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Dr. Gonzalo Leiva Quijada

“Valparaíso, tan pequeña


como una camiseta desvalida,
colgando en tus ventanas harapientas
meciéndose en el viento del océano,
impregnándose de todos los dolores de tu
suelo…” (Pablo Neruda; Oda a Valparaíso)

5(680(1 El artículo busca establecer categorías estéticas


desde el complejo intertextual de la sensibilidad y la creación
artística. En efecto es un trabajo que investiga sobre dos
personalidades originales del Chile de mediado de los años 50:
la figura de Sergio Larraín Echeñique y de su amigo Adolfo
Couve. El primero fotógrafo reconocido en el medio mundial,
único latinoamericano de la Agencia Magnum, el segundo un
creador nato en todos los terrenos posibles de la creación
literaria y plástica. Nos interesa recabar sobre las aperturas del
sentido en la obra literaria y sus diálogos con la fotografía. Por
lo mismo, la investigación reconoce el fondo psicológico y la
importancia de la ciudad de Valparaíso para pensar la
liberación psíquica desde dos autores que dan nuevas alas
creativas a la literatura y la imagen latinoamericana.
3$/$%5$6±&/$9(6 Creación artística, intertextualidad,
fotografía, literatura, fondo psicológico.

5(6802 O artigo procura estabelecer categorias estéticas


a partir do complexo intertextual da sensibilidade e da
criação artística. Na verdade, é um trabalho que
pesquisa duas personalidades originais do Chile de meados
dos anos 50: a figura de Sergio Larraín Echeñique e seu amigo
Adolfo Couve. 2 SULPHLUR IRWyJUDIR PXQGLDOPHQWH
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a fotografia. Por isso, a pesquisa reconhece o fundo


psicológico e a importância da cidade de Valparaíso para
pensar a libertação psíquica desde dois autores que dão novas
asas criativas à literatura e à imagem da América Latina.
3$/$95$6±&+$9(: Criação artística, intertextualidade,
fotografia, literatura, fundo psicológico.

Introducción

El presente ensayo busca escarbar en categorías


estéticas las aperturas de sentido en la obra literaria y sus
diálogos con la fotografía. En concreto, desde un diálogo
intertextual entre el escritor Adolfo Couve y su amigo el
fotógrafo Sergio Larraín Echeñique, buscaremos
adentrarnos en fragmentos escriturales, pictóricos,
fotográficos para desentrañar algunas constantes en la
producción autónoma de los creadores: ambos difíciles de
clasificar, reacios a los academicismos, escapando
del exitismo fácil de la fatua y efímera gloria.
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Es en este contexto productivo que los une


generacionalmente durante los años cincuenta y sesenta
en Santiago en la escuela de Bellas Artes. Así conocemos
de la amistad de Larraín y Couve, el nexo común
será el maestro de ambos: Pablo Burchard.
Burchard profesor de taller de pintura y paisaje, autor
apasionado que trabaja sosteniendo una pincelada
liviana, ágil y poética, aunando los cantos, estudios
descriptivos y primorosos de las cosas sencillas que
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