system is a ______ driven system?

Pull

Push

Answer: 1

Question#128: When the p-value is _____ than the α level, we reject the null and claim that there
is a statistically significant difference between different groups?

Less

Greater

Answer: 1

Question#129: A _________ test is a statistical method in which a specific hypothesis is

formulated about the population, and the decision of whether to reject the hypothesis is made
based on sample data?

Hypothesis

Control

Pareto
Answer: 1

Question#130: For the normal distribution, about _____% of the data fall within +/- 2 standard
deviation from the mean?

95

67

99

Answer: 1

Question#131: Control charts presents the voice of the ______?

Process

Customer

Business

Associate

Answer: 1

Question#132: The first test in the Western Electric Rules is to check whether any one point on
the control chart is more than ______ standard deviations away from the center line?

6
Answer: 1

Question#133: A ________ is a graphical tool to present the distribution of the data

Histogram

Multi-Vari Chart

Box Plot

Answer: 1

Question#134: ________ is a continuous probability distribution which arises in the analysis of

variance or test of equality between two variances?

F Distribution

Z Distribution

Normal Distribution

Answer: 1

Question#135: The _________ distribution is a discrete probability distribution describing the

probability of a number of events occurring at a known average rate and in a fixed period of
time?

Poisson

Exponential
Answer: 1

Question#136: Process stability is a prerequisite for process capability analysis?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#137: CTQ is an acronym that stands for what?

Critical to Quality

Critical to Quantity

Cost to Quality

Answer: 1

Question#138: Population is grouped into distinct and independent categories and then
samples are randomly or systematically selected in each category of the population. Which
sampling strategy is it?

simple random sampling

stratified sampling

cluster sampling

Answer: 2
Question#139: Statistical inference is the process of making inferences regarding the
characteristics of an unobservable population based on the characteristics of the observed
sample?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#140: ___________ is an analysis technique to identify, evaluate and prioritize a potential

deficiency in a process so that the project team can design action plans to reduce the
probability of the failure/deficiency occurring.

FMEA

Process Mapping

Cause & Effect

Answer: 1

Question#141: The ________ metric is your critical measure, it’s the reason for your project, it’s
your beacon. This metric is the single most important thing to understand in order for you to be
successful.

Primary

Secondary

Answer: 1
Question#142: ______________ is applied to “infer” the characteristics or relationships of the
populations from which the data are collected?

Inferential Statistics

Descriptive Statistics

Applied Statistics

Answer: 1

Question#143: The process of selecting a subset of observations within a population is referred

to as sampling?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#144: A ________ is a graphical representation of a process flow

Process Map

Primary Metric

Control Chart

Answer: 1

Question#145: The _______ is used to visualize sources of variation

Multi-Vari Chart
 Box Plot

Scatter Plot

Answer: 1

Question#146: COPQ is an acronym that stands for?

Cost of Poor Quality

Cost of Proper Quality

Answer: 1

Question#147: A Six Sigma process will only produce this many defects per million
opportunities?

3.4

340

3400

Answer: 1

Question#148: _________is applied to describe the main characteristics of a collection of data?

Descriptive Statistics

Inferential Statistics

Answer: 1
Question#149: _______ are flaws, errors or other non-conformities that compromise the value of
a product.

Defects

DPMO

DPU

Answer: 1

Question#150: _________ is applied to infer the characteristics or relationships of the

populations from which the data are collected?

Statistics

Common Sense

Answer: 1

Question#151: The probability of a continuous variable falling within a particular region is the
integral of the _________ over the region?

probability density function

probability mass function

Answer: 1

Question#152: In a Variable Gage R&R, the acceptable % contribution of variation attributable

to Repeatability and Reproducibility should be less than _____%

10
 30

90

Answer: 1

Question#153: The Japanese word for waste is Sieri?

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#154: How might you display central location on a nominal scale?

Median

Mode

Mean

Answer: 2

Question#155: What is a Y measure?

Output

Input

Process
Answer: 1

Question#156: Who delivers the input for the CTQ?

Customers

CFO

process owner

Answer: 1

Question#157: What isn’t interquartile range?

measure of the middle 50% of the data set

The value that exceeds at least 75% of the data set

The difference between the 75th percentile point and the 25th percentile point

Answer: 2

Question#158: Some of the core concepts of Lean is to concentrate effort on removing waste,
improving flow, and achieving ___________

Inventory

Sales

Pull

Downtime

Answer: 3
Question#159: The essence of Six Sigma is to concentrate on removing waste (Muda) from a
process while lowering costs.

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#160: If the p-value is less than 0.05 what is the general rule?

Reject the Ho

Reject the Ha

Answer: 1

Question#161: Which of the following best describe Six Sigma?

Metric, Methodology, Management System

A Philosophical business system

A measure for standard deviation

A measure for variance

Answer: 1

Question#162: Which of the following best describe Sigma?

 A overall methodology that drives business improvement

A measurement scale upon which improvements can be gauged

A Greek letter referring to average

Answer: 2

Question#163: The higher a Sigma level the better?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#164: Which of the following might review Process Performance?

A Project Sponsor

A Process Owner

A Project Stakeholder

All are correct

Answer: 4

Question#165: What does DPMO stand for?

Direct Proportion Measured Overall

Defective Parts Measured Opportunities

 Defects per Million Opportunities

Defective Parts Million Opportunities

Defects per Million Operations

Answer: 3

Question#166: Where in your SIPOC might stakeholders be represented?

Suppliers

Customers

Input

Output

Answer: 2

Question#167: What is the long-term Sigma with a DPMO of 3.4 and a yield of 99.9996%?

10 Sigma

8 Sigma

6 Sigma

4 Sigma

2 Sigma

Answer: 3
Question#168: What are some LEAN Six Sigma objectives?

Reducing variation

Delivering business results

Customer satisfaction

Achieving business targets

All of the above

Answer: 5

Question#169: To understand the CTQ attributes of a product or service, we need to get?

SOD

VOC

FMEA

SIPOC

Answer: 2

Question#170: What are some key outputs of the Define phase?

Project Charter

Primary Metric with Baseline

Pugh Matrix

Design of Experiment
Answer: 1,2

Question#171: Who should have the most influence when writing a business case for a project?

Business owner, Process owner

Black Belt

Master Black Belt

Subject Matter Expert

Answer: 1

Question#172: If we produce more than is needed by the next step in the process or more than
the customer needs this is an example of which element of waste?

Overprocessing

Correction (defects)

Motion

Overproduction

Speed

Answer: 4

Question#173: Which is not an example of hard savings?

Factory Costs Reduction

Lowered Inventory Carrying Costs

 Regaining Lost Sales

Cycle time improvements lowering overtime hours paid

Answer: 3

Question#174: The Japanese word for waste is Muda?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#175: What is an X measure?

Output Measure

Process Performance Measure

Input Measure

Answer: 3

Question#176: Specifically in Six Sigma, intentional changes in process performance comes

from changing and controlling:

Process inputs

Process outputs

Random variables

Transparent variables
Answer: 1

Question#177: A quality control function was introduced to catch defects before shipment to
the customer. The cost of this quality control function is an example of:

Cost related to detection

Cost related to prevention

Cost related to obligation

Cost related to production

Answer: 1

Question#178: “Is the following problem statement well constructed? During 2012 the average
cycle time for a Michigan factory product named “B352” was 237 seconds vs. a target of 218
seconds representing a gap of 19 seconds over target, costing the company $9356 per month
or $112k per year. The goal of this project is to reduce “B352” cycle time to 218 seconds by the
end of Q3 2013.

Yes

No

Answer: 1

Question#179: The only purpose of LEAN is to concentrate efforts on removing variation from a
process output and lowering costs

True

False
Answer: 2

Question#180: Motorola was the birthplace for the practice of?

LEAN Principles

Automated Assembly

Robotic Welding

Six Sigma

Answer: 4

Question#181: When a process is proven to function at a 6 sigma level, this means there are
less than 3.4 defects per ______ opportunities?

Hundred

Thousand

Million

Billion

Answer: 3

Question#182: Which of the following tools did Kaoru Ishikawa invent?

Ishikawa diagram

C & E diagram

Fishbone diagram
 All of them

Cause and Effect diagram

Answer: 4

Question#183: Which are not continuous data?

Time

Money

Weight

Length

Customer type

Answer: 5

Question#184: What are Discrete Data?

Weight

Height

Yes/No/Sometimes

Answer: 3

Question#185: Whis is not indicative of statistical inference

Using representative sampling to draw conclusions about an entire population

 Estimating population parameters

Using sampling analysis to make population predictions

Estimating population parameters using the inverted w sampling method

Answer: 4

Question#186: What statistic is used for sampling?

Sigma

Mû

Xbar

Answer: 3

Question#187: What is the Pareto Rule?

80/20

70/30

40/60

50/50

Answer: 1

Question#188: What type of data do we prefer?

Continuous
 Attribute

Answer: 1

Question#189: How do we summarize discrete data?

Counts and proportion

Center, Location and Spread

Answer: 1

Question#190: How do we summarize continuous data?

Center, Location, Range, Spread etc.

Counts and proportion

Answer: 1

Question#191: What is the middle value of a set of data?

Mean

Median

Mode

Answer: 2

Question#192: How is variance calculated?

 Max(data)-Min(data)

The average squared distance of each data point from the mean

Square root of s2

+/- 3S

Answer: 2

Question#193: What do we need to know to completely describe a normal distribution?

Mean and Variance or Standard Deviation

Median and Variance or Standard Deviation

Median and Range

Variance and Standard Deviation

Answer: 1

Question#194: In a MSA, what knowledge needs to be obtained

Is the measurement system stable over time?

Is the measurement system capable of making the required measurement for this project
or process?

How big is the measurement system variability?

What are the sources of measurement system variability?

All answers are correct

Answer: 5
Question#195: What is Bias?

The difference between the observed value and the true value

The squared average difference between the observed values and the true range

Sigma

Answer: 1

Question#196: The population used in statistics is defined as a sample large enough that you
can analyze it and draw conclusions as to all of the data?

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#197: Performance within the Upper Specification Limit (USL) and the Lower
Specification Limit (LSL) will make a customer satisfied?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#198: An estimate of the probability of an event occurring depending on the standard

deviation from the Mean is based on?
 Pareto’s Rule

Shewhart Principle

Mean/Mode Spread

Empirical Rule

Answer: 4

Question#199: The Cp for a process with an average of 100 and a standard deviation (within) of
12 and upper & lower specification limits of 114 and 90 would be?

.67

1.3

.33

Answer: 4

Question#200: The Cpk for a process with an average of 100 and a standard deviation (within)
of 2 with upper and lower specification limits of 114 and 94 would be?

2.3

1.67

Answer: 1
Question#201: A P-chart might be used to display the rate of defectives for this type of
capability analysis?

Continuous

Attribute

Poisson

Stability

Answer: 2

Question#202: Which is the correct Defects per Million Opportunities (DPMO) calculation?

(O/D)*1,000,000 Where D=Defects, O=Opportunities

(D/U*O)*1,000,000 Where D=Defects, U=Units, O=Opportunities

Answer: 2

Question#203: What is the difference between Cp and Cpk?

Cp takes into account where the mean of the sample is relative to the specification limits

Cp takes into account the closeness of the mean to the “target”

Cpk takes into account where the mean of the sample is relative to the specification limits

Cpk only considers process variation relative to the spread of the USL and LSL

Answer: 3

Question#204: Select all that are desired outcomes of a Six Sigma program or project
 Customer Satisfaction

Maximize the bottom line for the business

Permanently eliminate the root cause of defects

Salary Increase

Answer: 1,2,3

Question#205: A skewness of 2,3453 can imply what?

Distribution is skewed to the right

Distribution is skewed to the left

Normal distribution

Bi-modal distribution

Answer: 1

Question#206: How many factors are used to calculate RPN?

Answer: 3
Question#207: A kurtosis of -1,2754 indicates?

Platykurtic (flat with a short tail)

Leptokurtic (peaked with long tails)

Multi-modal (more than one distribution)

Answer: 1

Question#208: Hypothesis testing can help establish a statistical difference among factors in
data sets?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#209: A two-sample T-test does which of the following?

Subtracts the mean of sample 1 from sample 2 and compares the difference to zero to
determine if they are equal

Compares the medians to determine if sample 1 is statistically difference from sample 2

Compares the means to determine if sample 1 is statistically difference from sample 2

Answer: 3

Question#210: Which of the following is TRUE about Type I and Type II errors?
 A Type II error is at least 2x larger than a Type I error

A Type I error deals with input variables (Xs) and a Type II error deals with output variables
(Ys)

A Type I error is incorrectly rejecting the Null Hypothesis (HO) while Type II error is failing to
reject the Null Hypothesis (HO) when you should

You can eliminate the possibility of a Type II error but not a Type I error

Answer: 3

Question#211: What are confidence intervals (CI)?

The number of times out of 100 that the average result will fall within the bounds just
calculated based on our sample result

At certain confidence intervals with upper confidence limits (UCL) and a lower confidence
limit (LCL) has a x% chance of containing the true mean

Answer: 2

Question#212: The Central Limit Theorem says that…

The sample means of many iterates of samples will approach being normally distributed
regardless of the underlying distribution from which the samples were drawn.

A sample will always show the correct distribution if the sample size is above 30

Answer: 1

Question#213: What test is used with an attribute Y and 3 X’s?

 1 sample T-test

2 sample T-test

ANOVA

F-test or Levene

2 Proportion

Chi-Square

Answer: 6. Chi-Square

Question#214: What test should be used when comparing the average height of people from 2
different countries?

1 sample t-test

Chi-Square

2 sample t-test

F-test or Levene

2 Proportions test

Answer: 3

Question#215: Which test should be used to compare the average results of 7 different Green
Belt classes?

1 sample t-test

2 sample t-test
 ANOVA

F-test or Levene

2 Proportions test

Answer: 3

Question#216: When is the F-test NOT used?

When one of the groups are non-normally distributed

When the Levene test is easier

When both data sets are normally distributed

Answer: 1

Question#217: In an MSA, total variability is from

Part to Part variation only

Reproducibility

Repeatability

Reproducibility + Repeatability + Parts

Answer: 4

Question#218: Select all correct responses, Hypothesis testing can help us…

Make 100% risk free decisions

 Separate special cause from noise

Make fact-based decisions

Answer: 2,3

Question#219: A department has a hypothesis that its sales average is $17,200 per month. A
sample report of 11 months shows a mean of $16,221. The standard deviation is $3,996. Using
an alpha level of 5% and degrees of freedom (DF), what is the critical-T value for a 2 sided test
as required in this case:

1.833

2.228

2.262

6.314

Answer: 2

Question#220: If a hypothesis test shows a p-value of 0.28, but we see a practical difference,
what could be reasons for failing to reject the null when there may be a difference?

Human error in data collection

Sample size too small

Sample size to large

Answer: 1,2

Question#221: Every hypothesis test must..

 have Ho and Ha

have a defined alpha level

assume an underlying distribution

Answer: 1,2

Question#222: The Mann-Whitney test focuses on what?

Mean

Variation

Median

Answer: 3

Question#223: What is the primary purpose of linear correlation analysis?

To measure the strength of the linear association between two variables

To get an average indication

To calculate ‘s’

Answer: 1

Question#224: Multiple linear regression is best described by which?

One X, One Y

Two X’s, Two Y’s

 Two or more X’s, One Y

Two or more X’s, Two or more Y’s

Answer: 3

Question#225: What is the coefficient in this regression formula: Length = 3.5 + 1.29 mass

3.5

-3.5

1.29

-1.29

Answer: 3

Question#226: Regression analysis does not rely on this assumption about the residuals

to be normally distrubuted

to be independent of each other (no patterns and time ordered)

non-constant variance

Answer: 3

Question#227: When are correlation and linear regression not used?

to understand the strength and direction of a relationship

to understand what happens to the value of X when the value of Y is increasing by one unit
 to establish a prediction equation that will enable us to predict Y for any level of X

Answer: 2

Question#228: Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

the Pearson correlation coefficient “r” will always fall between -1.0 and 1.0

a correlation of -0.9 indicates a strong positive relationship

a correlation of 0.9 indicates a strong positive relationship

Answer: 2

Question#229: When is the degree of association Moderate?

0.9 <= r <= 1, R^2 > 80%

0.7 <= r <= 0.9, R^2 = 50% to 80%

r= < 0.3, R^2 =25%

Answer: 2

Question#230: How is the transformation of non-normal data into normal data done?

Using Cox plot

Using a mathematical function to transform data

Answer: 2
Question#231: What does a variance inflation factor (VIF) of 5 indicate?

No multicollinearity

Medium multicollinearity

Large multicollinearity

Answer: 2

Question#232: One factor at a time (OFAT) is a type of DOE

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#233: Which tool is used to compare more than two sample proportions with each
other?

2 sample T-test

Mann-Whitney

Contingency Tables

Moods Median

Answer: 3

Question#234: If extreme outliers exist in a dataset, this would warrant the use of __________ to
illustrate the center location.
 Mean

Median

Mode

Answer: 2

Question#235: A reduction in any type of Muda will always reduce outliers and defects?

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#236: We can better sustain standardized work with which of the following? more than
one response may apply.

5S

Visual Factory

Andon

Kanban

Answer: 1,2

Question#237: 5S Sorting: Items used weekly should be kept _______?

Within arm’s reach

In a local location
 In a remote location

Answer: 2

Question#238: Kanban systems are quick fixes to large inventory problems, workforce issues,
poor product planning, fluctuating demand cycles etc.

Correct

Incorrect

Answer: 2

Question#239: Mistake proofing is defined as…

Making sure we discover when a defect occurs

Using wisdom or ingenuity to create devices allowing 100% defect free steps 100% of the
time

Find the reason (proof) of mistakes

Answer: 2

Question#240: Good mistake proofing should..

be simple

require no investment in money or resources

be automatic

Answer: 1,3
Question#241: You can use an individuals chart to track process outputs and to detect the
presence of special causes using a sample size of 1?

Correct

Incorrect

Answer: 1

Question#242: The Xbar chart plots the average values of each of a number of small sampled
subgroups

Correct

Incorrect

Answer: 1

Question#243: Which is incorrect about U-charts?

The U-chart does not need a constant sample size

U-chart control limits will always be straight lines

The U-chart is used for discrete data

Answer: 2

Question#244: The NP and P-charts are used for tracking _________?

defects
 defectives

Answer: 2

Question#245: Control charts and their limits are the?

Voice of the process

Voice of the customer

Voice of the employee

Answer: 1

Question#246: What is the DPU in this example: 423 defects, 7600 units

17.97

0.056

5.57

Answer: 2

Question#247: Can you add standard deviations?

Yes

No

Answer: 2
Question#248: Can you add variance?

Yes

No

Answer: 1

Question#249: An intended outcome of using SPC should be?

Process speed

Process capability

Process stability

Answer: 3

Question#250: Variation of the outputs of a process refers to how broadly distributed the
results are relative to the average.

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#251: If a process is determined to be operating at a 6 sigma level then the number of

defects per million opportunities is?

0.34

34
 3.4

Answer: 3

Question#252: The output of any process is comprised of the various inputs to that process.
This concept is best expressed with which of the following formulas?

Y = 2(X1 + X2 + X3 +Xn)

Y= A+ B +C

Y= f(X1 +X2 +Xn)

Y =f(X1/Xn)

Answer: 3

Question#253: Much of the efforts in a LEAN Six Sigma project are driven by a concept called
VOC which stands for:

Velocity of Commerce

Voice of the Company

Voice of the Customer

Variation of the Concept

Answer: 3
Question#254: As a Belt mapping a process she/he will use a ______________ symbol to designate
a decision point in the process.

Rectangle

Diamond

Parallelogram

Circle

Answer: 2

Question#255: Which of the following represents the information we are trying to achieve by
seeking input from our customers in determining what is important to them?

CTQ’s

Primary interests

Price sensitivities

Quality features

Answer: 1

Question#256: Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ) can involve both Hard and Soft Costs.

True

False

Answer: 1
Question#257: The data analysis technique that separates more important factors, typically in a
ratio of 80:20, is ________?

X-Y Diagram

Pareto Analysis

Fishbone Diagram

Data Spreadsheet

Answer: 2

Question#258: Which tool has as its objective as the identification of various potential causes or
factors influencing a process output?

Fishbone Diagram

FMEA

Pareto Chart

Impact Study

Answer: 1

Question#259: When a Belt adds information to a Process Map that defines which department
is responsible for the various activities displayed, it could be referred to as _____________?

Fault Trees

Duty Designations

Swim Lanes
 Authority Channels

Answer: 3

Question#260: A SIPOC diagram helps us get a good overall look at a process since it identifies
the Suppliers, Inventories, Process steps, Outputs and Customers

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#261: Early in a LSS project a Belt may assemble a number of people familiar with the
process to identify various ways something could fail and what problems that failure would
cause. Which tool would the belt use for this?

MSA

FMEA

X-Y Diagram

SIPOC

Answer: 2

Question#262: Which of the following is not an example of continuous data?

The car was 15 min late

The container held 44 liters

 15 out of 47 people left the bus

Answer: 3

Question#263: The difference between the largest number of a data set and the smallest is
called the_______?

Variance

Median

Range

Mode

Answer: 3

Question#264: In a Measurement System, _______________ is a measure of how tightly grouped a

set of data is while ________________is a measure of how close to a target a set of data is.

Precision, Centeredness

Accuracy, Precision

Accuracy, Tightness

Precision, Accuracy

Answer: 4

Question#265: Capability Analysis is a measurement of the ability of the process to meet

specified requirements.
 True

False

Answer: 1

Question#266: In order for us to determine the performance of our process at the beginning of
a LSS project we must gather data on its long term performance in an “as-is” condition. This is
commonly referred to as ______________?

Existing Condition

Process Baseline

Original Data

Pre-Project Data

Answer: 2

Question#267: Stability in an MSA is the consistency of measurements of the same objects over
time?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#268: Lean Principles define _______ forms of waste that should be addressed by a
business enterprise.

3
 5

10

Answer: 3

Question#269: The 5S principle that says remove all items not required for the re-occurring
work at hand and keeping only bare essentials nearby is known as?

Sorting

Shining

Straightening

Standardizing

Answer: 1

Question#270: The Lean technique that focuses on making “important work flow
issues” noticable is called?

Value Stream

Muda

Visual Factory

Kaizen

Answer: 3
Question#271: A method utilized to streamline workflow in a manner that minimizes waste
through the use of signals that trigger “flow” through each process step is known as?

Mistake Proofing

Kanban

Sustaining

Shewhart Principle

Answer: 2

Question#272: A Control Plan is finalized at the end of a LEAN Six Sigma project and given to
the Process Owner so she/he can follow it exactly for the remaining life of the process

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#273: As part of the deliverables from a Belt in the control phase of a LSS project,
guidelines must be established as to what process operators are to do when outputs begin to
operate outside of established limits. These guidelines are known as the _________.

Specification Limits

Kanban System

Control Limits

Response Plan

Answer: 4
Question#274: Six Sigma refers to a process whose output has at least 95% of its data points
within 6 standard deviations from the mean.

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#275: Profit and market share would be the concern of which of the following?

Voice of the Customer

Voice of the Government

Voice of the Process

Voice of the Business

Answer: 4

Question#276: As we conceive and define a LEAN Six Sigma project, one of the overriding
objectives we hope to accomplish is to reduce the __________

Work force

Number of process steps

Inventory

Cost of Poor Quality

Answer: 4
Question#277: SIPOC stands for Suppliers, _______, Process, Output and Customers

Inventory

Investments

Inputs

Indicators

Answer: 3

Question#278: With Measurement System Analysis, we are concerned with Precision and
_______ of the data to be collected.

Sensitivity

Reliability

Accuracy

Variability

Answer: 3

Question#279: The Mode is the least frequently occurring value in a distribution of data.

True

False

Answer: 2
Question#280: One of the primary objectives of constructing an X-Y Matrix is to separate the
vital few X’s from the trivial many.

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#281: If a set of data is very similar in value from point to point yet far off the mark
relative to a given target value, this data could be said to be…

Precise but not accurate

Accurate but not precise

Accurate but not distributed

Precise but skewed

Answer: 1

Question#282: Stability, Bias and Linearity define the __________ of a Measurement System

Sensitivity

Repeatability

Accuracy

Precision

Answer: 3
Question#283: Deviations of measured values over time from the true value is known as
________?

Bias

Linearity

Repeatability

Stability

Answer: 4

Question#284: Variation in measurements made by different appraisers using the same

measuring instrument when measuring identical objects is referred to as?

Reproducibility

Bias

Repeatability

Linearity

Answer: 1

Question#285: The practice of utilizing Mistake Proofing is also known as…

Detection

Lean Controls

Inspection

Poka-Yoke
Answer: 4

Question#286: The 5S approach utilized by a Belt to separate necessary from unnecessary

items and frequently used items from infrequently used items is known as?

Sorting

Shining

Standardizing

Sustaining

Answer: 1

Question#287: The Control Plan is created following the finalization of the Improve phase and
can be closed when?

After the project costs have been recouped

When the Sponsor says so

Never, a control plan must stay in place

End of year (project year)

Answer: 3

Question#288: How should CTQ’s not be establsihed?

VOC

Complaints
 Requirements

What you think the customer wants

Answer: 4

Question#289: From business perspective, select all that are important reasons for embracing
LEAN Six Sigma?

Cost Reductions

Customer Satisfaction

Revenue Improvements

Improving Internal Capabilities

Achieving Compliance and Regulatory Adherence

Answer: 1,2,3,4,5

Question#290: The SIPOC provides all of the following benefits EXCEPT:

Providing a framework applicable to the assessment of processes

Identifying key drivers to outputs

Displaying cross-function activities in simple terms

Helping maintain the big business picture

Answer: 2
Question#291: In most cases, an project team is most autonomous and receives the least
amount of direction during which of the following stages?

Forming

Storming

Norming

Performing

Answer: 4

Question#292: A 2 Sample t-test has several assumptions, which of the following is one of those
key assumptions?

Data is non-normally distributed

The variables are independent

Variances are unequal

The underlying distribution is binomial

Answer: 2

Question#293: With a sample size of 16, an average of 12, and a standard deviation of 3,
estimate the 95% confidence interval for the population (assume a normal distribution)

10.45 < Xbar < 13.55

10.53 < Xbar < 13.47

10.76 < Xbar < 13.23

Answer: 2

Question#294: The use of station warning lights, tools boards, and jidohka devices represents
the use of which lean concept?

Visual Factory

Gemba

Muda

Answer: 1

Question#295: A concept that addresses the consistency of process workers is called ________?

Visual Factory

Supervising

Standard Operating Procedures

Answer: 3

Question#296: As part of a 5S activity tags or stickers are used to identify items in need of
elimination or other categorization. This process is conducted at what stage of the 5S process?

Sort

Set in Order

Shine

Standardize
 Sustain

Answer: 1

Question#297: The use of Kanbans work best with pull systems for determining the timing of
which products or services are produced

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#298: When a Belt applies the practice of Poka-Yoke to a project, she/he is attempting
to make certain the activity is _______

Mistake proofed

Well documented

Removed from the line

Highly visible

Answer: 1

Question#299: In 5S, the approach that deals with cleansing, repairing, and/or painting
machinery or other work spaces is known as which stage?

Shine

Sort
 Sustain

Standardize

Set in Order

Answer: 1

Question#300: SPC on the outputs is more preferred than SPC on the inputs when
implementing SPC for your process.

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#301: Variation in process performance is a consequence of several causes that

typically fall into which frequently used categories of variation?

Common cause and special cause varition

Common & Uncommon variation

Random & Cyclical variation

Answer: 1

Question#302: When it comes to Control, one of the most effective means of eliminating
defects is to…

Keep a Six Sigma project going on the process at all times

 Design defect prevention into the product or process

Train personnel often and thoroughly

Have each process consist of no more than five steps

Answer: 2

Question#303: for a good control chart implementation, you should re-calculate control limits
and center-lines often?

True

False

Answer: 2

Question#304: The data on SPC charts are typically constructed such that the most recent data
point is the last one on the right?

True

False

Answer: 1

Question#305: Which statement describes an undesirable situation when implementing SPC?

The MR chart of an IMR chart is out of control but individuals chart is in control

The lower Control Limit for the R chart is equal to zero

A process is in Statistical Control before implementation of SPC

Answer: 1

Question#306: Which pair of control charts is most preferred for subgroup sizes of 10 or less
using continuous data?

Individual & Moving Range

Xbar-R Charts

Xbar-S Charts

P and nP Charts

Answer: 2

Question#307: A Belt concludes a Lean Six Sigma project with the creation of a Control Plan. At
what point should the Control Plan be closed out?

Never, a Control Plan is a living document

When the project is delivered to the process owner

When the process is in control

When the process has been in control for 12 months

Answer: 1

Question#308: If a project yields monthly savings of $4,000 beginning 4 months after

implementation with an initial investment of $42,000 and training costs of $2,000, what is the 3
year ROI from implementation?

1.9
 2.9

2.27

3.27

Answer: 1

Question#309: If a project yields monthly savings of $4,000 beginning 4 months after

implementation with an initial investment of $42,000 and training costs of $2,000, what is the
5 year ROI from implementation?

4.09

4.45

5.09

5.45

Answer: 1

Question#310: “Why is the following not a well written problem statement? During 2015 the
average cycle time for a Detroit factory product named “AK23” was too slow. The goal of this
project is to reduce “Ak23” cycle time.

There is no metric baseline

The metric target or goal is not identified

The gap to goal and cost of poor quality is not identified

There is no timeline associated with the project goal

Answer: 1,2,3,4
Question#311: What is not a good reason for spending so much time in the Define phase?

Establishing a good business case and project charter

Defining the problem before trying to solve it

Filling out redundant templates, getting unnecessary approvals and completing

administrative tasks

Answer: 3

Question#312: As a standard for a process to be at the 6 Sigma quality level, it must have?

Cp & Cpk >2

Cp & Cpk > 1.5

Cp >1.5 & Cpk >2.0

Cp >2.0 & Cpk >1.5

Answer: 1