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FAULT DETECTION OF TRANSMISSION LINE BY USING SINGLE AND DOUBLE END METHOD

DECLARATION
This is to certify that the present work titled “FAULT DETETION IN
TRANSMISSION LINE BY USING SINGLE AND DOUBLE END
METHOD”, submitted by

1. Dejene Denekew RAMIT/384/06

2. Eskedar Dessie RAMIT/481/06

3. Mekuanint Yesgat RAMIT/894/06

4. Mengistu Sewalam RAMIT/918/06

5. Shegaw Adugna RAMIT/1192/06

We have been worked under our supervision and fulfilled the requirement
for the submission of this report. The results presented in this work have not
been submitted in part or full to any other university for award of degree.
Submitted as a partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the
Degree,
Bachelor of Science in Electrical & Computer Engineering with
specialization in

POWER STREAM
From
Arba Minch University
Dr. Bala Mr. Choudry
(Main Advisor) (Co-Advisor)
Signature------------------------ Signature ---------------

Arba Minch, Ethiopia


May, 2018

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FAULT DETECTION OF TRANSMISSION LINE BY USING SINGLE AND DOUBLE END METHOD

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we would like to express our gratitude to God for guarantying us
with wisdom and the opportunity of an education. Next we would like to thank our
Electrical and Computer engineering department head, all staff members and Our
sincere appreciation and gratitude goes to our advisor and co-advisor Dr.Bala and
Mr.Choudry for their advice, assistance and valuable guidance in the preparation of this
work as this would not have been possible without their help and guidance. We would
like to thank our family members and closest friends, who have been a constant source of
inspiration and support throughout our academic career, particularly our team member.
Acknowledgement is extended to our department and all staff member for their help
throughout the course of this thesis.

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ABSTRACT
The rapid growth of the electric power system has in recent resulted in an increase of the
number of transmission lines and total power outage in Ethiopia. These lines are
experiencing faults due to various reasons that cause major disruptions and
operating costs of the transmission system operation. Fault location is an important
task in power system analysis because an accurate distance to- fault will assist to restore
the power supply in the shortest possible time so as to prevent them from possible
damages to people, property and environment.
This project will discusses an overview of impedance-based fault location techniques in
electrical power transmission network.
A number of impedance-based fault location algorithms have been developed for
estimating the distance to faults in a transmission network. Each algorithm has specific
input data requirements and makes certain assumptions that may or may not hold true in a
particular fault location scenario. Without a detailed understanding of the principle of
each fault-locating method, choosing the most suitable fault location algorithm can be a
challenging task.
This project, therefore, will presents one-ended and two-ended impedance-based fault
location algorithms and demonstrates their application in locating real world faults. To
analyze both methods, various types of faults will be modeled and simulated. Application
and usefulness of each method will identified and presented in the thesis. This project
will form a basis for choosing an appropriate fault location technique for electrical power
transmission network. MATLAB/ Simulink software will be used to implement these
algorithms. The simulation results will demonstrate the validity of the suitable fault
location method in transmission line.

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CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii
ACRONYM ........................................................................................................................ 1
CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................. 2
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 2
1.1 Background and Motivation for this Thesis.............................................................. 2
1.2 Problem Statement .................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Influencing factors on Fault-location accuracy......................................................... 4
1.4 Objectives ................................................................................................................. 5
1.4.1 General objective ............................................................................................... 5
1.4.2 Specific objective ............................................................................................... 5
1.5 Methodology ............................................................................................................. 5
CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................ 7
THEORY AND LITRATURE RIVIEW ............................................................................ 7
2.1 Literature Review...................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Transmission Line Fault ........................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Fault Types......................................................................................................... 8
2.3 Fault Resistance ...................................................................................................... 14
2.3.1 Arc Resistance ................................................................................................. 14
2.3.2 Ground resistance............................................................................................. 14
2.4 Fault detection ......................................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................... 17
FAULT LOCATION METHODS IN TRANSMISSION LINE ...................................... 17
3.1 Revision of Different Fault Location Methods ....................................................... 17
3.1.1 Reactance Based Algorithm ............................................................................. 18
3.1.2 Takagi method ................................................................................................. 19
3.1.3 Modified Takagi method.................................................................................. 20
3.1.4 Fault location Algorithm by Saha .................................................................... 21
3.1.5 Fault Location Algorithm by Wyszynski ......................................................... 22
3.2 Algorithm studied ................................................................................................... 22

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3.2.1 One-Ended fault location algorithm................................................................. 22


3.2.2 Two-Ended Fault Location Algorithm............................................................. 25
Advantages ................................................................................................................ 26
Drawback .................................................................................................................. 26
Required Equipment and data ................................................................................... 26
CHAPTER 4 ..................................................................................................................... 28
MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND SIMULATION RESULTS OF THE SYSTEM
........................................................................................................................................... 28
4.1 Mathematical Model ............................................................................................... 28
4.1.1 for Single End Algorithm................................................................................. 28
4.1.2 Double end algorithm ...................................................................................... 31
4.2 System Modeling of Fault Location Method by MATLAB Simulink ................... 35
4.2.1 Simulation diagram of fault location methods using single ended method ..... 36
4.2.2 Simulation diagram of fault location methods using double ended method .... 38
CHAPTER 5 ..................................................................................................................... 40
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................................ 40
5.1 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 40
5.2 Recommendation .................................................................................................... 41
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 42

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. 1 Faulted three phase transmission line .......................................... 6
Figure 1.1 (l-g) fault........................................................................................ 9
Figure 2.2: (l-l-g) fault ................................................................................... 9
Figure 2.2 (L-L) fault ...................................................................................... 9
Figure 2.3 (L-L) fault ...................................................................................... 9
Figure 2 4 (L-L-L-G) fault…...…………………………………….………14
Figure 2.5 (L-L-L) fault ................................................................................ 10
Figure 2.6 Broken conductor and L-G fault…………………………...…...15
Figure 2.8 Broken conductor ........................................................................ 12
Figure 2.9 Down Conductor fault on overhead line ..................................... 12
Figure 3.1 single line diagram of transmission line with fault. .................... 24
Figure 3.2 One-Line Diagram and Circuit Representation of Line Fault .... 24
Figure 3.4 Positive-sequence network during an unbalanced fault ............. 27
Figure 4.1 Single line diagram for single ended fault location .................... 35
Figure 4.2 Simulation diagram of fault location method for single ended
method........................................................................................................... 36
Figure 4.3 simulation result of fault location on single ended method ........ 37
Figure 4.4 simulation result of fault location on single ended method ........ 38
Figure 4.5 sample simulation result of fault location on double ended
method........................................................................................................... 39

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Types of faults .............................................................................. 11
Table 3.1 Simple impedance equations ........................................................ 25
Table 4.1 Parameters of the line used for analysis ....................................... 28
Table 4.2 Results of one-ended fault location algorithm for different actual
fault location ................................................................................................. 37
Table 4.3 Results of two-ended fault location algorithm for different length
....................................................................................................................... 39

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ACRONYM
LG=Phase A to ground fault
L-L= line to line faults
L-L-L = three phase faults
DFRs =digital fault recorder
Isup=superimposed current
If=Fault current
ZL = the impedance of the line section
Zs = Source impedance
ZR = Source impedance
RF = the fault resistance
IR= residual fault current
Z1L = positive line impedance
Z0 = zero-sequence line impedance
T = Angle correction

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Motivation for this Thesis
An electrical power system is a complex system comprising a large number of
interconnected electrical components with the sole global aim of allowing the electrical
power produced at various locations to reach the customers. Any electrical power system
can be simplified into three main stages, namely, generation, transmission and
distribution.
Power system components in each of these three sections are all prone to failure but the
vast majority of disturbances that cause the power system to operate outside normal
conditions occur in the transmission and distribution sides of the network.
The prime reason that explains why transmission networks experience more disturbances
than other network components is because they expand over long distances and the long
conductors are directly exposed to harsh climate conditions and external contacts. Faults
that generally occur in transmission networks are short circuit transients caused
predominantly by vegetation, animal and weather effects such as tree contact, large birds
short circuiting phases, creep age current through path created by rain or moisture and the
buildup of contaminants. The other causes of faults include lighting, wind damage,
vehicles or aircraft colliding with the transmission towers or poles. These faults can be
classified into four main categories namely single line to ground faults (AG, BG and
CG), line to line faults (AB, AC, BC), double line to ground faults (ABG, ACG and
BCG) and three phase faults (ABC).
Fault is simply defined as a number of undesirable but unavoidable incidents can
temporarily disturb the stable condition of the power system that occurs when the
insulation of the system fails at any point.
Moreover, transient faults which are usually cleared by de-energizing and reenergizing
the line, can cause minor damages on electrical networks which can later turn into
permanent faults when line loading increases. Fault location, in this case, allows the
network operator to identify weak points caused by transient faults on the network and

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deploy maintenance personnel to reinforce the system during routine preventive


maintenance. Therefore, fault location improves power system reliability by reducing the
outage time on the network and also mitigates the occurrence of faults in the future.
In the past fault locating approach is conventional, thus, the locating process is time
consuming and might expose additional stress to the equipment during the switching
on/off of a section. Due to these problems, many automated fault location methods have
been introduced by researches to expedite the process of locating faults. An important
objective of all the power systems is to maintain a very high level of continuity of
service, and when abnormal conditions occur, to minimize the outage times. It is
practically impossible to avoid consequences of natural events, physical accidents,
equipment failure or miss-operation which results in the loss of power, voltage dips on
the power system. So fault location and identification is very important issue in power
system engineering in order to clear fault quickly and restore power supply as soon as
possible with minimum interruption. This is necessary for reliable operation of power
equipment and satisfaction of customer. [11]
Fault location today known by regular fault locator based on microprocessor- protective
relay, digital fault recorder (DFRs) or stand-alone fault locators. A fault locator is mainly
the supplementary protection equipment, which apply the fault location algorithm for
estimation distance to fault. Depending on the type of signals that the fault locator use,
the fault location methods can be further classified into different categories. Impedance
based fault location algorithms, generally classified as one-terminal methods and two
terminal methods (synchronized or unsynchronized data from both terminals). [1]
The fault location is the focus in this study and the two method (single end method and
double end method) will executed and compared according to error minimization. The
need for accurate fault location techniques in the transmission grid is increasingly
becoming more important.
1.2 Problem Statement
The transmission of electric power and its protection is a challenge for engineers due to
the long distance of the networks. In a power transmission network, fault can occur due
to overloading, overvoltage, power swings, etc.

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Faults on power system transmission lines can be classified into two classes: open circuit
fault and short circuit fault. The open circuit fault causes load power supply interruption
while the short circuit fault is considered to be more dangerous due to the fact that the
larger short circuit current may cause overheating or damage system equipment.
Generally, circuit breakers serve as one of the primary devices in the network scheme
against faults. When a fault occurs, protection equipment initiates operation of circuit
breakers, to de-energize the faulted part. These circuit breakers are purposed to
automatically connect or disconnect different parts of the power system in order to isolate
the faults. This protective action must be done before excessive currents and voltages
cause damage to connected equipment.
Therefore short circuit faults should be discovered and located as fast and accurately as
possible for fault removal and system recovery. Conventional protection schemes have
more focus on the system fault detection and isolation than accurate location. Once the
faults are detected and the fault sections are isolated, it is more helpful to know the
precise position of the faults for a fast system repair. It is difficult to remove or restore
the faulted line sections without accurately knowing the fault position. Also a fast system
recovery in these power systems not only brings benefits in economy but also to the
safety of the customer.
Generally, the problem statement of this project is Reduce loyalty between the
government and the public, Problem of Economic operation & power exchange between
the utility, Loss of equipment permanent failure (burn out) Transmission
system/substation/ transformer, etc.
1.3 Influencing factors on Fault-location accuracy
Following are the factors that may influence:
 Inaccurate compensation for the reactance effect
 Inaccurate fault-type (faulted phases) identification
 Inaccurate line parameters, which do not match the actual parameters
 Uncertainty about the line parameters
 Inaccurate compensation for the mutual effects on the zero-sequence
Components

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 Insufficient accuracy of the line model


 Presence of shunt reactors and capacitors
 Load-flow unbalance
 Errors of current and voltage instrument transformers
1.4 Objectives
1.4.1 General objective
This project compares and evaluates different methods for calculation of distance to
fault. The purpose of this project is to examine the applications of one-side and
two-side based fault location methods for transmission grid overhead lines. Different
type of algorithm will be verified in Simulink and be implemented to the transmission
line analyses of different known fault cases. The project will be divided into different
work packages with main focus on implementation, verification, and testing of
algorithms for calculating the distance to fault:
1.4.2 Specific objective
 Literature research to identify state-of-art methods for calculating the distance to
fault in different fault type’s scenario.
 Research in relevant literature in relay protection, fault analysis, fault location
algorithm and fundamental information about fault sequences in the transmission
line.
 Implementation of selected algorithms in MATLAB and Simulink for verification
of distance to fault and fault location methods weakness and accuracy in different
fault cases.
 Create an understanding of selected algorithms in fault location analysis.
 Compare, calculate and simulate results with valid data and information from the
transmission lines fault.
1.5 Methodology
In this chapter, methodology which were followed to calculate the fault distance is
discussed. One-ended and double ended algorithm were used to calculate the fault
distance. For single-ended methods, principles used by the author were followed. The

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project is mainly a literature review about fault location algorithms for the transmission
grid. The working process of this thesis has mostly involved compilation and
evaluation of the gathering information, the writer has also implemented and verified
the chosen algorithms in MATLAB R2017a and Simulink.
Five one-side algorithms and five two-side algorithms were studied and implemented in
the project. A simulation model was developed in Simulink for verification of the
algorithms accuracy at different fault cases. Tests were done on figure 1. Figure 1. Is a
single three phase transmission line system having two sources. Phasor voltage and
current are assumed to be available from both ends of transmission line to double ended
algorithm where as in single ended data assumed to be available from one end only. Two-
ended method does not depends on fault resistance and source impedance.

Figure 1. 1 Faulted three phase transmission line


Fault locators are assumed to be located on both ends of the transmission line. When
faults occurred, recorded phasor voltages and currents were taken from both ends. It was
considered a single line to ground fault at different locations on transmission lines. The
reason for selecting single line to ground fault is it is most occurred fault on a
transmission line. “Research data shows that amongst the entire fault more than 87% of
the faults are single line to ground fault.

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CHAPTER TWO
THEORY AND LITRATURE RIVIEW
2.1 Literature Review
This project review different literatures, journals, research papers and books related to
one-ended & double-ended fault location algorithms of transmission line, such as;
 A research paper of “Fault Location Algorithms in Transmission Grids” by Mattias
Harysson, published in 2014, states, compares and evaluates different methods for
classification of fault type and calculation of conventional one-side and two-side
based fault location algorithms for distance to fault estimation.
 A journal of “An Overview of Impedance-Based Fault Location Techniques in
Electrical Power Transmission Network” by Ganiyu Adedayo Ajenikoko &
Segun, Olufemi Sangotola, which were published in 2014, discusses an overview
of impedance- based fault location techniques in electrical power transmission
network. Fault location techniques reviewed include the variance-based sensitivity
method, the one ended impedance method such as Takagi method, Modified Takagi
method, Erikson method, the two-ended impedance based method (synchronized and
unsynchronized) two-ended method and unsymmetrical current-only two-ended
method. The result of this paper shows that the simple reactance technique is the
simplest of all the impedance - based fault location techniques.
 A journal of “Impedance-Based Fault Location in Transmission Networks: Theory
and Application” in 20xx by SWAGATA DAS and SURYA SANTOSO, presents the theory
of one-ended (simple reactance, Takagi, modified Takagi, Eriksson) and two-ended
(synchronized, unsynchronized, and current-only) impedance-based fault location
algorithms and demonstrates their application in locating real world faults.
 A journal paper of Sushma Ghimire, “Analysis of Fault location methods on
transmission lines” published in 2014, discussed the application and usefulness of
each methods of fault location in the thesis. It is found that Impedance-based methods
are easier and more widely used than traveling-wave methods.

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 A journal paper of Steve Turner, “End-To-End testing of double ended fault locators
for high voltage, overhead transmission lines” published in 2012, explains how to test
double-ended fault locators for high-voltage, overhead transmission lines. The paper
discusses fault location and illustrates one double-ended method. Classic problems
associated with single-ended fault location are discussed as well.
 A research paper by Mr. Rahul Ramrao Gunjker and MR. Vishal Shridhar Wadkar
Analysis of Fault Location for Transmission Lines in 2015, presents that Fault
location information is critical for operating and maintaining transmission networks.
Extensive simulation studies carried out using MATLAB show that the proposed
scheme provides a high accuracy in fault location under various system and fault
conditions.
2.2 Transmission Line Fault
Transmission system line faults are the most common faults, triggered by falling trees,
lighting strikes or insulator string flashover and 85-87% of power system faults are
occurring in the transmission lines. Most of the transmission system faults occurs on
overhead lines, due to their inherent characteristics of being exposed to atmospheric
conditions. Faults occur in the power system of various causes. For example, lightning
strike can overload the system’s components and result in a breakdown of the insulation
in overhead lines.
The impedance of source connections are often very low, resulting in large currents
flowing during faults. The energy contained in a fault current can quickly create
excessive heating or forces to components and can result in divesting explosions of
equipment. Short-circuit causes, over short interruptions with voltage dips damage the
grid and creating major disturbances and cost. Faults occur in many different forms
depending of the fault type and the algorithm for calculating distance to fault will
therefore vary. Faults on transmission overhead lines are in majority temporary single
phase to ground, arcing faults.
2.2.1 Fault Types
A power system fault can either be shunted, series or combination of both type, shunt
fault providing a current flow between two or more phases, or to earth. Shunt faults

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occurs through a breakdown of insulation between the phases, or earth. Shunt faults often
occur in two different ways; abrupt changes of the lines voltage and current
characteristic, due to lighting strike, birds, and threes or similar; or slowly deterioration
of the lines insulation. Slow deterioration of insulation will gradually create poor
components and worn material that will age over time. Sometimes the difference between
slow changes and abrupt faults is not strictly clear. It’s possible to talk about faults that
occur suddenly, but have evolved over longer period of time. Failure like this is typical
faults that are caused by phases to phase merging, due to strong wind.
When a fault occurs, the fault current will increase in magnitude, the total amplitude of
fault current during a fault depends upon a variety of factors, such as fault type, network,
fault resistance, failure causes load currents, short circuit levels etc. Typical shunt faults
are presented below:

Figure 1.1 (l-g) fault Figure2.2: (l-l-g) fault

Figure2.2 (L-L) fault Figure 2.3 (L-L) fault

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Fault in which the balanced state of the network are called unsymmetrical or unbalanced
faults. The most common faults are single-to-line to ground faults line-to-line faults and
double-line to-line faults. All of these are unbalanced fault or asymmetric fault.
Common fault on a transmission line:
- Line-to-line fault – short circuit between lines caused by physical contact between
two lines 10-15% of all fault in the system line-to-line faults (For example, broken
conductor or strong wind).
- Line-to-ground fault – short circuit between one phase and ground caused by
physical contact, 75-80% are line-to-ground fault. (Ex. lightning and external factors).
- Line-to-line-to ground fault – short circuit of two line and ground, and 5-10% are line
line-to line to ground faults. (Ex. external factors)

Figure 2 4 (L-L-L-G) fault Figure 2. 5 (L-L-L) fault


A three phase symmetrical fault is caused by application of three equal impedances to the
three phases, as shown in figure. Balanced faults are categorized in two fault types called
solid or a bolted fault. These faults can be of two types: Line-to-line-to-line ground fault
or without ground. Since all the three phases are affected, the system remains balanced.
A balanced fault in the transmission system is very uncommon and only 5 % of the
system fault is three phases fault.
Series faults represent open conductor and take place when unbalanced series impedance
conditions of the lines are present. Two examples of series fault are when the system
holds one or two broken lines, or impedance inserted in one or two lines.
In the real world a series faults takes place, for example, when circuit breakers controls
the lines and do not open all three phases, in this case, one or two phases of the line may

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be open while the other/s is closed. Series faults are characterized by increase of voltage
and frequency and fall in current in the faulted phases.

Table 2. 1 Types of faults


Types of faults Symbol % Occurrence Severity

Line to Ground L-G 75-80% Very less severe

Line to Line L-L 10-15% Less severe

Double Line to Ground L-L-G 5-10% Severe

Three phase 3-ф 2-5% Very severe

Broken conductor fault


Other faults like broken conductor faults are series faults which involve a break in one or
two of the three conductors of a three phase power system. In this case, the fault is an
unsymmetrical series fault and thus, the theory of symmetrical components was revisited.
A series fault is an abnormal condition, since the impedance in the three phases is not
equal When one or two phases of a balanced overhead three-phase line open it creates
unbalance in the system and may result in high unbalanced currents and voltages. Such
condition usually occurs when the conductor of a transmission line is broken or damaged.
Broken conductor faults are usually caused by variable weather condition and climate
influences to the power grid.
Conductor icing is a comprehensive physical phenomena determined by meteorically
factors, temperature fluctuation, humidity, wind and other weather factors. A known
physical phenomenon in when cold weather accumulate ice on the conductor, and when
the ice suddenly drops the dynamic effect of the transmission line will cause major
electrical and mechanical failure.

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Electrical failure between adjacent conductors and the ground lead to flashover or
electrical shock. From a mechanical view, high amplitude vibrations may break one
conductor or more and this will result in large unbalance in the phases.

Figure 2. 6 Broken conductor and L-G fault Figure 2. 7 Broken conductor

Figure 2. 8 Down Conductor fault on overhead line


Strong wind may also create Aeolic harmonics vibration on power transmission lines;
these vibrations are associated with great tension on the conductors, which can lead to
broken conductors. This phenomenon, where the conductors come in contact with one
another during strong wind or other external forces, is called conductor clashing.
Arcing Faults
At a high voltage flashover in voltage magnitude, an arcing fault may occur and cause
fault situation on the transmission grid. An arcing fault can be considered as a current
dependent resistance with three zones. Area closes the adjacent points can be described as
a voltage drop independent of current magnitude, arc is spreading if there is space
available [5] If the flowing current through the arc is high the arcing fault through

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ionization becomes more powerful and the resistance lower. The fault resistance is much
larger in the main part of the arc than in the end points.
An electrical arc is affected by magnetic forces and wind, but also the heat extension
during the development of an electrical arc. Because of this, its length will increase over
time, and if the condition is right the arc may escalate through the conductors and cause
short circuits. In the initial phase of an arc fault the arc’s length will be extended, and so
over until a disconnection occur. Flashover and arc faults on overhead lines caused
by power surges (e.g. Lightning) usually occur over the isolators because the arc
distance is shortest at these points.
In a short circuit causes the acing resistance is very low compared to the impedances,
especially during the fault measurement time of a protective. To calculate the maximum
fault current the acing resistance sets to zero. This is because a nonlinear arc resistance
causes a certain harmonic content in the fault current that protective relay must accept.
External Faults
Lightning faults and faults caused by trees are the most common faults on overhead lines.
In the transmission grid lightning faults are dominate because the overhead line here are
more tree secured. Losses in overhead lines are resistive and the created losses can be
seen as a series resistance at the overhead lines end points. Current flow in overhead line
creates a magnetic field around the conductor in overhead lines is this called line
reactance. Reactance between the conductor’s phases and to ground creates an electrical
field; this can be seen as a capacitance. Lightning’s fault usually appears when lightning
strikes a phase conductor directly, but there are also other places where a lightning strike
can create a fault, depending of the size of earth resistance and lightning’s voltage
amplitude.
When a lighting fault occurs on an overhead line an arcing will occur over insulators,
phases and insulator bracket. If the isolator bracket is connected to ground, a ground fault
has occurred. Ground fault can be either single-phase or multiphase fault, depending how
many phases involved. Ground fault voltages into a properly grounded network have low
value for cases where all three phases are involved; if the ground fault voltage phase
voltage reaches a high level earth fault has occurred.

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Lighting strike on 400 kV network is virtually all single-phase fault, if there are two or
more phase’s inductor on the grid the lighting strike usually occurs on all phases at same
time. If the voltage is moderate and the insulation strength is higher than normal voltage
level, an individual conductor may have been involved. Besides lightning strikes, other
types of fault can occur on overhead lines in the transmission system. These external
faults may include phase failure, defective insulators or failure due to snow and ice, salt
or other contamination.
2.3 Fault Resistance
A fault resistance consists of two major components. Arc resistance and ground
resistance [12, 13]. It is either constant for the duration of a fault or it varies with time
due to the elongation of the arc and its ultimate extinction. In phase-to-phase faults. Fault
resistance is entirely due to the arc. However, for faults involving the ground. Fault
resistances are composed of both the arc and ground resistances.
The ground resistance includes resistances of the contact between the conductor and the
ground, and the resistance of the ground path for the flow of current in the ground in
situations where the snapped conductor touches the ground. In situations where a broken
conductor touches the tower, the ground resistance includes resistance of the contact
between the conductor and the tower, and the resistance of the ground path for the flow
of current in the ground and tower footings.
2.3.1 Arc Resistance
Arc resistance depends on the length of the arc and the current in it. Arc length is initially
equal to the spacing from the conductor to the tower, or between two conductors, but
increases due to elongation of the arc caused by cross wind, convection and
electromagnetic propagation- It has been suggested that arc resistance can be expressed in
terms of the conductor spacing, wind velocity and time.
2.3.2 Ground resistance
The ground resistance is the sum of the tower footing resistance at the fault location and
the resistance of the current path through the ground from the fault to the source if
overhead ground wires are insulated or are not used. Electric utilities measure and record
data on tower footing resistance and ground resistivity. If overhead ground wires are

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used, the resistances of the ground path, the tower footings and ground wires form lattice
networks.
The dominant resistance in the fault circuit is the resistance of the contact between the
conductor and the path of the current through the ground if a conductor breaks and falls
to the ground. The ground-contact resistance depends on the type of soil and moisture in
it. The contact resistance also depends on the conductor voltage; it takes a finite voltage
to cause the surface insulation to breakdown.
Generally, the ground contact resistances are larger than the tower footing resistances.
Fault resistances are small for inter-phase short circuits and do not exceed a few ohms.
However, fault resistances are much larger for ground faults because tower footing
resistances can be up to 10 ohms or even higher. Fault resistances are exceptionally large
for contact with trees or for broken conductors lying on dry pavement. The fault
resistance ranges from a few ohms to hundreds of ohms.
Maximum load. In addition, the zero-sequence current is used as an indicator of fault
with ground fault.
Another method uses the superimposed current of pre-fault and fault to classified fault. A
more common method is the use of symmetrical components of fault current and
voltages. These methods obtain a reliable decision and important information about the
phase angle.
2.4 Fault detection
In the past, utilities had to send staff to seek the transmission line, which might need
several hours to find the location. Especially flashover transient faults are more difficult
to find. Thence, how to find the fault location promptly and accurately has been a popular
subject in the power industry for many years [14].
Fault detection and classification on transmission lines are an important task in order to
protect the electrical power system. In recent years, the power system has become more
complicated under competitive and deregulated environments. Protection relay classifies
the fault type and also classifies the “normal state” of the power system. The abnormal
condition of the power grid is detected by information in the phase’s impedance, current,
voltage and the zero sequence current amplitude. Together with many other applications

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as breaker position, monitoring of power flow on line etc. The traditional algorithm for
fault detection and classification, which is mostly based on steady-state components, has
problems to handle the accelerating protection speed and in escaping the impact of many
factors, such as fault type, fault resistance and inception time.
Reliable phase selection of faulted phase is important to avoiding tripping phase or
unnecessary three-phase tripping Classification and fault detection is not an easy task.
Different types for fault classification have been presented the last decades. Some of
these are based on traveling waves, adaptive filtering and the fusion of different artificial
intelligence techniques. The most simple fault determination methods assume that phase
impedance during fault can be correlated with the maximum load. In addition, the zero-
sequence current is used as an indicator of fault with ground fault.

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CHAPTER THREE
FAULT LOCATION METHODS IN TRANSMISSION LINE
3.1 Revision of Different Fault Location Methods
Faults can occur in any point of the power system, and the most exposed parts are
overhead transmission lines. Regarding the distribution system, transmission lines
perform the most important part that is to transfer electric power from the generating
station to load centers. Since the development of the distribution and transmission
system, power system engineers have been an object for locating and detecting faults [9].
As long as the fault detected in short duration, it provides a good service for protecting
the apparatus as well as an open way for disconnecting the part where this incident
happened at fault, and with the help of this, it gives safe way to the system from any
damages. So it is needed to detect the fault otherwise due to fault it causes any
disturbance which further tough time to the interconnected system that based on
limitations [4].
Accurate fault location helps utility personnel:
• Expedite service restoration
• Reduce outage time
• Reduce operating costs
• Reduce customer complaints
There are many factors which may affect the fault location estimation. Some of them are;
reactance effect, it is combined effect created by load current and fault resistance, wrong
fault identification, zero sequence mutual effect, uncertainty in zero sequence impedance,
line model insufficient accuracy, shunt reactors and capacitors, unbalance load flow and
measurement errors. It is important to reduce these factors in order to improve the fault
location estimation [8].

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In this chapter, different types of fault location algorithms are presented. The most
common fault location algorithm principles are based on impedance-based methods. The
technique is very simple and does not require any communication with the remote end.

3.1.1 Reactance Based Algorithm


Novosel simple reactance method, algorithms reported in extend simple reactance
method by making assumptions to eliminate effect of remote in feed and fault resistance.
One-ended impedance methods of fault location are standard feature in most numerical
relay. The reactance fault location algorithms depend on accurate values of the positive
(ZL1) and zero –sequence impedance (ZL0) to determine locations of faults on the
transmission line. The positive – and zero-sequence impedance of the transmission line
can be verified when a fault location relay is installed at each end of the transmission
line. The positive-sequence impedance has verified that it can be used to check the values
of the zero sequence impedance of the line as used by each relay [14]. The method also
uses the value of voltage drop from one side bus bar of the line, and the value of current
depend of type of fault and symmetrical components.
Transmission line impedance (Z) is typically dominated by the reactive components (X)
and the fault impedance is typically dominated by the resistive components (R).
………………… Eq 1

The current flowing through (Rf) is the sum of the local source (Is) and the remote source
(IR).
If = Is + IR ………………………………………… Eq 2
Is = I + k * 3 * I0 ………………………………....… Eq 3

Where:
I0 = Zero – Sequence current ZL0

………………………………………. Eq 4

The simple reactance method divides all term by (IS)

………………………… Eq 5

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Imaginary components of each term mitigate the fault resistance.

………… Eq 6

Both (Is) and (IR) have the same angle and the imaginary part of is zero in

a homogenous system.

………………………………….. Eq 7
For this equation (Vs) is the phase-to ground voltage for given fault, (Is) is the
compensated phase current for a phases-to-phases faults and equals phase current
difference for a phases to-phases faults. These methods calculate an estimated fault
location in the transmission system.
In a non-homogenous system and will have a different angle and the imaginary part will
show up in the fault as an error term.

Inducing of the simple reactance method has some drawbacks as impact by load and
introduces error in fault resistance in non-homogenous system.
3.1.2 Takagi method
Takagi impedance based algorithm, with uses of pre-fault and fault data. Use pre-fault
and fault data to reducing the effect of load flow and minimizing the effect of fault
resistance
Fault location algorithm by Takagi method calculates the reactance of faulty line using
one terminal voltage and current data of the transmission line. When a fault occurs on a
transmission line the data of pre-fault current are stored immediately and the fault phases
are selected. The Takagi method introduces superimposed current to eliminate the
effect of power flow. This method assume constant current load model and require both
pre-fault and post –fault data. The key to success of the Takagi method is that the angle
of is the same as the angle of . In an ideal homogeneous system, these angles will
be identical. As the angle increases, the errors in fault location also increase [1].

( ) ………….. Eq 8

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If complex number have the same angle as in a homogenous system

will a multiplication of ) take the imaginary part of the equation and eliminate

……................. Eq 9

Takagi method, one-terminal fault method, simply assumes that the three sequences
network distribution factors are equal can lead to undesirable error because the zero-
sequence current is not known as reliably as the positive-sequence current .
In reality, the fault current is not uniformly distributed when a ground faults occurs.
Takagi methods can be improved by applying the 3/2 factor in deriving superposition
current to compensated for the removal unreliable zero-sequence current.

3.1.3 Modified Takagi method


Modified Takagi method eliminates the need for pre fault data and uses the zero sequence
current term or negative sequence current for ground faults.
The zero-sequence Takagi method, which is suitable for single phase-to –ground faults,
has an advantage that does not require pre fault current measurements. The expression for
this algorism is:

The algorithm is developed with the assumption that the zero sequence system is
homogeneous. If this assumption is not fulfilled, the fault location become very sensitive
to an angle difference between S and R side and the method can be very inaccurate. In
order to reduce errors due to non-homogenous zero-sequence, the modified Takagi allows
angle correction if the user knows the system source, the zero-sequence current can
be adjusted by angle T to improve the fault location for a transmission line. The
algorithm minimizes the effects of; fault resistance, impact by load and the charging
current [1].

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The angle correction (T) can be calculated by using the zero sequence fault current ,
if the source impedance zero-sequence impedance is
known these values can be stimulated using fault recorders:

= =A<T

m= ………… Eq 12

3.1.4 Fault location Algorithm by Saha


A fault point in a three phase transmission line is determined by measurement of current
and voltage data at both side of the transmission line. In this algorithm the fault type;
single-phase/multi-phase ground fault/phases-to phase fault is determined and the
parameters in a quadric equation are used to calculate distance to fault on a transmission
line. The equation is based from the electrical relationship, between the complex values
of the line impedance, the source impedance, and current and voltage. The equation
eliminates the use of fault resistance and possible zero-sequence components. The
parameters are determined by the type of fault and the equation is solved by means of a
numerical square root method [16] [17]. Fault location equation by Saha, notify that the
values for (Vs), (Is) and Ifs are different for each fault type [3].

………… Eq 13

D= ……………...... Eq 14

The line section (ZL) is a known parameter and (Zs) may be known, but not if the
parameter can be calculated by the measured values of current and voltages at the bus bar
(S). Input value (ZR) may also be unknown; the parameter should be estimated with an
acceptable degree of accuracy [39] the variable (D) is the distributions factor for the
positive sequence and negative sequence networks [1].
ZL = the impedance of the line section
Zs = Source impedance of network lying behind the section

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ZR = Source impedance of network lying ahead of the section (remote end)

Ifs = Current change at point S due to the fault (Ifs=D*If)


Since equation of parameter (D) is a linear function of m the general equation will be
non-linear.

m1 = …………….... Eq 15

3.1.5 Fault Location Algorithm by Wyszynski


Fault location algorithms by Wyszynski are based on standard calculations of line
resistance; reactance and the correction error by the fault resistance. The algorithm
utilizing the general fault loop model and the general formula of calculation fault current,
and the apparent resistance and reactance measurement at one end of the line. In cases of
interphase short-circuits the fault resistance in general very low, therefore the expected
errors are also limited.
In cases of ground fault high fault resistance may be assumed; hence the errors affect the
precision of short circuit location [15]. The general formula of the algorithm uses
calculation of fault loop model of resistance and reactance measured by the fault recorder
or distance relay [8].

d= ……………… Eq 16

3.2 Algorithm studied


3.2.1 One-Ended fault location algorithm
One-ended impedance based fault location algorithm estimate distance to fault with the
use of voltages and current at a particular end of the line.
Impedance-based fault locators are a popular means of different types of transmission
line fault location which is used for finding the location of line fault. This method uses an
algorithm that correct for fault resistance and load current inaccuracies. Line length
accuracies of ±5% which are typical for single-ended locators for line fault [11]. Working
principle of impedance locators is based on the measurement of currents and voltages
during the occurrence of fault. Due to the use of these two electrical quantities in fault

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locating algorithm, there are certain errors caused by fault resistance, earth capacitance,
magnetic coupling between the circuits in transmission line and that of transient present
in the current component. For one end measurement location of fault obtained by
apparent impedance seen in line from one end [13].
The majority of one-end fault-location algorithm is based on calculation of fault loop
composed to identify fault type, similar to the distance relay. One-ended impedance
methods of fault location are a standard feature in most numerical relays. The methods
use a simple algorithm, communication channel and remote data are not required.
The following commonly encountered factors can severely degrade accuracy:
 High fault resistance
 Zero-sequence, mutual coupling
 Nonhomogeneous power systems
The impact of fault resistance on one-end impedance measurement is a key factor in
deriving the majority of one end fault-location algorithm. Fault locators calculate the
fault location from the apparent impedance seen by looking from one end of the line.
Fault types usually coincide by the phase to ground voltages and current in each phase, it
is also possible to locate phase to phase faults by the zero-sequence impedance. The
majority of all one-ended fault location is based on a "fault loop" composite for identified
the fault type. The following formulas calculate the apparent impedance from the feeding
Bus bar (S) for distance relays [1].

……………………………………………….. Eq 17

Fault calculation is laid down by the fault impedance with compensation for fault
resistance drop. For determined fault where fault resistance (Rf = 0) is the apparent
impedance equal to the positive sequence impedance (ZL1) of the line segment by
distance (m) from the measuring point until the fault according to equation 2.
………………………………………… Eq 18
If not taken account to the positive sequence line impedance at resistive fault, the
calculation will probable estimate wrong distance to fault. The other important aspect of
this fault locator algorithm is the use of the pre-fault current in order to establish the

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variation of line current at fault. The first equation will return here as Positive-sequence
impedance equation. A voltage is the sum of the drop in the line to the fault point [12].

Figure 3. 1 single line diagram of transmission line with fault.

Figure 3. 2 One-Line Diagram and Circuit Representation of Line Fault


…………………………. Eq 19
Where:
Vs is the voltage at terminal S
m is the distance to the fault in per unit
ZL is the line impedance between terminals S and R
is the line current from terminal S
RF is the fault resistance
IF is the total fault current
The value of the impedance measured at terminal S may be found by dividing Equation
(3) by the measured current, Is.

………………… Eq 20

( ) )) …………… Eq 21

( ) )) ……... Eq 22

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Where:
ZSR is the apparent impedance to the fault measured at terminal S.

Table 3. 1 Simple impedance equations


Fault type Fault loop voltage: Fault loop current: Positive sequence impedance equation
( =)

a-ground ⁄

b-ground ⁄

c-ground ⁄

a-b or a-b-g ⁄

b-c or b-c-g ⁄

c-a or c-a-g ⁄

a-b-c Any of the following


⁄ ⁄ ⁄

For a fault between two phases, the impedance can be obtained from the substations
voltage and current in the involved phases. The difference between the two-phase
voltages is divided by the difference between phases current. For a three-phase short
circuit the voltage and current in any pair of phases can be used for distance to fault
calculation.
3.2.2 Two-Ended Fault Location Algorithm
This section introduces a double-ended fault location algorithm for high-voltage,
overhead transmission lines. The algorithm uses synchronized voltage and current
measurements from both ends of the line.

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Two-ended fault location estimation is fundamentally similar to the one-terminal


algorithm. But the method can improve the accuracy of fault distance measurements
significantly by using data from the two ends of the line to cancel the effect of fault
resistance and in feed [3]. Two end and multi-end fault location algorithms divided in
two main categories, unsynchronized and synchronized measurement. The algorithms
process signals from both terminals of the line and a large amount of information is
utilized. Therefore, performance of the two-end algorithms generally superior in
comparison to the one-end approaches [18].
In double ended method, we minimize the effect of fault resistance and other factors
which affect the accuracy of fault location. We don’t need to recognize the type of fault
in order to calculate the location of the fault. So rather than using zero sequence, we can
use +ve sequence components which minimizes the effect of zero sequence components.
The only drawback is it requires a mean of communication to gather the data of remote
end which can currently be done using GPS technology whereas in the single end method
line terminal, relay or devices collecting data is enough. Double ended method takes
more time but it is quick enough to be used by a human. The response time is in seconds.
We must synchronize the collected data from both the ends before starting analysis [19].
Advantages
 Have line length accuracy of + 1-2% (more accurate than one-ended)
 More accurate than one-terminal methods
 Able to minimize or eliminate the effects of fault resistance, loading, and
charging current.
 Positive Sequence components are used instead of zero sequence,
eliminating the adverse effect of zero-sequence components
 Fault type identification is not needed Pre-fault data is not needed
Drawback
 The data from both ends must be collected at one location
Required Equipment and data
Double ended method may require the following equipment to abstract the data from a
system for calculation:

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 Measuring devices that gives 3 ph. voltage and current in each phase like
Microprocessor based relays
 Communication equipment
 Data collecting equipment or a tech person at the central site for collection of
data and calculation of fault location.
Following would be the data above instruments provide for the successful estimation.
1. Phase to ground voltages and phase current
2. Time correlation for phasor calculation.

Figure 3. 3 Positive-sequence network during an unbalanced fault


To illustrate the fault locating principle, consider the negative-sequence network during
an unbalanced fault. VF1 is the positive-sequence voltage at the fault point F and can be
calculated from terminal G and H as:
Terminal G: VF1 = VG1 − mZL1IG1 …………………………. Eq 23
Terminal H: VF1 = VH1 − (1 − m)ZL1IH1 ……………………. Eq 24
Voltage VF1 is equal when calculated from either line terminal. Therefore, equating (23)
and (24), the distance to fault (m) can be computed as:

m= … …………………… Eq 25

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CHAPTER 4
MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND SIMULATION RESULTS OF
THE SYSTEM
4.1 Mathematical Model
A transmission line was modeled using MATLAB Simulink. The analysis of
single line to ground fault location was performed. We used the Sim Power
System toolbox to perform the simulation.
Table 4. 1 Parameters of the line used for analysis

Parameters of Lines Value

Total Length 80Km


Normal frequency 50 Hz
Voltage phase to phase 33 KV
Resistance zero sequence 0.210 ohms/Km
Resistance positive sequence 0.075 ohms/Km
Inductance zero sequence 0.001267 Henry/Km
Inductance positive sequence 0.003819 Henry/Km

4.1.1 for Single End Algorithm


We have to take the value of VG, IH and IR from the simulation diagram of
voltage measurement, current measurement and multi-meter respectively.
Where,
VG = phase voltage at G
IG= current at phase G
IR= residual fault current
L = Normalization factor, L=1.25

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From the reading of the simulation with in a length of transmission line (80Km). Z1L and
Z0L are the positive and zero-sequence line impedance, which are given in table 4.1
Where the actual fault location is at 25km

Fault location =abs (M*L) = abs(19.486*1.25) = 24.36Km


Where the actual fault location is at 35Km

( )

Fault location =abs( M*L) = abs(1.25*27.093k) = 33.866Km


Where the actual fault location is at 45Km

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( )

( )

( )

Fault location = abs(M*L) =abs(34.56*1.25) =43.2Km


Where the actual fault location is at 50Km
Where at 50Km

( )

( )

Fault location = abs(M*L) =abs( 38.23*1.25)= 47.79Km


Where the actual fault location is at 60Km

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Where at 60Km

( )

( )

Fault location = abs(M*L )= abs(45.43*1.25) =56.79Km


Where the actual fault location is at 65Km

( )

( )

( )

Fault location =abs (M*L) =abs(50.26*1.25) =61.18Km


4.1.2 Double end algorithm
We have to take the value of VG, IG, VH, and IH from the simulation diagram of

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voltage measurement, current measurement.


Where:
VH= voltage at phase H
VG= voltage at phase G
IH= current at phase H
IG = current at G
A= Actual fault distance
L= Normalization factor, L=1.25
From the reading of the simulation diagram with in a length of transmission line
(80Km). Z1L and Z0L are the positive and zero-sequence line impedance, which
are given in table 3.
Where the actual fault location is at 25Km

( )

Where the actual fault location is at 35Km

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( )

Where the actual fault location is at 45Km

( )

Where the actual fault location is at 50Km

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( )

Where the actual fault location is at 60Km

( )

Where the actual fault location is at 65Km

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( )

4.2 System Modeling of Fault Location Method by MATLAB Simulink


In the present work SIMULINK has been used as a simulation tool.
SIMULINK is an interactive environment for modeling, analyzing a wide
variety of dynamic Systems. Following diagrams shows the transmission line
model. It is modeled using transmission parameter line.

Figure 4. 1 Single line diagram for single ended fault location

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4.2.1 Simulation diagram of fault location methods using single ended method

Figure 4. 2 Simulation diagram of fault location method for single ended method
All the parameters used are listed in the table 4.1 the length of the transmission line was
changed to prove the accuracy of the algorithm.
Also model was designed for distribution line so the effect of its charging current does
not need to be considered. During the fault, higher frequency component of frequency are
added to the fundamental component of current and voltage waveform. Fault has been
located at the different length of the transmission line. Accuracy of the fault is calculated
using following formula.

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The MATLAB Simulation Results for fault location by using single ended method

Figure 4. 3 simulation result of fault location on single ended method


Table below shows the accuracy of the fault location algorithms for different location of
the fault of single end algorithm.
Table 4. 2 : Results of one-ended fault location algorithm for different actual fault
location

Length of Actual Single ended fault location


the line (km) location
Estimated % Error VA IA (A) If (A)
(km)
location(km)
(v)

80 25 23.86 -0.8 18694.3084 794.4 1520.77

80 35 34.43 -1.4175 24466.3289 743.5 1405.305

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80 45 43.92 -2.25 29388.5568 700.3 1444.039

80 50 48.8064 -2.7625 31687.8900 680.3 1405.568

80 60 57.72 -4.0125 31687.8900 680.3 1405.568

80 65 62.19 -.4.775 37555.2182 629.5 1482.153

Single ended algorithm calculates the fault location using apparent impedance from one
end to the fault. We need to measure phase to ground voltages and current in every phase
to locate the fault type in this algorithm. If we have only line to line voltages, we can
locate phase to phase faults.
4.2.2 Simulation diagram of fault location methods using double ended method

Figure 4. 4 simulation result of fault location on single ended method

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The MATLAB Simulation Results for fault location by using double ended method

Figure 4. 5 sample simulation result of fault location on double ended method


Table below shows the accuracy of the fault location algorithms for different length and
location of the fault.
Table 4. 3 Results of two-ended fault location algorithm for different length

Length of the Distance of Double ended fault location


line (km) the fault
(km) MATL-AB Error VA IA (A) VB (v) IB
result (km)
(v) (A)
80 25 24.57 -0.31 11281.6719 648.7 40369.0549 649.1

80 35 34.72 -0.35 1149.3798 521.3 34887.516 684.8

80 45 44.91 -0.11 11574.2124 451.8 28811.520 727.6

80 50 49.60 0.50 11632.158 413.2 3739.6446 669.9

80 60 60.25 0.31 11662.628 395.8 18223.217 808.3

80 65 65.37 0.46 11681.517 384.6 14189.035 840.9

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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
Focusing on any research work regarding literature review is the very most important task because
it builds up the thoughts and strong setting that can develop quickly. This development allows for
making improvements based on unsolved questions thus clearly explain all limitations related to the
progress of research work.
The amount of transmission fault is growing and changing the network condition both in normal
operation and during fault occurrences. Different algorithms have been implemented, tested and
verified to create a greater understanding of determinants facts that affect distance to faults
algorithm’s accuracy. Different fault cases have been tested and verified at different line length.
Accurate modeling of Transmission line is one of the main requirements when testing and
performing a fault locating process. The fault location identification method was able to deal with
balanced and unbalanced faults, as it would be necessary in the field. Location of fault using the
available voltage and current implies saving of great amount of money to transmission line. These
results are meaningful in both network planning and network operation. In planning it aims at the
design and assessment of sensitive equipment and improving the designs of protection system.
Impedance based technique is widely used because of its simplicity and low cost. One-ended
impedance-based fault location still produces very good results in most cases. One-end methods use
only voltage and current information captured at one terminal of the line to estimate the fault
location, while two-end methods require information from both terminals. If event data is available
from both ends of the line, two-ended impedance fault location can improve fault location estimate
and provide fault location estimation with acceptable error. It provides more accurate results
compared to one edged technique because the two-ended approach is not affected by fault
resistance and reactance. Developments are needed to make automatic collection of two-ended fault
location applicable for all lines and faults.
The accuracy of fault location of these two algorithms are compared by varying various fault
parameters like line length, fault location, fault resistance. The developed calculation model
presented has been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results show that, the
proposed algorithm for transmission line fault location to L-G fault type in different location,

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double ended fault location algorithm can highly improve the accuracy of fault location. The error
in fault location is less than in two-ended algorithm compared to one-ended method for the fault
location method.
5.2 Recommendation
A future implementation of the software and developed model in the algorithm requires additional
processing and validation of the algorithms’ reliability and accuracy. Several more
test cases need to be calculated and evaluated. Also several of the new solvers should be
verified and tested further in the developed Simulink model. Several two-sided algorithms should
be implemented and verified in order to understand the methodology behind the fault handling and
data verification.
This report will form the basis for a comprehensive and important future work in different aspects
and impacts at the different fault situations on transmission line.
Power system fault in transmission line is the main problem which needs a significant concern to
every one power system. When fault occur in the transmission line it will damage many equipment
and system blackouts may occur also, so we have to concern how to maintain those faults if it’s
happen in the transmission line and to maintain any fault in the system, fault location and
identification method must be applied to protect equipment and to improve the quality and
reliability of power supply. By using these methods we can minimize the power interruption time.
So the loyalty of government increases with the customer. Finally; we have to recommend applying
the fault location and identification method in our country instead of traditional method, because it
improves the development of our country in a significant way.

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