HEAT TRANSFER

from BASICS to APPLICATION

Ashwin Chandarana
entech ENGINEERS
+91 9879822740
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Heat Transfer - Introduction
Necessary to understand concept of Temperature v/s Heat transfer

Temperature is measure of energy of molecules of substance.

Temperature Units are ° C, ° K, or ° F

Heat is related to the energy in transit, and science dealing with its rate
is HEAT TRANSFER

Heat transfer units are cal/hr, joule/ hr or Btu/ hr

Temperature indicates the ‘hotness’ of substance and helps predict the

direction of Heat Transfer

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Heat Transfer - Introduction

Heat transfer is from High temperature source to Low temperature
receiver

Heat transfer may or may not be associated with temperature change /
phase change

Eg. Heating of Ice

Temperature increases above boiling point

STEAM
Temperature at boiling point

WATER Temperature increases till boiling point

Temperature at melting point

ICE Temperature increases till melting point

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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

3 types of mechanisms for Heat Transfer:

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
Conduction
Conduction:

Energy transfer across system boundary/ fixed
material by mechanism of inter-molecular
interactions

This needs matter and does not need any bulk
motion

Usually through solids, with limited application to
liquids/ gases

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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
Conduction

The rate equation is described by
Fourier Law:
Q = -k*A*ΔT

Proportional to

Area of contact

Temperature difference

Intrinsic property of material,
Thermal conductivity
(considering constant thickness)

Vector quantity (dependent on

direction)

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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
Convection
Convection:

Energy transfer across system boundary by
combination of inter-molecular interactions and
bulk transport/ fluid mixing

This needs fluid matter

Two types of Convection

Natural convection (induced by buoyancy forces)

Forced convection (induced by external means)

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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
Convection

The rate equation is described by Newton’s Law of Cooling:
Q = h*A*ΔT

Proportional to

Area of contact

Temperature difference

Heat transfer Coefficient

Scalar quantity

Heat transfer Coefficient is influenced by Geometry, fluid characteristics, flow

characteristics etc.

Coefficients for

Natural convection < Forced convection < for Phase change (Boiling/
Condensation)

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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
Radiation
Radiation:

Energy transfer by electromagnetic waves that
arises due to temperature of the body

This does not need matter

When source radiates heat to receiver, part of
energy is absorbed and part reflected by receiver

The actual heat transfer mechanism/ estimate is
quite complex

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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
Radiation

The rate equation is described by Boltzman’s Law:
E = σ*ε*A* T ^4

σ = Dimensional (Boltzman)
constant

Emissive power is proportional to

Emissivity (property of the surface)

Area

4th power of absolute temperature

This equation gives Emissive power of substance (of which, part

will be absorbed by Receiver)

Ideal Source is ‘Black Body’ with emissivity = 1.0

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Process Heat Transfer

Process Heat Transfer in practical applications is normally a

combination of different mechanisms of Heat transfer

Heat transfer governed by Convection mechanism are common in

industry

Since Convection mechanism is related to bulk motion of fluids,

understanding of Fluid flow is important for relating to Heat transfer
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Process Heat Transfer

Variety of Heat Exchangers used in Industry:

Double pipe

Shell and Tube

Plate and Frame

Spiral type

Air coolers

Jacketed/ Coiled vessels

Fired Heaters

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Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

Shell and Tube Heat exchangers are most common and
versatile for most of the process applications

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Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

Typical advantages of STHE:

Larger Surface area in smaller volume

Suitable for pressure applications because of its
geometry

Different Material of Constructions can be used

Well established Design methods

Well established Fabrication methods

Reasonably easy for maintenance

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Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
Design Considerations

Application and Heat duty

Single phase – Liquid or Gas or combination

Phase change – Boiling or Vaporization or Condensation

Type of STHE, for eg.

Fixed Tube sheet

U-tube

Internal Floating Head

External Floating Head

Fluid Allocation

Shell side

Tube side

Process considerations

Stream terminal temperatures

Fluid properties

Material of Construction

Fluid Velocities/ Pressure drop

Fouling considerations

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Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

General Equation

Q = U A ΔT

Q = Heat transferred

U = Overall Heat transfer Coefficient

A = Heat transfer area

ΔT = Mean Temperature Difference

Objective is to determine required HT area A


A 
 ∆

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Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

Heat to be transferred Q

Sensible heat for no phase change application

Latent heat for phase change application

Combination for simultaneous application

Mean temperature difference

ΔT

Driving force between
Temperatures of both streams –
in/ out

Depends on flow arrangement -
Co-current (Parallel)/ Counter-
current

Depends on no. of passes

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Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

Overall HT Coefficient U is reciprocal of the overall resistance

Overall resistance is combination of individual resistances

Components of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

ho

Outer Heat transfer coefficient (ho)
kw hod

Outer Fouling coefficient (hod) hid
hi

Tube metal thermal conductivity (kw)

Inner Fouling coefficient (hid)

Inner Heat transfer coefficient (hi)

Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

Overall HT Coefficient Uo (based on Tube OD)

ho = Outside HT coefficient

hi = Inside HT coefficient

hod = Outside Fouling coefficient

hid = Inside Fouling coefficient

kw= Thermal conductivity of Tube material

do = Tube Outside Diameter

di = Tube Inside Diameter

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Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

Metal resistance

From conductivity of material and the geometry of tube

Fouling resistance/ coefficient for both sides

Published data available for most of the fluids

Based on experience/ nature of fluid in some cases

Outer (Shell side) HT Coefficient is complex due to the geometry of bundle/

baffles/ leakage etc. Rigorous correlations are available.

Inner (Tube side) HT Coefficient calculation is relatively simpler and well

established.

Following dimensionless numbers are very important for Heat Transfer

calculations and are correlated.

Reynold no.

Prandtl no.

Nusselt no.
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Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers –
General Design methodology

Individual coefficients depend on factors
like

Nature of Heat transfer process,

Fluid properties,

Process parameters,

HE geometry,

Material of construction etc.

Design of STHE is iterative and by Trial-

and-Error method
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 Establish Process / Heat duty, collect Fluid properties/
Fouling factors etc.

Assume Overall U based on application

Define Geometry of STHE

If not, repeat by Calculate the individual coefficients

assuming new U

Calculate Overall HT coefficient U

Compare with the assumed HT Coefficient U

If U matches, calculate dP etc., firm up the design

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THANK YOU

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