International Journal of Geography and Regional Planning

Vol. 5(2), pp. 115-121, October, 2019. © www.premierpublishers.org. ISSN: 2021-6009

Case Study

Assessment of Human Activities on River Kaduna and

the Health Implications in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
1Shenpam, Godwin Daniel, *2Danjuma, Andembutop Kwesaba, 3Umaru Benjamin
1,2,3Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Federal University Wukari, Nigeria

Sustainable utilization of rivers for domestic water needs in towns and cities requires continuous
assessment of the effects of human activities on the quality of the rivers. The objectives of this
study were to identify the sources of pollution in River Kaduna and to examine the implications
of pollution in water quality of the river on human health. Data required for the study were land
use types, Government documents and Hospital records. Data were obtained through field
observation and administration of questionnaire. The study adopted the survey design while
Purposive sampling technique was used in administration of questionnaire. Descriptive Statistics
were shown in tables in unit of percentages. Likert scale data analysis was employed in
measuring respondents’ perception on the effects of pollution in the water quality of River
Kaduna. The major sources of pollution in River Kaduna are agricultural run-off, industrial
effluents and discharges liquid wastes. Results showed that human activities have effects on the
quality of River Kaduna. The results also showed that cases of water related diseases are high in
the study area. The findings revealed that the variety and level of pollution in River Kaduna is
related to the size of population and land use activities on the various parts of the Metropolis from
where it receives run-off and pollutants. The research drew attention of the authorities on the
urgent need to regulate human activities along the river and encourage low cost technology for
the treatment of well water and polluted rivers in the metropolis. These actions will guarantee
sustainable utilization of River Kaduna as a potable source of water supply.

Key words: River Kaduna, Sustainable utilization, Pollutants, Water born and water related diseases.

INTRODUCTION

As a result of rapid population growth and increase in
standard of living/industrial activities, every corner of the
globe is however making increasing demands upon water
resource in its surrounding, thereby altering its quality and
quantity. For land-based forms of life, however, about 97%
of water is not available for consumption because of its
salinity (David, 1990). Even the 3% that is fresh water often
is not readily available for human use, as much of it is
either locked in glacial ice or is stored underground. It is
also important to point out that water as a geographical
entity is not distributed uniformly over the surface of the
earth, yet pollutants are being discharged into surface
water bodies that run through urban areas thereby leading
to the deterioration of its quality (Cooper, Hewitt and
Cooke, 1987).In Nigeria, urban population growth and
industrial demands on water have been on the increase,
and water quality has experienced remarkable changes.
Rapid population growth, industrialization and urban
development with their attendant environmental problems
have continued in Kaduna state and have created stress
on water quality of Kaduna River (Kaduna State
Environmental Protection Authority (KEPA, 1996).
*Corresponding Author: Danjuma, Andembutop
Kwesaba, Department of Hospitality and Tourism
Management, Federal University Wukari, Nigeria.
E-mail: andedanjuma99@gmail.com;
Co-Authors 1Email: shenpamgodwin@yahoo.com;
3
Email: umarubenjamin@gmail.com

Assessment of Human Activities on River Kaduna and the Health Implications in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
Shenpam et al. 116

A healthy environment is one in which the water quality word “Kadduna” meaning crocodiles. This name was given
supports and protects health. Ensuring adequate to the town because of the presence of crocodiles in the
protection of surface water of River Kaduna will river in the past that now divides the town into two, also
necessitate continuous monitoring of the water quality as called Kaduna River. During the colonial era, Kaduna grew
population grows and industrialization increases. Poor both as a garrison town and an administrative centre. With
water quality usually becomes a major constraint on the creation of states by the Federal Government in 1967,
development, if not adequately considered within a given Kaduna ceased to be the capital of Northern Nigeria. It
development programme (Shenpam, 2016). This is became the capital of Kaduna State and has emerged as
because water resource conditions are complementary to a strategic centre for industries, defence, commerce and
many other development inputs. However, water for educational institutions.Kaduna today ranks second only
domestic use, agricultural production, industrial activities to Kano in Northern Nigeria in terms of population,
and other factors can alter the chemical, biological and industrialand commercial activities.
physical characteristics of water in ways that can threaten
ecosystem integrity and human health (Anyadike and
Obeta, 2013). The major sources of water quality problems
are from human settlements, industrial and agricultural
activities which are the predominant land use zones in
Kaduna metropolis. Negative factors related to these
activities include unhygienic disposal and inadequate
treatment of human and livestock wastes, deficient
management and treatment of industrial residues,
inappropriate agricultural practices and unsafe solid waste
discharge. For example, reports show over 80% of sewage
in developing countries is discharged untreated directly
into water bodies, (United Nations Water, 2011). Industries
are responsible for dumping an estimated 300-400 million
tons of heavy metals, solvents, toxic sludge and other
wastes into water each year (Obasi and Balogun, 2001).
Rapid urban industrialization, socio-economic
development, population growth and increase in industrial
activities in Kaduna metropolis appear to cause both water
pollution and water resources depletion of Kaduna River
(Essoka and Umaru, 2006). The river cuts across the city,
dividing it into northern and southern halves. The southern
part of the city is widely known as the industrial belt of the
city. It accomondates three industrial layouts namely Fig. 1: Map of Kaduna State.
Kakuri, Makera and Kudenda (KEPA, 1996). The northern Source: Department of Geography, Kaduna State
part of the city consists of commercial centres, high and University, 2016
low income residential houses, millitary barracks and
educational institutions. This river also serves as the main
source of water for Kaduna metropolis, and its industries METHODOLOGY
and irrigation agriculture that take place within and near
the channel of the river (KEPA, 1996). It is also used for The study adopted a survey design and data were
drinking, bathing, swimming and fishing by the rural collected from both primary and secondary sources. Data
population living down stream of the river. Therefore, were obtained through direct field observation and
considering the roles that rivers and streams play in water questionnaire to the respondents. Sources of data for this
supply to the inhabitants of their immediate environments study included; Government agencies, documentaries and
and the increasing human activities around them, the literature review. Hospital records were obtained from
neeed for constant monitoring and assessment of the Kaduna State Ministry of Health and Dr. Gwamna Awan
quality of such water bodies becomes highly imperative General Hospital, Kakuri in Kaduna Metropolis. Purposive
(Shenpam, 2016). and Random sampling techniques were used in data
collection. Descriptive Statistics in the form of mean,
STUDY AREA percentages, frequencies were used in the analysis of the
data collected and illustrated in tabular forms. Equally,
Kaduna metropolis occupies a total land area of 260 km2 Likert 4 type scale was employed in assessing the effects
and is located at latitudes 80581N-110301N and at of human activities on water quality of River Kaduna in
longitudes6031-E-80481E. It is located in the central area of relation to human health.
what used to be called the Northern Region of Nigeria
(Jehu, 2002).Kaduna derived its name from a Hausa plural

Assessment of Human Activities on River Kaduna and the Health Implications in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
From Table 1, 15% and 38.1% of the sampled population
‘Strongly Agreed’ and ‘Agreed’ that, Kaduna River water is
used for drinking, while 40% and 6.9% ‘Disagreed and
‘Strongly disagreed’ with the opinion. Further, 32.9% and
45.2% ‘Strongly Agreed’ and ‘Agreed’ that Kaduna River is
use for domestic purposes like cooking and washing
among others. Also, 49.6% and 29.5% of the respondents
‘Strongly Agreed’ and ‘Agreed’ that Kaduna River is use
for industrial purposes. Some people such as water vendor
use the water of the river as their source of income. Face
to face interview with some of the respondents showed
that a jerry-can of water goes for Ten Naira. 32.4% and
29.5% ‘Strongly Agreed’ and ‘Agreed’ with the opinion.
Some also use the river for irrigation farming, while 35.4%
and 43.7% of the sampled population ‘Strongly Agreed’
and ‘Agreed’ with the opinion. This may tend to suggest
that River Kaduna is used by the residents for various
purposes as seen from Table 1. The data on above Table
1 also shows whether or not patronage of hospitals and
health care facilities in Kaduna metropolis is on the
increase as a result of intake of polluted water. The result
indicates that 36.6% of the sampled population ‘Strongly
Agreed’ that patronage of hospitals and other health care
facilities is on the increase in the study area. 142
respondents representing 34.9% agreed with the opinion;
while 83 respondents (20.4%) and 33 respondents (8.1%)
‘Disagreed’ and ‘Strongly Disagreed’ with the opinion.
Based on this and the computed mean score of 3, it might
tend to suggest that patronage of hospitals and other
health care facilities in the Kaduna metropolis is on the
increase.
Result on high incidence of typhoid as a result of intake of
poor water quality shows that, 205 (50.4%) and 133
(32.7%) ‘Strongly Agreed’ and ‘Agreed’ with the opinion.
However, 38 respondents representing 9.3% ‘Strongly
Agreed’ with the opinion. This goes to show that high
incidence of typhoid in the study area may be as a result
of their intake of poor water quality. This was further
supported by the factual information obtained from Kaduna
State Ministry of Health and Dr. Gwamna Awan General
Hospital; Kakuri-Kaduna (Table 2). The research went
further to show whether incidence of cholera is related to
poor quality drinking water. Result shows that 49.6% and
34.2% of the sampled population ‘Strongly Agreed’ and
‘Agreed’ with the view, while 10.6% and 5.7% strongly
disagreed and disagreed with the opinion (Table 1). This
tends to suggest that incidence of cholera in the study area
may be related to poor quality drinking water as seen from
the result on Tables 1 and 2 respectively.
On whether the intake of polluted water leads to dysentery
in Kaduna metropolis, 45.2% and 37.1% of the
respondents ‘Strongly Agreed’ and ‘Agreed’ with the view.
This shows that incidence of dysentery may be related to
Assessment of Human Activities on River Kaduna and the Health Implications in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
Int. J. Geogr. Reg. Plan. 117
intake of polluted water (Tables 1 and 2). On whether
Infectious hepatitis is as a result of intake of poor water
quality, 23.6% and 34.9% strongly agreed and agreed with
the opinion; while 25.3% and 16.2% ‘disagreed’ and
‘strongly disagreed’ with the opinion. From the result, it
tends to suggest that infectious hepatitis may be caused
by intake of poor water quality. This is further seen from
the high incidence of the disease recorded in 2013 in
Kaduna metropolis (Table 2). Other waterborne diseases
such as guinea worm, diarrhea, calibacillosis,
salmonellusis, brucellosis and helminthosis all recorded
high cases in the study area as shown from the result. For
example, in the case of diarrhea; result shows that 114
respondents representing 28% and 168 respondents
(41.3%) ‘Strongly Agreed’ and ‘Agreed’ that incidence of
diarrhea was in the increase in Kaduna metropolis.
Hospital records also confirmed that as shown in Table 2.
Research also shows that intake of polluted water may
lead to weakness in human systems and loss of man
power and absenteeism from work as seen from the
response of the sampled population (Table 1). Intake of
polluted water may also lead to high morbidity and
mortality rate as shown from the result.
Impact of industrial and other wastes effluents and
discharges into Kaduna River could result to water quality
impairment, which may lead to degradation of aquatic
ecosystem like fish on which human health depends as a
source of protein. This may also limit the recreational use
of the river. Results for these items showed high record as
seen on Table 1. This may tend to suggest that
degradation of water quality of River Kaduna has effects
on the residents of the metropolis as seen from the
empirical research result on Table 1 and the hospital
record on Table 2. The findings of the study further shows
that, water quality pollutants such as pesticides and
chemical fertilizers are on the increase in River Kaduna as
a result of agricultural practices along its bank. 147
respondents representing 36.1% and 156 respondents
(38.3%) ‘Strongly Agreed’ and ‘Agreed’ to the opinion
(Table 1). This may lead to high incidence of water borne
and water related diseases and may lead to high cost of
treatment which may increase poverty among the people
of the metropolis. Therefore, we may tend to conclude that
poor water quality of River Kaduna has effects on the
residents of Kaduna metropolis which may directly or
indirectly depend on the water resources of Kaduna River
for drinking and other domestic uses. Twenty seven
percent of Nigerians depended absolutely on streams,
ponds, rivers, and rainwater for their drinking water
sources (Obasi and Balogun, 2001). Research has shown
high prevalence of water borne diseases such as cholera,
diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis, etc among Nigerians. The
need for water quality monitoring is paramount to
safeguard public health and also to protect the water
resources in Kaduna Metropolis.
 Shenpam et al. 118

Table 1: Uses and Consequences of pollution of River Kaduna

Uses and Consequences of pollution in water quality of River Kaduna 4 3 2 1
S/N Items Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly Total Mean
Agree Disagree
22 61 155 163 28 407
Kaduna river is used for drinking 3.11
15% 38.1% 40% 6.9%
23 134 184 57 32 407
Kaduna river is used for domestic uses (cooking, washing of plates) 3.03
32.9% 45.2% 14% 7.9%
24 202 139 23 43 407
Kaduna river is used for industrial purposes 3.23
49.6% 34.2% 5.7% 10.6%
25 132 120 99 56 407
Kaduna river is a source of income (water vendor) 2.81
32.4% 29.5% 24.3% 13.8%
26 144 178 48 37 407
Kaduna river is good for irrigation farming 3.05
35.4% 43.7% 11.8% 9.1%
27 Patronage of hospitals and other health care facilities in Kaduna metropolis 149 142 83 33 407
3.00
is on the increase 36.6% 34.9% 20.4% 8.1%
28 205 133 31 38 407
High incidence of typhoid is as a result of intake of poor water quality 3.24
50.4% 32.7% 7.6% 9.3%
29 202 139 23 43 407
Incidence of cholera is related to poor quality drinking water 3.23
49.6% 34.2% 5.7% 10.6%
30 184 151 36 36 407
Intake of polluted water leads to dysentery 3.19
45.2% 37.1% 8.8% 8.8%
31 Infectious hepatitis is as a result of intake of poor water quality from 96 142 103 66 407
2.66
Kaduna River 23.6% 34.9% 25.3% 16.2%
32 Guinea worm prevalence in Kaduna metropolis is as a result of intake of 132 139 107 29 407
2.92
polluted water from Kaduna River 32.4% 34.2% 26.3% 7.1%
33 Costs of health treatment as a result of intake of polluted Kaduna River 115 145 119 28 407
2.85
water is on the increase 28.3% 35.6% 29.2% 6.9%
34 Water related diseases such as diarrhea, is on the increase in Kaduna 114 168 94 31 407
2.90
metropolis 28% 41.3% 23.1% 7.6%
35 163 155 61 28 407
Intake of polluted water can lead to weakness in human systems 3.11
40% 38.1% 15% 6.9%
36 Diseases such as colibacillosis, salmonellosis, brucellosis, and 92 125 102 88 407
2.54
helminthosis are contacted as a result of contact with polluted water 22.6% 30.7% 25.1% 21.6%
37 155 171 54 27 407
Intake of polluted water may lead to high mortality rate 3.12
38.1% 42% 13.3% 6.6%
38 Polluted water may lead to high morbidity rate when used for domestic 136 167 81 23 407
3.02
and other related needs 33.4% 41% 19.9% 5.7%
39 134 184 57 32 407
It may lead to loss of man power and absenteeism from work 3.03
32.9% 45.2% 14% 7.9%
40 Impacts of industrial and other wastes effluent into Kaduna River could 174 165 36 32 407
3.18
result to water quality impairment 42.8% 40.5% 8.8% 7.9%
41 Reduction in fish abundance which is a source of protein to man is 169 145 55 38 407
3.09
attributed to pollution of Kaduna River 41.5% 35.6% 13.5% 9.3%
42 152 153 72 30 407
Pollution of Kaduna River limits its use for recreation 3.05
37.3% 37.6% 17.7% 7.4%
43 Water pollution may lead to degradation of aquatic ecosystem on which 174 162 43 28 407
3.18
human health depends 42.8% 39.8% 10.6% 6.9%
44 High expenditure on treatment of water related diseases may increase 147 157 76 27 407
3.04
poverty among the people 36.1% 38.6% 18.7% 6.6%
45 151 183 45 28 407
It may lead to degradation of water quality of Kaduna River 3.12
37.1% 45% 11.1% 6.9%
46 Surface water pollution is one of environmental challenges in Kaduna 144 178 48 37 407
3.05
metropolis 35.4% 43.7% 11.8% 9.1%
47 Water quality pollutants such as pesticides and chemical fertilizers are on 147 156 57 47 407
the increase in Kaduna River as a result of agricultural practices along the 36.1% 38.3% 14% 11.5% 2.99
river bank.
48 132 120 99 56 407
Water pollution is unstoppable and human is to blame 2.81
32.4% 29.5% 24.3% 13.8%
Source: Field survey, 2016

Assessment of Human Activities on River Kaduna and the Health Implications in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
 Int. J. Geogr. Reg. Plan. 119

Table 2: Trend of Some Water Borne/Water Related Diseases in Kaduna Metropolis (2003-2013)
Year Typhoid Cholera Dysentery Hepatitis Malaria Diarrhea
2003 817 32 15 19 10,906 50
2004 1,538 40 50 134 2,040 164
2005 3,097 22 34 37 3,575 380
2006 7,366 61 26 158 9,079 641
2007 529 40 200 94 4,668 2,407
2008 1000 30 152 105 20,315 6,371
2009 809 18 500 84 23,758 7,528
2010 608 13 460 11 11,086 3,146
2011 1,024 843 76 10 3,113 1,999
2012 60 165 550 782 30,855 5,788
2013 251 136 743 1,058 70,918 6,238
Sources: Kaduna State Ministry of Health and DR. Gwamna Awan General Hospital, Kakuri, Kaduna, 2014
As seen on Table 2, the trend of the prevalence of water was followed in that order by diarrhea (3,146 cases),
borne/related diseases in Kaduna metropolis in 2003 to typhoid (608 cases), dysentery (460 cases), cholera (13
2013 showed that malaria was the most prevalent. This cases) and hepatitis (11 cases). In 2011, malaria
was because the number of malaria cases recorded continued its domination of the recorded cases of 3,113
(10,906) was higher than the other diseases. Typhoid was and is followed at a distance by diarrhea (1,999 cases),
next with 817 cases, followed by diarrhea (50 cases), typhoid (1,024 cases), cholera (843 cases), dysentery (76
cholera (32 cases), hepatitis (19 cases) and dysentery (15 cases) and the hepatitis (10 cases).
cases). This shows that water related disease (malaria)
was the most highly recorded case, followed by typhoid Meanwhile, 2012 recorded a drastic fall in the number of
(water born) disease. Malaria cases in 2004 dropped from cases of typhoid from 1,024 in 2011 to only 60 cases in
10,906 to 2,040 cases, but this could not be said about 2012. But cases of other diseases increased noticeably
others. For instance, typhoid (which recorded the next with malaria increasing from 3,113 cases in 2011 to 30,855
highest case) increased from 817 to 1,538. In the order of in 2012. On the other hand, the number of cases of malaria
most recorded cases, diarrhea had the next case of 164. remained the highest and is followed by diarrhea (5,788
Hepatitis was next with 134 cases followed by dysentery cases), hepatitis (782 cases), dysentery (550 cases),
(50) and cholera (40 cases) was the least. cholera (165 cases) and the least typhoid (60 cases).
Lastly, 2013 recorded a small decrease only in the cases
Contrastingly, malaria cases increased from 2,040 to of cholera from 165 cases in 2012 to 136 cases in 2013.
3,575. Similarly, typhoid with next highest case also The same could not be said about other diseases as they
increased from 1,538 in 2004 to 3,097. Diarrhea (380 moved up greatly. Precisely, malaria increased from
cases) followed, and in that order by hepatitis (37 cases), 30,855 in 2012 to 70,918 in 2013, while, typhoid and
dysentery (34 cases) and least cases was cholera (22 hepatitis increased to 251 and 1,058 from 60 and 782 in
cases). In 2006, malaria cases continued its dominant and 2012 respectively. Malaria dominated the number of
increasing rate with a sharp increase to 9,079. Malaria is recorded cases in 2013 with 70,918 and is followed in that
followed in this order by typhoid (7,366 cases), diarrhea order by diarrhea (6,238 cases), hepatitis had (1,058
(641 cases), hepatitis (158 cases), cholera (61 cases) and cases), dysentery had (743 cases), typhoid had (251
dysentery (26 cases). There were drops in the number of cases) and lastly cholera had (136 cases).
cases of these diseases in 2007 except in dysentery which
increased from 26 in 2006 to 200 in 2007. Despite this In general, the trend of these diseases was such that it
increase, the incidence of malaria was still more than that moved up quickly and at sometimes fell easily.
of other disease (4,668 cases). Malaria is followed at a Specifically, malaria had the highest movement because it
distance by diarrhea (2,407 cases), typhoid (529 cases), started with 10,906 in 2003 drop to 2,040 in 2004 and
dysentery (200 cases), hepatitis (94 cases) and lastly by continued in that trend until 2012 when it increased from
cholera (40 cases). The reported cases of these diseases 3,113 in 2011 to 30,855 and increased higher to 70,918 in
increased in 2008 except for dysentery and cholera which 2013. From the above, it tends to suggest that incidence
decreased. Specifically, the cases were still most in of some water borne/ water related diseases are on the
malaria (20,315 cases) followed by diarrhea (6,371), increase in the study area. For example, cases of malaria
typhoid (1000), dysentery (152), hepatitis was (105) and which is water related disease and diarrhea and hepatitis
least was cholera (30). Malaria continued its increasing are on the increase in Kaduna metropolis most especially
trend in 2009 by rising to 23,758 and it was followed by in the year 2013. This may be as a result of persistent
diarrhea (7,528), typhoid (809), dysentery (500 cases), crises in the study area which rendered many people
hepatitis was (84 cases) and least was cholera (18 cases). homeless exposing them to mosquito bites and intake of
Year 2010 recorded a drop-in trend for all the cases. any available water whose sources and quality are not
Specifically, malaria still dominated with 11,068 cases and known and River Kaduna may be their last resort.

Assessment of Human Activities on River Kaduna and the Health Implications in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
Shenpam et al. 120
On all, the costs of urban environmental degradation,
damage to human health is by far the highest. There is a
direct link between urban environment degradation and
mobile health in terms of water related diseases such as
diarrhea, dysentery, cholera and typhoid. The rapid growth
of urban centers coupled with the development of
unstructured infrastructural and social services have
created an environmental situation in many parts of the
world which has effects on healthy living. Studies have
shown that zonotic diseases (diseases of animals
transmitted to human) are yet to be eliminated or fully
controlled in about 80% of the public abattoir in Nigeria
(WHO, 2011) thus, this may pose environmental health
risk to the people.
CONCLUSION
The study looked at the various ‘Land Use Zones’ along
the stretch of River Kaduna and achieved both ‘good
ecological and chemical’ status. Surface water as an
environmental resource is regenerative in the sense that it
could absorb pollution loads up to certain levels without
affecting its quality. The control of surface water pollution
is therefore needed to reduce the pollution loads from
anthropogenic activities which may have effects on human
health in particular. Moreover, the aquatic environment
may be affected in general, and to the natural regenerative
capacity of the resource. Hence the need for constant
monitoring is a vital issue.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Given the complexity and magnitude of the challenges
outlined above, an effective response to surface water
pollution will involve intensive action by all stakeholders,
including the public and private sectors and civil society to
combat water pollution problems that can form the basis of
policy solutions for improving water quality (UN Water,
2011). Hence, prevention of pollution from the source;
treatment of polluted water; safe use of wastewater; and
restoration and protection of ecosystems are the most
important initiatives for water resource management in this
21st century.
In industries, solutions with reformulating products to
produce lesser pollution, as well as, requires lesser
resources (including water) during their manufacture;
reduce use of toxic materials for pest control, nutrient
application and overall water usage in agricultural activities
might reduce pollution.
In cases where contaminants result from domestic,
industrial or agricultural activities, wastewater must be
treated before discharging. Treatment strategies for
contaminated water range along a continuum from high-
technology, energy-intensive approaches to low-
technology, low-energy, biologically and ecologically
focused approaches.
Assessment of Human Activities on River Kaduna and the Health Implications in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
Wastewater is usually disposed off into water bodies,
ideally following treatment to render it environmentally
safe. However, it can be safely used, sometimes even
untreated, in circumstances where impacts on human
health and the environment are well understood and all
possible actions are taken to eliminate risks. If well
regulated, safe use of wastewater, for example in
agriculture, can reduce the pressure exerted by human
activities on existing freshwater resources and augment
water supply in water-scarce and semi-arid zones and in
rapidly growing peri-urban settings. Other strategies
include:
i. Better understanding of water quality and its impacts
through improved monitoring, data collection and
analysis, and scenario building,
ii. More effective communication, education and
advocacy,
iii. Improved financial and economic approaches,
iv. Improved legal and institutional arrangements,
v. Improved technology and infrastructure.
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Accepted 28 September 2019

Citation: Shenpam GD, Danjuma AK, Umaru B (2019).

Assessment of Human Activities on River Kaduna and the
Health Implications in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria.
International Journal of Geography and Regional Planning
5(2): 115-121.

Copyright: © 2019: Shenpam et al. This is an open-

access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
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use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original author and source are cited.

Assessment of Human Activities on River Kaduna and the Health Implications in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria