HUMAN ANATOMY

3.0 UPPER LIMB

Divisions of the Skeletal System
Divisions of the Skeletal System
3.1 The Upper Limb – Pectoral Girdle & Free Part

 Primary function  movement

 The pectoral girdle: scapula & clavicle

 The free part has 30 bones:
 1 humerus (arm)
 1 ulna (forearm)
 1 radius (forearm)
 8 carpals (wrist)
 19 metacarpal and phalanges (hand)
The Pectoral (or Shoulder) Girdle

Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The Clavicle

Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Scapula

Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Scapula

Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Skeleton of the Arm - Humerus
 Longest and
largest bone of
the free part of the
upper limb
 Proximal -
scapula
 Distal -
radius&ulna
Skeleton of the Forearm
 Ulna
 The longer; medial to the radius
 Olecranon – large & prominent proximal end, “tip of your elbow”
 Coronoid process - the anterior “lip” of the proximal ulna
 Styloid process - the thin cylindrical projection on the posterior side of
the ulna’s head

Radius
Right Ulna & Radius
Right Wrist & Hand
 5 metacarpals
 14 phalanges - two in the
thumb (pollex) and three in
each of the other fingers

Scaphoid - boat shaped

Lunate - moon shaped
Triquetrum - 3 corners
Pisiform - pea shaped
Trapezium - four sided
Trapezoid - four sided
Capitate - large head
Hamate - hooked process

Carpal tunnel  tunnel of bone

& flexor retinaculum
Muscle Attachment Sites: Origin &
Insertion
 Skeletal muscles cause movements by exerting
force on tendons, which pulls on bones or other
structures.
 Articulating bones usually do not move equally in
response to contraction.
 Origin: attachment of a tendon to the stationary bone
 Insertion: attachment of the muscle’s other tendon to the
movable bone
Relationship of skeletal muscles to bones
Effects of muscle fascicle arrangement
 All muscle fibers are parallel to one another
within a single fascicle.
 Fascicles form patterns with respect to the
tendons.
 Parallel
 Fusiform
 Circular
 Triangular
 Pennate
3.2 Muscles of the Thorax that Move the Pectoral
Girdle
Muscles of the Thorax that Move the Pectoral Girdle
 7 of 9 muscles that cross the shoulder joint originate on the scapula, except the
pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi  the reason both considered axial muscles.

 Rotator cuff:
 4 deep shoulder muscles including:
 1. Subscapularis
 2. Supraspinatus
 3. Infraspinatus
 4. Teres minor
 Strengthen and stabilize the shallow shoulder joint, and act to join the scapula to the
humerus.
 A nearly complete circle of tendons around the shoulder joint, like the cuff on a
shirtsleeve.
Muscles of the Thorax and Muscles of the Thorax that
Shoulder that move the Move the Humerus
Humerus
Muscles of the Arm that Move the Radius and Ulna
 Most muscles that move the forearm cause flexion and extension at the elbow.
 Flexors: biceps brachii, brachialis & brachioradialis
 Extensors: triceps brachii & anconeus.
 Pronators: pronator teres & pronator quadratus.
 Only the supinator can supinate (You use the powerful action of the supinator
when you twist a corkscrew or turn a screw with a screwdriver)
Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Wrist, Hand, Thumb and Fingers:
Extrinsic muscles of the hand
 they originate outside the hand and insert within it.
 Based on location and function, these muscles are divided into an
anterior, and a posterior compartment group.
Muscles of the Palm that Move the Digits:
Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
 Intrinsic muscles of the hand produce weak but precise movements.
 Movements of the thumb are defined in different planes compared to other
digits because the thumb is positioned at a right angle to the other digits.