Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

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LANGUAGE
COMPONENTS

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

NOUN VERB

ADJECTTIVE ADVERB

ARTICLE
PRONOUN

CONNECTOR CONJUNCTION

PREPOSITION
AUXILIARY
Please memorize them!
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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

QUIZ 1:
Please mention language components you
have just learned:

1.…………………………………..
2.…………………………………..
3.…………………………………..
4.…………………………………..
5.…………………………………..
6.…………………………………..
7.…………………………………..
8.…………………………………..
9.…………………………………..
10.………………………………...

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

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NOUN

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

mountain, car,
beach, home,
book

food, drink,
syrup

perfume,
smoke

dream, friend-
music, sound,
ship, love
voice

table, body,
face

Noun is anything that you

can SEE, HEAR, TASTE,
TOUCH, SMELL and THINK OF

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

QUIZ :
Please name nouns that you can:

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

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VERB

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Be, Am, Is, Was, Were,

Been

You don't need an auxiliary of DO, DOES, DID to ne-

gate or to interrogate a sentence based on verb BE.
You just need to add “NOT” after the verb BE because
veb BE does not make your body move!!!

Run, Walked, Swam,

Thought, Think, Broken

You need an auxiliary of either DO, DOES, DID to

negate or to interrogate a sentence based on verbs
that make you body move!!!

Verb is a word that

shows an ACTIVITY
or an EXISTENCE

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Quiz:
What parts of your body move when you:
Eat: ……………………………………………
………………………………………………….
Sing: …………………………………………...
………………………………………………….
Play Basketball: ……………………………..
…………………………………………………..
Swim:…………………………………………...
…………………………………………………..
Write:…………………………………………..
………………………………………………….
Cook:…………………………………………..
………………………………………………….
Jump:………………………………………….
………………………………………………….
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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Quiz:
Please negate and interrogate these sentences:
1. She has some breakfast
(-) ……………………………………………………………………
(?) …………………………………………………………………..
2. We run toward the fence
(-) ……………………………………………………………………
(?) …………………………………………………………………..
3. They went to Bermuda last summer
(-) ……………………………………………………………………
(?) …………………………………………………………………..
4. I was a student in Montreal
(-) ……………………………………………………………………
(?) …………………………………………………………………..
5. You are the best student this year
(-) ……………………………………………………………………
(?) …………………………………………………………………..
6. We loved to jog in the hill
(-) ……………………………………………………………………
(?) …………………………………………………………………..
7. She is happy and intelligent
(-) ……………………………………………………………………
(?) …………………………………………………………………..
8. You lie on your bed
(-) ……………………………………………………………………
(?) …………………………………………………………………..
9. They are in the classroom
(-) ……………………………………………………………………
(?) …………………………………………………………………..

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Verb 1 Verb 2 Verb 3 Ving Vw

RUN RAN RUN RUNNING RUN
WALK WALKED WALKED WALKING WALK
EAT ATE EATEN EATING EAT
AM WAS BEEN BEING BE
IS WERE
CARE CARED CARED CARING CARE
WASH WASHED WASHED WASHING WASH
LOOK LOOKED LOOKED LOOKING LOOK
DRINK DRANK DRUNK DRINKING DRINK
SWIM SWAM SWUM SWIMMING SWIM
BREAK BROKE BROKEN BREAK BREAK

There are five different kinds

of verbs: V1, V2, V3, Ving, Vw
(Verb word).

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Quiz:
Please complete the chart!

V1 V2 V3 Ving Vw
interview

Listen

Sail

Create

Innovate

Pack

Make

Write

Send

Learn

Study

Broadcast

Bring

Say

Build

Come

See

Design

Deal

Get

Tear

Fly

Lie

Lay

Rise

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Be as a VERB!
I am happy She wasn’t here
They’re students Were you there?

Be as an Auxiliary!
I am writing an email to her
Were they swimming here yesterday morning at
05.00 AM?
She was not smiling at you

Be careful! BE has two

different functions, first
as a VERB and second
as an AUXILIARY (a
helping word that helps
a verb change its form
into Vw, Ving, and V3)

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Quiz:
Please identify which BE functions as a Verb or an Auxiliary!

1. We were not here for you (……………………..)

2. They are friendly like their father (…………………….)
3. Was she a student in college? (…………………..)
4. She was not singing in the bathroom (………………)
5. They have been ringing us for 1 hour (…………….)
6. Will you be watching TV tonight? (………………..)
7. I will be happy when you come (…………….)
8. Have they been healthy yet? (……………..)
9. The clouds were dark (………………..)
10. I was not thinking of you at that time (……………..)

Please make your own sentences

Be as a VERB
1…………………………………………………………
2…………………………………………………………

Be as an Auxiliary
1……………………………………………………….
2……………………………………………………….
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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

ADJECTIVE
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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Slow, tough,
hard

Hot, dangerous,
fast spreading

Fast, dangerous,
cunning

Adjective is a
word that shows
characters of a noun

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Quiz:
Please write down the characters of:
Cloud:………………………………………….
Wind:…………………………………………...
Water:………………………………………….
Boy:……………………………………………..
Girl:……………………………………………...
Sugar:…………………………………………..
Flour:…………………………………………….
Einstein:………………………………………...
Hitler:…………………………………………….
Elephant:……………………………………….
Lion:……………………………………………..
Boss:……………………………………………..
Employee:……………………………………..

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

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ADVERB

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Adverb of time: this morn-

ing, last night, years ago, Adverb of
this afternoon, tonight place: here,
there, in the
market, at the
Adverb of frequency: al-
bank, every-
ways, usually, often,
where, outside
rarely, never, ever

Adverb of manner: slow-

ly, beautifully, angrily
NOTE:
In order to form an adverb of
manner, you can add “ly” in the
end of an adjective except hard
late, fast

Adverb is a word/phrase that

can show you the time, place,
frequency, or manner of a situa-
tion

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Quiz:
Please mention adverbs based on these categories as many as you
can:

Adverb of time:

Adverb of place:

Adverb of frequency:

Adverb of manner:

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Chinese Box
Noun + Noun = plastic box
Adjective + Noun = wet box
Adverb + Adjective = very wet
Verb + Adverb = run slowly

She sings loud (xxx)

She sings loudly
The document is importantly (xxx)
The document is important

Remember that noun,

verb, adjective, and adverbs
are ruled by a set of rules

called Chinese Box

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

PREPOSITION
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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Above, across, after, against,

along, among, around, below,
beside, beneath, between, by,
on, in, at, close by, from, for, to

Remember:
A preposition is mostly followed by Ving.
For example, for speaking, in introducing, etc

Preposition is a word
or group of words that is
used with a noun, pronoun,
or noun phrase to show di-
rection, location, or time, or
to introduce an object

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Preposition Meaning Examples

above higher than or over The sun is above the clouds.
across from one side to the other It's dangerous to run across the road.
- following something - The boy ran after the ball.
after
- later than - I'll phone you after lunch.
- in opposition to - Stealing is against the law.
against
- in contact with - The sofa is against the wall.
along from one end to the other They are walking along the street.
among surrounded by Peter was among the spectators.
- in a circle - He walked around the table.
around
- near, approximately - It costs around 50 euros.
- earlier than - The day before yesterday.
before
- in front of - He bowed before the king.
behind at the back of Passengers sit behind the driver.
below lower than His shorts are below his knees.
beneath under The pen was beneath the books.
beside next to The bank is beside the cinema.
between in the space separating two things Mary sat between Tom and Jane.
by near, at the side of The restaurant is by the river.
close to near The school is near the church.
down from higher to lower She pulled down the blind.
from where something starts or originates The wind is blowing from the north.
in at a point within an area The pen is in the drawer.
in front of directly before The child ran out in front of the bus.
inside on the inner part of The bird is inside the cage.
into enter a closed space He went into the shop.
near close to The school is near the church.
next to beside The bank is next to the cinema.
off down or away from He fell off the horse.
on in a position touching a surface The plate is on the table.
onto move to a position on a surface The cat jumped onto the roof of the car.
opposite facing, on the other side Eva sat opposite Tom at the table.
- move from a closed space - He got out of the taxi.
out of
- without - She's out of work.
outside opposite of inside The garden is outside the house.
- above/across - The plane flew over the Atlantic.
over
- on the surface of - She put a sheet over the furniture.
past beyond She drove past the supermarket.
round in a circular movement The earth moves round the sun.
through from one side to the other The Seine flows through Paris.
The virus spread throughout the
throughout in every part of
country.
to in the direct of / towards On the way to the station.
towards in the direction of The child ran towards her father.
under beneath, below Water flows under the bridge.
underneath beneath There was dust underneath the rug.
up towards or in a higher position She walked up the stairs.
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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

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Article

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Indefinite artile: A or An
We use “a” if we meet nouns whose first al-
phabet is a consonant, or sound as conso-
nant, for example union.
We use “an” if we meet nouns whose first al-
phabet is a vocal, or sound as a vocal, for
example umbrella

Definite article: The

1. If there is only one
2. If we have already mentioned it
3. The names of newspapers, hotels, res-
taurants, families
4. If there is only one in an area

An article is a word
that shows whether a
thing is definite or indef-
inite!

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Auxiliary
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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Be: am, is, are, was, were, been

+ V3/Ving
Have: have, has, had
+ V3
Do: do, does, did
+ Vw
+ Vw
Modals: will, would,
may, might, can, could,
shall, should, must

Auxiliary
is a helping word. It
helps a verb change
its form to Vw, Ving,
V3
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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Quiz
Please complete these sentences using correct forms of verbs:
1. The ball is (kick)………………….by me
2. I am (kick)……………..the ball
3. The building was being (construct)………………..by them
4. They are (construct)………………..the building
5. She has (do)……………..her homework
6. Have they (be) …………………..here yet?
7. You will have (go)…………..to Yutan by next year
8. Are John and I (send)…………….to Australia by the committee?
9. She can (write)…………...a letter to the principle
10. They would not (count on)…………………….the government fee
11. We do not (tell)…………..the story to anybody
12. Do you (think)…………...you can do it?
13. Did they (record)………………..the template yet?
14. Could you (cook)………………..noodle?
15. The love of music has (go)……………….since they left school
16. Is she (work)………………..on the music of the film?
17. Have they been (study)………………….math for the test?
18. I will not (want) ………………….to learn the problem.=
19. Shall I (call)…………..the police?
20. They do not (send)…………...email.

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Pronouns
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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Subject Pronoun
I, you, he, she, it, we, they, you

Object Pronoun
Me, you, him, her, it, us, them, you

Possessive Adjective
My, your, his, her, its, our, their, your

Possessive Pronoun
Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs, yours

Reflexive Pronoun
Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves

Pointers
There, one, ones, this, that, those, these

Pronoun is a word that

replaces a noun!

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Conjunctions
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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Coordinating Conjunctions:
and, but, or, yet, for, nor, so

Subordinating Conjunctions:
after, although,as, as if, as long as, as though, because, before, even if,
even though, if, if only, in order that, now that, once, rather than, since,
so that, than, that, though, till, unless, until, when, whenever, where,
whereas, wherever, while

Correlative
Conjunctions:
both……and, not on-
ly….but also,
not…..but, either…..or,
neither……nor, weth-
er…..or, as……..as
Conjunctive Adverbs:
however, moreover, nevertheless,
consequently, as a result
Conjunction is a
word that we use to
connect sentences,
or clauses or to co-
ordinate words in
the same clause

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Connectors
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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

WHO (followed by Verb)

I talk to a woman who talks to you

WHOM (followed by Subject Pro)

I talk to a woman whom you talk to

THAT (neutral used either for living and non living)

I talk to a woman that talks to you

WHICH (used only for things)

I bought a box that you liked

WHOSE (only for possesive)

I talk to a woman whose son is smart

Connector is a word or
phrase that introduces a
clause or sentence

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Collective Quis
Please study everything
you have learned this far!

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Exercise:

Please identify the word class of each word in these passages:

Passage 1:
This news is from Turkey. Turkey has a large military. It has warplanes, too.
Turkish pilots are in training. They have an accident. They crash. Four people
die. People investigate the incident. There is another training. An accident
happens again. The warplane falls down. There are two pilots in the plane.
They die. People find the body of one pilot. They look for the second body.

Passage 2
This news is about a farmer. He is from Kansas, USA. He createscow art.
The farmer is in a feed truck. This truck carries food for cows. He drives in a
field and puts the food on the ground. He must put the food in the right
place.
Later, the cows come. They want to eat the food. A drone films them. They
are small and black in the video. Together, they look like a big smiley
face! :)

Passage 3
Scientists find a body. It is a soldier’s body. He died during World War One.
He was between 20 to 25 years old. Scientists also find his clothing and
things. We know that he was German.
He was found in a fortress. This fortress is in France. It is important.
Over 16 million people died in World War One. It began in 1914 and ended
in 1918.

Passage 4
This news if from Minnesota, USA. Two people get married. They are with
their wedding party. Everybody is on a dock. The dock is small. There are 22
people on it. The dock breaks. A few people run away, but most people fall
in the water. A camera films this moment. It is a funny moment.

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

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Tenses

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

3 POPULAR TIME FRAMES:

PAST
PRESENT
FUTURE

Each contains the followings:

Simple
Progressive
Perfect
Perfect Progressive

Tense is a way we
differentiate time
frame by changing
the form of a verb
based on the time
frame

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

12 Most Commonly USED TENSES

Simple Past
Progressive Past
Perfect Past
Perfect Progressive Past
Simple Present
Progressive Present
Perfect Present
Perfect Progressive Present
Simple Future
Progressive Future
Perfect Future
Perfect Progressive Future

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CBA

PAST PRESENT FUTURE

She sang songs last night She sings songs everyday She will sing a song tonight
SIMPLE
This tense only focuses on the activity and NOT the exact time
She was singing songs at She is singing songs now She will be singing a song
21.00 last night tonight at 20.00
21.00 PM NOW
PROGRESSIVE 20.00 PM
This tense only focuses on the time when the activity is being executed
She had finished her din- She will have finished her
She has finished her dinner

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ner before she sang songs dinner before she sings
before she sings
last night songs at 20.00 tomorrow
21.00 PM NOW 20.00 PM
PERFECT
This tense only focuses on the activity that happens before the time we choose
She had been singing She has been singing songs She will have been singing
Structure for Speaking and Writing

songs for 30 minutes when at karaoke for 1 year songs at karaoke for two
you called her last night at years by next year
PERFECT 21.15
PROGRESSIVE
This tense only focuses on the duration of an activity that is executed from and until the time we choose
Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Collective Quis
Please study everything
you have learned this far!

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Please identify the tense of each sentence:

Past Tense:
She made me some cookies
We were taking her to shop at 08.00 yesterday morning
He had done his job before you came here
I was a student in Dale in 1990
They had accomplished some incredible job when you began your project
You were drinking a cup of coffee when I called you last night
I was watching tv when she came
I had been printing this paper for an hour when suddenly I heard the sound of the alarm
Robert was thinking of going here
Mr. Tyler wrote me an email yesterday

Present Tense:

Marty thinks about you every day

This class is progressing fast enough
She has shown me some of her works
They have been pushing the government to keep up with the projects
We are not doing a lot of progress
Lyndell likes to take everyone around Sydney
She loves to dance on Fridays
We have not decided yet where to go
He has been doing this homework for hours
They are in the classroom

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Future Tense:
The boys will go to New York during summer holidays
I will be swimming when you come tomorrow evening
She will have been staying here for two years by the time you visit us next winter
We will think renovate the house once we finish with this duty
They will be creating some ideas over the next two projects next Tuesday
You and I will have gone to Japan by the time the boxes arrive
We will never take any bother with her decision
They will take care of the rest
He will be returning home when you call him tomorrow
She will never think that you will come and pick her up

Please arrange the negative and the interrogative forms of these sentences!

She has a great love toward music

They will be moving away from Washington

A captain of a cruise had declared that none is involved with the drug abuse

My wife had been observing that our neighbor actually has disturbing sleeping behavior

We will have done our third assignment by Monday next week

We are writing up resumes for the company

The tourists have attended the most beautiful lecture on music

They have been taking this duty for years

The government tried very hard to improve the life of the people in Yutan

I will develop some software to cope with our present problem

Some people were having some difficult time with the arrangement of the rooms

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Please translate these emails into English!

Email 1

Kepada Yth. Bapak Gordon,

Dengan email ini, saya ingin memberitahukan tentang laporan kerja kita pada dua bulan
ini.
Seperti yang anda ketahui, kita telah memiliki beberapa peningkatan performa kerja pada
beberapa departemen. Salah satunya adalah departemen Screening. Empat bulan yang
lalu Tom melaporkan kepada saya bahwa ia sedang melakukan suatu diskusi dengan tim
Publishing berkenaan dengan rencana kita untuk membuka siaran televisi baru di Kanada.
Untuk keperluan ini, Tom telah melakukan perjalanan ke Kanada sebelum dia berdiskusi
dengan tim Publishing. Hasil yang kita telah dapatkan adalah bahwa program tersebut
akan siap diluncurkan bulan depan. Ini tentu saja hal yang sangat baik untuk kita ketahui.
Inilah berita yang bisa saya sampaikan.
Salam sukses,
John Trevor

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Please translate these emails into English!

Email 2

Halo Susie,
Ini adalah email pertama ku setelah kita terakhir kali bertemu sepuluh tahun yang lalu.
Saya benar – benar sangat senang dan tidak sabar menerima balasanmu.
Tadinya aku berpikir bahwa akun FB yang aku temukan bukanlah dirimu, tapi setelah aku
melihat beberapa foto yang ada di sana, aku jadi yakin bahwa itu adalah akunmu.
Kamu terlihat sangat berbeda sekali, dan betulkan bahwa yang di foto liburanmu di Kana-
da itu adalah anakmu? Dia kelihatan lucu sekali dan aku ingin sekali memberikan sebuah
hadiah kepadanya. Apakah betul namanya Brett? Anakku ada dua dan yang pertama
masih berusia 5 tahun. Namanya Kim dan dia sangat senang sekali mengikuti lomba ke-
rajinan tangan. Yang kedua adalah Wilson dan dia sama seperti suamiku, seorang
penggemar sepak bola. Walaupun usianya baru 4 tahun, suamiku memasukkan dia ke klub
sepak bola di kota kita. Kids Club for Football namanya.
Aku harus pergi karena aku harus segera menjemput Kim.
Sampai nanti,
Clara

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Please translate these articles into English!

Article 1
Seperti yang dimuat Mirror, Mariah Carey pernah meminta agar segala
perabotan di ruang tunggunya harus berperabot dengan warna-warna ter-
tentu. Ia menginginkan warna hitam, abu-abu gelap, krem atau pink tua un-
tuk perabotnya.

Carey juga meminta agar perabotnya tidak terlalu dipenuhi dengan pernak-
pernik yang terlalu meriah. Pencahayaannya pun harus baik dan tidak terlalu
terang. Gelas kristal pun harus tersedia untuk dipakai Carey ketika minum
sampanye.

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Please translate these articles into English!

Article 2
Seperti ditayangkan Liputan 6 Malam SCTV, Selasa (10/3/2015), petugas kon-
servasi yang menemukan gajah tersebut meminta pertolongan seorang tena-
ga konstruksi asal Tiongkok yang sedang membangun proyek dekat kawasan
ini.
Sang gajah seberat sekitar 2 ton ini pun akhirnya bisa diselamatkan dengan
bantuan alat berat.

Sementara di China, seorang petugas pemadam kebakaran di Guangxi,

Zhuang, terpaksa turun tangan melepaskan kaki seorang bocah yang terjepit
di antara 2 batang pohon yang tumbuh di taman kota.

Petugas kemudian memanjat pohon dan berupaya meregangkan celah ba-

tang pohon hingga akhirnya kaki sang bocah lepas dari jepitan batang
pohon tanpa luka. Sebelumnya sang bocah jatuh saat memanjat pohon.
(Mar/Ans)

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Structure for Speaking and Writing CBA

Please write a story based on the topics given:

What people don’t know about me in the past!

Please write a piece of at least 150 words

What people don’t know about me in the present!

Please write a piece of at least 150 words

What people don’t know about me in the future!

Please write a piece of at least 150 words

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