Fruit Science Vol1 PDF

1
HORTICULTURAL INSTITUTES IN INDIA
Sr. Name of Institute Station Year of

No. establishment
1 CRS Coconut Research Station Kasargod, Kerala 1916

2 FRS Fruit Research Station Conoor, Karnataka 1920
3 CCRS Central Coconut Research Station Kasargod, Kerala 1943
4 CCRS Central Coconut Research Station Kayangulm, Kerala 1947
5 CHES Central Horticultural Chethali, Karnataka 1947
Experimental Station
6 HRS Horticultural Research Station Kandaghat, Punjab 1950
7 HRS Horticultural Research Station Kullu, H.P. 1950
8 CHES Central Horticultural Gorilcoppal, Karnataka 1954
Experimental station
9 RRII Ruber Research Institute of India Kotayam, Kerala 1955
10 DOH Division of Horticulture IARI, New Delhi 1956
11 CARS Central Arecanut Research Station Vittal, Karnataka 1957
12 NH National Horterium Kotkhai, Simla, H.P. 1961
13 HRS Horticultural Research Station Koduikanal, T.N. 1961
14 IIHR Indian Institute of Bangalore, Karnataka 1968
Horticultural Research
15 AICCAIP All India Coordinated Coconut & 1970
Arecanut Improvement Project
16 CPCRI Central Plantation Crop Kasargod, Kerala 1970
Research Institute
17 AICFIP All India Coordinated Cashew Kasargod, Kerala 1971
and Spices Improvement Project
18 CMRS Central Mango Research Station Lucknow, U.P. 1972
19 CHES Central Horticultural Godhra, Gujarat 1979
20 CHES Central Horticultural Ranchi, Bihar 1979
[Table Contd.
2 | Prashant Pralhadrao Debaje and Ramakant Pundlikrao Gajbhiye
Contd. Table]

No. establishment
21 DFHT Division of Fruit and IARI, Delhi 1982

Horticultural Technology
22 CIHNP Central Institute of Horticulture Lucknow, U.P. 1984
for North Plains
23 Dr. Dr. Y.S.Parmar University of Solan, U.P. 1985
YSPUH&F Horticulture and Forestry
24 CISTH Central Institute for Lucknow, U.P.
Subtropical Horticulture
25 CITH Central Institute for Temperate Srinagar, J & K
Horticulture
26 CTCRI Central Tuber Crop Tiruvanantpuram,
Research Institute Kerala
27 CPRI Central Potato Research Institute Simla, H.P. 1999
28 CRIC Central Research Institute Muzzaffarpur, Bihar
for Chicku
29 CIPHET Central Research Institute for Ludhiana, Punjab
Post Harvest Engineering &
Technology
30 IISR Indian Institute of Spice Research Calicut, Kerala
31 IIVR Indian Institute of Varanasi, U.P.
Vegetable Research
32 CCRI Central Coffee Research Institute Chikmagalur, Karnataka
33 CPPTI Central Plant Protection Hyderabad A.P.
Training Institute
34 NRCB National Research Center Triuchirapalli, Tamil Nadu
for Banana
35 NRCC National Research Puttur, Karnataka
Center for Cashew
36 NRCC National Research Nagpur,
Center for Citurs Maharashtra
37 NRCG National Researach Pune, Maharashtra
Centre for Grape
38 NRCM National Research Solan, H.P.
Center for Mushroom
39 NRCM&P National Research Center for Anand, Gujarat
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
40 NRCO&C National Research Center for Nasik, Maharashtra
Onion and Garlic
[Table Contd.
Elixir of Horticulture: Fruit Science | 3
Contd. Table]

No. establishment
41 NRCO National Research Gangtok, Sikkim

Center for Orchids
42 NRCL National Research Muzaffarpur, Bihar
Center for Litchi
43 NRCSS National Research Ajmer, Rajasthan
Center for Seed Spices
44 NRCIPM National Research Center for New Delhi
Integrated Pest Management
45 PDVR Project Directorate of Varanasi, U.P.
Vegetable Research
46 IIVR Indian Institute of Vegetale Varanasi, U.P.
Research
47 AVRDC Asian Vegetable Research Taiwan
CIP Development Centre
2
BOTANICAL NAME OF FRUIT CROPS
Common name Botanical name Indian name & Character
Almond Amygdalus communis Badam

prunus amygdalus
Annonaceous fruit Annona squamosa Sitaphal, sharifa, ata
Custard-apple, Sweetsop atticakka and atakatal
& Sugar apple
Bullock’s heart, bull A .reticulata Ramphal, nona, anta, lavani,
heart, and west Indian Krishna beejam
custard- apple
Cherimoya and A. cherimola Hanumanphal
cherimoyers
Atemoy (A.squamosa x A. atemoya Lakshmanphal and
A. cheriomola) Pritiviphalamu
Soursop prickly A. muricata Ramphal mundlasitaphal
custard- apple
Ilarna, Lowland white A. diversifolia Not popular in India
cherimoya and
white annona
Aonla Emblica officinalis Aonla, Indian gooseberry,
Phyllanthus emblica Myrabalum, Malacca tree
Akee Blighia sapida
American persimmon Diospyros virginiana
Amilbed Citrus megaloxcarpa
Amlok Diospyrus lotus
Amra Spondias pinnata
Apple Malus pumila King of temprate fruits,
Seb, Apple
Apricot Prunus armeniaca Zardalu
Areca nut/ Betel nut Areca catechu supari
Avocado Persea Americana Butter fruit
Bael Aegle marmelos Bael (Marmelosin content)
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Barbados cherry Malpighia glabra Richest source of vitamin C

Banana Musa. Sp. Tree of wisdom, Tree of
Paradise, Apple of paradise,
Adam’s fig. Kalpatharu
Ber/ Indian jujube Ziziphus mauritiana King of Arid fruit, Chinese
date, Chinese fig,
Poor mans fruit
Betelvine/ Pan Piper betle Dioecious evergreen
creeper, annual turnover
About Rs 700 crores
Bilimbi Averrhoea bilimbii Used for making pickle due
Black Currant Rubus candensis high amount of acid
Black Mulberry Morus nigra (6%) in pulp
Bread Fruit Artocarpus insica Mostly used as vegetable
Brazil nut Bertholetia excelsa
Carambola/Star fruit Averrhoa carambola Not popular in India
Carbo bean Ceratonia silliqua Used for making pickle due
to high amount of acid
(6%) oxalic acid in pulp
Cashew nut Anacardium occidentale Dollar crop, Gold mine of
waste land, plough crop
Cape gooseberry Physalis peruviana
Cattley guava Psidium cattleianum
Chestnut Castanea sativa Singhara, painful
Chalta Dillenia indica Dillenia speciosa
Chinese goose beery Actinidia chinensis
Chinese Ber/ jujube Ziziphus jujube
Cherry Prunus avium
Cape gooseberry Physalis peruviana
Chironji Buchanian lanzan Gum obtained from the tree
is used in textile industry
Citron Citrus medica
Cocoa Theobroma cocoa Food of God
Coconut Cocos nucifera Kalpavriksha
Coffee Coffea arabica /
Coffea rubosta
Cowphal Garcinia cowa
Crub - apple Malus baccata
Date palm Phoenix dactylifera
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Durian Durio zibethinus.

Egg fruit Pouteria campechiana
Fig Ficus carica Anjir/Syconium
Gajanimma Citrus pennivesiculata
Galgal Citrus pseudolimonia
Gonda, Cardia dichotoma
Gondi Cordia gharaf
Governer plum Flacourtia ramaontchi Baichi
Grape Vitis vinifera Angoor
Grape fruit Critrus paradisii Bear in cluster
Guateamala Avocado Persea drymifoila
Guava Psidium guajava Apple of tropics
Gular Ficus glomerata
Hazal/ calamondin Citrus madurensis
Hog plum/ Spondias mangifera
Indian Hog plum
Indian Horse chest nut Aesculus indica
Indian Almond Singapur/ Terminalia catapaa
Tropical almond
Indian Olive Oleaceae
Indian Persimmon Diopyrus peregrina
Indian strawberry Fragaria vesca
Indian Wild Orange Citrus indica
Jaboticaba Myricaria cauliflora
Jack fruit Artocarpus heterophyllus Monkey jack
Jalpai Elaeocarpus floribundus
Jambolana Eugenia jambolana
Jamun Syzygium cumini Indian black berry, black plum
Java plum
Jangli Anjir Ficus hispida
Japanese plum Prunus salicina
Jhahrberi Ziziphus nummularia
Jojoba Simmondsia
Kafal Myrica esculenta
Kainth Pyrus pashia
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Kakra Pistacia integerrima

Karan khatta Citus karna
Karonda Carissa carandas Highest Iron content
Kiwi Actinida deliciosa Wonder of New Zealand,
Miracle of Horticulture, Chinese
gooseberry, China miracle
Ker Diospyros tomentosa
Khasi paeda Citrus latipes
Khejri Prosopsis chineria
Khirni Manilkara hexandra Use as Root Stock in Chicku
Kichili Citrus maderaspatana
Kokum butter tree Garcinia indica
Kumquat Fortunella japonica
Lanson Langsater duku,
lunsium domesticum
Lasora Cordia mixa
Latka Baccaurea semiflora
Lemon Citrus limon
Litchi Litchi chinensis
Logan Euphoria longan,
Dimocarpus logan
Loquat Eribotrya japonica Japanese malder,
Japan plum
Macadamia Macadamia ternifolia
Mahua Bassia latifolia/
Madhuka latifolla
Mandarin Citrus reticulata Fancy fruit
Makhana Gorgon nut
Mango Mangifera indica King of fruit, Bathroom fruit
Manila tamarind Pithecelellobium dulce Jungal jalebi
Mangosteen Garcinia mangostana Queen of fruit, Finest fruit
of the world,
Markingnut Semecurpus anacardium Use as mark the clothes
Mee tree Bassia longifolia
Monkey jack Artocarpus lakoocha
Mountain papaya Carlca candamarcensis
Mulberry Morus alba Use for Silk Production
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Muscadinia grape Vitis rotundifolia

Natal plum Carissa grandiflora
Oleaster Elaieganus anguistifolla
Olive Olea europaea
Oil palm Elaeis guineensis Small holder irrigated crop.
Highest oil yielding plant 80%
area located in A.P.
and Karnataka
Oriental pear Pyrus pyrifolia
Paja Prunus cerasoides
Palmyra palm Borassus flabeillifer Kalpaka viruchum,
sweetening agent,
super juggery
Papaya Carica papaya Melon tree
Passion fruit Passiflora edulis Rich source of vit. A
Peach Prunus Persia Rich source of protein, sugar,
minerals and protein
Pear Pyrus communis Quince A most common root
stock
Pecanut Carya illinoensis Queen of nuts
Persimmon Diospyros kaki National fruit of Japan
Phagwara Ficus palmate
Phalsa Grewia subinaequalis Star apple, Native of India,
Rich source of vitamin
A & C phosphorous and Iron
Pilu Salvadora oleoides
Pineapple Ananus comosus Native of Brazil, source
of Bromelin
Pine apple Guava Feljoa selloana
Pistachio nut Pistacia vera
Plantain Musa sapientum
Plum Prunus salicina – Japanese plum
Prunus domestica European plum
Pomegranate Punica granatum Native of Iran (Persia)
Pond apple Annona glubra
Pulsan Nepium mutabile
Pummelo Citrus grandis C. maximuma
Quince Cydonia oblangua
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Rangpur lime Citrus limonia Use as a root stock in orange

Rabutan Nephelium lappaceum Evergreen tree, Rambut
stands for hair source of
sugar and Vitamin C
Red Raspberry Rubus elliptius
Rose apple Syzygium jambos
Rough lemon Citrus jambhiri Use as a rootstock in orange
Rubber Hevea brasiliensis
Sadaphal Citrus semperflorens
Sand pear Pyrus pyrus pyrifolia
Varities culta
Sapota/ sapodilla Manilkara achrus / Bully
Achras sapota
Sapote Calocarpum sapota
Sour cherry Prunus cerasus
Sour orange Citrus auranatium
Star gooseberry Phyllanthes acidus
Star apple Chgrysophyllum cainito
Strawberry Fragaria ananssa
Surinam cherry/ Eugenia uniflora
Brazil cherry
Sweet cherry Prunus avium
Sweet lime Citrus limmetoides
Sweet orange Citrus sinensis
Tea Camellia sinensis Queen of Beverage crop
Tamarind Tamarindus indica
Tendcy kendu Diospryus tomentosa
Timla Ficus auriculata
Tomatillo Physalis ixocarpa
Tree tomato Cyphomandra betacea Used for gum production
Trifoliate orange Poncirus trifoliate
Water rose apple Syzygium aqueum
(Water apple)
Walnut Juglans regia King of nuts
West Indian cherry Malpighia punicifolia
Wild date palm Phoenix sylvestris
Wood apple Feronia limonia
Elephant apple
White sapota Casimiroa edulis
3
FAMILY OF FRUIT CROPS
Actinidiaceae Chinese gooseberry, Kiwi fruit

Anacardiaceae Cashew, Hog plum, Indian hog plum, Kakra, Mango
Pistachio nut, Amra, Markingnut, Charoli
Apocyanceae Karonda, Natal plum
Annonaceae Atemoya, Bullocks heart, cherimoy custard apple,
pond apple, soursop
Arecaceae (Palmaceae) Coconut, Date palm, Wild date palm,
Oil Palm, Palmyrapalm
Bombaceae Durian
Borgainaceae Gonda, Gondi, Lasora,
Bromelianceae Pineapple
Caricaceae Papaya, Mountain papaya
Capparidaceae Ker
Combretachae Indian Almond
Dillenianceae Chalta
Ebenaceae Indian persimmon, Persimmon, Tendu, Kendu,
Amlok Date Palm
Euphorbiaceae Star gooseberry, Aonla, Indian Gooseberry, Rubber
Elaeocarpaceae Jalpai
Fagaceae Chestnut
Flacourtiaceae Governer’s palm (Bachi)
Guttiferae Cowphal, Mangosteen, Kokum
Hippocastanaceae Indian horse chestnut
Juglandaceae Walnut, Pecan nut
Lauraceae Avocado, Guatemala Avocado, West Indian Avocado
Leguminosae Tamarind, Carobi Locust bean
Malphighiceae Barbados, Cherry, West Indian Cherry, Jack fruit,
Gular, Fig, Black mulberry
Moraceae Timla, Phagwara, Mulberry, Monkey Jack, Jangli Anjir, Fig
Myrtaceae Surinam cherry, Rose apple, Pineappleguava, Jamun,
Jambolana, Guava, Cattley guava
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Musaceae Plantain, Banana

Oleaceae Olive
Oxalidaceae Carambola, Bilimbi
Possifloraceae Passion fruit
Punicaceae Pomegranate
Proteaceae Macadamia nut
Rhamnaceae Jhahrberi, Ber, Chinese, Jujube,
Rosaceae Almond, Apple, Oriental pear, Indian strawberry,
Japanese plum,
Sweet cherry, Sour cherry, Sand pear, Red Raspberry,
⎧ Quince, Apricot,
⎪
⎪ Plum, Pear, Peach, Paja, Kaintn, Crabapple, Black berry,
⎪
⎪ Loquat, Black currant
Rosaceae ⎨ Wood apple, Trifoliate orange, Sweet orange, Sour
⎪ orange, BaelSadaphal, Rough lemon, Rangpur lime,
⎪ Pummelo, Mandarin, Kichili, Kumquata, Khasipaeda,
⎪
⎪
⎩
Karankhatta, Kagzi lime, Indian wild orange, Hazra,
Grape fruit, Galgal, Citron, Amilbed
Rubiaceae Coffee
Solanaceae Tomatillo, Tree Tomato, Cape gooseberry,
Stereculiaceae Cocoa
Spindalaceae Akee, Litchi
Sapotaceae Sapota, Sapote, Star apple, Mee tree, Mahua, Khirni
Salvadoraceae Pilu
Sapindaceae Litchi, Rambutan
Theaceae/Camaliaceae Tea
Tiliaceae Phalsa
Vitaceae Muscadinia grape, Grape
4
ORIGIN OF FRUIT CROPS
Fruit crop Origin
Apple, Fig, Chest nut, Pistachu nut, Asia minor to Western Himalaya
Almond, Walnut, and European grape
Almond Afganisthan
Mango, Grape Black to Capsian sea
Pineapple Brazil, Paraguay
Cashew nut, Passion fruit, Loquat, Kiwi, China
Mulberry, Apricot, Perssimon, Peach, Sweet
orange, Litchi, Japanise plum, Mandarin
Pear Europe
Kagzi lime, Bael, Coconut, Jack fruit, India
Phalsa, Ber, Jamun, Karonda, Anola,
Banana, Wood apple
Mango Indo Burma
Anola, Walnut Indo China
Jamun, Carambolla Indo Malaya
Pomegranate Iran
Plum Japan
Atemoya, Strawberry Man made hybrid
Avocado, Sapota Mexico
Guava Peru, Chilli
Coconut, Banana, Lime, Pummelo Quince South East Asia
Custard apple, Papaya Tropical America
Pecan nut USA
Date palm, Fig West Asia (Iraq)
Durian, Egg Fruit Borneo, Malaysia
5
CHROMOSOME NUMBER OF FRUIT CROPS
Custard apple, Bullock’s heart 2n=14

Almond, Apricot Japanese Plum, Peach, Pomegranate, 2n=16
Scour cherry, Sweet cherry
Passion fruit, Pomegranate Bael, Mandarin, Sweet orange, 2n=18
Kagzi lime, Grape fruit, Wood apple, lemon
Cocao 2n=20
Banana, Karonda, Guava, Coffee 2n=22
Mangosteen, Avocado, Tamarind, Carambola, 2n=24
Sapota 2n=26
Aonla 2n=28
Tea, Litchi, Pistachio nut 2n=30
Coconut, Areca nut, Oil palm, Palmyra Palm, Walnut, Pear 2n=32
Banana 2n=33
Pear, Loquat , Apple 2n=34
Phalsa, Pecan nut, Date palm 2n=36
Grape 2n=38
Jamun, Mango 2n=40
Cashew 2n=42
Banana 4n=44
Macadamia nut 2n=48
Ber 4n=48
European plum 2n=48
Pineapple 2n=50
Jack fruit, Strawberry, Fig 2n=56
Kiwi fruit 2n=58
Persimmon 2n=90
Mulbery 2n=308
6
AROMA OF FRUIT CROPS
Compound Fruit
Ethyl-2methyl burate Ripe apple

Hexanal Green apple, Green Banana
Eugenol Ripe Banana
Isopentanol Over ripe Banana
Citral Lemon
Nootakatone Grape fruit
Vallencene Orange
7
ACIDS PRESENT IN FRUIT CROPS
Fruits Acid
Pineapple, Pear, berries, Citrus, Guava Citric acid

Banana, Melon, Apple, Cherry, Plum Malllic acid
Tamarind, Grape Tartaric acid
8
GROWTH CURVE OF FRUIT CROPS
Growth curve Fruits crop
Double sigmoid Grape, Guava, Papaya, Ber, Plum, Sapota, Seedless

Banana Fig
Triple sigmoid Kiwi fruit
9
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FRUIT CROPS
Nutritive constituents in fruits having positive effect on human health
Constituent Sources Effect on health
Vitamin C Barbados cherry, Aonla, Prevents scurvy, aids wound

(Ascorbic acid) Cantaloupe, Citrus fruits, healing, healthy immune
Guava, Kiwi fruit, Pineapple, system, cardio
Strawberry, Egg fruit, vascular disease
Vitamin A Mango, Egg fruit, Orange Night blindness prevention
(Retinol) flesh fruits, Apricot, Cantaloupe, chronic fatigue, psoriasis heart
orange papaya, Peach, Pineapple disease, stroke contra acts
Vitamin K Almonds, Cashew nuts, Synthesis of Pro-coagulant
(Blood clotting) Pecan nuts, Pistachios, Walnuts factors, Osteoporosis
Vitamin E Nuts almond, Cashew nuts, Heart disease, LDL-oxidation,
(Anti-sterility) Pecan nuts, Macadamias, immune- system, diabetes,
Pistachios, Walnuts cancer
Fiber Most fresh fruits Diabetes, Heart disease
Calcium Papaya, Raisins, Orange, Osteoporosis, muscular,
Almonds, Litchi, Walnut skeletal, teeth blood pressure
B-Complex
Vitamin B1 Cashew Calm nerves
(Protein and Thiamin)
Vitamin B2
(Riboflavin) Bael, Almond Beauty vitamin
Vitamin B3 Apricot, Almond Skin care
Biotin Walnut Strengthen immunity
Cholin Apple Healing of liver
Iron Date, Koranda, Purifies blood
Phosphrous Almond, Cashew, Walnut Body Energiser
Potassium Bael, Peach, Sweetlime Prevent acidosis
Sodium Banana, Litchi, Pineapple Indispensable for life
Sulphur Palm and Jack fruit Hair care
Zinc Walnut, Almond Hastens healing
Fat Avocdo, Walnut Tolerance to changing temperature
Sugar Date, Fig, Custurd Energy
Highest Sources of vitamines and minerals
Name of Vitamin Quantity Fruits
Vitamin A 4800 IU/100g Mnago

2020 IU/100g Papaya
Vitamin B1 630 mg/100g Cashewnut
(Thiamine) 450 mg/100g Walnut
Vitamin B2 1191 mg/100g Beal
(Riboflavin) 250 mg/100g Papaya
122.5 mg/100g Litchi
Vitamin C 1000-4000 mg/100g Barbados cherry
Ascorbic acid 600 mg/100g Aonla
299 mg/100g Guava
Carbohydrates 77.3% Raisins
72.8% Apricot
67.1% Karonda
67.8% Date
Protein 21.2% Cashwenut
20.88% Almond
Fat 64.5% Walnut
58.9% Almond
Fiber 6.9% Guava
0.23% Almond
Calcium 0.21% Litchi
0.16% Karonda
Phosphorus 0.49% Almond
0.45% Cashewnut
0.38% Walnut
Iron 39.1% Karonda dry
10.6% Date
10
BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FRUIT
PHENOLIC COMPOUND ON
HUMAN HEALTH
Constituents Compounds Source Remedial effects

against
Proanthocyanins Tannins Apple, Grape Cancer

Pomegranate
Anthocyanodins Malvindin, cyanidin, Red blue and purple Heart disease,
delphinidin, fruits, Black berry, Initiation diabetes,
pelargonidin, Blue berry, Cranberry contracts blood
petunidin. Grape, Apple pressure allergies
Nectarine, Peach,
Plum, Pomegranate,
Strawberry.
Flavan-3-ols Epicatechin, Apples, Apricots, Platelet, aggression,
Epigallocatechin, Blackberries, cancer
Catcehin, Plums,
Gallocatechin. Strawberries
Flavanones Hesperetin, Citrus, Oranges, Cancer
Naringenin, Grape fruit,
Eriodictyol Lemons, Lime
Flavones Luteolin, Apigenin Guava Cancer, allergies,
heart diseases
Flavonols Quercetin, Kale/Banana Heart diseases,
Kaempferol, Cancer initiation,
Myricetin, Rutin Capillary protectant
Phenolic acid Caffeic acid, Blackberry, Cancer, Cholesterol
Chlorogenic acid, Strawberry, Apple,
Coumaric acid, Peach, Plum, Cherry
Ellagic acid
11
BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FRUIT
CARTINOIDS ON HUMAN HEALTH
Constituent Sources Beneficial effects against
β-carotene Mango, Papaya Cancer

Monoterpenes, Limonene Citrus fruits Cancer
12
OXYGEN RADICAL ABSORBANCE CAPACITY
(ORAC) VALUE OF FRUITS
ORAC value of fruits (ORAC Units per 100 g)
Fruits ORAC Score
Blue berries 2400

Black berries 2036
Straw berries 1540
Plum 949
Oranges 750
Red grapes 739
Cherrie 670
Kiwi fruit 602
Grape fruit 483
13
SOIL CONDITIONS FOR FRUIT CROPS
Fruit crops Conditions of soil
Fig, Strawberry, Gooseberry, Raspberry, Blue berry PH<6.5 Acid soil

Date, Apple, Guava, Olive, Phalsa, Coconut, Custard apple PH>8.5 Alkaline soil
Sweet Oranges, Guava, Fig, Mango, Papaya, Arid region (Irrigated) soils
Date palm, Pomegranate
Beal, Tamarind, Karonda, Indian gooseberry, Karonda, Arid region (Rain fed) soils
Custard apple, Ber,
Coconut, Areca nut Costal sandy soil
Fig, Jamun Clayey soil
Apple, Chilgoza, Apricot, Sweet Cherry, Almond, Cold desert soils
Hazel nut, Pistachio nut, Prunes
Banana, Apple, Citrus, Mango, Papaya, Grape, Loamy soil
Sapota, Plum
Jamun, Karonda, Ber, Palmyran palm, Ravinous lands and
Custard apple, Mulberry Gullied soils
Coconut, Guava, Date, Beal, Aonla, Ber Salt affected Lands
Jamun, Mulberry (Semi arid) Ber (Arid Salt affected soils
Palmyra palm (Costal land)
Cashewnut, Coconut, Ber, Date palm,Fig, Phalsa Sandy soils
Pecan, Hazelnut, Chestnut Semi arid temperate
20°C soil
SOILS FOR FRUIT CROPS

Red soil (Alfi soils): Red sols in India belong to 2 orders.
Red soils (Alfisoils) and Laterite soils (Ultisols) – occupying 107 million ha.
Al - toxicity has been recorded as in guava orchards of Hassan district
Karnataka.
Laterite soils (Ultisols): Ultisols are potential soils for fruit production,
Deficiency of B and Mo has been reported in mango in these soils.
Oxi-soils: Oxi-soils are highly weathered mineral soils rich in sesquioxides

well suited for fruit crops. Deficiencies of Mg, Zn, B and Mo have been reported
in these soils.
Black soils (vertisols): Vertisols include black cotton soils regurs and black
earth which have smectite clay minerals and more than 30% clay in the profile.
Organic matter is relatively poor, but minerals containing may be adding black
colour to the soil.
Many fruit crops show deficiency of Zn, Boron and Mo are available in
sufficient quantities to meet plant need. B sensitive plant Grape show toxicity
Iron, Zn, and Mn are problematic for citrus.
Alluvial soils (Entisols): Entisols are the alluvial soils found in Indo-Gangetic
plains and various river alluvial belts without well defined profile. Sandy soils of
costal areas can be grouped under these category.
Arid soils: Aridisols are found in arid tract of Gujarat, Rajasthan, and some
parts of Haryana. They are rich in salts, causing growth depression to salt sensitive
plants. Boron toxicity is noticed in these soil.
Other soils: Other groups are Mollisols, Histosols and spodosols which are
restricted and sporadic under hilly terrains with high organic matter content.
14
AGROCLIMATIC ZONES OF FRUIT CROPS
Ago-climatic region States
Humid Western Himalayan Regions J & K, Himachal Pradesh, Kumaon and

Garhwal in Uttaranchal
Humid Begal-Assam Region West Bengal and Assam
Humid Eastern Himalayan Region Bay Island, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim,
Meghalaya and Andaman and Nicobar Island
Sub humid Sutlez-Ganga, Punjab, Delhi, Utter Pradesh,
Alluvial plains Plains and Bihar
Sub humid to Humid Eastern Islands Eastern Madhya Pradesh,
Eastern and south Orissa and A.P.
Arid Western Plains Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Dadra and
Nagar Havali and Daman and Diu
Semi arid lava plateaues and Maharashtra, Western Central Madhya
Central Islands Pradesh and Goa
Humid to Semi arid Western Ghats Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala Pondicherry
and Lakshadweep islands.
15
FRUIT CROPS FOR VARIOUS
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
Climatic conditions Fruit crops
Arid zone Dessert date, Ber, Gonad, Ker, Khejri

Arid temperate zone Oleaster
Arid subtropical zone Wood apple, Aonla, Fig, Ber, Bael
Cold sandy desert zone Chilgoza nut
Degraded pastures and grazing land zone Custard apple, Fig,
Tamarind Jamun, Annona, Aonla
Highly drought sensitive zone Papaya, Pomegranate, Sapota,
Litchi, Coconut, Banana.
Highly drought tolerant zone Pomegranate, Annona, Ber, Fig,
Aonla, Date palm.
Highly shade sensitive zone Citrus, Coconut, Guava, Mango
Highly shade tolerant zone Bilimbi, Carambola
Semi arid zone Khirni, Wood apple, Custard apple,
Palmyra palm, Bael, Phalsa,
Fig, Tamarind
Temperate zone fruit tree Almond apple, Apricot, Chilgozanut,
Cherry, Filbert, Plum, Pear,
Peach, Peanut, Walnut
Small fruit tree Straw berry, Blue berry, Blackberry,
Goose berry, Cranberry,
Raspberry, Currant
Sub tropical zone Citrus, Grape, Pomegranate,
Mango steen, Mango,
Strawberry, Loquat, Litchi
16
CULTIVATION OF
HORTICULTURAL CROPS IN
MAJOR AGRO ECOLOGICAL REGIONS
NATIONAL BUREAU OF SOIL SURVEY AND LAND USE

PLANNING NAGPUR IDENTIFIED 21 AGRO-ECO REGION FOR
DIFFERENT FRUIT CROPS
Name of agro eco region Area covered Horticultural crops
Western Himalaya cold Western Himalaya High potential for Almond,

arid region covering Ladakh Gilgit walnut, Pecan nut,
districts of J & K Chinese, Ber, Deciduous
Pomegranate (Russian
type) Temperate grape
with assured irrigation
Western Rajasthan, Kutch Western part of Date palm, Citrus, Grape,
peninsula hot arid region with Rajasthan southern Ber, and Anola with
hot summer, cool winter region parts of Haryana, Punjab assured irrigation
the Kutch peninsula and
Northern parts of
Kathiawar peninsula
Deccan plateau region Deccan plateau Citrus and Sweet orange
including Raichur and and Acid lime, Mango,
Bellary in Karnataka Grape, Ber, Pomegranate
Anantpur in Andhra and Sapota with
Pradesh supplemental irrigation
Northern plains and control This region consist of Citrus fruits, Guava,
high land hot and dry summer Northern plans, Central Mango, Low chilling stone
cool winter region highlands and fruits are grown, Banana
Gujarat plains and Sapota find favor in
plains of Gujarat
[Table Contd.
Cont. Table]
Central (Malwa) Highlands This region belongs the Aonla, Tamarind, Ber,
and Kathiawar hot semi Western part of M.P. Pomegranate, Mango
arid region Eastern part of Rajasthan Sapota, Citrus are grown in
and Gujarat it the region, Banana grown
differentiated with hot dry with supplemented
summer and mild winter. irrigation Among plantation
crops Coconut, Oil palm,
Cashew are potential
Deccan plateau hot semi arid This region belong Citrus, Ber, Banana,
eco region Maharashtra Northern Mango, Custard apple,
part of Karnataka Grape are major fruit.
and Andhra Pradesh Among the plantation are
Areca nut, Coconut and
Oil palm potential.
Deccan plateau and Eastern Deccan plateau and Custard apple, Aonla
ghats hot semiarid region Eastern Ghats cover Mango, Sapota, Banana,
major part of A.P. Tamarind and Citrus are
major fruit crops. Cashew,
Coconut, Areca nut are
potential plantation crops.
Eastern Ghats (TN uplands) This region consist Mango, Banana, Sapota,
and Deccan plateau hot Deccan plateau, Ber, Guava, Aonla, Grape,
semiarid region Tamilnadu, uplands and Citrus, Tamarind are major
western part of fruit crops in hills low
Karnataka. This chilling Pear, Plum and
characterized by hot Peaches are potential
dry summer and Coconut, Areca-nut and
mild winter Cashew nut are potential
plantation crop.
Northern plains hot sub The north plain, hot Mango, Citrus, Lime,
humid region humid eco region with lemon, Guava Papaya and
alluvium soil consist of low chilling stone fruits.
the Northern Indo-
gangatic plains
Central highland (Malwa and It consist medium and Ber, Pomegranate, Mango,
Bundelkhand) hot sub deep black soils covers Bael, Aonla, under
humid region a part of central high protective irrigation are
land including the potential crops
districts of Raisen,
Sagar, Bhopal, Sehore
Shahjapur and
Hoshangabad (M.P.)
[Table Contd.
Cont. Table]
Deccan plateau and Central This eco zone with Region know for growing
high land region red and black soils is high quality Mandarin and
characterized by hot potential for growing
summer and mild winter Guava, Ber, Sapota,
Mango, Among plantation
crops Cashew has
great potential
Eastern (Chhattisgarh) This eco region with Mango, Cashew, Citrus,
plateau and hot sub red and yellow soils is Guava, Pine apple, Papaya
humid region characterized by hot are potential fruit crops of
summer and cool winter the region on high hills
pear can along grown
successfully, Banana, has
also proved successful in
the region.
Eastern (Chhota Nagpur) This eco region with Mango, Aonla, Jackfruit,
plateau and eastern ghats red loamy soil is Papaya, Cashew nut,
hot humid region characterized by hot Pineapple, and several
summer and cool winter minor fruits grown in this
region. Ber, Aonla and
Pomegranate have
potential for common
exploitation Banana, and
Litchi can also be grown
especially in plateau of
Bihar, Cashew is
also potential.
Eastern plain hot sub This eco region alluvial Mango, Aonla, Jack fruit,
humid region soils and is characterized Beal, Acid lime and
by cool winter and hot Banana are predominant
summer Best Litchi is fruit crops coconuts and
grown in this region. Areca nut is potential
Western Himalayas warm Western Himalayas Apple, Pear, Peach, Plum
sub humid (inclusion with brown forest and apricot and Almond Apple
humid) region podzolic soil are cultivation has been
characterized by warm successfully exploited in
sub humid to cool the region.
humid climate
Assam and West Bengal Sub humid with alluvial Banana, Pineapple,
plains, hot humid (including derived soil Mango and Sapota are
sub humid) eco region predominant fruit crops
although Litchi is also
grown in sub zones of
[Table Contd.
Cont. Table]
the region Citrus fruit are

also growth especially in
Assam valley Guava, Aonla
and Beal have also
potential in the region,
Cashew nut Coconut,
Areca nut.
East Himalaya warm Brown hill soil of Apple, Pear, Plum are
humid eco region Northern tip of the West Potential in the region
Bengal Northern most Mandarin successfully
of Arunachal Pradesh grown in valleys.
and Sikkim
North- Eastern Hills Purvanchal Red and laterite soils Citrus fruits Banana and
warm humid eco region represents hilly states Pineapple are
of Nagaland, Meghalaya, predominant fruit crops
Manipur, Mizoram and region has potential for
South Tripura growing low chilling stone
fruits passion fruit
Pineapple and Banana
Cashew is the most
potential crop
Eastern coastal plain hot Alluvium soils covers Mango, Banana,
sub humid eco region the Eastern coastal Pineapple, Sapota, and
plains extending from Guava. Among plantation
Cauvery delta to crops Coconut, Arecanut,
Gangatic delta Cashew are grown in
this region
Western Ghats and Coastal Red lateritic and Mango, Sapota, Cashew
plains hot humid per humid alluvium soils with nut in M.S. Banana,
eco region Sahahyadri, Western Pineapple Cashew and
costal plains of Mango in Karnataka.
Maharashtra, Karnataka Banan pineapple and
and Kerala Coconut in Kerala.
Island of Andaman Nicobar, Red Loamy and Coconut, Pine apple
Lakshadweep hot humid sandy soils Banana, Mango steen,
eco region Sapota, and Mango,
Cashew.
17
PLANTING DISTANCES OF FRUIT CROPS
Crop Spacing Tree/ha-1
Pineapple, 22.5 x 60 x 75 cm 63400 - Ideal for

subtropical and
mild humid
condition
25 x 60 x 90 cm 53300 - Ideal for
for hot and humid
condition
30 x 60 x 90 43500 - Ideal for
rainfed, high fertile
and hilly areas in
NE states
Strawberry 90 x 45 cm Common
60 x 25 cm In chandler
Banana, Papaya, Grape 1.8-2m to 3m x 1.8-2 to 3m
2x2m 12500
3x3m 1111
Passion fruit, Phalsa, and 2 x 3 m, 1088
pomegranate custard apple 3x3m 1111
Date palm, Fig, Mandarin, Lime, 4.5 x 4.5 m –
Lemon and Sweet orange,
Grapefruit, Pummelo, Mulberry, 6x6m 277
Apricot and Almond
Peach, Fig and Pomegranate 5x5m 400
Hazelnut 4x4m 625
Guava, Cashew nut 7x7m 204
Aonla ber, Litchi, Star apple, Avocado 8x8m 156
Sapota, Aonla, loquat 9x9m 121
Mangosteen, Mango, Nutmeg, date plam 10 x 10 m 100
Jack fruit, Bread fruit Tamarind, Pecan nut 12 x 12 m 68
Cheast nut 15 x 15 m 44
18
HIGH DENSITY PLANTING OR
MEIDOW ORCHARD
High density planting are followed in Apple, Mango, Banana, Papaya, Pineapple
and Guava.
Cultivars Square Paired Hedgerow Clusterrow Double

planting hedgerow
Apple Star 1116 1480 1860 1948 2480

krimson on MM
log rootstock
Mango Amrapali Triangular
2.5 x 2.5m system1600
Dashehari Square system
3.0 x 2.5m 1333
Citrus Kinnow 3000
on Troyer
Citrange and
Karna Khatta
root stock
1.8 x 1.8m
3 x 3m 1088
Pineapple 63758 per ha
population
density
19
SYSTEM OF PLANTING IN FRUIT CROPS
1. Square system:
(a) Most convenient method
(b) Trees are planted at corner of square eg. of crops :- Citrus, Mango, Pineapple.
(c) Distance between plants and rows is same
2. Rectangle system: a) Fruit tree planted in straight row running at right
angles. b) Distance from plant to plant and row to row is not same. c) Very
easy to layout in the garden.
3. Triangular system: The plants are planted just as in square system except
that the plants located in the 2,4,6 and such other alternate rows are planted
mid way between the 1,3,5, and such other alternative rows.
4. Hexagonal / equilateral triangular system: a) Fruit trees are planted at
corner of equilateral triangles. b) Distance from tree to tree in six directions
remains the same. c) It accommodates 15% more trees than square system
d) Seven plants can be plant in one hexagon.
5. Hedge row planting: Followed in high density planting of apple and pine
apple.
Square Rectangular Hexagonal
Quincunx Contour
6. Quincunx/ Diagonal system / Filer system/ Modified square system:

a) In this system planting is similar to square system with the addition of a
tree in the center of each square as filler of intercrop or same crop. b) It
accommodates about 1.5 to 2 times (89%) double the number of plants
compare to square system. c) Mostly filler trees are short duration e.g.
Banana, Papaya, Pineapple etc.
7. Contour system: a) Useful for hilly area. b) Fruit tree are planted as per
available contour when slope exceeds 10%. c) terraces are made to plant the
tree.
8. Tarracing: This system used inhilly area where slope is more than 15% by
making the tarraceses with the help of machine.
Hedgerow/Alloy cropping Triangular system
Tarracing
20
PROPAGATION METHODS IN
FRUIT CROPS
Commercial methods Fruit crop

of propagation
Seed Papaya, Wood apple, Pummelo, Karonda, Oil

palm, Coffee, Cocao, Acid lime, Areca nut,
Coconut, Cape gooseberry, Passion fruit,
Phalsa, Mangosteen, Lemon.
Hardwood cutting Fig, Karonda, Grape, Pomegranate
Inarching Mangosteen, Jackfruit, Loquat, Sapota
‘T’-budding Pummelo, Almond, Aonla, Custard apple, Grape
fruit, Mandarin, Sweet Orange, Peach,
Plum, Olive, Ber,
Rhizome (Sword suckers) Banana
In situ budding Wood apple
Layering
Air layering Cashew nut, Pomegranate, Lemon, Litchi,

Avocado, Cherry, Kagzi lime, Jack fruit, Guava
Soft wood cutting Tea
Soft wood grafting Tamarind, Cashew nut, Mango, Avocado, Sapota,
Leaf node cutting Tea
Stooling Guava
Crown Pineapple, Strawberry
Sword sucker Banana
Offshoots (suckers) offset Date palm, Pineapple
Slips Pineapple
Suckers Pineapple
Runners Strawberry
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Layering
Patch budding Aonla, Bael, Jamun, Pecan nut

Ring budding Ber
Shield budding Jamun
Tongue grafting Apple, Pear ,Apricot
Vineer grafting Mango
Water sucker Banana
Crown grafting Persimmon
Propagation of fruit crops
Tip layering Black berries, Raspberries, and Dewberries

Serpentine layering Muscadine grape
Mound layering / stooling Apple, Guava, Plum, Cherry, Hazelnut, Pecan nut,
Mango, Jackfruit, and Litchi
Trench layering Vigorous root stocks of apple like M16 and M25
and walnut.
Stem cutting /hard wood cutting Grape, Fig, Pomegranate, Plum, Apple
Semi hard wood cutting Mango, Guava, Lemon, Jack fruit
Leaf bud cutting Black berry
Root cutting Black berry, Raspberry, Apple, Pear, Peach
Inarching Mango, Guava
Tongue grafting Apple, Pear and Walnut
Epicotyl grafting / stone grafting Mango
Double working Bartlette Pear on Quince dwarfing rootstock by
using interstock such as old Home or ‘Hardy
pear’
Spring budding Citrus
June budding Peach, Plum, Apricot, Cherry, Ber and Aonla
Fall budding Aonla, Mango, Guava, Ber, Bael, Jack fruit stone
fruit, Walnut chestnut, Hazelnuts.
Shield or ‘T’ budding Apple, Pear, Peach, Plum, Apricot, Cherry, Citrus
In case of Citrus budding should be done along
with wood to avoid rupture of the bud.
Patch budding Mango, Aonla, Jackfruit, Jamun
Ring or annular budding Ber, Peach, Mulberry
Chip budding Grape, Apple and Pear
Micro propagation In dioecious plant like Papaya femaleness
produce through micro propagation.
Tissue culture technique Banana
Vegetative Propagation Not Probable in – Mangosteen, Papaya, Phalsa

Apomixes
Recurrent Apomixes:
Apple (Malus sikkimensis, M. hupehensis, M.Sargenti, M.toringoides),
Raspberry
Non recurrent Apomixes:
Polyembrony / Nucellar budding
Citrus – Nucellar polyembryony
Mango – Adventive
Java plum / Jamun- Nucellar
Nuclear embryonic: Citrus
Parthenogenesis: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana)
Polyembryony present in: Citrus, Jumun, Mango, Mahua
All varieties of citrus except in Pummelo (C.grandis), Tahti lime (C.latifolia)
and Turanj (C. medica)
Alternate Bearing Habit Present in Fruit Crops
Apple, Mango, Date palm, Pecan nut, Olive, European plum, Persimmon
Type of Parthenocarpy
1. Stenospermocarpy: Grape,
Seedlessness in Sindhu variety of Mango is due to stenospermocarpy.
2. Stimulative: Bread fruit,
Black corianth variety of Grape and Litchi
3. Vegetative: Banana, Pineapple and Fig.
21
BIO-FERTILIZERS USED IN
HORTICULTURAL CROPS
Bio-fertilizer Organism Fixed nutrient
Saprophytes Aspergilius, Pencillum, Decomposes organic matter at

Trichoderma after rule
Legume innoculant Rhizobium species Fixes Atomospheric N in
association with
legumiouns crops
In association Azospirillum High N fixation capacity
with plants
Free living organism Azotobacter Fixes N in neutral to alkalin soils
Blue green algae Anabaena, Nostoc Aulsuria, Nitrogen
Lalothrix and Tolypothrix
Free - floating fresh Azolla pinnata Nitrogen
water fern
Phosphrous solublizers Pseudomonas striata, Phosphrous
Bacillius polymixa,
Aspergillus awamori
and Pencillium digitatum
Ecto tropic mycorrhizae Basidiomyctes Phosphrous
Endo tropic Glomus, Gigaspore, Higher N, P, K, Ca
mycorrhizae(VAM) Acaulspore, Entrophospora and Mg
and Sclerocystis
22
POLLINATION AGENT IN FRUIT CROPS
Agents Fruit crops
Ornithophilous (Birds) Banana, Pineapple

House fly Mango
Weevil Oil palm
Wasp Fig
Anemophilous (Wind) Sapota, Pomegranate, Date palm, Coconut,
Papaya, Cashew nut, Chestnut
Entomophilous (Insect) Cherry, Ber, Guava, Mango, Citrus, Almond,
Apple, Plum, Litchi, Pear, Annona, Peach
23
TYPE OF INFLORESCENCE IN FRUIT CROPS
(A) Cymose
Solitary Papaya, Citrus, Phalsa, Sapota, Strawberry, Persimmon

Fasicle Cherry, Plum, Ber
Panicle Pistachio nut, Mango, Grapes, Litchi, Loquat
(B) Racemose
Raceme Raspberry, Gooseberry, Blackberry

Catkins Pecan nut, Chestnut, Walnut, Mulberry
Corymb Pear
(C) Spadix: Banana, Areca nut, Coconut, Date palm

(D) Solitary: Trifoliate orange, Peach, Apricot, Guava, Almond, Quince
(E) Hypanthodium: Pomegranate, Fig.
24
TYPE OF POLLINATION IN FRUIT CROPS
(A) Self pollination
Cleistogamy Grape (vitis), Sapota, Papaya

Homogeny Peach, Citrus, Apricot, Dwarf Coconut
(B) Cross pollination/uni sexuality/ decliny
Monoecious Walnut, Hazel nut, Jack fruit, Banana, Pecan,

Tall coconut
Dioecious Chainess gooseberry, Papaya, Date, Grape, Palmyra,
Palm, Kokum, Kiwi fruit, Betel vine
Gynodioecious Fig
Type of Mechanism trial favour cross pollination
Type mechanism Fruit crop
Hetero style Almond, Litchi, Pomegranate, Sapota, Cashew

Dichogamy Avocado, Walnut Annona, Pecan
Self incompatibility Cocoa, Mango
Functional uni sexuality Angoor kalan, Reflexed stamen Grape
Self sterility Pear Varities magness, Peach Varities Halbert,
J.H. Hale, June Elberta
Type of Incompatibility in Fruit Crop

(A) Self incompatibility
(a) Homomorphic
1. Saprophytic : Mango, Cocoa, Aonla
2. Gametophytic : Apple, Pear, Cherry, Almond, Ber,
Loquat, Pineapple.
(b) Heteromorphic: No fruit crop
Type of Dichogamy
Type Fruit crop
Protoandrous Passion fruit, Sapota, Walnut, Annona

muricata, Coconut
Protogynous Banana, Pomegranate Plum, Fig. Annona
spp. without muricata.
Hetero dichogamous Pistachio nut
Protogynous Diurnally synchronous Avocado
Dichogamy (PDSD)
Duodichogamy Chestnut
Hetero Style Found in Fruit Crop

Pin type : Pomegranate, Sapota
Thrum type : Carambola, Almond, Litchi
Differentiation of Fruit Crop on the Basis of Rate

of Respiration
Definition: Fruits are harvested at mature stage before ripening
(A) Climactric: Rise in respiration after harvesting
Apple (highest ethylene producer i.e. 25.2500 μl/L
Passion fruit i.e. 466-530 μl/L
Fig, Mango, Peach, Banana, Sapota, Papaya, Plum, Guava,
Annona, Pear, Avocado.
(B) Non Climactric: Steady respiration.
Definition: Fruits ripen on the tree and harvested when they become matured
edible.
Strawberry, Ber, Cherry, Grape, Cashew, Pineapple, Jamun, Citrus,
Pomegranate, Litchi
Fruit Crops Differentiated on the Basis of Photoperiod

1. Long day plant: Banana, Apple, Passion fruit
2. Short day plant: Coffee, Strawberry, Pineapple
3. Day neutral plant: Banana, Guava, Papaya
Tolerance of Fruit Crops to Salt and Acid

(A) Salt tolerance
1. Highly tolerant: Khirni, Ber, Coconut, Aonla, Date palm, Guava
2. Medium tolerant: Phalsa, Fig, Pomegranate, Cashew, Jamun
3. Highly sensitive: Pear, Mango, Strawberry, Apple, Citrus
(B) Acid tolerance
1. Highly tolerant: Plum, Raspberry, Strawberry, Fig.
2. Medium tolerant: Litchi, Avocado, Pine apple.
3. Highly sensitive:
Respiration rate of different fruit crop
Rate of respiration Release of Co2 Fruit crop
Exctremely high → 60mg –

Very high 40-60mg –
High 20-40mg Avocado, Straw berry
Medium 10-20mg Banana, Peach, Mango, Fig, Pear.
Low 5-10mg Apple, Citrus, Grape
Very low <5mg Dried fruit, Nut
Bearing Habbit of Different Fruit Crops

1. Axillary:
(a) Old season growth: Pear, Plum ,Custard apple, Peach Apple
(b) Current season growth: Orange, Papaya, Passion fruit, Guava, Coconut
2. Mix bearing: Citrus, Pomegranate, Carambola
3. Terminal:
(a) Old season growth: Banana, Pineapple, Mango, Litchi
(b) Current seasonal growth: Loquat, Jack fruit, Pecan nut
25
24
FRUIT BUD DIFFERENTIATION IN
FRUIT CROP
1. Simple bud: Date palm, Apricot, Cherry, Mango, Coconut, Palm

2. Mixed bud: Ber, Cashew, Pomegranate, Apple, Pear, Grape, Guava
Flower bud differentiation of fruit crop
Fruit crop Period and stage of flowering
Aonla 1st week of march

Banana September-April
Grape March-April
Mango (Dashahari) October–December May-June &
September-October
Pineapple At 40 leaves stage
Cashewnut January-Febuary
26
24
MALE FEMALE PLANT-SEX RATIO
IN FRUIT CROPS
Fruit crop Kale plant/ flower ratio Female plant/ flower
Aonla 1 307/197
Apple 33 67
Date palm 3 100
Mango 1 36
Papaya 1 20
Pusa delicious (Papaya) 50 50
27
24
MEASURES FOR BREAKING SEED
DORMANCY
Dormancy
(A) Scarification:
1. Mechanical scarification: Ber, Peach, Walnut
2. Acid scarification: Guava: Sulphuric acid (conc.)- 3min
Ber: Conc. sulphric acid-5.6 hr
Strawberry: Nitric acid 0.25% hydrogen Peroxide
(B) Stratification: Apple, Cherry, Pear, Apricot at temperature 1°-5°C for 1-5
month. Fresh seed of strawberry and grape placed in running water for 7-12
days result increased germination.
(C) Chemical treatments: Peach and treated with 5000 ppm of thiourea show
enhancement in their germination.
(D) Use of harmones:
1. Application of GA3 100-500 ppm for 24-48hr improve germination and
Better seedling growth of Apple, Cherry, Peach Strawberry and Hazelnut.
2. Application of Ethyel 500 ppm treatment seed of Guava and Strawberry.
3. Application of Benzyle Adenine (BA) @ 10-20ppm is effective for higher
seed germination in Apple and Peach.
Seed Sowing Time of Different Fruit Crop

Mango, Jack fruit : June-July
Guava, Ber, Anola : February-March
Seeds of tropical and subtropical fruit : June-July
Seeds of temperate fruits : June-October
Insitu sowing : Walnut, Pecan nut, Jackfruit, Ber,
Mango
(in Orissa and Gujarat)
Seed Storage
(A) Orthodox seeds: Preserving them at low temperature.
e.g. : Apple, Ber, Custard apple, Date palm, Fig, Grape, Guava, Lemon, Lime,
Mandarin, Mulberry, Papaya, Passion fruit, Peach, Pineapple, Plum, Phalsa,
Pomegranate and Sweet orange.
(B) Recalcitrant Seeds: Seed can be stored for relatively short period ranging
from few weeks to a few months.
e.g: Avocado, Barbados cherry, Carmbola, Bread fruit, Durian, Jackfruit, litchi,
Mango, Mangosteen, and Rambutain.
Cryopreservation: Storage of material in liquid nitrogen maintained at
temperature of-196°C. Chemicals used for cryo-preservation are glycerol and
DMSO (Dimethyl Sulphoxide) used for preservation of embryos of coconut
and Jack fruit under in-vitro system.
28
24
PROPAGATION STRUCTURES USED FOR
HORTICULTURAL CROPS
1. Green house
(a) Tunnel type
(b) Ground to ground type
(c) Free standing quonset type: Pipe arches/trusses are supported by pikpe
purline running alongwith the length of greenhouse.
(d) Ridges furrow type: Use two or more A-frame greenhouse connected to
one another along the length of eave.
(e) Gable or Even span type: Two roof slopes are of equal pitch & width.
(f) Uneven span type: This type of greenhouse constructed on hilly terrain.
The roofs are of equal width which make the strucdture adapatable to
the side slope of hill.
(g) Quonset type/Interlocking ridge and farrow: Truss members overlap
sufficiently to allow a bed of plants to grow between the overlaping portions
of adjacent houses.
(h) Lean to type: placed agains the side of an existing building roof support.
(i) Saw tooth type greenhouse: Similar to ridge and farrow type greenhouse
except there is natural ventilation provision.
2. Plastic Green houses
(a) Poly then film type
(b) Fiberglass type
(c) PVC film type
(d) Polyester film type
3. Hot beds: For growing small tender seedling/cutting
4. Nursery bed
5. Mist beds
6. Fluorescent light boxes
7. Mist chamber
8. Lath houses: Used to protect horticultural plant with are sensitive to high
intensity & temperature during summer.
Lean-to-type Even span type Uneven span type

green house greenhouse greenhouse
Ridge & farrow type Free standing /

greenhouse Quonset type
Inter locking ridge &

furrow type
29
24
TECHNIQUES FOR DETERMINATION OF
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT OF
FRUIT CROPS
Crop Tissue of Sample Period/ Growth stage

determination leaves
Almond 3rd leaf from top 15 Beginning of bloom

Apple and pear Leaves from middle of 50 8-12 weeks after bloom
terminal shoot growth 2-4 week after formation of
terminal buds in
bearing tree
Apricot Fully expanded leaves 50 Early June to mid July
mid shoot current growth
Avocado Fully expanded leaves 50 leaves of 5 to 7 months
from non fruiting terminal old shoots
Banana Petiole of third open 15 Bud differentiation stage 4
leaf from apex months after planting
Ber Recently matured leaf 40 Middle of the shoot, sixth
from apex, two months after
pruning from secondary
and tertiary shoots.
Cashew Fourth leaf from tip of 15 At beginning of flowering
mature branches
Cherry Fully expanded leaves, 50 July-August
mid shoot current growth
Citrus Leaves and petiole 30 3-5 months old leaf from
new flush. first leaf of
shoot June
Cocoa Third leaf from apex 15 Bloom initiation
Custard apple Fifth leaf from apex 30 2 month after new growth
Fig fully expanded leaves mid 25 July-August
shoot current growth
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Crop Tissue of Sample Period/ Growth stage

determination leaves
Grape Petiole 200 30-35 days after bud burst

i.e. at bud differentiation
stage collect petiole at fifth
leaf position yield for
forecast. Petiole opposite to
bloom for quality.
Guava Recently matured leaves 25 Third pair of leaves in
August or December
at bloom stage.
Mango Leave and petiole from 15 4-7 months old leaves
middle of shoot
Papaya Petiole 20 Sixth petiole from apex 6
month after planting
Peach Leaves 25 Mid shoot leaves, fruiting, or
non fruiting spurs in
mid summer
Phalsa Leaves 40 Fourth leaf from apex,
one month after pruning
Pineapple Middle of third portion of 100 4-6 months after initiation
white basal portion of leaf of growth
Plum leaves from middle of 25 January-February
current seasons growth
Sapota Leaves 30 Tenth leaf from apex
in September
Straw berry Youngest fully expanded 30 Peak or harvest period
matured leaf use leaflets
and discard main petiole
30
24
ROLE OF POLLINATORS IN FRUIT CROP
(BEE POLLINATOR)
Increase in yield (%) by bee pollination
Crop Increase yield (%)
Litchi 20-25
Almond 15-20
Apple 15-20
Grape 10-20
Citrus 10-15
Pear 10-15
Plum 10-15
Cashew 5-15
Cherry 5-15
Guava 5-10
Papaya 5-10
Coconuts 3-5
Mango 3-5
31
24
SPECIAL HORTICULTURAL PRACTICES
IN FRUIT CROPS
(A) Pruning: e.g.- Apple, Pear, Plum, Peaches Phalsa, Ber, Grape.
1. Heading back: Terminal part of the shoot removed to desired level
e.g. Ber.
2. Thining out: It is also called dehorning. It consist of removal of all the
wood after leaving 7-10 cm thick stub all over the tree e.g. Grape.
(B) Dormant pruning: Followed in mango grapes and temperate fruits.
(C) Summer pruning: Most of the fruit species show not only dormancy but
also enter rest period in summer when their shoots stop growing but their
leaves continue to manufacture photophosphates, till leaf fall in autumn.
(D) Early summer pruning: Early summer pruning refers to pruning after
flowering period when shoot growth is still succulent e.g. Grape.
(E) Mid summer pruning: by mid summer a tree most of its shoots growth
for the year and its buds have nearly altered into the rest period.
(F) Late summer pruning: If a tree is pruned after mid summer, when it is at
complete resting period, it does not make any growth before next spring.
(G) Summer pruning and cold hardiness: A tree need severely in midsummer
or late summer will require somewhat more chilling to break its rest.
(H) Shoot pinching: When a shoot is cut or pinched back in summer, sometimes
a flower bud will be formed at the bud next below cut shoot pinching
recommended for grapevine and mango.
(I) Notching – Fig
(J) Nicking – Apple
(K) Bahar treatment – Citrus fruits
(L) Propping – Banana
(M) Mattaocking – Banana
(N) Ringing – Ber
(O) Girdling – Grapes
(P) Staking – Citrus fruits
(Q) Smudging – Mango

(R) Bending – Guava
(S) Cincturing – Litchi
(T) Skiffing – Tea (lignest form of pruning & collor pruning)
(U) Tipping – Tea (Removal of terminal position of shoot)
(V) Topping – Coffee (Cultural prultices for wet processing yield)
(W) Tapping – Coconut, Paim, Rubber
Training of Fruit Crops

1. Central leader system: Apricot, Walnut, Pecan, Plum, Peach.
2. Open center: Peach
3. Modified central leader: Pear, Apple
4. Multiple stem system: Pomegranate
5. Normal system: Allow to grow naturally
32
24
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMPS OF
NUTRIENT IN FRUIT CROPS
Nitrogen: Yellowing of leaves, reduced tip shoot and root growth, blossom, and
fruiting is reduced.
Phosphorus: Leaf fall, red or purple anthocyanine development, leaf are
small, dull bluish green in colour, purple pigmentation on leaf margin. In black
currants dull brown spot occurred.
Potassium: Plant leaves turn downward. Leaf margins roll inword towards
the upper surface, short and branches show die back, colour of leaves are blusih
green, to internal chlorosis, fruit yield, fruit quality are poor and site tend to small.
e.g. 1. Chlorosis in Cherry, Peach and Plum
2. Leaf scorch in Pear, Litchi and Mango
3. Improper filling of finger in Banana.
1. Water deficiency:
(a) Black end of Pear, Jonathan spot of Apple, Cork spot, Lithasis and tip
burn of Apple.
2. Due to excess water:
(a) Odem in Oranges
(b) Water core in Apple
(c) Fruit cracking in Avocado, Citrus, Litchi
(d) False bloom in Cranberry.
3. Due to improper pollination and fertilization:
(a) Jhoomka in Mango,
(b) Bloom drop / berry drop in Grape.
Calcium: Symptoms occurred on young leaves of growing plants. Cholorosis
occurs along with margin on leaves followed by necrosis, large spot of necrosis in
the center of the leaf.
1. Bitter pit wither tip, rough bark and cracking in Apple
2. Calyx end rot in Persimmon
3. Leaf drop in Peach
Magnesium: Intervenal chlorosis of leaves chlorosis followed by appearance of

anthocyanin pigmentation in the leaf.
1. Invested ‘v’ shaped green area are left at the mid rib of leaf green chlorosis
in Citrus
2. Intervenal chlorosis in Apple.
Sulphur: Plant show chlorosis of younger leaves, loss of green colour, shoot
growth restricted and occurred necrotic spots between main vein of leaf.
Zinc: Intervenal chlorosis, leaves become small and narrow.
1. Mottle leaf, trenching of Citrus
2. Little leaf of Mango, Litchi and Cashew
3. Bronzing of Pecan
4. Stone fruits of Walnut
5. Rosette of Pecan and Apple.
6. Die back of twig in Avocado
Copper: Intervenal chlorosis and necrosis of the tip of young leaves.
1. Die back, Exanthema, Ammoniation of Citrus
2. Wither tip in Apple
3. Rough bark in Apple
4. Cracking in Apple
Due to low temperature: Collar rot, Black heart, Foot crouch in Apple
Excessive exposure to sun rays:
1. Sun burn in Peach, Citrus
2. Sunscald in Pineapple
Due to high temperature: Water core of Apple, Side cracking of Peach, Tip
burning of Apricot.
Manganese: Chlorosis of leaves toward the main veins near the margin of the
leaf and extending toward middle rib of leaf.
1. Plant become chlorotic in Peach
2. Mn deficiency is seen in Strawberry, Cherry, Apple and Raspberry.
Iron: Plant show excessive chlorosis in the younger leaves. Secondary and tertairy
veins may undergo chlorosis under, severe deficiency conditions.
Boron: Death of shoot tips partial defoliation and die back of the twig and
branches.Fruits shows malformed and misshapen, splitting of the bark, development
of corky area in fruit.
1. Fruit necrosis in Aonla

2. Hen and Chicken, Millerandange and cloure in Grape, Crown necrosis in
coconut
3. Water core russeting and internal cork in Apple
4. Internal necrosis in Mango
5. Fruit cracking in Pomegranate and Apple.
Molybdenum: Chlorotic internodes mottling of the lower leaves marginal necrosis
in folding of the leaves flower are drop before setting of fruit due to formation of
abscission layer.
e.g. Yellow spot disease of Orange.
Chlorine: Wilting of plants, chlorisis, necrosis and unusal bronze discoloration of
foliage.
e.g. Leaf scorch in Mango due to excess of chloride
33
24
PLANT GROWTH SUSBSTANCES
USED IN FRUIT CROPS
Auxins: Enhance fruit set and fruit ripening, stimulation and elongation of cells,
stem and coleoptiles. Cell division and root formation are functions of auxins can
be used as herbicides.
Cytokinins: Delays senescence, stimulate cell division, promotes orderly
development of embryo of seed. Breaks dormancy of buds and seeds.
Gibberellins: Increase size of fruit, flower and leaves, Break the dormancy
induced flower, cell elongation and cell division increase.
Abscisic Acid: Induce dormancy, stomatal clouser facalties.
Ethylene: Help to ripening of fruits. Growth of stems and roots are iso-diametric.
Plant growth substances Use
Abscisic acid (ABA) Defoliation of plant

GA Increase flower % Propagation production of
seedless grape, fruit set.Increase fruit size
and vegetative propagation, seed germination
in Citrus, Cherry, Ber, Guava, Annona, Apple,
Peach, use for reduction of chilling
requirement period, Delay ripening processes,
retards degreening in fruits Induction of
parthenocarpy.
2, 4-D Use in somatic embryo genesis at low conc.
use as herbicide, control fruit drop.
IBA (Indole butaric acid) Vegetative propagation use of softwood, semi
hard wood, hardwood grafting, use of rapid
multiplication of plants, Induction of
parthenocarpy.
B A (Benzyl Adenine) Rapid growth of Ex-plant
Paclobutazol/ SADH Reducing growth of Apple, Litchi, Apricot, Pear,
Peach, Mango and Plum, use in flowering and
fruiting. regulation of Mango and Grape.
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Plant growth substances Use
Ethrel Flowering in Pineapple, use for fruit

development, fruit maturity and uniform
ripening.
NAA Control fruit drop in Citrus, Apple, Mango use
for flowering induction in Pineapple.
BOA (Benzothiazole-Z-oxyacetic acid) Use in papaya for hastens flower initation and
promotion of flowering.
2-4-5-T Control fruit drop in Apple, Mango, Citrus
B-NOA Use for fruit setting in Cherry, Peach, Plum
and Strawberry.
Sodium 4,6-dinitro-O-cresol (DNOC) Use for thining in Apple, and also effectively
use in stone fruit such Sweet Cherry, Prune,
Apricot, Pear, Apricot.
CPPU (derivatatives of cytokinins) Increase berry size and diameter of fruit
Cycocel Induce early maturity in Kagzi lime.
34
24
TYPE OF FRUITS
Edible portion Type of fruit Fruit
Juicy placental hairs Hesperidium Mandarin, Sweet orange, Acid

lime, lemon, Grape fruit
pummelo, Sweet lime
Mesocarp Drupe Mango, Sapota
Seeds Drupe Coffee
Epicarp Drupe Ber
Epi and Mesocarp Drupe Phalsa
Pericarp Drupe Date palm (One seeded)
Lobed cotyledons Drupe Cashew nut
Mesocarp Berry Papaya, Banana
Pod Drupe Cocoa
Meso and endocarp Berry Aonala
Fleshy pericarp of Etaerio of berries Custard apple
individual berries
Pericarp and placentae Berry Grape
Outer portion of the receptacle Pome Pear
Bracts and perianth
Endosperm One seeded Drupe Coconut, Palm
Aril/ juicy seed coat Balusta Pomegranate
Succulent placentae Amphisiaraca Bael, Wood apple
Bracts and perianth and seed Sorosis Pine apple, Jack fruit
Flashy thalamus Pome Apple, Loquat, Pear
Thalamus and pericarp Berry Guava
Flesh penduncle Cashew apple
Fleshy receptacle Syconium/ syconus Fig
Succulent thalamus Etaerio of achenes Strawberry
Aril Single seeded nut Litchi
Lobed cotyledens Nut Pecan nut, Cashew nut
Cotyledons and peduncle Nut Almond
35
24
MAJOR PROBLEMS OF
FRUIT PRODUCTION IN INDIA
Mango
1. Alternate bearing: Major problem of the north Indian cultivar
2. Mango malformation: Observed in Punjab, Delhi, U.P. Gujarat, M.S., Bihar,
W.B. Orissa.
3. Vegetative malformation: Common in nursery seedling and young plant.
4. Floral malformation: Directly affected the productivity. Spray of 200ppm
NAA lower the number of malformed particles significantly.
5. Black tip: Observed in Punjab, U.P. Bihar, and W.B., Fruits turn black and
become hard caused by smoke of brick kinls located with a distanced of 600
m spraying of borax (0.6%) at 10-14 days found effective.
6. Jhumka /clustering: A cluster of fruit lets at the tip of the panicle giving an
appearance of bunch tip called Jhumka.
7. Spongy tissue: It is specific in Alphanso mango. Appearance of fruit look
like normal but inside a patch of flesh become spongy, yellowish and sour
mango hybrid Ratna and Arka puneet which have alphanso like character do
not suffer from this malady.
Custard Apple
Stone fruit: Corrected by practicing clean cultivator manureing, timely irrigation
and application of super phosphate and bone meal.
Aonla
Necrosis: Francis variety is highly susceptible fallowed by Banarasi.
Control Measure: Borax spray 0.6% twice or thrice in the month of September-
October with about 10-15 days interval can control the melady.
Apple
Scald: Storage disorder in apple light mottling on greener surface of fruits are
initial symptoms of scald.
Bitter pit: Small sunken spots on fruit surface are more prevalent near the
blossom end. Golden Delicious, Yellow Newton and Gravenstein are most
susceptible apple varities.
Internal Browning: Due to low temp (less than 1°C) in cold storage.
Bael
Fruit drop and cracking: Before ripening of the fruit
Banana
Neer vazhai malady: Neer means water, vazhai Banana.
In infested plants, severe root damage is noted. It is transmitted by suckers.
Kotta Vazhai: Affecting poovan Banana : Kottai” means seed
Fig
Sunburn: Fruit splitting and fruit drop, sunburn is generally noticed mostly in
young plants due to heavy pruning.
Grape
Uneven ripening: Presence of green berries in a ripe bunch of colored grapes
is Known as uneven ripening. It is found in Bangalore purple, Bangalore Blue,
Beauty seedless, Gulabi grapes.
Application of Ethephon 250 ppm at colour break stage can reduced the problem.
Post harvest berry drop: Due to weak pedicel attachment to the berries, Varities
Anab-e-shahi, Cheema sahabi and Beauty seedless are susceptible spraying of
NAA 50 ppm can minimize the post harvest berry drop.
Flower bud and flower drop: This is common in north India. Stem girdling
about 10 days before to full bloom can reduced it.
Pink berry formation: Common in Thompson seedless and its clone, Tas-A-
Ganesh in Maharashtra.
Guava
Guava wilt: Various fungi causing wilt are fusarium roseum oxysporum, f. psidii,
F. solani, macrophomina phaseolina and Gliocladium roseum.
Jamun
Heavy drop of flower and fruit: Can be minimized by spacing of GA3 60 ppm
at bloom stage and other 15 days after fruit set.
Lime and Lemon

Cracking or splitting: In cracking is associated with sudden changes in weather
condition, heavy irrigation or rainfall after prolonged drought and infection of
bacteria. Application of ‘K’ also reduce fruit splitting
Litchi
Sun burning and skin cracking: It is serious problem in litchi, low humidity,
high temperature and soil moisture conditions during fruit development promote it.
Application of NAA 20 mg/lit of water, 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T 10mg/ lit of water, GA
40mg/ lit of water and Ethephon 10 mg /lit of water reduces the fruit cracking.
Mandarin Orange
Fruit drop: The first drop occurs soon after fruit setting, second during May-
June Known as June drop and 3rd one known as pre harvest drop i.e. the drop of
mature fruits before harvesting this drop are due to fluctuating temperature, low
atmospheric humidity, hormonal imbalance, incidence of insect-pest and diseases,
imbalance of soil moisture, lack of proper nutrition, Application of 2,4-D 10ppm,
NAA 5 ppm, 2,4,5-T 5 ppm check fruit drop.
Granulation: Disorder of fruit juice sacs of mandarins and citrus where in they
become comparatively hard assume a grayish colour and become some what
enlarged. The application of 2,4-D 12 ppm, zinc and copper reduceses incidence
of granulation.
Decline: After fruit full production for about 15-20 yr, mandarin, citrus orchards
starts bearing little crop and become un economical and show ill health and decline.
Mangosteen
Gambog: Due to yellow exudation of gum on fruits and branches.
Fruit splitting: Splitting results in swollen arils with a mushy pulp.
Peach
Sunscald: Causes severe damage to the exposed trunk and main scaffold branches.
Splitting of fruits: Due to gum exudes from the fruit making it unfit for
consumption.
Pear
Premature ripening: Caused by abnormally cool growing season preceding harvest.
Pecan
Leaf scorch: Necrotic dead areas develop on basal edges of leaflets.
Rosette: Due to lack of zinc (Zn).
Persimmon
Calyx cavity: Serious problem of persimmon. Symptoms are a spare space or
cavity that occurs directly beneath the calyx of fruit.
Pineapple
Multiple crown: Due to heritable character found mostly in cayenne group to
which kew belongs
Pomegranate
Internal break down: Disintegration of arils in matured pomegranates known
as an internal break down or lacking of arils is serious malady. Due to that fruits
are unfit for consumption. Incidence more in Ambe bahar.
Fruit cracking: Serious problem is more intense under dry condition of arid
zone, crack due to moisture imbalance, rise in temperature during fruit growth
and development.
Cultivars: PS75K3, Appuli, Shrivan, Burachli Apsherconskil, Krasnyl, Sur-Anar,
Kyrmyz Kabukh and Francis are tolerant to Anar Butterfly, Oily spots or resistant
to fruit crop.
Sapota/ Chicku
Die back/ wilt: Due to anaerobic conditions in mansoon and post mansoon season
in such areas wilt is of common appearance aggravated by fusarium.
Strawberry
Albinism: Due to lack of fruit colour during ripening fruits irregularly pink, swollen
and totally white acidic in taste and become less firms, damage during harvesting
and are susceptible to botrytis infection and decay during storage.
Cocoa
Cherelle wilt: Cocoa plant produces large number of flowers and only small
percentage of flowers is successfully pollinated and two many fruits are set for
the tree to carry through to maturity. The young cocoa fruit will it attains a length
of 10 cm is called a ‘Cherelle’ and over 80% of the cherelles formed on a mature
tree usually wilt. This phenomenon is called cherelle wilt.
Coffee
Die Back: Refers to the death of young branches during dry period Die back is
due to adverse climatic conditions.
Premature fruit drop: Occurs during the berry development stage 90-120 days
after blossom due to hormonal imbalance and adverse climatic conditions.
Black bean, black jollo and normal jollo: These are bean dissevered occurred
due to physiological factor in Arabic coffee during development stage.
Rubber
Brown Blast or Tapping panel dryness (TPD): Due to that partial or complete
drying up of the panel (i.e. no production of latex) after a period of prolonged and
late dripping of latex for a few day/ weeks.
36
24
WEED MANAGEMENT IN FRUIT CROPS
Crop No. of losses % Recomm- Dose No. of Time of

weeding / year ended harbicide Kg/ha spray spraying
Apple 4-5 30-50 Atrazine/ 5.00 1 One before and

Simazine/ 5.00 1 one after 2 months of rainy
Diuron 5.00 1 season after harvesting
Paraquat 3.00 2 and earthing up.
Apricot Weeding – Simazine/ 5.00 1 After harvesting fruits
by bullock Diuron/ 2.00 1
drawn 2,4-D 5.00 1
implement
Banana 6-7 30-40 Diuron/ 2.25 1 5-6 months after, pre-
Simazine/ 4.00 1 emergence spray and tri
Oxyfluorfen/ 4.00 1 monthly, 6 months after
Glyphosate/ 6.00 1 pre-emergence spray
Paraquat/ 12.00 2 just after planting
suckers.
Citrus 6-7 losses are Diuron 5.00 1 After sowing seeds and
Nursery caused as transplanting
and weeds act as
orchard intermediary
host for certain
serious pests
Cherry Whenever Simazin 1.00 After harvesting
necessary
Grape 5-6 1 Diuron/ 2.25 1 Just after planting just
Nursery Oxyfluorfen 4.00 1 after pruning, during
vine yard Diuron 2.25 1 April as and when
Atrazine 4.00 1 weeds emerge and
Paraquat 12.00 2 become 15-25 cm tall.
Glyphosate 6.00 1
Guava 3-4 – 2, 4-D 2.00 1 Established orchards
orchards Paraquat 3.00 2 Twice yearly during
rainy and winter
season
Young and Fortnigh-tly Diuron 0.60 1 After sowing
old
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table
Crop No. of losses % Recomm- Dose No. of Time of

weeding / year ended harbicide Kg/ha spray spraying
Litchi 3 – Paraquat 6.00 2 One before and one

after 2 months of
rainy season
Mango Even Diuron or 2.25 1 Just after sowing seeds
Nursery fortnight oxyfluorfen 4.00 1
Orchard Only in the Diuron / 2.25 1 Just after transplanting
first 5 yr of Atrazine 4.00 1
planting Oxyfluorfen 4.00 1
Pine apple 5-6 20-30% Bromali + 2.25 1 Just after planting
Diuron 2.25
Oxyfluorfen 4.00 1
Papaya 6-7 70% Fluchloralin/ 4.00 1 One week after
nursery & Butachlor/ 4.00 transplanting
orchard Alachlor 4.00 1
Orchard Glyphosate 6.00 2 5-6 months after pre
only emergence spraying
Peach 3-4 50% 2-4,D/Simazine 5.00 1 After harvesting of fruit
Plum 4-5 D.S.A Diuron/Simazine 4.00 1
Atrazine 4.00 1
Strawberry 4-5 34-67% Simazine 2.00 1 After planting
Chloroxuron 2.00 1
Cocoa Bi-monthly Basta 2.5 1 After harvesting of fruit,
Coconut 6-7 hand 2, 4-D Ester 1.00 1 After rainy season one
weeding 2 Diuron 2.40 1 before rainy and one
digging/ Glyphosate 5.00 2 after rainy season
ploughing twice
a year
Coffee 6-7 Oxyfluorfen 1.5 1 Before weed emerges
Nursery Giyphosate 4.00 2 when weeds
and are present
plantation
Oil Fortnightly Gramuron 2.00 1 Pre planting of seedling
palm in the (paraquat/ in nursery
nurserie beginning diuron)
fallowed by
monthly
Old Monthly Diuron 2.20 1 After planting when
plantations Glyphosate 4.40 2 weeds appear
Tea 6 Glyphosate 4.00 2 When weeds are 15-25
Oxyfluorfen 4.00 1 cm tall before weeds
Fluchloralin 10+10 1 emerges
Simazine
37
24
ALMOND
Amygdalus communis
Important Nut fruit of India. Vegetatively plant bearing only after 3-4 years. Grows
on 750-3,210 m above mean sea level. Temperature up to –22°C to –3°C for
short time are suitable for Blossoms. But if low temperature continue to long
period it damaged, the blossoms. Heading back is method of training, central
modified system also adopted. Budding is done during July-August.
Pruning is to be done in such way that new spur growth is constantly replacing
spur. Every third row should be planted with pollinizer variety.
Almond
For-Jammu and Kashmir : Makhdoom, Parbhat, Waris, Merced,
Jordanolo, Shalimar, Afganistan, seedling
1XL
Non-pareil
Dry temperate Zone : Texas, Neplus-Ultra
High and Mid hills : Merced, Non pareil, 1XL
Low hills and valley area of H.P. : Drake, Peerless, Katha, Nephus Ultra.
Exotic varieties/ Introduction : California paper shell, Neplus Ultra
Marcott, Briggs Hard shell Non pareil.
Amond divided in 4 group
1. Hard shelled
2. Soft shelled
3. Semi soft shelled
4. Paper shelled.
Root stock for Almond : Peach, Bitter almond
Hybrid
1. Sloh : Pach x Almond
2. Almond Hybrid 15 : Thin shelled x Sloh - high productive & Quality
3. Hybrid 258 (Pethicks Wonder x Sloh - Selt compatible
4. H-98 (Bruce x Sloh) high yielder good kernel quality
Super Nova: Mutant develop by utilizing gamma ray’s from Fascionello
selection in MV2 breeding in Italy.
38
24
ANNONACEOUS FRUIT
Custard apple: Local sitaphal, Balanagar, Britsh Guinea, Barbados seedling,

Saharanpur local, Kakarlapahad, Mahaboobnagar, Washington, Pi 10 7005, red
custard, Mammoth
Introduction: Israeli selection and Israeli hybrid
Hybrid: Arka Sahan – slow ripening 6-7 day. Fruit weight 210 gm each.
Root stock: A. reticulata, A. glabra
Pink disease caused by Pellicularia salomonicolor
● Fruit setting is the main problem due to unattractive flower structure, dilution
of stigmatic fluid due to heavy rains. Hand pollination is the way to achieve
expected production. ⎫
⎬
● ⎭
Insecticidal properties present in the leaves of custard appeal.
Bullock heart: Grown in humid region of South India cannot withstand with
sever summer.
Cherimoya: Perfare tropical climate
Aternoya, custard apple & sour-sop prefer humid tropic with annual rainfall 60-
80 cm is optimum.
Soil requirement are well urable, red, sandy, shallow, slightly acidic in reaction.
Avoid water logged soils, can grow well even on calcerious soils containing lime
up to 50% chalk red sandy soils of Andhrapradesh are also suitable propagated
by seed, veener grafting, T-budding.
Planting:
4 x 4 m – 625 plants / ha
Custard apple
5 x 5 m – 400 plants / ha
6 x 6 m – 277 plants / ha Atemoya & Bullock heart
8 x 8 m – 156 – 11 – Cherlmoya & Sorsop
Reaular little pruning.
Training to single stem is the only when rootstock is employed.
39
24
AONLA
Emblica officinalis
The fruits has fallowing contents very useful for human consumption.
Contents 100 g of edible portion
Carbohydrates 13.7 gm
Minerals 0.5 mg
Calcium 50 mg
Phosphorus 20 mg
Iron 1.2 mg
Carotene 9 micro gram
Vitamin C 600 mg
Among the fruits, anola is the riches source of vitamin C except Barbados cherry
1. Banarasi: Early maturing, Best for Muraba preparation
2. Francis/ Hathijhool: Commercial varieties of U.P. Egg shaped large fruit.
Suffer from severe incidence of fruit necrosis.
3. Chakaiya: Fruits are fibrous smaller in size tendency of alternate bearing
4. Green tinged variety: Fruits are large, nearly greenish in color best for
pickles and murabba.
5. Red tinged variety: Small fruits with attractive red flush near their base.
6. White streaked variety: Medium size fruits with white streaks on them.
7. Kanchan (NA-4): Selection from Chakaiya, Regular bearer with medium
fruits (7.7 female flower/ branchlet) well grown in semi arid region preferred
by industries for pulp extract and manufacturing of various products.
8. Krishna: Good for making murabba
9. NA-6: Selection from chakaiya prolific and heavy bearer. 10.8 female flowers/
branch let. Ideal for preserve and candy. Also known as ‘Amrit’ fruit with
large size 35-37 g.
10. BRS-1: A selection from local cultivar. Thimbum grow in Tamil Nadu – yield
very high 155 kg / tree / yr. ascorbic acid content very high.
11. NA-9: Chance of seedling from Banarasi fruit large (50g) fattened smooth
yellowish skin flesh fiber low 0.9% ascorbic acid very high (88 mg 1100 g)
12. Balwant N-10: A chance of seedling from Banarasi fruit attractive medium
large (41.5g) shape flattered round, skin yellowish green with pink tinge.
13. NA-7: selection from Francis, prolific, precious and regular bearer 9.7 female
flower/ branch let also known Neelum fruit medium to large (47.5 gm)
moderate keeping quality.
14. Anand 1, Anand-2, and Anand 3 are promising strains from Gujarat.
Root Stock – Desi Aonla
Anola originated at tropical forest of India scattered throughout India subtropical
fruit also successful in tropical climate.
Soil – well down deep loam, vegetatively propagated by shield budding, approach
grafting, air layering, cutting & inarching
Planting in June–August at 10 x 10 m
Harvesting in January–February
Yield–1500-2000 fruits /plant
24
40
APPLE
B.N. Malus Pumila

Mashobra is a place where apple research station is situated
Recommended varieties of apple in different states & season
Season Himachal Jammu and Uttranchal

Pradesh Kashmir
Early season Tydermains’ Early (p) Irish peach Benni Early Shanburry (P),
Michael moies Delicious Fenny, Benani
Schlomit, Starkrimson Chaubuttia princes
Mid season Starking Delicious, American Mother, Red Delicious
Red Delicious Razakwar, Starking Delicin
Rechared, Jonathan (P), Cox’s Delicious
Top Red Vance, Orange, Pippin (P), Mclantosn (P)
Delicious Lord, Red Gold (P) Cortland Golden
Lambourne (P), Queen’s Apple, Delicious (P)
Red Chief, Oergon Rome Beauty,
Spur, Red Spur Red Scarlet Siberian
Gold (P)
Late season Golden Delicious King Pippin, Raymer
(P), Yellow Newton American, Apirouge, Buckingham (P)
(P), Winter Banana Kerry Pippin,
(P), Granny Smith Lal Ambari, Sunhari
Chamure, Golden
Delicious (P) Red
Delicious Ambari
Baldwin Yellow
Newton (P) White
dotted Red.
P. Pollinizer
High colouring and early maturing sports of apple
Spur type Standard colour mutants
Starkrimson, Well spur, Oregon spur-II, Vance Delicious Top Red Skyline superme,
Red chief, Millers, Sturdy spur, Hardi Hardiman, Brigh-n-early
supur, Silver spur.
Apple scab
Apple scabe arises in 1972-73 in J&K 1978-79 in Himachal Pradesh Scab resistant
varieties from France are suitable for Himachal Pradesh: Prima, Priscilla, sirprize,
Jonafree, Florina, Mucfree, Nova easy grow, Coup-12, Coup-13 (Red free)
Novamac, Liberty and Freedom Folorina
Jammu & Kashmir: Firdous and shireen have been released for commercial
cultivation as scab resistant varieties.
Liberty Varietiy of Apple is Resistant to all Fungal Diseases
Hybrids of Apple
Lal Ambari Red Delicious x Ambari J&K

Sunehari Ambari x Golden Delicious J&K
Chaubattia princes Early shenbumy x Red Delicious Uttar Pradesh
Chaubattia Anupum Uttar Pradesh
Ambred Red Delicious x Ambari Himachal Pradesh
Ambreyal Starking Delicious x Ambari Himachal Pradesh
Ambreyal and Ambred not gained popularity in Himachal Pradesh due to

very late maturity and extending harvesting period.
Low chilling varieties of Apple

Important table purpose low chilling varieties
Michal, Schlomt, Anna, Tamma, Vered, Neoml,
Tropical Beauty and Parities Beauty: Suitable for processing purpose.
Pollinizing Varieties
Tydermans Early, Red God, Golden Delicious, Mcintosh Lord Lamboume, Winter
Banana, Granny Smith, Starkspur, Golden and Golden spur.
Kodai Kanal Beauty (KKL-1): was developed as a result of clonal selection from
parlin’s Beauty
Red Elstar - is natural mutant of CV. Elstar
Seedling Root stock of Apple

Apple seeds need stratification in moist sand at 4°-7°C for 90-60 days. The
stratification boxes/ bags are placed in cool place where the required chilling
temperature of less than 7°C for 1000-1500 hr is met in 60-90 days.
Clonal Roof stock of apple
Sr. No. Category Root stock Characteristics
1 Dwarfing M-9 Short juvenile phase, weak anchorange,

suitable for high density planting in flat
and irrigated areas only
2 Semi dwarf M4, M7 and Suitable for high density planting and well
MM 106 drained soils, resistant to wooly apple aphid
but susceptible to collar rot
3 Semi vigorous MM111 Tree size is 70% of standard drought tolerant
and resistant to wooly apple aphid
4 Vigorous Merton 793 Wooly apple aphid and collar rot resistant, early
fruiting recommended for kumaon hills of
Uttar Pradesh.
High Density Planting

Advance technology spacing and planting density for different scion
stock combination
Sr. No. Variety/ Root Tree size Spacing Density

Scion stock (Vigour) (mxm) (Tree/ha)
1 Standard MM 109 Samivigorous 6.0 x 6.0 278

MM 111
M7 Semi dwarf 4.5 x 4.5 495
MM 106
M9 Dwarf 1.5 x 1.5 4.444
2 Spur type Seedling Semivigorus 5.0 x 5.0 400
MM 109 Semi dwarf 3.5 x 3.5 816
MM 111
M7 Dwarf 3.0 x 3.0 1.111
MM 106
Storage Conditions for Apple

Pre cooling – Forced air
Temperature – 1° to 0°C with exceptions
Relative Humidity – 90-95%
Storage period – 2-8 months (depends on variety)
Freezing point – –1.7°C aprox,

Treatment for quality – Pre storage treatment with Antioxident within a
week of harvesting
Sensibility to – Odours
Major Apple Producing Belts are

North West Hill Region: Jammu and Kashmir (Srinagar, Budgam, Pulwama,
Anantnag, Baramulla, Kupwara)
Himachal Pradesh (Shimla, Kulu, Sirmour, Mandi, Chamba, Kinnaur, Kangra and
Srinagar.
Uttrakhand: Almora, National Pithoragarh, Tehri, Pauri, Chamoli, and Uttar kashi
North East Hill Region: Arunachal Pradesh, Tawang, West Kanneng, Lower subansiri.
Golden Delicious : Commercial variety of USA and Europe
Mcintosh : Leading variety of Canada
Ambari : Indigenous\variety grown in Kashmir and it
has longest storage life
Rymer : Indigenous variety grown in Kashmir
Triploid cultivars : Baldwin, B.Gravenstin, Winespa
Northern spy : Resistant to wooly apple aphid.
Area, Production and Productivity of Apple
Year Area % of total Production % of Total Productivity

(In 000 ha) FRT area (In 000MT) Production in NTT/ha
Productivity
2000-01 239.8 6.2 1226.6 2.8 5.1

2001-02 241.6 6.0 1158.4 2.7 4.8
2002-03 193.1 5.1 1348.4 3.0 7.0
2003-04 201.2 4.3 1521.6 3.3 7.6
2004-05 230.7 4.6 1739.0 3.5 7.5
2005-06 226.6 4.3 1814.0 3.3 8.0
2006-07 252.0 4.5 1624.0 2.7 6.4
2007-08 264.0 4.5 2001.0 3.1 7.6
2008-09 274.0 4.5 1985.0 2.9 2.2
2009-10 282.9 4.5 1777.2 2.5 6.3
Source: Indian Horticulture database 2010
Latest Production of Apple : 7.77 Lack tones

Statewise area production and productivity of Apple
State Area (000HA)2007-08 Production (000MT)2008-09 Productivity HA/MT2009-10
Area Produ- Produc- Area Produ- Produc- Area Produ- Produc-

ction tivity ction tivity ction tivity
J&K 126.4 1268.5 10.0 133.7 1332.8 10.0 138.1 1373.0 9.9
H.P. 94.5 592.6 6.3 97.2 510.2 5.2 99.6 280.1 2.8
Uttarakhand 32.2 130.5 4.1 32.7 132.3 4.1 32.4 114.0 3.5
Arunachal 10.8 9.8 0.9 10.8 9.8 0.9 12.8 10.0 0.8
Pradesh
Others 0.0 0.1 1.4 0.0 0.1 1.4 0.1 0.2 2.2
Total 263.9 2001.5 7.6 274.4 1985.1 7.2 282.6 1777.2 6.3
Source: NHB database 2010

41
24
APRICOT
PRUNUS ARMENIACA
Apricot Varieties Recommended for Cultivation in Different State
Himachal Pradesh
Mid hills : New Castle, Early Shipley and Shakarpara
High hills : Kaisha, Nugget, Royal, Suffarida, Charmagz and Nari
Dry temperate : Charmagz, Suffaida, Shakarpara, and Kaisha
Uttar Pradesh : Charmagz, Kaisha, Moorpark, Turkey, St Ambroise, Early
Shipley’s, Chabuattia Alankar, Chaubattia, Madhu, Chaubattia
Kesri and Bebeco
Jammu and Kashmir
Ladakh : Halman, Rakchakarpa, Tokpopa, Margulam, Narmu and Khante
Kashmir : Turkey, Australlian, Charmagz, Rogan, and Shakarpara New
Promising varieties for mid hills
Early maturing Baiti, Beladi
Late maturing Farmingdale, Alfred
Rootstock : Wild apricot (Chuli), wild peach and Myrobalan plum
Storage condition
Highly perishable fruit
Chilling requirement : 300-900 hrs below 7°C for fruiting
Peak water used period : April end-Mid June
Summer temperature : 16.6-32.2°C
Hybrid
1. Chaubbatia Alankar: Kaisha x Charmagz
Regular bearing low chilling requirement very early last wook of May to first
week of June.
2. Chaubattia Madhu: Turkey x Charmagz
Early ripening (first fortnight of June) highly productive reqular bearer.
3. Chaubattia Kesri: S.T. Ambroise x Charmagz
Mid season veriety ripening in third week of June.
42
24
AVOCADO/BUTTER FRUIT
PERSEA AMERICANA
Avocodo Classified in to 3 Races are as fallows
Maxican : Gotfried, Duke, Pernod
West Indian : Pollock, Simmonds, Black Prince, Fushsia, Peterson, Waldin
Guatemalan : Taylor, Linda, Queen, Benik, Istamma
Fuerte : Maxian x Guatemalan Hybrid : Pear shaped fruits alternate
beaer
Purple (West Indian race) bear pear shaped fruit
Green (Guatemalan race) bear oval to obovate fruits
Duke seedling are resistant to root rot and cold hardiness
Pollock stock can overcome salinity problem
Green imparts more vigour to the scion than purple
Fruits are harvested in August - September
Ripening accelerated by ethylene 10 ppm
Temperature : 15-21°C hampered above 30°C
Storage period : 1 month at 6-9°C
RH : 80-90%
43
24
BAEL
Aegle Marmelos
Fruit is a hard shelled berry and very well know for its medicinal properties due
to Marmelosin content Richest source of Vit B2 Raboflavin
Varieties
Mirzapuri, Kagzi Gonda, Kagzi Etawah, Kagzi Banarasi,
Selection: Narendra Bael 1 (Oblong) & Narendra Bael 2 (Spherical)
Storage: Bael can be stored for 3 months at 9°C and 85-90% RH . Green fruits
are most suitable for making preserve Ripe fruits are used for quality beverages
(ready to serve nectar squash, and cider) Jam, toffee, powder and other products.
Goma Yashi: developed at CHES vejpur.
Indigenous fruit tree with decidious in nature having trifoliate aromatic leaves.
Commonly planted in temple garden.
It requires subtropical climate with hote dry summer and mild winter. It can
stand sodicity up to 30 ESP and salinity up to 9 ds/EC.
Propogated by seed and patch budding is ideal with a 90% success rate.
June-Jully is ideal for budding.
NB1: Medium size fruit yellow at maturity moderatly fibrous mild fragrance,
sweet taste with mild acidity orange yellow flesh few seeds excellent quality and
moderate bearing.
NB5: Medium size fruit, roung and smooth yellow at maturity moderatly fibrous,
soft flesh and excellent taste.
NB-6: Medium size fruits round smooth thin skull few seeds mild acidic low
mucilage, moderatly fibrous and soft flesh.
44
24
BANANA
Musa Paradisica
Banana cultivars grown in different state of Indian
Sr. No. State Cultivar
1 Andhra Pradesh Dwarf Cavendish, Robusta, Rasthalli, Amritpant,

Thellachakrakeli, Karpoorapoovan, Chakrakeli,
Monthan and Yengagu Bontha
2 Assam Jahaji (dwarf Cavendish), Borjahaji (Robusta) Honda,
Manjahaji, Chinia, (Manohar), Kanchkol Chinichampa,
Bimkol, Attikol, Jatikol, Digiowa, Kulpait, and Bharat Moni
3 Bihar Dwarf Cavendish, Alpon, Chinia, Chinichampa, Malbhog,
Muthia, Kothia and Gauria
4 Gujarat Dwarf Cavendish, Lacatan, Harichal (Lokhandi)
and Gandevi slection
5 Karnataka Dwarf Cavendish, Robusta, Poovan, Rasabale
(Rasthali) Hill Banana, Monthan and Elakkiable
6 Kerala Nendran (Plantain) Palayan Kodan (Pocvan) Rasthali,
Monthan, and Red banana
7 Maharashtra Dwarf Cavendish, Basrai, Robusta, Lalvelchi, Safed
Velchi Rajeli, Nedran and Clones of Basari
8 Tamilnadu Virupakashi, Robusta, Red Banana, Poovan Rasthali,
Nendran, Monthan, Karpuravalli, Sakkai, Peyan and Matti
9 West Bangal Champa, Mortman, Rasthali, Amrit sagar,
and Orissa Giant Governor, Lacatan and Monthan
Dwarf Cavendish (AAA) Basrai, Bhusawal, Jahaji, Kabuli, Pacha Vazhai,

Mauritius, Morris, Kuzhi, Vazhal, Sinahurni Singapuri and is Vamanakeli : Leading
commercial cultivars contributin to 58% of total production.
Robusta (AAA): Bombay Green, Pedda, Pacha Arati and Harichal and
Borjahaji : Highly susceptible to sigatoka leaf spot but resisnant to Panama-wilt
Grand Naine (AAA): It is tall mutant of dwarf Cavendish
Rasthaii (AAB): Amritpani, Malbhog, Mortman, Rasabale, Kulfiait, Sabri,
Salsikola, and
Poovan: Use for table Banana pupose Hard lumps and fruit craking are the
major physiological disorders,
Poovan (Mysore AAB): Apan, Champa, Chini Champa, Dora Vazhai,
Karpura, chakkarakeli
Palayan Kodan: Pink pigmentation on ventral side of the midrib when young.
It is severely affected by banana streak virus.
Nendran (AAB): French plantation, Rajeli, and
Bhorot: Most prized cooking variety used in Kerala, fetching a premium
price during festive occasions.
Hill Banana (Pome, AAB): Virupakshi, Sirumalai, Malavazhai, Vannan,
Marabale and Ladan : An elite banana of South Indian
Red Banana (AAA): Lal kela chenkadall, Chevvazhai, Yerra, Arati, Anupam,
Chandrabale, Kembale
Agniswar: Ane lite banana, it is grown for red skinnal delicious fruits. Cultivar
grown only in backyard gardens.
Monthan (ABB) Bontha, Karibale, Bontha, Kachakel and
Madhurange Bale: Good for culinary purpose and suited for making chips.
Ney Poovan (AB): Njalipoovan, Elakki Bale, Neykadati Hoobale Vaddkkan
Kadali, Deva Bale, Putta Sugantha.
Safed velchi: Backyard cultivar diploid, fetches double price than other cultivar
Horizantal bunch orentation.
Karpuravatti (ABB): Kanthali, Jammulapalem collection, Pisung, Awak,
Bharat Moni, Chinali, Pey Kunnan, Kosta Bontha
Jhurmani Kanthali: Tolerance to drought, salt and wind Suitability for juice
and wine making
Hybrids of Banana
H1 : Hybrid has medium to high resistance to leaf spot fusarum wilt and
burrowing nematode
H2 : It is a medium stature banana
Co-1 : Kellar Laden x M. balbisiana x kadali
FHIA-1 (Gold Finger) (AAAB) pome group resistant to sigatoka and wilt.
S.No. Source of Resistance Name of Biotic / abiotic / abiotic

Name of clone stress for Banana
1. Musa balbisiana Drought

2. Calcutta 4 Black segatoka
3. Pisang Lilin Panama ilt (race-1)
4. SH 3142 (Diploid hybrid) Race of fusarium
5. Musa acummata sp. malaccensis Race-1 and Race-2
6. Musa acummata sp. burmannica Fustrum
7. SH 699 Bacterial wilt race-2 / Moko disease
8. Pisang Jari Buaya (PJB) Browning nematode
9. Tangat Analkom bin Nematode
Advance Technology: Planting of tissue culture plant and High density planting
Pre cooling : Forced air
Storage Conditions
Holding room – 13°-14°C
Ripening room – 14°-20°C
Relative Humidity – 90-95%
Storage period – Mature green banana can be stored up to 3 weeks in
ethylene free air or upto 6 weeks in controlled
atmosphere at 14°C.
Freezing point – –0.5°C
Treatment for quality – Ethylene application is best method to hasten ripening
without loss in fruit quality or flavor. A pre storage
dip in E-9267 emulsifiable mineral oil at 0.4% was
found effective in reducing fruit decay and also
prolonged storage life Dipping of fruits in 1.5% or
2.5% talprolong solution delayed yellow colour
development by 4-8 days,
Sensibility to – Refrigeration and Ethyene
Export Specifications for Banana

Variety Countries - Middle East
Grand Naine Cavendish Colour-Greeen, weight of bunch-2.5kg
fruit preferability straight
Packing 13 kg
Storage 13-14°C
Transport By sea
Source: Maharashtra State Agril. Marketing Board website (Jan-2009)
Banana is a stepal food of South Africa.

Ripe fruit contain about 27% sugar, Glucose sugar is only food in Monthan
cultivar. The source of edible banana is Musa acuminata.
Post Harvest Operations Needed for Export Quality Banana

Selection of bunches
↓
Cutting of bunches
↓
Holding of buncches and putting on stretches
↓
Carring of bunches to pack house
↓
Dehanding of bunches
↓
Deflowering of Banana hands
↓
Giving proper cut to crown end or trimming
↓
Giving hands fungiidal solution dip
↓
Drying the surface moisture of hands
↓
Placing hands in boxes
↓
Putting Ethylene absorbent sachets in boxes
↓
Weighing of boxes and adjusting the weight
↓
Transport boxes to precooling units
↓
Pre-cooling and cold storage
↓
Transporting in refer contnainers
↓
Shipping
Export of Banana from India

Product : Banana Fresh (08030000) Value in Rupees Qty in kg
Country 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value
United Arab emirates 5264.9 1185.84 10208.1 2475.51 18644.2

Saudi Arabia 1911.8 389.92 5123.1 1089.60 9406.2 246.74
Kuwait 916.2 185.71 1532.8 383.77 5551.8 1616.17
Iran 22.0 3.44 23.0 2.65 5203.7 1166.97
Bahrian 1011.8 215.61 1262.5 445.51 2890.5 1070.67
Qutar 784.2 172.55 1347.5 318.21 2684.2 843.32
Oman 683.5 147.85 947.2 224.62 1977.0 526.21
Nepal 4867.3 169.10 7855.4 304.02 6558.5 347.29
Maldives 830.1 79.79 1242.0 139.85 648.0 104.87
Bangladesh 130.1 9.43 88.4 9.47 95.0 35.58
USA 18.9 4.81 46.1 8.15 105.4 30.58
U.K. 131.9 22.79 121.7 26.21 76.3 18.77
Other 90.7 20.9 603.7 11.9 486.4 93.9
Total 16662.6 2607.94 30401.5 5545.44 544319.2 13025.47
Source: APEDA Website March 2011
Major Banana producing countries in the world (2009-10)
Country Area in ha Production in MT Productivity MT/ha
India 770300 26469500 34.4

Philippines 438593 8687624 19.8
China 311106 8042702 25.9
Brazil 513097 6998150 13.6
Ecuador 215521 601146 31.1
Indonesia 105797 5741352 54.3
UR of Tanzania 480000 3500000 7.3
Mexico 78471 2159280 27.5
Costa Rica 44313 2127000 48.0
Colombia 72396 1987603 27.5
Burundi 340000 1850000 5.4
Other 1526480 19378864 12.7
Word + 4834774 93390721 19.3
Source: FAO, Website

As per FAO website, Preliminary 2009 Data available for selected countries
and products as on 18.3.2011, therefore, figures are for 2008 (however figures
for India are for 2009-10)
Area Production and Productivity of Banana
Year Area (in % of total Production % of total Productivity)

000 HA) fruit Area (in 000MT) Fruit (in MT/HA
production
2001-02 466.2 11.6 14209.9 33.0 30.5

2002-03 475.3 12.5 13304.4 29.4 28.0
2003-04 498.6 10.7 13856.6 30.4 27.8
2004-05 589.6 11.9 16744.5 34.0 28.4
2005-06 569.5 10.7 18887.8 34.1 33.2
2006-07 604.0 10.9 20998.0 35.3 34.8
2007-08 658.0 11.2 23823.0 36.3 36.2
2008-09 709.0 11.6 26217.0 38.3 38.3
2009-10 770.3 12.2 26469.5 37.0 37.0
State wise Area Production and Productivity of Banana
Year State Area Production Productivity
2009-10 Maharashtra 85.0 5200.0 61.2

Tamil Nadu 113.7 4980.9 43.8
Gujarat 61.9 3779.8 61.0
Andhra Pradesh 80.6 2819.6 35
Karnataka 104.4 2132.3 20.4
Madhya Pradesh 33.0 1459.8 44.2
Bihar 31.5 1435.3 45.6
Uttar Pradesh 30.4 1138.6 37.41
West Bangal 41.0 982.2 23.96
Assam 53.4 805.2 15.1
Kerala 51.3 406.2 7.92
Other 84.2 1329.5 15.76
Total 770.3 26469.5 34.36
Source: NHB Database 2010
Major Banana Growing Belts are

1. Maharashtra (Jalgaon, Ahmednagar, Dhule, Nanded, Parbhani)
2. Gujarat (Bnaruch, Jhagadiya, Rajpipla, Surat, Narmada, Varadara and Balsad)
3. Bihar (Hazipur, Bhagglpur)

4. West Bengal (Hoogly, 24 paranga North and Nadiya)
5. Madhya Pradesh: Bhuranpur, Barwani Dhar
6. Andhra Pradesh (East Godavari, West Godavari, Kurnool, Cuddapah)
7. Kerala (Nendrum)
8. Karnataka: Chamrajangar, Mysore, Ramnagar, Banglore Ruler, Tumkur,
Belgum, Bagalkot
9. Tamil Nadu: Vellore, Thanjavur, Coimbatore, Erode, Kamayakuarai Kanur,
Theni, Thiruvannamalal, Thoothukuedi, and Thiruchirapalli.
45
24
BER
Ziziphus mauritiana
1. Thar Sevika released from Central Institute for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner
Shelf life at room termp (20-23°C) 5 days under refrigeration 12 days. Free
from powdery mildew and have low incidence of Alternaria rot.
2. Thar Bhubhraj is selection from local material of bhusavar area of Bhratpur
Rajasthan ability to with sand extremes of temperature of 2.5 to 48°C free
from powdery mildew
Cultivar of Ber for different states of India
State Early season Mid season Late season

Haryana Gold, Selected safeda Kaithali , Sanurs, Umran
sandhura, Narnaul, Mundia, Murhara,
Seo, Chonchal Banarasi, Kadaka
Maharashtra Shamber, Gola, Kaithalli Meharun, Umran
Punjab Nazuk, Noki, Seo Banarasi, Dandan Umran, Illaichi
Ruhataki Gola, selected Kaithali, Sanaur 2, Pathani, ZG2, ZG3
Safeda sandhura Narnau Walaiti, Thronless
Rajasthan Gola, Seb, Seo Jogla, Mundia, Katha,
Thkadi Maharwali Bagwadi
Uttarpradesh Narima Varanasi, Delhi Banarsi Kaudka, Jogia Aliganj
Gola, Banarasi Gola. Mundia, Murhara,
Pewandi
Gujarat Gola Meharurn, Kaithali Ajmeri,
Chameli Randeri
Tamil Nadu Gola, Kalthali Banarasi, Umran
Andrapradesh Gola, kalthali Umran
● Sanurar 2: Resistant cultivar to powdery mildew

● Goma Kirti: (Ganesh Kirti) selction from Umran
● Dodhia: Resistant cultivar for fruit fly
● Gola ber is tolerant to saline soils
● Gola, Sebh and Mundia suitable for extermerly dry areas
● Banarasi, Kadaka, Umran and Meharun for dry region
● Sanaur 2, Meharun, Umran for humid region
Root stock : Z. ummmlaria : dwaf root stock suitable for HDP
46
24
BREAD FRUIT
Artocarpus incisa
Bread fruit used more as vegetable than as a fruit, chips and Biscuits can be
made from it. Leaves use for ded livestock.
Hot humid tropical climate is suitable for cultivation temperature 21–1°C –
32.2°C is ideal with annual rainfall of 1,500-2500mm.
● June-December is planting time
● Propagate through Root cutting, Root sucker, Air layering
● Irrigation during summer helps to control fruit drop Tree comes to bearing in
3-6 years
● Fruit harvested 60-90 days after emergence of inflorescence
● Fruits available during February-March and June-August fully grown tree
yield about 500-2000 fruits, weighing about 1-4 kg, each.
Yellow Heart is best variety of Bread fruit.
47
24
BETELVINE
Piper Betel
Perennial ever green creeper, chewing stimulant required tropical climate for its
luxuriant growth
Varieties
Pungent and non pungent varities grown in various state of India
State
Andhra Pradesh Karapaku, Chennor, Tellaku, Bangla and Kalliptti

Assam Assampatti, Awani pan, Bengla and Khasipan
Bihar Desipan, Culcatta, Paton, Maghai and Bangla
Karnataka Kariyale, Mysoreale and Ambadiate
Kerala Nadan, Kalkodi, and Puthukodi
Madhy Pradesh Desi Bangla, Calcutta and Desbuari
Maharashtra Kallipatti, Kapoori and Bangla (Ramtek)
Orissa Gondi Bangla, Nova Cuttak, Sunchi and Birkoli
Tamil Nadu Pachai Kodi and Vellai Kodi
Uttar Pradesh Deswari, Kapouri, Maghai and Bangla
West Bengal Bangla, Sanchi, Mitha, Kali Bangla and Simurali Bangla
Propogated by Cutting
Barejas are normally made on raised sloppy land. Sesbania gradiflora, S. Sesban,
Erythrina Verlegata and Moringa eifera used for support. Soil treatment is used
for nematodes. Application of carbofuran @ 1.5 kg/ha/, neemcake (0.5 tonnes/
ha) + Carbofuran @ (0.75 kg/ha).
Planting
40,000-75,000 cutting are used for a Bareja hectare for closed system of cultivation
100,000-120,000 cutting /ha.
Spacing used for planting is different states
State Spacing Plant to plant

West Bangal 50-70 cm 10-20 cm
Maharashtra 100 cm 10-15 cm
Bihar 80 cm 20 cm
M.P. 80-100 cm50-60 cm 10-20 cm15 cm
Mature leaves are plucked along with aportion of petiole. About 60-80 lakh
leaves are haravested annually from one hectar. Leaves processing is known as
bleaching or curing Bleaching is done by successive heat treatment at 60°-70°C
for 6-8 hr.
48
24
CARAMBOLA/STAR FRUIT
Averrhoea carambola
Native of Indonesia, Pulp contain Oxalic acid Small tree with drooping branches
bear attractive golden yellow oval-elliptic fruits. Prefers warm moist climate, acid
soil. Propagated through seeds, Budding (shield) (veneer) Grafting, layering.
Planting at 8 x 8m. Pruning is essential operation seedling required 4 year to
come bearing Graft produces fruits in 102 year yield obtained during January-
February and Fruit yield about-8Kg/ tree.
Good quality squash, Jelly, preserve and candy can be prepared from fruits.
● Fruits are good source of vit A, B and C together with valuable minerals and
iron
● Root extract is used as an antidote for poisoing
● Crushed leaves fro curing chicken pox, ring worm and scables
● Pulp use for cleaning brassware
● Produce flower and fruits on trunk cauliflorus in nature varieties
Sour type 1% acid Varieties Gold star, Lacambola (Columbia)
Sweet type 0.4% acid Var: Goldan star, Tean, Mg, Min, Tao
Fuang Tung: Very sweet chinesco type var
Brazillian rich in Vit. C
49
24
CHAROLI
Buchanania Lanzan/Ahmondette
Charoli is ever green tree. Native of India, extensively found in Maharashtra.
The fruit from which it is derived is cracked open extract the nuts. Also known
as chironji, culddapah almond and chirolo in color and has dark shades and patches.
The shells are to crack but the fruit in side is soft. The powder derived from
crushed charoli seeds is used as spice, sweet in taste flavour like pistachios and
hazelnuts, charoli can not grown in water logged areas. It grows best in soils that
are rich in clap. It contain fat, vitamin A and C, Calcium, Iron, Aminoacids,
Carbohydrates, Maleic acid, Protein, Linoleic, cardial, aria cardic acid, water soluble
extractive. Charoli seeds can be mixed with milk to form a fule back which
makes the fical skin glow and appear fresh.
Seeds of charoli increase the formation of semen and increase the amount of
blood cell in the body. The seeds bard, roots, fruits, leaves have rich in medicinal
properties.
50
24
CHERRY
Prunus Avium
Cherry is rich in protein, sugars minerals and requires 1000-1500hr chilling period
during winter. It has highest calarifolic value than apple. Required rainfall
100-120 cm through out the year. Well grow in sandy 100 m soil with pH 6.5-7.0.
Very sensitive to water logging. Heavy soil should avoided.
Varieties
Heart group : Heart shaped having soft and tender flesh Amber Heart
Rounded Heart
Bigarreall group : Fruit roundish, colour of fruit and juice varies from dark
to light red., B demezel, B. Napolean
Sami, Summit, Sue, Sunbrust, Lapins, Compact, Stella and hybrid (13-17-40)
promising varieties
State Wise Recommended Varieties of Cherry
Jammu and Kashmir Black heart, Early purple Black heart, Guigen Noir Gross
Lucenta, Guigne Noir Hative, Guigne Pourpora Precece,
Bigarreau, Napoleon, and Bigarreau Noir Gross.
Himachal Pradesh Black Tartarian, Bing, Napoleon white, Sam, Sue, stella,
Van, Lambert, Black republican pink carly, white Heart,
and Early Rivers
Uttar Pradesh Bed-ford, Prolific, Black heat and Governors woods
Roots stock
1. Panja (Prunus cerasoides) Root stock for sweet cherry in H.P. J&K and
hills of U.P.
2. Wild bird cherry (Prunus padus) root stock in H.P.
3. Mahaleb (Prunus mahaleb) used as root stock in J&K
Clonal Rootstock : Colt and Mazzard F-12/1 (Semi vigrous difficult to root. Most
of the commercial varieties of cherry are self sterile
● Blossom wilt of cherry due to heavy rainfall during flowering
● Fruit cracking of cherry is due to heavy rainfall during ripening.
● Vine of sweet cherry knows as “Kirschwascer” in Europe
● Donor varieties : Stella, Vista, Vic, Seneca and Vega.
Cherry propogated through grafting
planted at 4 × 4m distance
Cherries varieties are self sterile, need cross pollination Trees are trained on
modified leader system and are headed back at about 60-80 cm at the time of
planting. Pruning is essential i.e., heading back of branches. Orchards are
maintained under permanent sod with clean basin management.
Weekly irrigation is necessary during fruit growth and development results
better fruit size and quality.
Harvesting over ripe fruit results in loss of weight, volume and quality
Colour development, TSS, and flavour are the best standards for judging the
optimum time of harvesting.
For processing fruits are picked without stem. Average yield is about 15-
20kg/ tree.
Fruits are packed in boxes lined with paper 5kg boxes are used for packing
purpose.
51
24
DATE PALM
Phoenix Dactylifera
“Its feet in running water and its head in the fire of sky”
● Highly nutricious fruit with sugar, iron, potassium calcium and nicotinic acid
● The extremely dry areas comprising Jaisalmer, Barmer and Westerm part of
Bikaner, and Jodhpur districts are the potential region for its cultivations
● Varieties
● Iraq: halway, Khadraw, Sayer, Barhee, and Zahidi North African countries :
Delitet Noor, Medjool and Ghars
● Pakistan: Begam jungi and Dhakki.
● Barhee, Halawy, Khalas, and Khunezi-suitable for raw eating
● Medjool zahidi, Sharnran and Khadraway used for preparing dry date
(Chuhara)and soft dates (pind khajoor)
● Zaglous and Hayani-red coloured dates suitable for the preparation of date
juice (RTS), jam and chutney.
● “Arrack” liquor prepared from date in Iraq
● Metaxenia is common in Date palm
● ‘Dibbis” drink prepared from date
● Date harvested at Doka stage in India
● Stages of Dates Development.
i. Gondora (Kimri): Still green developing
ii. Doka, Khalal, Hard yellow in colour, fully grown
iii. Rutabar Dong: Sofftening date
iv Tameor pind: Fully ripe dehydrated
Type
1. Thoory: Bread type dry date
2. Halaway, Khadrawy, Barhee, Medjool-soft date/ invert sugar date
3. Dayari, Deglet Noor, Zahidi-Semi dry date/ can sugardate

● Date harvested at Doka stage have 70-80% moisture
● Date is single seed berry 1 kg dates provide 3150 calories
● 10% male plant should be raised in orchard
● Toailor mounted palm dusters are used in USA for pollination
● Ethephon is an effective fruit thinning agent
● Ethrel at 500-1000 ppm encourage early ripening
● Khadrawy and medjool developed by somatic embryogenesis.
4. The finest date require 3,300 units of heat (base 10°C) for full maturity of its
berries.
● Date tolerate high soil salinity (PH-8-10)
● Propagated through off shoot (suckers)
● High-cross pollinated due to Dioecious in nature
● 50kg fruits are obtained from 10 year old plant
● Doka fruits are successfully processed to prepared chhuhara.
52
24
DURIAN
Durio Zibethinus
Native of Malaysian region
● Some trees in and around Nilgiris (Tamil Nadu) and West coast
Fruit pulp rich in sugar (12%) protein (28%) and carbohydrate (34%) in addition
to Fe, B vitamins espeicially the uncommon but valuable vitamin-E.
● Durian have medicinal properties ; Decoction of roots is used to treat fever
● Leaves and roots is used to check inflammation, infection and to treat jaundice.
Required humid climate with annual rainfall of 200cm soil Ph 5-6.5, propogated
through seed. Planting taken at distance 10-12 cm on square system.
Grafted durian produce crop in 4-5 years. Fruits are available 2 times in year.
Immature fruits used for vegetable purposes. 100-120 fruits/tree.
Varieties: Chanee, Kanyao, Frog Bojol, Ketan, Gombat, Mong Thong, Golden
Pillow, Kobchempa, Lalong, Otong and Hepe.
● Planting of more than one variety should done in an orchard to facilitates
cross pollination and better fruit set
Lempok: Duian cake
Tempoya: Durian jelly
Storage
Dehydrated durian powder prepared either by spray/drum could be used.
Ripe fruit can last 4 days under refrigeration. Mature fruit can be stored up to
14 days at 10°-15°C or may frozen for 2-3 months
Arils can be kept for about 3 months at-24°C
53
24
EGG FRUIT
Douteria Compechina/
Canisetels
Fruit of American tropics
● Ever green small size tree
● The fruits which are about the size of an apple are yellowish to orange in
colour. Test is unique, rich sweet and contains about 2,000 IU/100gm carotene
precursor of vitamin A.
● Good source of proteins (2.5%) and vit C (43 mg/100g) varieties
1. Ovid
2. Spherical
3. Elongated
Tropical and subtropical climate suitable for cultivation. Plant can tolerate to
salinity and iron deficiency propogated through seed, side-veeneer graft/chip/patch
budding. Planted at distance 6m×6m/8m×8m. Pruning is ncessary to provide
framework.
Plant bear fruits at 3-4 years. Fruits yellow orange when mature. Ethylene
application helps quick and uniform ripening.
54
24
FIG
Syconium and Ficus carica

Fig gynodioecious Sp. Ficus carica
Highly nutricious fruit rich in calories (269), protein and calcium (higher than
milk) iron and highest fiber content Nothing is practiced in Fig. to activiate dormant
buds.
Fig classified in 4 groups
Edible fig 2 Smyrna fig (10p injir) 3 Sanpedro Wild caprifig male
goat fig.
Long styled Long styled pistillate Long styled short styled pistillate
pistillate flower flower pistillate flower flower
1. Poona fig 1. Calimyrna(sarilop) 1. King Gentile 1. Roeding 3
2. Conardia 2. Zidi 2. Sanpedro 2. Samson
3. Mission 3. Taraminit 3. Dauphine 3. Stanferd
4. Kadota 4. Lampeina 4. Brawley
5. Brounturkey
● Capri fig. monoecious spp. Rich in sugar next to date and salt and drough
resistant crop.
● Poona fig is most popular cultivar grown in India
● Dinkar an improvement over Daultabad for yield and fruit quality
● Excel and conardia suitable for high density planting
● Conardia, Excel, Deanna are good for drying, canning and table purposes.
● 1. Bangalore 2. Mer selies, 3. Black Ischia 4. Kabul 5. Lucknow.
55
24
GRAPE
Vitis vinifera
Thompson seedless variety occupies 55% area under grape cultivation
Pruning South India: Two time
1. April: Back or foundation pruning
2. October: Fruit or forward pruning
North India
1. December: January winter season
Pusa Seedless: Queen of wineyard.
1. Colored Seed: Bangalore Blue, Gulabi (Muscut) Kishmish Chorni
2. Colored Seedless: Beauty Seedless, Sharad Seedless
3. White Seeded: Anab-e-Shahi, Dilkush (Clone of anab-e-shahi)
4. White Seedless: Perlette, Pusa Seedless,
Thompson seedless and its clone Tas-a-Ganesh, Sonaka, and Manik Chaman.
Banglore Blue occupies 15%
Anab-e-Shahi and Dilkhush 15%
Sarad seedless 5%
Perlette 5%
Gulabi and Bhokri 5%
Arka Kanchan – Late maturing variety of Grape
Cane pruned cultivar:
1. Pandri Sahebi
2. Thompson Seedless
3. Gulabi
4. Kismis Chorini
Spur pruned Cultivar:

1. Banglore Blue
2. Beauty seedless
3. Bhokri
4. Delight
5. Per-lette
No Parent Clone
1 Thompson seedless Pusa Seedless, Tash-e-Ganesh, Manik

Chaman, Sonaka
2 Anab-a-Shahi Dilkush
3 Cheema Sahebi Rao Sahebi
4 Kishmis Chorni Sharad Seedless
5 Pandari Sahebi Chemma Sahebi
Parent Hybrid Character
1 Black Champa x Arkavati Seedless, good for

Thompson Seedless raisins
2 Black Champa x Arka Neelmani Redwine purpose
Thompson Seedless
3 Black Champa x Arka Krishna Juice
Queen of vineyard
4 Banglore Blue x Arka shyam Double cropping
Black Champa
5 Banglore Blue x Arka Hans White wine
Anab-e-Shahi
6 Banglore Blue x Convent Arka Trishna Wine
large Black
7 Anab-e-Shahi x Arka Shweta Table
Thompson seedless
8 Anab-e-Shahi x Arka majestic Table
Black Champa
9 Angoor Kalan x Arka Chitrah Table
Anab Ashahi
10 Hur x Beauty Seedless Pusa Urvashi Tolerant to Anthrcnose
11 Madelinic angavine x Pusa Navrang Tenturier
Ruby Red
Root stocks
1. Dogridge: Resistant to phylloxera nematode and salt
2. 1613: Resistant to nematode and phylloxera
3. Salt creek: Resistant to salt and nematode
4. Temple: Resistant to pierce’s diseases.
Export Specification for Grapes
Variety Countries U.K.
Middle East Holand/ Germany
Thompson Berrysize – 15 mm 16 mm 18 mm
Seedless
Colour-Amber White arnber White
Sharad Berry size 15 mm 16 mm 18 mm
Seedless
black black black
Flame seedless – 16 mmPink 18 mmPink
Packing 1 Kg 4.5 kg / 9 Kg 4.5 kg / 9 kg
Storage Temp. 0.1°C 0.1oC 0.1oC
International Standards of Pesticides Residue levels
Insecticide / Pesticide Max permissible LImits (mgm/ kg) Europe
Organochlorine Pesticide Nbsp

Aldrin ND
Chlorane (Cis and Trans) ND
Chlorothalonil 1.00
DDT (allisomer) Baned ND
Dichlofluanid 10.00
Dicofol 2.00 nbsp
Dieldrin ND
Endosafan (all isomres Ban) 0.50
Endrin 0.01
Lindane 0.5
HCH (alpha and beta) ND
Heptachlor 0.01
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Insecticide / Pesticide Max. permissible limits (mgm/ kg) Europe
Organophosphorus pesticides
Acephate 0.02
Azinphos-methi 1.00
Chlorfenvinphos 0.05
Chloropyriphosmethyl 0.02
Drazinon 0.02
Dichlorvos 0.10
Dimethoate 1.00
Ehion 0.50
Ethrimphos N.D.
Fenchtorophos 0.01
Fenitrothion 0.50
Malathion 0.10
Profenophos 0.05
2-Chlorophenol (metabolite) ND
Methamidophos 0.01
Methidthion 0.50
Mevinphos 0.10
Source: Maharashtra State Agriculture Marketign Based webside (2009 Jan).
All India Area production and productivity of Grapes
Year Area in % of Total Production % of total Producitvity

(000 ha) fruit Area (in MT) Fruit Production (in MT/ha)
2001-02 47.5 1.2 1184.2 2.8 24.9

2002-03 52.1 1.4 1247.8 2.8 24.0
2003-04 57.8 1.2 1474.8 3.2 25.5
2004-05 60.5 1.2 1564.7 3.2 25.9
2005-06 60.0 1.2 1649.6 3.0 5.0
2006-07 65.0 1.2 1685.0 2.8 5.9
2007-08 68.0 1.2 1735.0 2.6 5.5
2008-09 80.0 1.3 1878.0 2.7 3.5
2009-10 106.4 1.7 880.7 1.2 8.3
56
24
GUAVA
Pisidium guajava
● Best quality guava produced in Uttar Pradesh specially Allahabad.
● Best quality guava are obtained where low night temprature 10°C prevail
during winter season.
1. Lucknow-49 also known as Sardar selection from Allahabad safeda in
1927 at Pune by Dr.Cheema.
2. Allahabad Safeda: With stand drought condiation
3. Apple coloured: Pleasant flavour, sweet and heavy bearer
4. Behat Coconut: Heavy bearer
5. Chittidar: Red spot on skin
6. Hafsi: Smooth red fleshed guava
7. Harijha: Popular in Bhiar with white fleshed
8. Karela: Pear shaped rough skinned
9. Mirzapur seedling: Good keeping quality
10. Pear shaped: Medium bearing good quality fruit
11. Red fleshed: Red colour pulp, flavour like apricot sweet heavy bearer
12. Seedless: Shy bearer triploid with 33 chromosome in stead of 22
13. Parthenocarpic variety: Allahabad round
14. Lalit
15. Hisar Surekha
16. Nagpur Seedless
17. Sharanpur Seedless
Hybrids
1. Kohir safeda: Kohir x Allahabad Safeda – large fruit with few seed, white
fleshed
2. Safed Jam: Allahabad Safada x Kohir – Fruit biger size with good quality
and soft seeded.
3. Hissar Surekha: Apple colour x Banarasi Surekha – Pink flesh hybrid fruit
weight 86 g each 13.6% TSS 0.48% acidity 16.0 mg / 100 g of ascorbic acid,
yield 94 kg / tree / yr.
4. Hissar Safeda: Allahabad safeda x Seedless – Fruit round pulp is creamy –
white with less seedless whch are soft T.SS 13.4% ascorbic acid 185 mg / 100 g
Arka Amulya – Allahabad safeda x Triploid : Skin smooth with yellow flesh
average fruit weight 180-200g TSS 12° Brix soft seeded.
● In Maharashtra Bending is practised
● Chinese guava Pisidum fridrichsthalium is a dwarfing rootstock and
resistant to guava wilt and nematodes.
● Aneuploid-82 a dwarfing root stock of guava.
● Meadow orchard practise in Guava i.e. high density plannting
● 2 x 2 m apart from each other for quality fruit production.
All India Area production and productivity of Guava.

(000 ha) fruit Area (In) MT) Fruit Production (in MT/ha)
2001-02 154.6 3.9 1715.1 4.0 11.1

2002-03 154.6 4.1 17.0 4.0 11.6
2003-04 166.4 3.6 1830.7 4.0 11.0
2004-05 1610 3.2 1682.8 3.4 10.5
2005-06 166.5 3.1 1736.6 8.1 10.4
2006-07 178.0 3.2 1831.0 3.1 10.4
2007-08 179.0 3.14 1981.0 3.0 11.1
2008-09 204.0 3.3 2270.0 3.3 11.1
2009-10 219.7 3.5 2571.5 3.6 11.7

State wise Area and Production of Guava.
Export of Guava Fruit in India
Ha Code ‘08045010 Guava’s fresh / dried Value in Rupees Qty in Kg
Country 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value
UK 18.7 3.89 23.9 14.87 38.0 19.08

Uman 35.6 5.61 112.8 23.40 78.0 17.86
UAE 372.4 65.17 252.4 56.67 44.6 15.51
Indonesia 0.4 2.28 0.0 10.00 51.6 13.56
Bharian 6.7 1.93 36.7 .36 66.5 7.11
Quatur 4.7 1.10 89.9 12.73 35.6 5.97
Bangladesh 00 00 32.0 3.89 51.6 5.93
Candda 579.0 7.32 60.4 5.27 11.4 4.53
Nepal 604.0 49.71 268.7 19.81 59.7 4.36
Germany 5.9 2.19 1.9 0.72 8.2 3.41
Saudi Arabia 564.2 893.63 363.5 75.48 15.8 3.20
Other 824.2 188.4 449.5 83.0 55.4 12.9
Total 2495.5 417.19 1691.4 304..42 516.3 113.38
Source: APEDA Website march 2011.

57
24
JACK FRUIT
“Atrocarpus HetErophyllus”
Poor man’s food

● Family: Moraceae
Largest Single Fruit

Good source of pectine, cauliflorus bearing habit varieties.
1. Gulabi – Rose scented
2. Champa – Flavour like that of champak
3. Hazar – Bearign large no of fruits
4. Intoduction – Singapore / Ceylon jack
5. Muttam varikka – Produce 7 kg fruit each
6. Westernahats, Gorakhpur, Dewaria (40 kg fruit size)
7. NJC1, NJC-2, NJC-3 and NJC-4 from Faizabad
Two Groups
A) Soft fleshed – Fruit is ripe but it is not so in the latter
B) Frim fleshed – Highly tasty, sweet and crisp
Rudrakshi – Smooth rind less spine monkey Jack , Hadrhiyalva,
Bhadonhi, Zarda, Bhusola.
Khaja Allahabad – White fleshed heavy bearing variety.
Soils – Rich deep loam soils without water logging & also
alluvial soils
Propogated by seed, Approach grafting, Air layering, cutting Planting at 10 x 10m
Training – Central leader system, Broken diseased & dry branches
removed
Harvesting – March-June after 8 year expect 100-300 fruits / tree.
58
24
JAMUN
Syzygium cuminii
Family: Myrtaceae
Indian Black Berry, Black Plum, Java plum, Jambul, Jamun, Jam, Kala jum,
Phalani, or Pharenda are synonyms of Jamun.
Evergreen fruit tree, good source of Iron, used as an effective medicinel
agaist diabetes, heart and liver trouble.
– Thrives well under tropical and subtropical climates.
– Grown on wide range of soils-calcareous, saline sodic soils and marshy
areas.
– Seedling starts bearing at the age of 9-10 year
– Buded plants starts bearing from 5-6 years.
– Flowering starts during February-Mrch. Harvesting – June-July.
– Yield:- 50-70 kg from buded plants and 80+100 kg from seeding.
● The stone, bark, leaves are used as an effective medicine against diabetes.
Variety:
1. Raj Jamun: with big size oblong fruit of deep purple colour
2. Paras: Large size fruit from Gujarat
3. Narendra Jamun 6-Seedless.
4. Konkan Bahadoli
5. Goma Priyanka: Release from Bikaner.
Jamun seed have no dormancy hence fresh seed can sown.
Syzygium densiflora root stock of jamun resistant against termites.
59
24
KARONDA
Carissa carandas
Apocynacae
Evergreen shrub behave as a xerophytic drought tolerant plant Varanasi in UP
have regular plantation of Karonda Richest source of Iron containing good amount
of Vit C Very useful to cure anaemia, its fruit have antisorbutic properties.
Karonda also popular as caraunda and christs Thorn
Varieties according to fruit colour
1. Green
2. Pink
3. White
1. Carissa grandiflora (Natal plum): Dark red fruits papery skin and few
small circular seed and good for Jelly prepration
2. Carissa bispinosa (C. ardainamil, Amatungula, Maitgula) fruit are
borne in clusters, seeds are lanceolate
3. Carissa edulis: Flowers are white, pink and scented and come in axillary
clusters.
4. Carissa ovata: Fruits are small edible and used for jam prepration.
Originated in Australia.
5. Carisa Spindrum: Native of India. Hardiest species of Carissa and
known to thrive in poor & rocky soils.
Propogated through seed, airlayering and hardwrod cutting. Karonda can be
trained on single or double stem plant start bearing from 3rd year and flowers
during March Average plant provided 3-5 kg fruit. Fruits mature 100-110 days
after fruitset.
Ripe fruits are heighly perishable and can be stored only for 2-3 days. Fruits
can be stored/preserved for 6 months in SO2 solution (2000 ppm).
60
24
KIWI
Actinidia deliciosa
Native of Central China and grown commercially in New Zealand
Kiwi was first planted in Lal Bagh Garden at Bangalore as an ornamental
tree
In India commercial cultivation has been extended to Himachal Pradesh, Uttar
Pradesh, Jammu Kashmir & Sikkim , Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and Nilgiri
hills
Kiwi required 700-800 chilling hours below 70C to break its rest period.
A soil pH slightly less than 6.9 resutls in maximum yield but higher pH up to
7.3 affects adversely because of Mn deficiency.
Propagated through stem cutting, hardwood cutting, and budding, grafting,
softwood cutting, and treated with IBA (500ppm) for 10 second. T. bar and pergola,
Y-shape are adopted for planting Pollinated by honey bee. Planting male and
female plant at 1:9 ratio. Dormant pruning is adopted the lateral is cut back to 2
vegetative buds beyond the last fruit. Dormant pruning must be completed by
Mid February.
Kiwi fruit is susceptible to several herbicides: Bromocil, Terbacil, Chlorthiamid
and Dichlobenit. Kiwi vine start bearing from 4-5 year.
Under Solan (H.P.) conditions fruit harvested from October-end to third week
of November. Kiwi fruits having 6.2%. TSS is ideal for harvesting. Kiwi yield
varies from 50 to 100 kg fruits/vine Fruits are kept in good condition in a cool
place without refrigeration up to 8 weeks. In cold storage it kept for 4-6 months
at –0.6°C to 0°C.
For international market, fruit weight of 70g is the minimum.
‘A’ grade fruit → 70g and above
‘B’ grade fruit → 40g to 69g
Varieties
1. Abbott: Early flowering and early maturing cultivar
2. Allison: Most suitable variety for Himachal Pradesh
3. Bruno: Heavy bearer with highest ascorbic acid
4. Hayward: Most popular cultivar of the world, shy bearer and tendancy of
biennial bearing
5. Monty: Late flowering cultivar
6. Tomuri: Pollinizer for Hayward and Monty
7. Allison: Also used for pollinizing different cultivar
60
24
KOKAM
Garcinia indica
Kokam is a unique under exploited tree spice of humid tropics of Western Ghat
of India. The fruit is of commercial importance posses enormous medicinal and
processing properties. It is cardiotonic, anthelmetic useful against piles and
dysentery. The Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) present in the fruit fights cholesterol
and curbs lypogenesis which helps for weight loss. The rind is processed for
preparation of syrup, amsul, agal, Kokam powder etc. The seeds yield fat which
remains solid at room temperature and considered nutrative demulcent, astringent
and enmollient, suitable for pharmaceuticals.
Kokam is the dried fruit rind obtained from the plant of Garcinia indica
Value-added Products
Kokam syrup (Amrit Kokam): It is prepared from the fresh ripe koakum rind
by adding cane sugar at the rate of 1:2. The mixture is strained thorough musclin
cloth and the syrup is stored in the food grade polythene container or in glass
bottles. If required, the preservative sodium benzoate is used at the rate of 610
mg/kg of syrup. This product is required to be diluted 5 to 6 times with water
before consumption. A pinch of common salt and cumin powder are added for
taste.
Kokam agal (Brined Kokam juice): This is prepared either from ripe fruit rind
and pulp or only from pulp. 15 to 16% common salt is mixed with the fruit part,
mixture is kept for 8 days by occasional stirring. Extracted brined Kokam juice is
stored in food grade polythene container or glass bottles.
Dried ripe kokam rind: The ripe Kokam rind is dried under sun or in a cabinet
drier at 60°C. It is treated with brined Kokam juice and again dried. This is done
for five times. The final dried product is used in the preparation of curry in place
of tamarind. The drying ratio of ripe Kokam fruits in a cabinet drier was 6.24:1
and in sun drying it was 7.77:1.
Natural food colorant: Kokam rind contains 2-3% anthocyanin pigment and is a
promising source of natural colourant for foods.
62
24
LASODO
Cordia dichotoma
Also known as gunda, lehsua, gonda, kalo, bohari, lehtora cherry, cherry of desert,
pidar, assyrain plum, genduri belongs to family ehretiaceae xerophytic and decidious
in nature.
Tender fruit is used for vegetable and preparation of excellent pickle. Ripe
fruits are eaten as fresh and also used for prepring Liquor. Tree flowers in the
month of March. Fruits avilable in April. Ripe fruits avilable in summer to June-
Fruits are rich source of mineral like calcium, phosphorous and potash. Propogated
by seed/patch budding in the month of Jully on seedling. Ripe fruit can be stored
for longer period.
Fruiting behaviour of Lasodo
Parameter Time
Colour and Ripe fruit Light pink
Average fruitweight 16-40g
Average stone weight 5.30g
Bearing behaviour Cluster bearing
Age of first flowering Mid Feb-March
Pulp stone ratio 3-10
Average number of fruits/cluster 5-9
Nutritional value of ripe fruit Lasodo 100g edible portion

Moisture 83.64%
Protein 1.30g
Carbohydrate 12.50g
Calcium 40.00 mg
Potash 1.60%
TSS 9.70%
Acidity 0.10%
Peetin 4.13%
Source: Indian Horticulture 2012

63
24
LIME/LEMON
Acid Lime
Citrus aurantifolia
(Sourlime, Maxicanlime, Keylime, West Indian lime)
Major producing state: Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,
Maharashtra, Assam and Rajasthan
1. Pramalini: Fruit bearing is in cluster of 3-7, high yielder.
2. Vikram: Off season fruit yield during September, May and June
3. Chakradhar: Seed less lime, bearing start from 4th year. It bear fruit during
Jan-Feb, June-July and Sept-Oct.
4. Seedlesslime: Late but prolofic yielder
5. PKM 1: High yielder than local strains
6. Selection 49: Tendancy to bearing in summer and Tolerance to tristeza,
Canker and leaf miner
7. Tahiti (Persian lime): Resistant to cold, Triploid cultivar, and show
seedlessness with large fruit size
8. Sai Sarbati: Tolerant to tristeza and canker
9. Jaidevi: Pleasant Aroma
10. PDKV lime: High yielder
11. Kagzi lime: highly susceptible to tristeza and indicator to tristeza. Acid lime
is tropical every green plant
Citrus aurantifolia is third important after mandarin and sweet orange
Gajanimma (C. Pennivesiculata) is most promising rootstock fallowed by
rough lemon for acid lime.
● Star Ruby: Introduction
● Sweet Lime: (C. limettioides)
● Mithachikna: Juicy sweet with few seeds
● Mithotra: More pleasantly flavoured than Mithachikna

● Rang pur lime (C. limonia): Evergreen, spreading growth habit and highly
productive commonly grown for Rootstock purpose.
Lemon
1. Acid Lemon: Grown in India
2. Sweet lemon grown in South America and Egypt
1. Eureka: Excelent flavour with few seed (0-6), heavy yielder fruits mature
from August onward in Punjab.
2. Lisbon: Apex rounded in to a prominent nipple, thin segment 7-10 with
abundant juice very acidic, quality excellent with few seeds.
3. Villafrunca: Fruit oval oblong size, medium to large, juice colorless
abundant seedy fruit (25-30 seeds)
4. Lucknow seedless: Fruit oblong, pulp light yellow and coarse juicy
flavour good and sour, seeds are absent to a few fruit ripen during
November-January
5. Kagzi Kalan: Fruits medium yellow with thin rind, juicy seed (8-13 seed)
susceptible to tristeza, canker, and dieback
6. Assam lemon / Nepali oblong: Fruits are oblong to with 11-13 segment
juicy seeds are absents fruits ripen during December-January
7. Nepali Round: Fruits are roundish and juicy with nipple
8. Pant lemon: Selection from Kagzi kalan.Fruits are medium (80-100g)
round and smoth thin juicy tolerant to Canker, tristeza and dieback self
incompatible varieties.
9. Trifoliate orange and Jatti Khati used as rootstock give better performance.
Harvesting and marketing period of important citrus fruits in India
Name Variety State/ region Period
Acid lime Sath gudhi Kagzi Andra Pradesh Tamil Feb-April; Oct, NovFeb-
Nadu, Gujarat, April, July to Sept
Maharashtra March-Aug, Oct-Nov.
Lemon Galgal, Barmasi Punjab First crop June-March,
Nepali, IInd crop June-September,
Assam lemon Assam Oct-Dec, March-May
Mandarin Nagpur Madhya Pradesh, Feb-April, Oct-Dec
Coorge Maharashtra, Karnataka, June-July, Nov-Dec.
Tamil Nadu Dec-Jan
Assam, NEH region Nov-December
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Name Variety State/ region Period
”Khasi” West Bengal Nov- March

“Darjeeling Punjab Himachal
Santra Kinnow Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Haryana
Sweet Malta, Valencia, Punjab Maharashtra Jan-Feb, March,
Orange Jaffa, Mosambi Oct-Dec.
The Major Citrus Producucing Belts are as Fallows

Jammu and Kashmir (Jammu, Kathua, Udhampur, Rajaori)
Himichal Pradesh (Kangra and Sirmaur)
Punjab (Abohar and Fazilka)
Haryana (Hisar, Sirar, Fatehabad and Bhiwani)
Rajasthan (Shriganganagar, Bharatpur, Dholpur and Sawai Madhavpur)
West Bengal (Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Mindnapur, 24 Pargaon (N) Sikkim Arunachal
Pradesh and Assam.
Madhya Pradesh (Mandsaur, Shajapur, Chindwara, Khandwa, Hosangabad)
Maharashtra (Amravati, Nagpur, Akola, Aurangabad)
Orissa (Gajam)
Andra Pradesh (Nellore, Prakasam, West Godavari, Guntur, Kaddupa, Anantpur,
Nalgenda, and Karimnagar).
*Advanced technology:
Micropropagation, Tissue culture and High Density Planting.
Pre cooling: Forced air
Transportation and storage life: 6-8 weeks
Temperature: 9-10°C
Relative humidity: 85-90%
Transport for quality: Waxing
Freezing Point: 3 to 1°C
Sensibility to: Refrigeration, Ethylene and odours.
State Area in ‘000" ha Production in 000 MT Productivity ha/MT

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
Area Produc- Produc- Area Produc- Produc- Area Produc- Produc-

tion tivity tion tivity tion tivity
Andhra Pradesh 58.9 883.0 15.0 60.0 899.5 15.0 57.5 862.3 15.0
Gujarat 8.2 66.8 8.1 35.3 350.5 9.9 37.1 385.6 10.4
Orrisa 26.8 211.7 7.9 27.1 223.0 8.2 27.4 258.8 9.4
Karnaatka 8.2 192.1 23.5 .6 201.7 23.5 9.0 201.8 22.4
Maharashtra 37.3 153.0 4.1 37.7 156.0 4.1 41.5 166.6 4.0
Bihar 17.6 125.8 7.2 17.7 128.1 7.2 17.9 131.2 7.3
Uttarkhand 26.8 127.4 4.8 26.7 129.5 4.9 26.7 126.6 4.7
West Bangal 21.4 24.7 1.2 11.2 63.2 5.63 11.3 100.9 8.9
Haryana 7.2 62.0 8.6 7.4 63.0 8.6 13.8 96.3 7.1
Assam 10.8 73.5 6.8 10.8 98.1 9.1 11.4 84.1 7.4
Others 79.7 581.6 7.3 73.6 259.0 3.5 42.1 213.0 5.1
Total 302.8 2501.7 8.3 3160 2571.5 8.1 295.6 2629.2 8.9
All India Area, Production and Productivity of Lime Lemon

(000 ha) Fruit Area (In) MT) Fruit (in MT/ha0)
Production
2000-01 164.2 4.2 1377.2 3.2 8.4

2001-02 161.3 4.0 1413.7 3.3 8.8
2002-03 146.2 3.9 1439.6 3.2 9.8
2003-04 167.8 3.6 1493.3 3.3 8.9
2004-05 78.9 1.7 1033.1 2.3 13.1
2005-06 268.7 5.0 2159.0 3.9 8.0
2006-07 294.9 5.3 2310.2 3.9 7.8
2007-08 302.8 5.2 2501.7 3.8 8.3
2008-09 316.0 5.2 2571.5 3.8 8.1
2009-10 295.6 4.7 2679.2 3.7 8.9

64
24
LITCHI
Litchi chinenesis
Subtropical evergreen fruit tree with excelent source of Vit C 40-90 mg/100g,
1. Single seeded nut
2. India Rank IInd in the world after China in production of litchi
3. A highly flavoured squash is prepared from its fruit
3. Humidity is an important factor for litchi production
4. Soils in north Bihar are best for litchi production
5. Litchi is raised by seed and vegetative means
6. Air layering is also called “Marcotting” in China and “Gootee” in India
7. IBA (2-10g/ lit of water) is most effective in root promotion in air layering of litchi
8. Litchi is planted in square system
9. January end to the onset of monsson is critical period for irrigation since
vegetative growth and fruit development takes place
10. Harvesting is done during May-June
11. Bihar is largest & leading state of India in litchi production
12. Euphorbia longana and Nephelium lappaceum are good rootstocks for litchi
13. Litchi fruits mature 50-60 days after fruit set yield 80-150 kg fruits/tree.
Statewise Commercial Cultivars

Bihar: Shani, Rose Scented, China, Kasba, Purbi, Early Bedana Late Bedana
Uttar Pradesh: Rose Scented, Dehradun, Calcuttia
West Bengal: Bombay green, Kalyani Selection
Punjab: Muzaffarpur, Dehradun, Seedless, Late Bedana
An early, non cracking seedless selection Swarna Roopa has been identified for
commercial planting in Chhota Nagpur area.
Advance technology: High density planting
Pre-cooling by: Forced air
Storage conditions
Temperature : 1-2°C
Relataive humidity : 90-95%
Storage period : 3-5 weeks
Treatment for quality : Sulphar treatment
Sensibility to : Refregeration and Ethylene
Statewise Area, Production and Productivity of Litichi
State Area in ‘000" ha Production in 000 MT Productivity ha/MT

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
Area Produc- Produc- Area Produc- Produc- Area Produc- Produc-

tion tivity tion tivity tion tivity
Bihar 29.8 223.2 7.5 30.5 216.9 7.1 30.6 215.1 7.0
West Bengal 8.1 77.8 9.6 8.4 81.2 9.7 8.4 82.4 9.8
Jharkhand .3 16.5 5.0 4.3 20.3 4.8 4.3 51.1 12.0
Assam 4.8 34.0 7.1 4.8 34.9 7.2 5.1 39.2 7.7
Punjab 1.5 19.3 12.9 1.5 21.3 13.9 1.6 22.4 14.1
Chhatisgarh 3.0 17.8 6.0
Orrisa 4.0 12.8 3.2 4.2 13.0 3.1 4.3 17.1 4.0
Tripura 2.8 14.4 5.5 2.8 14.4 5.1 2.8 17.0 6.1
Uttarkhand 8.8 15.1 1.7 8.8 15.3 1.7 9.1 15.7 1.7
Others 6.2 5.3 0.9 6.6 6.2 0.9 5.2 5.5 1.1
Total 69.1 418.4 6.1 71.9 423.4 5.9 74.4 483.3 6.5
Litchi Hybrid
1. Sabour Madhu: Purbi x Bedana – higher number of fruits 24 per penicle
and late maturing variety. High TSS and aril %.
2. Sabour priya: Purbi x Bedana – Better fruit quality than purbi interm of high
aril % and TSS.
Selection
1. Saharanpur: By chance of seedling – fruit quality is superior to Hakip a
chainese variety.
2. Swarnaroopa: Seclection from local variety – Attractive deep pink fruit colour,
small seed with high TSS / acid ratio. Highly resistant to fruit cracking.
65
24
LOQUAT
Eriobotrya japonica
Evergreen sub tropical pome fruit also known as Japanese Medlar
It is available in market during mid March-May. At –3°C smaller fruits are
more susceptible to cold injury.
Airl ayering is best method of propagation Treatment of smooth ringed old
shoots with 3% NAA/IBA 25000 ppm is recommended and Mansoon is the best
time for planting. Frost is limiting factor for its successful cultivation. Honey bee
is good pollinaizer in loquat. Central leader/open system of training is adopted
Annual pruning is necessary.
Paclobutrazol (500 ppm) application is recommended around the base of trunk
for increasing fruit size. Plant start bearing from 3rd year give maximum yield at
15 years.
Varieties
Early: (Ripe from mid March)
1. Golden Yellow: Soft mild taste, sub acid, few seeded, TSS 10.5%
2. Improved Golden: Smooth and Crisp, mild taste moderately seeded TSS 9.5%
3. Large Round: Mild taste, sub acidic, few seeded
4. Pale Yellow: Pleasant taste, moderately seeded
5. Thames Pride: Marble colour, pulp pale orange, slightly granular
Mid Season (Variety ripe from last week of March)

1. Fire Ball: Saffron Yellow, pulp thick, Corn husk colour
2. Improved Pale Yellow: Cream colour, Smooth and soft pleasant taste
3. Large Area: Pale orange smooth and firm, pleasant taste.
4. Mammoth: Colour snowshine, pulp medium orange coarse and granular,
pleasant taste
5. Matchless: Orange Coarse, granuler, pleasant taste
6. Safeda: Fruit large pulp thick creamy white smooth excellent taste moderately
seeded
Late (Variety start ripening from mid-April)

1. California Advance: Pulp thick creamy white excellent taste
2. Tanaka: Yellow coarse, pleasant taste
a. Self incompatible: Golden yellow improved golden yellow, pale yellow
and Agra large.
b. Partially self incompatible: large round, Free ball, Thames pride
Calafornia Pride, and Tanaka.
The variety California Advance is the best pollinizer for improved Golden
Yellow.
California Advance, Golden, Yellow and Thames Pride should be harvested at
11% TSS
Yield: 30-40 kg fruits/tree
Loquat fruits can store for 4-6 days at room temperature for 2 weeks at
11°C temperature with 85-90% relative humidity.
Jam, Jelly, preserves Juices and squash are value added products.
66
24
MACADAMIA / AUSTRALIAN NUT /
QUEENS LAND NUT
Macadamia integrifolia
Cultivated in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Orissa.
Evergreen tree about 10 m height. Edible part white cream coloured Kernel/
embryo contain large amout of production 10% and 75% oil. Good source of
calcium, phosphorus and iron.
Best in subtropical conditions with high summer and low winter. Soil with 5.5-
7.5 pH are preferred. Tree planted at 8x 9m / 10x 10m, pruning is necessary
operation.
Yield 80-90 kg nuts/tree after 18 year old plantation.
Fruits are dried and husked kernal dried up to 1.5% moisture. Roasting salting
is necessary. Kernal used in chocolate, chocolate-coatednuts, candies ice cream
etc. propagated by seed, wedge grafting on seedling root stock start bearing from
7th year.
Flowering during December-January and fruits ready in July-August. Pruning
is essential practise Macadamia integrifolia suitable for subtropical conditions with
high summer and low winter temprature varieties. Tree should be spaced 9-10m
apart.
Kakea, Lkaika, Keaau, Keauchou, Kau, Purvis, Makai, Mauka, (M.
intergrifolia)
Greber, Renown, Anamnaur, Mammoth, Swell. and Probert-2 (M. tetraphylla).
Beaument, Nelmak I and Nelmak 2 (hybrids)
Kakea and Keau grow well under Bangalore condition.
67
24
MAHUA
Bassia latifolia
An Indigenous tree of high economic value.The ‘Corolla’ commonly called mahua
flowers. Rich source of sugar, Vitamins and minerals.Fruit known as Berry is
eaten as row or cooked. Pulp good source of sugar and dry husk makes a good
source of absolute alcohol. The oil of mahua seed contain linoleic a unsaturated
fatty acid is used in reducing the cholesterol content in blood serum and useful
for heart patients. Tree of tropical and subtropical climate propagated by seed
and vegetatively by veneer grafting. Seed have no dormancy .Polyembrony is
found in Mahua Planting distance are 10 m in seeding and 8 m in grafted 100
plants of seeding and 150 plant of grafted plant are required for 1 hectare.
Varieties: NM2, NM4, NM7 and NM8, Bassia latifolia and Bassia longitolia.
Ripe fruits shade during June-Jully
Kernels of mahua should be dried up to a moisture content of 8% because
more than 7-8% moisture liable for fungal attack. Flowering period March-April.
Yield of dry flower 100-150 kg tree and kernal 60-80 kg/tree/year
Flower are used for prepration of distilled liquors and portable spirits, cake,
vinegar, Jam, syrup and Honey one tonne dry husk yields 130 litre absolute alcohol.
Oil used to manufactured of vanaspati soap, greases and cosmatic.
68
24
MANDARIN ORANGE
Citrus reticulata
It occurpies 50% area under citrus grown in India mainly Nagpur Santra (mandarin)
grown in Vidarbha of central India. Nagpur mandarin was introducd in India by
Shuji Raja Bhosle in 1894.
Darjeeling (West Bengal) and Coorg (Karnataka) are other belts of mandarin
production.
Kinnow grown in Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana, Himachal,J & K, and U.P.
Mandarin Blooms thrice in year
1. Ambe bahar – January-February flowering
2. Mrig bahar – June – July flowering
3. Husta bahar – October-November flowering
Seeds of Mandarin do not have dormancy hene they should be sown
immediately after extraction.Acid lime, Grape fruit, Sweet lime highly polyembryonic
nature.
citron, pummelo, tahiti lime are monoembryonic nature
Water logging condition in orchard is very harmful for Mandarin due to highly
susceptibleness.
Troyer citrange Root stock use for high density planting (1.8 x 1.8 m2)
Adajamir (C. assamnsis) Root stock are resistant to citrus greening
Rangpur lime is most prominent root stock for Mandarin and sweet orange.
Introduction of kinnow during 1959 in Punjab and can be grown in HDP on
‘Troyer citrange’ as root stock at spacing 1.8 x 1.8 m2 i.e. 3000 plants/ ha.
Kinnow was developed by H.B. Frost in USA 1935.
Leathery rind is a special characterstics of fruit skin in mandarn.
Trifoliate orange is resistant to phytophthora and nematodes.
New root stock develop by NRCC Nagpur is “ALIMO” Resistant against
phytophthora, with medium canopy heavy, bearing ability. Useful for high density
plantation agaist 277 up to 300 trees. More productive than Rangpur lime and Jambhiri.
Bitter test of citrus fruit juice is due to Limollin glycoside.

Bromocial is very effective in controlling Monocot and Dicot weed in nursery
of citrus.
Varieties
1. Coorg: Typical suited to coorg and wynad of Karnataka. Bright orange in
colour, oblate to globose in shape with 9-11 segment juice abundant, seed are
14-30 mature during February-March.
2. Khasi: Commercially grown in Assam, Meghalaya and North eastern states
and known as Sikkim or Kamla mandarin, fruits depressed globus to ovate
with bright orange yellow colour segment 8-10 abundant juicy with orange
colour seeds 9-25.
Nagpur
Prime variety of Indian Mandarin one of the finest mandarin grown in world also
known as ponkan .Fruit subglobus candium colour with 10-11 segments juice
abundant saffron coloured with 6-7 seeds,mature during January- February.
Kinnow
Hybrid between king x willow leaf. Fruits deep orange yellow colour, segment 9-
10 very juicy with 12-24 seeds. Fruits mature during mid January . Irregular
bearer.
Satsuma
Commercial seedless varety of Japan.
Fuetrelles and Emperor

Basically Australian variety introduction.
Laddu
Sutwal: Nepal variety Introduction
● Pixie,
● Wilking
● Page
● For tune
● Sunbnust
● Shamouti
Export Specification of Nagpur Mandarin
Variety Countries Middle East
Nagpur Mandarin Fruit colour – light orange

Fruti weight – 150-175 gms
Grades 65-70 mm and 40-45 mm
Packing 65 mm-7 kg, 40 mm –2.5 kg
Storage 5-7°C
Transport By sea
Leading Orange Producing States
State Production percentage
Maharashtra 40%
Madhya Pradesh 32%
Assam 7%
Mizoram 3%
Meghalaya 2%
Nagaland 2%
Karnataka 2%
Other 6%
Statewise Area, Production and Productivity of Orange (2009-2010)
State Units of area production and productivity
Maharashtra 138.0 826.5 6.0

Madhya Pradesh 38.3 677.8 17.7
Assam 12.8 141.8 11.0
Rajasthan 8.9 135.0 15.1
Mizoram 10.6 64.7 6.1
Meghalaya 10.1 43.1 4.3
Nagaland 4.2 36.6 8.5
Karnataka 1.9 36.6 19.2
Others 60.1 122.0 2.0
(Source NHB database 2010)

69
24
MANGO
Mangifera Indica
King of fruit, National fruit of India. India share 56% of total production in the
world with 39.5% of the total fruit production of India.
Temperature between 24° and 27°C is ideal for its cultivation.
Venezuela have highest productivity in the world.
Two mango crop are taken in Tamil Nadu (Kanyakumari).
Dr. R.N. Singh was used caging technique of breeding in Mango
C.V. Totapuri Red small as genetic marker.
Burns and Prayag in 1911 was first time worked on Mango hybridization in
India at Pune.
Southern varieties are polyembryonic and regular bearer Northern varieties
are self incompatible,monoembryonic and alternate bearer.
In mango only 0.1% perfect flower develops fruits to maturity use of 2-4-D
10 ppm spray to over come this problem.
Malgoa is mother of all coloured cultivars of mango useful for making preserve.
Salt Resistant Rootstock

Moovandan, Kurukkan, Nekkare
Dwarfing Root Stock

Rumani is used for Dashehari
Villicolumban is used for Alphanso
Olour is used for Himsagar and Langra.
● Polyembryonic Root stocks of Mango

1. Olour 2. Chandrakaran
3. Villia columban 4. Solan
5. Bappakai 6. Malgoa
7. Goa 8. Nileshwar dwarf
9. Bellary 10. Kurukkan
● Introduced polyembryonic Root stoks
1. Pico 2. Saigon
3. Apricot 4. Carabo
5. Simmonds 6. Terpentine
7. Higgins 8. Sabre
9. Straw berry 10. Combodian.
Polyembryony is controlled by single dominant gene
Rumani variety, Apple shape fruit’ have lowest number of bisexual (perfect)
flower i.e. 0.74%
Langra varieties have highest number of bisexual (perfect flower 68.9%).
Self Incompatible Mango Varieties

Bombay Green, Langra, Dashehari, Chausa
Bombay Green contain highest vitamine-C
TSS of 20% in mango variety called as good
The highest TSS contain Variety is Xavier 24.8° Brix
Varieties
Exotic cultivars
1. Caribao from phillippines
2. Carbao from USA
3. Tomy Atkins, Zielete, Heden, Sensation, Julie from Mami, Florida (USA)
Regular bearer: Totapuri: Widely grown in south India.
Neelum, Himsagar, Pairi, Gulbakhas
Clonal Selection
1. Dashehari C-51 regular bearer from Dashehari
2. Paiyur -1: from Neelam
3. Cardoz Mankurad: superior clone of Goa Mankurad
Off Season Selection

Niranjan selected at Parbhani (M.S.)
Madhalica Most Precious cultivar
● Alphanso: Mainly grown in Ratanagiri Maharashtra . Excellent orange colour
with good sugar: acid blend susceptible to spongy tissue. Export quality.
● Banganpalli: Early maturing with large fruit (350-400 g), good keeping quality.
● Bombay Green: Earliest variety of North India with strong pleasant flavour.
It is also known Malda in UP and Sehroli in Delhi.
● Chausa: Shy bearing, late maturing variety of North (July-August). Weighing
of fruit about 350 g .Sweetest variety of Mango.
● Dashehari: Popular mid season variety of North with pleasant flavour, sweet
thin stone with good keeping quality.
● Fazil: Late maturing (August) with good keeping quality
● Gulab khas: Regular heavy bearer with Rosy flavour keeping quality is good.
● Himsagar: Popular in West Bengal, regular bearing with pleasant flavour.
● Kesar: Irregular bearer with excellent sugar acid blend, good for processing
● Kishenbhog: Mid season variety with good keeping quality
● Lal Sindhuri: Resistant variety against powdery mildew.
● Langra: It is biennial bearer with turpentine flavour. Medium keeping quality
most prone to fruit drop.
● Mankurad: Mid season variety of Goa with good keeping quality
● Madhullica: Most precious mango cultivar
● Neelum: Late season, heavy yielder, Regular bearer with good keeping quality
mango of South India two crop in a year ideal for long transport
● Niranjan: Off season cultivar from Parbhani
● Pairi: Regular bearer with heavy yield, earily maturing poor keeping quality
● Rosica: Mutant variety of Mango
● Totapuri: Regular heavy bearer with typical flavour flat test.
Hybrid Varieties of Mango

1. Mallika: Neelum x Dashehari
Regular bearer with high TSS, highest in vitamin A content, moderate keeping
quality, developed at IARI, New Delhi
2. Amrapali: Dashebari x Neelum,
Dwarf regular bearer, cluster bearing, suitable for HDP (2.5 x 2.5 m2) 1600
plants triangular method, small size fruit. Develop at IARI, New Delhi
3. Ratna: Neelum x Alphonso
Free from Spongy tissue regular bearer pulp 78.62% develop at FRS, vengurla.
4. Sindhu: Ratna x Alphanso
Seed less mango due to stenospermocarpic parthenocarpy stone account 3%
of total fruit wt- 675 g, pulp 83%, pulp to stone ratio 26:1, develp at FRS,
vengurla.
5. Arka Punnet: Alphonso x Banganapalli
Attracive skin colour regular bearer free from spongy tissue develop at IIHR,
Banglore.
6. Arka Aruna: Banganapalli x Alphanso
Free from spongy tissue. Dwarf in Nature develop at IIHR Banglore
7. Arka Neel Kiran: Alphanso x Neelum: Free from spongy tissue develop
at IIHR Banglore.
8. Arka Anmol: Alphonso x Jandrdan pasand: Free from spongy tissue
develop at IIHR Banglore
9. Manjeera: Rumani x Neelum
10. Prabha Shankar: Bombay x Kalapady
IARI Varieties
1. Akshay: Selection from Dashehari
2. Pusa Arumina: Amrapali x Sensation (USA variety)
3. Pusa Shreshth: H-1-6 Amrapali x Sensation
Red peel colour semidwarf and moderately tolerante to major pests mango
i.e. hopper and mealy bug. Late maturity fruit weight 211-241 gm. Ascorbic
acid content 38-80- 40.5mg/ 100 gpulp.
4. Pusa Prathibha: Amrapali x sensation.
Bright red peel and orange pulp medium stature plant with lanceolate leaves
semi vigorous growth habbit. Suitable for planting at a distance of 6 x 6 m,
average fruit weight 181gm. Mature 140 days after flowering,TSS 19.6%,
shelf life 7-8 day at room temperature after ripening high pulp content (71.1%)
ascorbic acid content 34.84 mg/100 g pulp.
5. Pusa Peetamber: Amrapali x Lal sundari.
Regular bearer suitable for uniform packaging, yellow fruit colour at ripening
suitable for planting at 6 x 6 m. Average fruit weight 213 g. Mature after 140
days of flowering, TSS 18.8%, self life 5-6 days at room temp. Hight pulp
content 73.6%.
6. Pusa Lalima: Dashehari x Sensation.
Regular bearer, bright red peel and orange pulp 5-6 days shelf life at room
temperature. Suitable for 6 x 6 m distance, mature 125 days after flowering
average fruit weight 209.0g, TSS 19.7%. High pulp content 70.1% ascorbic
acid 34.73 mg/10 mg. It yield four times higher than Dasheheri.
Advance Tehcnoogy in Mango

● High density planting (2.5 x 2.5 m2)
● Pre- cooling – By forced Air
Storage Conditions
Temperature : 13°C
Relative humidity : 85-90°C
Storage period : 2-3 weeks
Freeing point : 1°C
Sensibility to : Refrigeration, freezing and elthylene exposure
All India Area, production and Productivity of Mango
Year Area % of total Production % of Total Productivity

(In 000 ha) FRT AREA (In 000MT) Production in NTT/
Productivity ha
2004-05 1970.4 39.7 11829.7 24.0 6.0

2005-06 2080.7 39.1 12663.1 22.9 6.1
2006-07 2154.0 38.8 13734.0 23.1 6.4
2007-08 2201.0 37.6 13997.0 21.3 6.4
2008-09 2309.0 37.8 12750.0 18.6 5.5
2009-10 2312.3 36.5 15026.7 21.0 6.5
70
24
MANGOSTEEN
Garicinia mango stana

Queen of fruit, It is the finest fruit of the world.
The fruit nectar content readily available glucose. Popularly cultivated in
Indonesia, Philippines, Burma, Sri lanka and Malaysia.
In India grow only in selected places on Slopes of Nilgiris (Tamil Nadu)
Kanyankumari and Malbar (Kerala)
The fruit content tannin up to 13% hence used in tannary. The cortex of fruit
used in treating chronic diarrhoea, uretnral irrigation, gonorrhoea. Frost free region
with equatorial climate are suitable for cultivation. Very high humid or arid conditions
over a long spell in a year lead to ‘gumboge’, Propagated through seeds. Planting
distance 8-10m between tree. Tree begain to fruit at 7 year age. Yield from a
tree ranges from 500-1500 fruits.
Varieties
Elite mangosteen varieties are unknown.
1. Jolo: Philippines variety larger with big seeds but more delicious pulp.
Two type of fruit group
2. Large leaves and fruit of variable size
3. Small leaves and small fruit
Two crops are produce annually viz. August-October and April June from the
tree at Nilgiris hils.
Bamboo poles or Folding aluminium ladders are used in harvesting
Storage: Can stored 2-3 weeks at room temperature
Temperature: 4-5°C
Humidity: 85-90%
Can kept up to 50 days with out loss of aroma and flavour
Jelly, paste, syrup and canned fruit segment can prepared from it.
71
24
MARKING NUT
Semicarpus anacardium
Native of India. Found in the outer Himalayas to coromandel coast. It is closely
related to cashew. It is known as bhallatak in India and was called “Marking
Nut” by Europeans because it was used by washer men to mark cloth and clothing
before washing as it imparted a water insoluble mark to the cloth. It is also
known as ker beeja in kannada and Bibba in Marathi. It is decidious tree with
large stiff leaves, Leaver are 7-24 inches long, 2-12 inches wide obovate-oblong,
rounded at the tip, leaf base rounded heart-shaped or narrowed in to stalk, leathery,
Flower small, borne in panicles shorter than leaves.
The nut is about 25 millimeter (1 inch) long, ovid and smooth lustrous black.
When ripe seated on flashy cup. The fruit is useful in leucoderma. It is extremely
benifical in the diseases like piles, colitis, diarrhoea, dyspepsia, ascits, tumours
and worm. Juice causes irriation in the skin painful blisters, itchy and eczematous
eruption of neighbouring skin which resembles bruise later ulcer are produce from
the lesion.
72
24
MULBERRY
Morus alba. M. nigra. M. rubra

A plant of temperate regions species of mulberry (Morus alba. M. nigra. M.
rubra) are grown in India. (Tut) is generally found in the Sub-Himalayan tracts.
In Kashmir and Karnataka it is used to rear silkworms. The mulberry tree,
dioecious is habit, grows to a height of 4 to 18 M. Mours alba L. is moderate
sized short lived deciduous tree, native of China, grown in the Punjab, U.P. and
Kashmir, bark is used for paper making, the sweet and edible leaves as cattle
fodder. It sroots is used as an astringent, Fruit juice cures soar throat and fever
and cases of dyspepsia and melancholia. The fruits contain about 8% of sugar
and 1% of acid. Karnataka has the largest acreage of about 18,000 hectares.
Clay loam soils better than clay or sand. Vegetative method of propagation,
cutting, shield, ring or flute budding and inarching is common in mulberry. Hardwood
cuttings of about 20-30 cm length from mature stem with about 4-5 buds are
planted in nursery buds. Optimum time for budding is the end of March or early
April. Planting distance of 6-7.5 meters between them. The plants needed to rear
the silk worm do better by more severe pruning which should be done nearer the
ground surface to encourage more foliage. The flowering takes place in February
and March and the fruit is ready by June. The fruit yield form a single tree may
be 10-20 kg. About 3,000 to 6,000 kg of leaves are picked in 6-7 instalments from
a hectare.
Cultivars
Morus alba. A species suitable for feeding the silk worms. It is the Chinese
species of the same family as the fig and the jack fruit. Laciniata the skeleton
leaved mulberry has uniformly divided leaves into narrow lobes. Pendula has
slender and dropping branches. Pyramidalis. The Tatarica cultivar (Russ
mulberry), a dwarf cultivar with its bushy top is generally used as root stock or
wind break. It bears black insipid fruits of low quality.
Morus alba Varieties S.Vinos Del, Japonica Audib, Muticaulis Perr, and
Celtidifolia Hbk, are commonly grown. Vinosa is ornamental, Japonica has oval
fruit of red colour. Multicaulis has black coloured swet fruits and is of commercial
importance, in China ot silk Industry: Celtidifolia produces inferior fruits.
Morus nigra L. with large dull coloured entire leaves produce black juicy
and dark coloured fruits. Morus rubra L. it is known as Red or Virginia mulberry
with plants of 18 meters height and an average diameter of 1 meter.
73
OLIVE
Olea europaea
Majorty grown in Himalayan region of Kullu, Shimla, Solan and Sirmour district
of Himachal Pradesh. 92% fruits are used for oil extraction.
Olive cultivars require 7°-35°C however 15°-20°C is ideal. Adequate chilling
at 7°-20°C during winter is essential to break dormany period and promote fruit
fullness. Soil pH of 6.5-7.5 is ideal.
Olive tree do not tolerate wet soils for prolonged period it results death of its
roots. Planting distance of 8m × 5m/ 6m × 5m corresponding to a planting density
of 250 and 333 tree/ha. Staking mulching and weeding is essential. Mature olive
tree require 950 mm water during March-September.
Varieties
Two types
1. Oil type: Carolea, Coratina, Pendolina, Frontoio,Canino, Ascolanterena and
Aglandeace
2. Pickle type: Ascolano, Mission, Grosseune, Picholine, Cormicobra and Corating.
Ascolanaterana: Resistant to cold and cydoconium – Knot, yield modrate to heavy.
Ascolana: Turn black on ripening. Pulp stone rate quite high and oil content 22-
24%, suitable for pickling Resistnat to cycloconium knot and cold but susceptible
to Olive fly.
Canino: Self fruitful regular bearer.Fruits small sized elliptic with pointed
apex.Resistant to drought yield moderate.
Carolea: Resistant to cold, drought and frost but susceptible to cycloconium knot
and olive fly oil content 20-21%.
Coratina: Late ripening, heavy yielder with 23-25% oil content suitable for picking.
Resistnat to drought and cold but susceptible to olive knot, olive fly and peacock eye.
Frontoio: Susceptible to cold, Cycloconium knot and olive fly, Ripen late, oil
content 23-25% yield high and consistent.
Leccino: Resistant to low temperature but susceptible to sooty mould and

cycloconium knot.Stone pulp ratio medium oil content 25-30%
Pendolino: High yielder susceptible to cyclonium - knot and cold, oil content 23-
24%.
Root stocks: Wild olive
Propagated by seeds, cutting.
Olive pulp content
Constituent % Range
Water 50-60
Oil 15-30
Proteins 2-4%
Carbohydrate 3-7
Fiber 3-6
Ash 1-2
Specific graviety of olive oil is 0.9145-0.9190: n15 value 1.4670-1.4675%

saponification value 188-198%
Idoin value -78-66 %
Thioeyanogen value 79.4%
Unspecified matter 0.5-1.5%
74
PAPAYA
Carica papaya
Thermosensative susceptible to waterloging, frost, strong wind, polygamous plant.
India rank 4th in production, highest productivity after banana. Papain prepared
from dried latex of its immature fruits is pepsin.
Commercially propagated through seed .1gm = 20 seed of papaya seed rate
250-300 gm/hac. for Gynodiocious, 400-500 gm/hac. for diocious
Micro propogation is recent technique.
Yellow pigmentation due to caricaxanthin .Carpine obtained from papaya is
used as diuretic and heart stimulant
Carica pentagona & Carica candamarcensis is mountain papaya. Resistant
to forest. Carica papaya – Produce eldable fruit, C. cauliflora is resistant to virus
1. Gynodioecious Varieties
1. Pusa Delicious: 100% productive plant
2. Pusa Majesty: Better keeping quality highest papain yeilders.
3. Co3: Prefferred for dessert high sugar red colur flash
4. Coorg Honey Dew: Selection from Honey dew (Madhu Bindu)
Hermaphrodite excellent fruit quality under South Indian conditions.
5. Sunrise Solo: Pink flesh good taste
6. Taiwan: Blood red coloured flesh
7. Surya: Red fleshed frim sweet to taste T.SS. 14° Brix. Produce 75-80
fruits/tree
Dioecious Varities
1. Pusa Giant: Study, tolerant to strong winds suitable for tooty fruity and candies
like petha
2. Pusa Nanha: Ideal for high density orcharding extremely dwarf, suitable for
kitchen gardens, roof top and pot cultivation 6400 plants/ ha. Mutant variety
first bearing height about 106 cm from ground level.
3. Pusa dwarf: Dwarf plants, fruit oval and medium size.
4. CO1: Dwarf, fruit shape spherical selection made at coimbture from Rachi
cultivar.
5. CO2: Cultivated for papain production, high papain content
6. CO5: selection from washingnton mainly grown for papain production 1500-
1600 kg/ha of dried papain.
7. CO6: Recommended for dessert and papain purposes selection from Pusa
Majesty large size fruits.
8. Pink flesh sweet: TSS 12-14 Brix good dessert variety
9. Pant 1: Recommended for Tarai area of U.P.
10. Hatrus gold
11. Betty
12. Improved Peterson
13. Sunny Bank
Tissue Culture
Micropropagation is recent technique for propagation. Propagated by seed. Seed
are enclosed in gelatenous sarcotesta. 250-300 g seed are sufficient for a heactare
plant are irrigated by ring method.
Hybrid Cultivars
1. CO3: - CO2 x Sunrise Solo
2. CO4: - CO2 x Washinghton
3. CO7: - CP.75 (Pusa delicious x Co2) x Coory honey dew
4. Surya:- Sunrise solo x pink flesh sweet.
Sunrise Solo produces no male plant.
Major producing states: Karnataka, Gujarat, Orrisa, West Bengal, Assam,
Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra
Advance Technolgoy : High density planting
Pre cooling : Forced air
Storage conditions
Temprature : 10°-13°C
Relative Humidity : – 85-90 %
Storage : 1-3 weeks
Freezing point : – 2 to –1°C
Sensibility : Refrigeration and Ethylens.
Night temperature below 12°-14°C for several hours during winter affects it
growth and production. PH with high 8.0 and 10 w Ph 5.0 should avoided.
Spacing of 1.4 m × 1.4 m /1.4 m × 1.6 m is best suited for Pusa Delicious in
Bihar
1.6 × 1.6m gives highest yield of fruits as well as papain in Tamil Nadu
1.2 × 1.2 m for Pusa Nanha for high density orcharding with 1600 plants/ha.
10% male plants are necessary in papaya orchards.
Yield:- Improved varities weighing 40-75 in one fruiting season from each
plant. 60-75 tonnes/ha
75
PASSION FRUIT
Pasiflora edulis
Native of Brazil
Rich source of Vit A. It is a perennial climber cultivated in tropic. The vine bears
hen’s egg size fruits. Grow well with rainfall 1000-2500 mm annually. pH of 6-7
is suitable, propagated by seeds, cutting, grafting. Two arm knoff system is ideal,
pruning should be done after harvesting the crop in April and November-December.
Varieties
1. Purple (P. edulis sims) – more productive
2. Yellow (P. edultis Varities flavicorpa)
1. Purple: Suceptible to collar rot, wilt, brown leaf spot, thrips and nematodes.
2. Yellow: Tolerance to collar rot, wilt brown leaf spot, thrips and nematodes
3. Noels special: Tolerant to Alternaria passiflora self incompatible and
need pollinator, precious a can bear even at one years age.
4. Kavari ¨Hybrid of purple x yellow, tolerant to resistnat collo rot, wilt
brown leaf spot nematode, high yielding. Propogated by seed, grafting,
cutting. Yield 16-20 kg/vine.
5. Root stocks: American : P. alata, P. ambigua, P. cincinata,
P. guazumefolia, P. molliformis, P.mucronata, P.nigradenia, P.nitida,
p.riparia, P.seemani P. serratifolia, P.serroto-digitata
The fruit are obtained from 10 month and full bearing reaches by 16-19 months.
Fruiting Period
1. August – December
2. March – May
About 85 days required from fruit set to harvest nectar, squash, carbonated drink
and juice concentrated could be prepared.
Yield: 12-20 tonnes/ha.
76
PEACH
Prunus persica
Rich in protein sugar, minerals, vitamin. Peach pulp contain prunacin the principle
glycoside. Peach require humid climate with cold winter and dry summer to highly
susceptible to water lagging. Fruits have TSS about 8-13° Brix. Lowest chilling
temperature is suitable for earlist flowering swelling buds injured at 6.5°C. The
flower colour is pink and regular pruning is required for getting fruits. December
January (mild winter) is the best time of pruning. Fruiting takes place laterally on
the previous season growth. The blooming period can be delayed by the application
of Gabberellic acid 200 ppm before leaf fall or by Application of Ethephon to
avoid the risk of spring .Peaches commercially propogated by tongue or cleft
grafting and T-budding or ring budding peaches very susceptible to ‘Fe’ deficiency
– planting is carried out in winter season.
High Density planting In Tatura trellis and
Meadow system at distance
5 x 1 m (2000 plants/ ha)
2 x 1 m (5000 plants/ ha)
Modified leader and open centers are adopted to train peach trees.
Peach require heavy and regular pruning because fruiting occurs laterally only on
previous seasons growth which bears only once in its life. Thining out and heading
back of shoot are practices.
Varieties
1. Himachal Pradesh
a) Early: Alton, World’s Earliest, Early White Giant, Redhaven Stark, Red
Gold
b) Mid season: July Eilberta, Kantos, Shimizu H. acute, Sunheaven
c) Late: J.H.Hale
Promising variety : Stark Earlyglo, Stark Early, White Giant Starking
Delicious and Candor.
2. Jammu and Kashmir

1. Early :Peshawari, Quetta , July Eilberta, Saharanpur Prabhat
2. Midseason : J.H.Hale, Alexander, Crawford
3. Uttarpradesh
Early : Early Candor, Red Heaven, Sunheaven
Midseason : July Eiberta Alexander, Crawford Early
Late : Parrot, Delux, J.H. Hale Peregine
4. Subtropical regon of North:
Flordasun, Dawn Rambler, Dawn Rose,
5. Tarai Region of U.P. :
Sofeda, Early Cream, SRE-6
6. Cold Areas of Dry temperature regon:
Prairle Rose, Prairle Dawn, Praire Rambler
J.H. Hale is self unfruit full male sterile variety.
The Nectarine is a fuzzless peach smooth skined, usually smaller in size firm
fleshed and may posess stronger flavor and aroma. White fleshed for Dehydration
purpose yellow fleshed, free from stone regular produce ideal for table purpose.
Good symmetrical size, nonsplitting, small pit, free from stone yellow flesh
peaches are best for caning purposes.
Root Stock
Myran: tolerant to root knot nematode, drought poor soil verticelium wilt. Behrni
(P. mira) as root stock for peach,plum, apricot, and almond can used as root stock
Nemag Card: Resistant root knot nematode. Hybrid between P. persica x P.
davidasa
The days from fullbloom to maturity
Variety Days
Alexander 86
July Eiberta 101
Babcock 122
Elberta 127
The peach comes in to bearing after 2 years of planting in the field.

Peach is very susceptible to Fe deficiency can be controlled by foliar application
0.5-1.0% ferrous sulphate or dry soil application of 50-250 g chealated Fe
(Fe-EDTA) at 20-30 spots around the tree in small holes.
Storage at : 0°-03°C
Relative humidity : 85-90%
Precooling : Forced air
Storage period : 28-36 days
Peach are freezed in cold storage at 0.9°C. In controlled atmosphere storage
containing 5% CO2+1-2% O2 at 0°C peaches can be stored upto 42 days.
Introduction from USA TA.70 known as Pratap which is earlier 7 day than
Flordasum with yellow flesh firm red colouration better keeping quality.
Sharbati: Chance of seedling at Saharanpur.
Saharanpur prabhat: Sharbati x Flordasum – attractive sweet variety.
Floardasum: Floared sunred and 16-33 name as Shan-e-Punjab – very
popular.
77
PEAR
European Pear/ Soft Pear / Common Pear

Pyrus communis
Pear is next only to application in importance acerage production and vertical
diversity among temperate fruits in India. Pear can be grow in wide range of
climate condition as it can tolerate as low as –26°C temperature when dormant
and as high as 450C during growing period.
A soil depth 180 cm is ideal for proper root growth and fruit production. The
highly fertile soil rich in nitrogen are not very suitable for pear growing as incidence
of pear psylla and fire blight
Hard pear/ oriental/ Japanese – pyrifolia
Varieties are grouped as
A) European
1. Dr. Jule’s Guyot, 2.Fertility 3. Comic 4. Winter Nellis 5. Maxredbartletts
6. Laxson’s Superb 7. Starkimson Delicious 8. Anjou.
Bartlett : Interspecific hybrid also known as Baggughosha
Flemish Beauty : Good pollinizer self fertile free from Grit cell suitable
for high hills.
B) Asian type hybrids
1. China Pear : Early and suitable for J & K
2. Gola : Suitable for lower hills & Plains
3. Kiffer : French Pear x Orental Pear.
suitable for south India self fruitful, suitable for processing.
4. Magness : Free from grit cell
5. Leconte : Low chilling variety
6. Sandpear/ Patharanakh: low chilling, self pollinated, suitable for low hills
and valley areas
Red Blush: High yield potential (23.7 tonnes /ha) has fruits (134.4 gm) each
with TSS 15.1° Brix.
Punjab Nactar: High yielder (21.2 tonnes / ha) very juicy (48.3%
Pujab Gold: Large limit with good quality.
Spontanious Mutuants (Bud spots): Star krimson and colour cultivar from
clapp’s favourite Red Anjou from Anjou.
Pear varieties are also grouped as
1. Early season ripening: Early China, Laxton’s Superb, Fertility, Seekel, China
Pear, Beurre-de-Amanlis
2. Mid season ripening: Bartlett, Starking Delcious, Max red Bartlett, Dr.
Jule’s Guyopt, Citrondo-carme, Clapps, Favouraate, Doyenne, Bussoch, Genta,
Drauard fertility, China sand pear, China sand peach, William Bartlett.
3. Late season ripening: Flemish Beauty, Favourite, Comice, Hardy winter,
Nellis clapp’s favouraite, viear of winkfield
Root Stock
1. Quince: Quince A, Quince C, dwarfing root stock of pear
2. Kainth (P. pashia)
3. Shira (P. serotina)
4. Wild pear used in Punjab
5. Patharnakh- own cutting rootstock
6. Old Home/ Hardy varieties for double grafting root stock.
Pear plants are commonly propogated by T-budding during April-September
Toungue grafting – December – Jaunuary
‘Modified central leader’ method are used for pear training
Thining out and heading back is used for pruning in pear.
Light pruning reduced cork spot and increase fuit size and yield .
Early pruning may result in severe cold injury. Peach used as fillers in pear
plantaion.
Bartlett pear are graded as
1. Extra large - 8cm - Extra Clas
2. Large - 7cm - Class I
3. Medium - 6 cm - Class II
4. Small - 5cm - Class III
Pear can be stored for 120-245 days.
Cooling - Hydro cooling Temp-1°C
Relative humidity – 85% Pear ripen and develop best dessert quality at 15.6°C-
21°C and wine prepared from pear is perry.
78
PECAN
Carya illinoensis
Queen of nut .Pecan kernels have high nutritional and calorific value i.e. 11-12%
protein, 70% fat, good amount of phosphric acid. Introduction in 1935. Grown in
warm temprate climate. Hetrogamy and Biennial bearing tendency found in pecan.
It is most important nut fruit of world ranks 5th in production .Chilling temprature
required for 3 coldest month 7.2°C-12.8°C for 400 hr. Soils with a pH 6.4 is ideal
for cultivation. It can grow in soils having pH of 5-8, in alkaline soils Zn deficiency
is sever.
Varieties
1. Mahan: Early maturing, prolific bearer and protogynous. Mature during
October end.
2. Nell’s: Regular bearer mature during second to third week of October.
3. Burkett: Protogynous, regular bearer, prone to fruit drop maturing in the
second week of October.
4. Western schley: Regular bear, protandrous, matures during second to third
week of October.
5. Stuart: Slow to come in to bearing protandrous variety too give uniform yield
with high quality nuts.
6. Western: Recommended for high density planting susceptible to scab, Prolific
and self pollinated
7. Desirable: Recommended for High density planting, protandrous regular
bearer, resistant to scab.
8. Mohawk: Protogynous with high quality kernel
9. Cheyenne: Prolific bearer protoandrous variety
10. Chick Saw: Suitable for high density planting protogynous, nuts mature early
(late September to early October).
11. Wichita: Suitable for small tree culture, protogynous variety.
Root Stocks
Raised form seeds of pecan Burkett and Nellis Pecan trees are very much prone
to Zn and Mn deficiency can prevented by foliar application of zinc suphate and
manganese sulphate @ 0.5%.
Yield: Fully grown tree gives about 20-25 kg nuts.
79
PERSIMMON
National Fruit of Japan

Dispyrus kalki
Introduction by European settlers in 1921. Fruit is hard, astringent and puckery.
The trees are deciduous and enter a rest period. Temperature 8°-11°C for 888 hr
is enough to complet dormancy. At time of the ripening and maturity the Brix
level between 14-17%. The pH for optimum growth is 6.0-6.8. Non astringent
varieties are consumed as fresh .Fuyu is grow in Sub tropical climate. Non
astringent cultivars are Hana Fuyu, Suruga, Fuyu Hana, Izu, Maekawajiro, Ichikikei
Jiro, Matsumoto Wase Fuyu.
Astrigent Cultivar: Hachiya is astringent cultivar grown in India.
Nightingale and Flat seedless grow in Austrialia
Triupn grown in Israel. Sheng, Tanenashi, Eurella, Giombo grown in Florida
Kikitipo, Hiratanenashi, Aizumishirazuu, Aman Kaki grown in Italy.
Hiratanenashi grow in Japan.
Fuyu Jiro, Hac hiyai and Hyakuma grsownin Himachal Pradesh.
Root Stocks
1. Dispyrus lotus is used as the root stock but susceptible to crown gall
2. Dispyrus virginlana is highly susceptible to cephalosporium wilt.
3. Saijo uniform root stock
Dipping of fruit in 500 ppm Ethephon solution for 2 minutes help remove
astringency
Storage
life: 2-3 months at 30-32°C and RH-85-90%, Average freezing point of flesh is
28.2°C
Calyx cavity is serious problem in persimmon.
80
PHALSA
Grewia subin aequalis

Sub tropical fruit native of India. Bushy plant grown unpruned is very heardy
tolerate to drought. It has poor keeping quality fruit is astringent with rich source
of vitamins A, C and minerals like iron and phosphrous. It helps to cure and heal
blood disorder, fever and constipation also use against inflammation.
Phalsa plant sensitive to waterloging
Local selection, local and sharbati are popular varieties.
Two types of varieties tall and dwarf.
Dwarf is quite productive than tall.
Phalsa propagated by cutting hard wood by using growth regulators, IBA
2500-3000 ppm.
Pruning: Cutting closer to ground level severe pruning and light pruning is
essential to better quality fruit production.
Pruned phalsa canes can used for making of baskets.
Spray of Zn and Fe are beneficial @ 0.4% for juice and berry size. Phalsa
fruits become fully mature after 55 days after fruit set. Fruit maturity judge by
colour. An average plant provides 2-4 kg of fruit. It is very perishable fruit.
Storage life : 2-3 days at room temprature 7 days at 7°C
Red ripe fruit can stored only for a day fruit are used for squash, syrup,
nectar and ready to serve.
81
PINEAPPLE
Ananaus comosus
Orignated in Brazil.Source of Bromoline a digestive enzyme.Herbicious
monocarpic. CAM plant good source of Vitamine A,B,C, calcium, iron, and
potassium.The optimum temperature for successful cultivation is 22°C-32°C and
optimum rainfall required is 100-150 cm pH required 5.0-6.0. Average sugar content
10-12% and acid content 0.6-0.8%.Pineapple doesnot contain starch.
Varieties
1 Kew: commercially used for canning with big size fruit (1.5-2.5kg), fiberless
and very juicy, late variety
2. Giant kew: cultivatd in West Bengal
3. Charlotte Rotchild: Cultivated in Kerala and Goa
4. Queen: Grown on hills of Assma, Meghalaya and Tripura. Desert cultivar
with very spiny leaves having pleasant aroma and flavour
5. Mauritius: Mid season cultivar of the queen group mainly gown in kerala.
Ideal for table purpose
6. Jaldhup and Lakhat: Both from queen group grown in Assam,lakhat is sour
in taste.Jaldhup has is sweetness blendness with acidity and have alcholic
flavour.
7. Sugar Loaf: Sweetest with best flavoured
8. Cayenne: Commically gown in Phillipine. Triploid variety
9. Carbenzona: Triploid cultivar
10. Spanish Ruby
11. Red Spanish
12. Alxandria
13. Abacaxy
14. Masmerah: Clonal selection variety.
15. Puerto Rico: Selection from open pollinated cross of Red Spanish. Resistant
to mealy bug, wilt, Gummosis
16. Amritha: High yielding hybrid by Kerala Agril. University yield potential about
85 tonnes / ha. each fruit weights more than 2 kg.
Species
Anunous ananussoides: High sugar and acid small are resistant to nematode,
wilt heart rot.
A. bracteotus – Bigger fruit size.
A. ananassoides – Resistant to wilt, heart rot, core F3 smalls.
A. Segenrius: Immune to heart rot, root rot resistant to wilt.
Propogation: Suckers with 500-750 g are ideal
Slips: 300-400 g is ideal.
High density plantation (22.5 cm x 60 cm x 75 cm)3 = 63400 plant/ha. Ideal
for sub tropical and humid condition. The yield obtained from high density plantation
may be 70-105 tonnes /ha. 25 x 60 x 90 cm3 ideal for tropical condition with
53300 plant /ha.
Earthing up, mulching and removal of suckers, slips and crown is essential
operation.
Application of NAA, planofix and celemone @ 10-20 ppm induce flowering
in pineapple but they are less effective in adverse condition.
Ethephone/ etherl (2 chloroethyl phosphonic acid) 100 ppm is effective one.
Harvesting: Pineapple plant flowers after 10-12 months after planting fruits
become ready to harvest 15-18 months after planting fruits which mature during
winter are acidic.
Major producing states: West Bengal, Kerala, Assam, Manipur, Karnataka,
and Bihar
Latest production: 13.87 lakh tones
Advance technology: High density planting
Precooling: Forced air
Storage condition
Temperature: 7-100C
Relative Humidity: 85-95%
Storage period: 2-4 weeks (depending on cultivar and ripening stage.
Freezing point : 10C
Treatment for quality: Pre harvest application of ethephone (500-200 ppm) at
the starting or natural colouring, ensure good fruit quality and is less effective in
hot weather
Sensibility to: Refrigeration, ethylene and odours.
82
PLUM
Prunus salicina
Important temperate fruit used as fresh and preserved. Ranks next to peaches in
economic importance
Two types of plum
1) European Plum (Prunus domestical (2n = 16) colour of fruit Red, Purple,
Blue
2) Japanese Plum (Prunus salicina) (2n = 48) Yellow skin
Introduction during 1970 in Himachal Pradesh. European plums required chilling
1000-1200 hr.
PH required 5.5-6.5 is most suitable.
Most of Indian plum belong to Japanese
Root stock :
Wild apricot : Zardalu
Myrobalan B plum : Clonal root stock
Kabul green guage : For heavy and wet soil
Peach : For sandy loam soil
In Punjab, own rooted plants of Kala Amritsar is used. Open center system
of training is followed in plum heading back of pruning is followed in plum.
Varieties
A. European
1. Diamond 2. Yellow egg 3. President 4. Lambard 5. Prune 6. Imperial
Brooks 7. Victoria 8. Green Gage 9. Stanley 10. Golden Drop 11. Tragedy
B. Japanese
1. Satsuma 2. Beauty 3. Elephant Heart 4. Santa Rosa 5. Meriposa 6. Kelsey
7. Frontier
C. Early season
1. Jamuni 2. Titron 3. Settler 4. Cloth of Gold 5. Ramgarh Maynard 6.
Saharanpuri White 7. Plum first Ramgarh 8. Maynard Sharps 9. Early
subza 10. Satluj Purple
D. Mid season
1. Howe 2. Alubukhara Sharbati 3. Zardalu 4. Zardalu chittidar 5. Burbank
6. Elephant Heart 7. Satsuma 8. Black chamba 9. Victoria 10. Formosa
11. Maynard 12. Bryanstones Ganze13. Burbank 14. SantaRosa 15. Titron
16. Kala Amritsari 17. Kataru Chak.
E. Late season
1. Late Yellow 2. Kanto 5 3. Sweet Early 4. Santa Rose 5. Marnpora
6. Satsuma 7. Grand Duke 8. Silver Wickson 9. Beauty 10. Clothof Gold
11. Reine Clucede Bary 12. Golden Eage 13. Alubukhara
F. High hills
a) Early season: 1. Sweet Early 2. Methley 3. Kelsey
b) Mid season : 1. Starking Delicious 2. Satsuma 3. Burbank 4. Elephant Heart
c) Late season : 1. Meriposa
G. Mid hills
a) Early season: 1. Santa Rosa 2. Beauty 3. Early Red Beat 4.Transpae Cage
b) Midseason: 1. Frontier 2. Kanto 5
c) Late season: 1. Mariposa 2. Tanol 3. Red Ace
H. Low hills
a) Early season: Alucna Purple 2. Titron
Yellow Skin Tinted Red Colour Cultivar is Alu Kokhara
Defeciency of Boron in plum results in misshappen fruits. Spraying of 0.1% boric
acid is recommended, clean basin + permanent sod in the orchard is most common
practice in plum. Heavy bearing is a problem. Foliar spray of 200 ppm methaphon
and 100 ppm carbaryl at full bloom.
Plum is Climacteric Fruit

Maaturity standard of plum cultivar
Variety TSS% Firmness (kg) Days from full bloom
Frontier 14 + 1 6.5 + 0.45 108+ 2

Alubukhara 12 + 1 5.7 + 0.45 102 + 2
Santa Rosa 16 + 2 5.9 + 0.45 94 + 3
Beauty 13 + 2 5.8 + 0.45 87 + 2
Fully grown plum tree yields 60-70 kg fruits. These are available in market
from second week may (Titron) to third weeks of July (Jamuni)
Grading of Plum
Fruit size (mm) Grade Box size (cm)
42 and above Special 37 x 16.5 x 16.5

36-42 Grade I 37 x 16.5 x 16.5
Below 36 Grade II 37 x 16.5 x 16.5
Storage
1. 2-4 week at 0°C with 85-90% RH. Deeping plums in 4% calcium chloride
for 2 minutes increase storability up to 12 days at room temperature.
83
POMEGRANATE
Punica granatum
Native of Iran (Persias). It required hot and dry climate duiring fruit development
and ripening. Highly drought tolerant. It tolerate salinity up to 9.00 EC/min and
sodicity 6.78 ESP.
● Wild pomegranate is too acidic and of little value except as souring agent
(Anardana)
● The double flowered pomegranate cultivar do not bear fruits are grown in
parks and ornomental gardens for their beautiful red flowers. Pomegranate
comercially cultivated only in Maharshtra. The high density plantation.
5m x 2 m (1000 plant/ ha)
5 m x 3m (666 plant/ ha)
5 m x 4m (500 plant /ha)
5m x 5m (400 plant/ ha)
Closer spacing increase pest and diseases incidence.Ideal time of planting is
July-August. Application of IBA 3000 ppm to root gives maximum survival. The
maximum demand is for summer crop Juice of pomogranate is very useful for
patient suffering from leprosy.
Single stem training, crop is highly susceptible to stem-borer and shoot-hole
borer and economical multi-stem training is more commonly fallowed for
commercial production. Plants does not require pruning except removal of ground
suckers, water shoots, cross branches, dead and diseased twigs. Anti transparent
such as 10% Kaolin
10-5m phenyl mercuric acetate, 115% power oil and 1% liquid paraffin are
beneficial in increasing productivity.
Bahar of Pomegranate
● Mrig bahar - June – July
● Hasta bahar - September – October
● Ambe bahar - January – February
In Rahuri (M.S) flowering during January February is better in quality fallowed

by October flowering. Pomegranate is non- climacteric fruit. Tree gives 60-80
fruit annually, with life span of 25-30 years. Check basin or surface irrigation
system higher fruit yield is obtained under 0.8 IW: CPE ratio.
Varieties
● Alandi or Vadki – Blood red or deep pink with sweet acidic taste
● Dholka – Soft seeds with large size fruit rind greenish-yellow.
● Kandhari – Hard seed with slightly acidic juice, large fruit
● Kabul – Slightly bitter juice
● Muskat Red – Poor yielder, Moderately sweet juice
● Paper Shelled – Soft seed, Pink aril of good quality
● Spanish Ruby – Soft seed, small to medium size fruit
● GBI Ganesh – Selection from Alandi revolutionized the cultivators of
pomegranate in Maharashtra seeds are soft with pinkish aril.
● G: 137 – Clone of Ganesh with spreading habit. Soft seeds and prolific-bearer
improved over Ganesh in color, size of aril and TSS.
● P-23 – Sweet in taste, seeds are moderately hard with large fruit. Seedling
selection from a traditional muskat.
● P-26 – Selection from muskat, superior over Ganesh.
● Mridula – Open pollinated variety cross between Ganesh X Gulsha Rose
Pink Blood red aril with soft seed.
● Jyoti – Cross between Bassein seed less X Dholka very sweet, soft seeded.
● Ruby – 3 way cross hybrid. Ganesh X Kabul X Yerkud and Gulsha Rose pink
with soft seed pink aril. Fruit weight about 250 gm.
● IIHR selection – Soft seede with average 255gm fruit weight heavy bearing
capacity with quality fruits.
● Yerkud-1 – Soft seede, deep purple aril
● Co-1 High yielding with soft seeds and sweet taste
● Country large red
● Nabha
● Chawla
● Mudhugiri
● Jalore seedless
● Bassein Seedless
● Jodhpuri Red
● Jodhpuri White
● Velludu.
Grading
● Super sized – Attractive bright red color more than 750gm with out any spot
on skin.
● King size – Weighing 500-750gm without any spot
● Queen size – 400-500gm free from spots
● Prince size – 300-400gm with red colour
● 12-A Grade – 250-300 gm with some spots
● 12-B Grade – 250-300gm with some spots
12-A Grade are generally preferred in southern and Northern India.
Advance Technology – High Density
Precooling – Forced air
Temperature – 5°C
Relative humidity – 90% Storage period – 6 month
Anardana and Powder

Anardana is prepared from wild pomegranate fruits by dehydration of arils. The
dehydrated arils of wild pomegranate are acidic and help in improving mouth feel
and digestion. The seeds are highly acidic (7.8-15.4%).
One of the important processed products from pomegranate is anardana (dried
arils of pomegranate). For making anardana, traditionally, arils are separated
manually, sun-dried in open and the drying process takes 10-15 days for
completion. Dry product is packed in gunny bags. The traditionally processed
anardana was found to have lot of contamination and microbial load and overall
product is of inferior quality lacking desirable colour, nutritional composition and
storage capacity. Improved technology to process the wild pomegranate into quality
anardana having maximum shelf-life, technology is developed at Central Institute
of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology, Abohar.
Composition of Anardana Chutney

Moisture 5.0%
Acidity 8.2%
Protein 12.3%
Vitamin C(mg/l 00 g) 19.5%
Reducing sugar Preparation 27.7%
The following formulation can be used for the preparation of anardana chutney:
Anardana (50g) + Dhania (1O.0g) + Pudina (10.0 g) + Chilli (5g) + Onion (2.5g)
● Citric acid (1.0%) as preservative
● 5 g of salt
All the ingredients including salt are ground to uniform slurry in a blender for
3-5 minutes. One percent citric acid is added to avoid any microbial spoilage
during the longer drying period of the chutney. The slurry is spread uniformly on
aluminium trays of 15cm x 30 cm size (200g/ tray), and dried in cabinet dryer at
65±2 °C for 10-12 hours. The prepared powder form of chutney is packed in 100
gauge HDPE (polyethylene film) and 100 gauge Metalised Poly Propylene (MPP)
pouches. Ready to mix anardana chutney can be stored up to 6 months without
spoilage in its original qualities. For retention of its typical quality characteristics,
the product must be kept in cool and dry places. For immediate consumption, the
powder form of chutney is mixed with luke warm water to form a paste.
Preparation of Rind Powder

Mature and healthy pomegranate fruits are washed and cut manually to separate
the seeds and rind. Rind cut into small pieces (10-20 mm) using a sharp knife is
dried in an air circulatory tray dryer at 60°C for 48 hours. Dried pieces are
cooled and powdered in a heavy duty grinder, sieved using a 60-mesh sieve and
packed in 200 gauge High Density Poly Ethylene bags.
The prepared rind powder is slightly granular in texture with mild pomegranate
flavour. The study reveals that pomegranate of wild type and cultivar Mridula has
maximum potential for producing nutritional and mineral rich rind powder having
maximum potential for retaining its quality for more than six months when stored
in low temperature. The rind powder containing high concentration of proteins
and phenols enhance the absorption and retention of carotene, minerals and other
flavonoids when consumed in different forms for nutritional, medicinal and
ayurvedic purposes. The rind powder of wild pomegranate and variety Mridula
contain maximum nutritional and mineral contents and retain colour, and quality
for more than six months when tightly packed in 200g polyethylene bags.
State wise Area production and productivity of pomegranate (Year 2009-2010)
State Area (000 ha) Production (000 Mt) Productivity (ha/Mt)

Karnataka 13.2 138.5 10.5
Andhra Pradesh 5.6 56.4 10.0
Gujarat 4.4 45.6 10.4
Tamil Nadu 0.4 17.5 39.4
Rajasthan 0.8 4.8 6.4
Other 1.66 2.1 1.2
Total 125.0 820.3 6.6
Leading pomegranate producing states (2009-2010)
Sr. No. State Percentage
1 Maharashtra 67.7
2 Karnataka 16.9
3 Andhra Pradesh 6.9
4 Gujarat 5.6
5 Tamil Nadu 2.1
6 Rajasthan 0.6
7 Others 0.3
Total 100
Export specification for Pomegranate
Variety Middle East Holland/Germany UK
Ganesh,Bhagwa 300-350gm Red 250-300 gm Red 250-300gm Red

Arakata, Mrudula 200-250gm 200-250gm 200-250gm
Deep red Deep red Deep red
Packing 5Kg 3Kg 3kg
Storage 5oC 5oC 5oC
Export By sea By sea By sea
Source: MSAMB website (Jan-2009)

84
RASPBERRY
Rubs strigous
In India grown on limited scale in Maharashtra and Banglore yellow raspberry (Rubus
ellipticus) is common in mid hills of Kullu valley which make excellent Jam. Pulp
content 39 g/100 gm ascorbic acid. TSS 8-9% Querectine and ellagic acid present in
fruit juice which have anticarcigenic effects against colon skin and breast cancer.
Rasberry are known as “Cane berries”. Plant yield second year after planting.
Temperate fruit crop but can be grown successfully under tropical subtropical
condition prefer mild winter fallowed by summer soil with 5-8–5.7 pH is desirable
well drain, sandy loam rich in organic matter and moderately acidic propogated
by seed. Scarification is required with sulphric acid, suckers, cutting. Tip layering,
Micropropogation has also proved successful in Raspberry.
Pruning: (i) Cut off the tips of the new canes which have already fruited
earlier and removed of old canes which are of no use top to the plant. (ii)
Encourage a restore the growth of new shoot will bear fruit the fellowing seacon.
Ethephon 0.1% was applied 4 days before starting harvesting accelerate
ripening. Fruit colour is main criteria in determing the stage of ripeness and picking
when fully coloured they are readly seperable from stem.
Yield: 7mt / ha.
Shelf life: Very short consumed or processed as soon as harvested 2-3 days
storing only at 0.6°C and 90-92%. Relative humidity.
Leading varieties
1. Glen Moy: Excellent flavour, Red colour spin force resistant to Decymella.
2. Glen clove: Winter heardy Brightred.
3. Malling Admiral: Late, dark conical fruit
4. Zera: Early large dark red firm fruit.
5. Schoenemann: Mid season good for processing.
6. Chilliwack: Skeenas BC 64, 10-98 midseason.
7. Cornox: Skeena x BC6-9-81-highly productive.
8. Heretage: (Milton x Cuthbert) X Durham – Excellent fruit quality.
9. Double Delight: (Fall Red x Native spp.) X Fall Red X Boyne
10. Malling Jewel: Mid season good for procesing.
11. Schoenemrann: Good for Juice late season, slightly source fruits.
85
RAMBUTAN
Nephelium Cappceum
Native of Malaysian-Indonesia, Evergreen tree with ellipsoidal fruits in cluster of
15-20 fruits, cross pollinated crop long thicks, soft hairs on spines on surface
known as Rambutan (In Malya Rambutan stands for hair)
Good source of sugar and vit-C strictly tropical fruit required warm moist
climate PH required 4.5-6.5. High PH Iron, Zinc deficiencies resut in leaf yellowing
and chlorosis. Propagated through seed
Varieties
● Rongrien. 2. Chompu Most popular in Thiland well suitable for canning and
fresh consumption
● Bingiou – Sweet withlong spine
● Rapiach -Very sweet long spine
● Leback Bulus – Sub- acidic
Varieties of Malayasia
● Azimal – Thick aril, sweet to sub-acidic pulp
● Kelip – Very sweet with medium thick aril
Minimum pruning is required. The plant start bearing about 4yr old seedling
takes 6-7 years. Fruits required 4-5 months yield expected from a tree is about
15kg/tree. It shows alteranate bearing habit. Products of Rambutan is Jam, Jellies,
Rambutan Cocktail, also used for pie (as rasian) fruit ice, ice cream.
86
SAPOTA / SAPODILLA / CHIKU
Manilkara achras
Native of America South Mexico. Good source of digestive sugars (12-18%)
Tropical fruit required warm and humid climate(10-38°C)and PH (70%).
Temperature during summer above 43°C causes flower and fruit drop. Tree are
trained in central leader system. An evergreen tree requires no regular pruning.
Ethephon 1000ppm utilized at 20-25°C for uniform and rapid ripening.
State wise cultivars
State Cultivars
Andhra Pradesh Pala, Kirtibarthi, Cricket Ball, Dwarapudi, Guthi, Jonaralasa

Gujarat Kalipatti, Bhuripatti, Pillipati, Dhola, Jnumakhia and Cricket Ball.
Maharashtra Kalipatti, Cricket Ball and Murraba
Karnataka Kalipatti, Cricket Ball, Kirtibarti, DHS 1 and DHS 2
Tamil Nadu Guthi, Kirtibarthi, Pla, Co-1, CO-2 and PKM1
Character of Cultivar
● Kirtibarti – Thick skin, good for transport
● Co-2 – Clonal selection from Baramasi
● PKM-1 – Clonal selection from Guthi-dwarf cultivar, highly yielding 3600
fruits / 2140 kg / tree / yr. almost bering throughout year.
● Co-3 – Suitable for High density planting
● Other varities
● Calcutta special round
● Oval
● Barmasi
● Chhatri
● PKM-4 – Clonal selection from PKM-1 spindle in shape fruit are suitable for
dry and lakes production pulp attractive TSS 24°Brix.
Hybrids
● DSH-1 – Kalipatti X Cricket ball
● DSH-2 – Kalipatti X Cricket ball
● Col-Cricket ball X Oval
● PKM-2 – Guthi X Kirtibharti
● PKM-3 – Kalipati X Cricket ball
● Co-3 – Cricket ball X Vavivalsa
Advance technology – Softwood grafting
Precooling – forced air.
Storage Conditions
Temperature – 15-20°C
Relative humidity – 85-90%
Storage period – 2-3 weeks
Treatment for quality – Treating fruits with GA3 at 75ppm for 3minutes and
stored in 100guage polythene with 1.2% vents.
Sensibility to – Refrigeration, Ethylene and odors for increasing self life – GA3
300ppm + Bavistin 1000 ppm at prepackage state.
Root Stocks
● Khirni – Manikara hexandra
● Adaris Apple – Manilkara kauki
● Mahua – Madhuca indica
● Mee Tree – Bassia longifolia
State wise Area, production and productivity of sapota
StateYear 2009-2010 Area Production Productivity

(000 ha) (000 MT) (ha/MT)
Karnataka 29.3 360.0 12.3

Gujarat 27.4 27.26 10.0
Tamil Nadu 6.9 173.4 25.0
Andhra Pradesh 17.1 171.1 10.0
West Bengal 4.0 43.4 10.9
Orrisa 3.3 16.6 5.0
Other 1.7 11.1 6.5
Total 158.9 1346.6 8.5
Leading sapota producing states (2009-10)
Karnataka 26.7
Maharashtra 22.1
Gujarat 20.2
Tamil Nadu 12.9
Andhra Pradesh 12.7
West Bengal 3.2
Orissa 1.2
Others 0.8
DSH-1: TSS 26° Brix, colour of pulp light orange mean weight of fruit 150 gm.
DSH-2: TSS 23° Brix, light orange brown pulp fruit weight 180 gm.
Co1-1: Egg shaped, average fruit weight 95 gm TSS 25-27° Brix.
CO3: TSS 24° Brix, average fruit yield 157 kg / tree / year.
87
STRAWBERRY
Fragaria ananssa
Rich source of vitamin C and iron. It is cross of F. Chilonesis X F. virginiana.
Grown under temperate climate consume as fresh with 98% edible portion. Flower
colour is white. Soil PH 5.7-6.5 Ideal for strawberry cultivaton. All cultivar are
octaploid, commercially propagated by runners.
Varieties
● Chandler – Resistant to physical damage, tolerant to virus suitable for fresh
market and processing.
● Tioga – Early- maturing, tolerant to virus average berry weight about 9 gm
● Torrey – Tolerant to virus, excellent processing quality.
● Selva – Day neutral variety ability to produce off-season fruits average berry
weight 15-18g.
● Belrubi – High quality, sweet sub acidic weight 15g.
● Fern – Day neutral, suitable for fresh market and processing.
● Pajaro- Summer cultivar, tolerant to virus
● Premier
● Red Coat
● Local Jelikot
● Dilpasand
● Bangalore
● Florida 90
● Katrain sweet
● Pusa Early Dwarf
● Blakemore
Matted row system of training is fallowed
● Matter row
● Spaced row
● Hill
● Plastic mulch
Four training system are adopted
(1) Matted row:- simplest and least expensive
(2) Spaced row:- used for modrate to weak in producing runners
(3) Hill system:- used for cutivars developing few runners
(4) Plastic file:- green/black plastic used
Straw berry harvested when half to three fourth of skin develops colour.
Plant bioregulator GA3 (50ppm) spayed 4 days after flowering and maleic
hydrazide (0.1-3%) increase yield up to 31-41% . Morphactin 50 ppm improves
fruit size.
Straw berry Precooled at 4°C with in 2hr can storage at 32°C up to 10 days.
Olympous, Hood and Shuksan – High flavor bright red color strawberry and
suitable ice-cream making.
Mid Way, Mid Land, Cardinal, Hood, Red Chief and Beauty are ideal for
processing.
88
SWEET ORANGE
Citrus sinensis Osbeck

Citrus fruits rank third in area and production after banana and mango in India.
Second largest fruit cultivated in country, -3°C temperature causes severe injury
to plants. Average temperature for growth is about 16°C-20°C.
Maximum temperature 32°C-40°C and Minimum temperature 17-27°C.
Quality of fruit is very good under semi arid conditions, Double ring method is
best for irrigation.
Cultivars
● Batavian – The name suggested that it has come from Batavian. It is inferior
to Sathgudi in quality grown in coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh.
● Hamlin – Originated in Florida deep greenish yellow, early in season changing
to orange- red with full maturity, grown in Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.
● Jaffa – It is from Palestine orange yellow to orange red cultivated in Punjab,
Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.
● Malta Blood Red – Came from Mediterranean region, candium yellow. TSS
10 percent rich in flavour and excellent in quality.
● Mosambi – Origin from Mozambique early variety cultivated in Maharashtra,
Gujarat and Western India.
● Pineapple – Originated as a seedling in Citra Florida deep orange color, tight,
smooth, bright and glossy, finely pitted. TSS 9.5% seeds 13-24 Mid season
variety cultivated in Punjab, Harayana, and Uttar Pradesh.
● Sathgudi – also called as chine oranga. The name sathgudhi owes its origin to
place sathgur in Tamil Nadu smooth surface, attractive orange colour when
fully mature, rin thin with little rag, semi-glossy and finely pitted, seeds few to
many 12-20, segments 10-12, cultivated in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
● Shamouti – originated in palestine as bud-sport or bud mutation from the
Bellary orange of Palestine seed less.
● Valencia Late – Deep golden orange smooth, tough, section 9-12, seeds few
5-6, late variety grown in Punjab.
● Washington Navel Orange – originated near Bahia, Brazil in 1870 in to
Washington orange to orange yellow rind smooth, tough, leathery, early variety
found promising at kodur, Andhra Pradesh.
● Katol Gold – Seedless variety uniform fruit size, rind thin with golden color,
released by Dr. P.D.K.V. Akola.
● Mudkhed – Bud mutant of Nagpur mandarin.
● Tree are trained to single system.
● Fruits mature in 9-12 months, nonclimactric fruit
Root stocks
● Rangpur lime in Maharashtra for Mosambi
● Rough lemon – in Andhra Pradesh for Sathgudi
● Jatti Khatha and Kara Kahtta for blood red
Budding is done in January – March or September – October.
Maturity time, TSS, acid ratio and rind colour for harvesting.
Variety: TSS: Acid ratio Maturity period Rind colour
Bloo Red 14:1 December-January Fully red

Mosambi 30:1 November Whitist/paleyellow
Valencia 10:1 February-March Orange
Jaffa 14:1 December Light orange
Pineapple 14:1 December Golden
Storage
Malta at 4°C for 2-3 months
Sathgudi at 2°C for 4 months
Mosambi at 5°C with 85-90% RH for 3 months.
89
TREE TOMATO
Solanum betaceum/Cyphomandra betacea

Tree Tomato is small tree/ shrub of Solanaceae family also known as “the night
shade plant”. It is best known as the spices that bear the tamarillo an egg fruit
also known as tomate de’ arbol and Dutch egg plant in Indonesia. Native of
Andes of Peru, Chile, Ecuador, Colombia and Bolivia. Cultivated in small orchard
and garden for local production in subtropical area as throughout world such as
south Africa, India, Honkong, China, United States, Australia and New Zealand.
“Amarillo” means yellow and variation on Maori world Tama for leadership-
Tree grows up to % meters. Peak production reached after 4 year and life
expectancy is about 12 years. They produce 1 to 6 fruits in a cluster, plant can
set fruit with out cross pollination but the flowers and fragment attract insects
leads cross pollination which seems to improve fruit set. Plant is not tolerant to
drought stress and can damaged by strong winds.
Fruits are egg shaped and about 4-10 cm long colour varies from yellow and
orange to red and almost purple. Yellow to orange fruit are sweeter.
Fruit composition
Component [g/100g] Range
Water 81-87
Proteins 1.5-2.5
Fat 0.05-1.28
Fiber 1.4-6.0
Total acidity 1.0-2.4
Vitamin A 0.32-1.48
Vitamin C 19.y-57.8
Calcium 3.9-11.3
Magnesium 19.7-22.3
Iron 0.4-0.94
Tree tomato prefers subtropical climate with rainfall between 600-400 mm

and annual temperature between 15-20°C. It is tolerant to frost below -2°C, plants
are tolerant to water logging. PH of 5 to 8.5 is suitable. Propagated by seed and
cutting . A single tree can produce more than 20 kg units/years, planting distance
is 1 to 1.5 m between plants
4.5 to 5 m between rows.
Pruning is an essential for quality fruit production mulching is essential and
shelter for protection from wind is necessary. Fruits are high in pectin and
therefore have good properties for preservative.
90
WALNUT
Juglans spp
Propagated by seedling. Temperature at 2-30C below freezing results in killing
young flowers. Temperature of 290-320C is best for filing kernels , seedling used
as root stocks. Commonly known as ‘Akhrot’.
Varieties
Lake English, Drainovsky, Opex Caulchry for Jammu and Kashmir. Gobind, Eureka,
Placentia, Wilson, Franquelfe Kashmir Budded – for Himachal Pradesh Chakarga
Selection for Uttar Pradesh.
● Paper Shelled
● Thin Shelled
● Medium Shelled
● Hard Shelled
Square/hexagonal/contour system (Undulating soils) are fallowed, modified
central leader system is most ideal, water sprouts from root stock should be
removed, walnut harvested when hull color changes from green to yellowish with
cracks, harvesting strated from August to September. Ethephone 2000 ppm solution
is used for dipping of nuts to reduce dehiscence of walnut hulls from 13 days to
6 days. Nuts should harvested at PTB stage (Paking tissue turn brown).
Karan also known as “Bulburdun” having papery shell with high
shellingpercentage more than 60% kernal recovery was in Kashmit.
Govind, Roopa, Ratna: In Himachal Pradesh, Uttarpradesh.
Chakarta No. 14: Was found best with regard to thin shell, good filling and
attractive light amber colour of Kernal.
91
MINOR TROPICAL FRUITS
● Barbados cherry – (Malpighia glabra) highest source of Vitamin C, Bark

yields tannin. Grows in humid to warm tropics.
● Bilimbi (Averrhoea bilimbi) Seed contain 6% oxalic acid, fruits are like
gherkin, used for pickles, curries and preserves.
● Capegooseberry (Physalis peruviana) Good source of Vitamin C. Fruits eaten
as fresh and used in Jam prepration
● Chironji (Buchanania lanzan) Dark color fruit are eaten, seeds are used as
dry fruit. Gum obtained from the tree.
● Hog Plum (Yellow mombin) (Spaondias mombin) – Pear shape yellow fruits
edible and used for jelly making.
● Indian alomond (Terminalia catappa) also known as singpaore tropical almond
kernals (Seed) are edible fruits are used for tannin.
● Kokam butter tree (Garcinia indica) Evergreen tree. Fruits have sweetish
to acidic pulp used in currries fro souring seeds are used for making kokam
butter.
● Lanson (Langsater duku) (Lansium domesticum) Multiplication by seed/
budding fruits occure in bunches pulp is juicy and translucent used for
preservation.
● Longan (Dimocarpus longan) Ornamental tree fruits occur in clusters of
25-30 and eaten as fresh, dried and canned.
● Manila tamtarind (Jangli jalebi) (Pithecellobium dulce) used as hedge plant
propagated by seed sweet and edible attractive tamarind like pods.
● Prickly pear/Indian fig (Opuntia fruits indica) Used as hedge plant, fruits
oblong to pear shaped with soft pulp have many seeds good for whooping
cough propagated by cutting.
● Rose apple (Malbar plum) (Syzygium iambos) Multiplied by seeds or layering,
large handsome tree with 10 m height with pale yellow fruits. Pulp with rose
falvour has high pectin.
● Starapple (Chrysophyllum cainito) Graceful ornamental tree with 15m height,

star shaped fruits with 5-10 cm sweet soft white pulp multiplied by seeds and
layers.
● Stargooseberry (Phullanthu acidus) Fruits acidic, star shaped with vitamin
C, multiplied by seed.
● Surinam Cherry / Brazil cherry (Eugenia uniflora) Propagated by seed and
cleft grafting, ornamental shrub have fruit soft juicy used for jelly making.
● Water rose apple/Water apple (Syzygium aqueum).
92
PLANTATION CROPS :
ARECANUT/BETELNUT/SUPARI
Areca catechu
Single seeded berry/nut with Arecotine 0.1% having astringant taste due to
polyphenol and tannins.
● Chali/kottapak – More popular in North and Western India.
● Kalipak – Processed green nut used in treating leucoderma, cough, fits, worms,
anaemia and obesity
● Ripe nut – Used in Assam, Kerala, Northern part of West Bengal
● Scented supari – Made from chali and kalipak temperature range of 14-36°C
is good for cultivation. Multiple cropping is fallowed in Arecanut, Banana,
Pineapple, Elephant foot yam, Tapioca, Discoria, Sweet Potato, Ginger and
Turmeric ideal for inercropping cinnamon, coffee, betelvine, cardamom, Balck
pepper is used for multistorey cropping.
Varieties
● Mangala – Introduction from Indonesia and recommended for coastal Kerala
and Karnataka having yield 200q/ha ripe nuts 28q/ha chali
● Sumangala – Introduction from Sri Lanka recommended for coastal Kerala
and Karnataka having 236 q/ ha ripe nuts 459 q/ha chali.
● Sree Mangala – Intoduction from Singapore recommended for Karnataka
and Kerala with yield 214q/ha ripe nuts, 42q/ha chali.
● Motinagar – Recommended for Northern part of West Bengal, Coastal part
of Kerala and Karnataka with yield 207 q/ha ripe nuts 50q/ha chali
● CAL7/Shree Vardhini – Recommended for Andaman and Nicobar Island with
yield 259 q/ha ripe nuts 60q/ha chali
● SAS 1 – Recommended for hilly area of Karnataka 239q/ha ripe nuts
● Iylon – Unboiled variant type

● Nuli – Made from tender nuts.
All India Area Production and Productivity of Arecanut
Year Area (IN 000 ha) Production(IN 000MT) Productivity(IN MT/ha)
2005-2006 381.1 483.1 1.3

2006-2007 382.7 483.3 1.3
2007-2008 386.6 476.0 1.2
2008-2009 387.1 481.3 1.2
2009-210 400.1 478.0 1.2
(Source NHB Database : 2010)

93
CASHEW
(Anacardium occidentale)
Dollar crop of Maharashtra having heigh productivity 1.5 tonnes/ha. India export
65% of a cashew to world. Temperature more than 36°C at flowering and fruiting
period shows adverse effect. It is very sensitive to water logging condition. Cashew
is restricted to altitude below 700m where the temperature does not fall below
20°C for prolonged period. Cashew grow well when the soil PH is in acidic
range more than 8 pH is not suitable.
Inflorescens is polygamonocious type USA is the largest importer of cashew
from India. Steam method is most popular method for roasting cashew, highest
whole kernel and best quality of kernel are obtained from Drum roasting, oil bath
roasting gives maximum recovery of oil from cashew. Dried cashew kernel content
2.4% moisture. Moisture more than 75% in dried kernel become susceptible to
microbial attack. Cashew is the IIIrd important agriculture produce exported from
India. Pruning of cashew is done during August-September Cashew plants start
bearing 3 years after planting. Cashew nuts are harvested during February – May.
Plant age (Year) Yeild nut/plant
3-5 2kg
6-10 4kg
11-15 10kg
16-20 More than 10kg
Varieties
● BPP4, BPP6, BPP8, and VRI-2 for Andhra Pradesh
● Chintamani 1, Selection 1, Selection 2, Ullal 1, Ullal 2, Ullal 3, Ullal 4, UN50,
VRI 1, VRI 2, Vengurla 1, and Vengurla 4, are recommended for Karnataka.
● Dhana, K22-1, Maakkathra1, Madakkathra 2 and Priyanka recommended for
Kerala.
● T.No.40 and Vengurla 4 recommended for Madhya Pradesh
● Vengurla 1, Vengurla 4 and Vengurla 6 are recommended for Maharashtra

and Goa.
● Bhubaneswar 1 and VRI 2 are recommended for Orissa.
● VRI 1, VRI 2, and VRI 3 for Tamil Nadu
● Jhargraml – West Bengal
● The apples ae removed and the nuts are sun-dried for 2-3 days to reduce
moisture from 25% to below 9% with proper drying the kernals retain their
quality particularly the flower.
● Ven-3: – Ven1 X Vector 56
● Ven-4 :– Mid nagpur Red X Vector 56 = cluster bearing
● Ven-6 :– Vector 56 X Ven 1 –, High Yielding
● Vengurla 5 :– Ansur early X Mysore Kotekar, High Yielding
● Bapatla 1 :– Tree 1 X Tree 273
● Priyanka :– HI591 –, High yielding Kernal size more than 10g.
All India Area, Production and Productivity of Cahsewnut
Year Area (IN 000 ha) Production (IN 000MT) Productivity(In MT/ha)
2005-06 843 579 0.7

2006-07 854 620 0.7
2007-078 868 665 0.8
2008-09 893 695 0.8
2009-2010 923 613 0.7
(Source NHB Database 2010)

94
COCOA ‘FOOD OF GOD’
(Theobroma cacao)
Kerala having 76% of the area and 78% of the total production of cocoa.
Temperature ranges between 15-32°C good for coca. Temperature below 10°C
causes frost injury. Rain fall above 300mm may favour incidence of black pod
and vascular streak dieback. Cocoa is shade loving and cauliflorus bearing habit
tree. The horizontal branches known as Jorquette fan while vertical continuous
stem is called chupan. Propagated by seed, Patch t, forket budding. Tree grows
naturally in tiers.
Coastal belt of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka is suitable for cultivation
of cocoa the pods of cocoa are harvested 150-170 days after planting, source of
theobromin. The young fruit is called ‘Cherelle’ and its wilting prior to maturity is
called ‘cherelle wilt’.
Spacing of Cocoa in
a) Coconut Garden – 3.0 X 75m2 = 444 plants/ha
b) Arecanut Garden – 5.4 X 2.7m2 = 686 plants/ha cocoa tree grows naturally
in tiers Taining is done in December-January and July-August.
Varieties
● Cridlo - Naturally evolved varieties
● Forastero - Naturally evolved varieties
● Trinitario - Crillo X Forastero
Criollo types produce best quality cocoa forastero are sturdy with high yield.
Cocoa rich source of Fat 37% and Protein 7% Brazil largest producer of
Cocoa Cocoa fruit is Pod (Drupe).
Cocoa pods are harvested 150-170 days after planting.
95
COCONUT / KALPAVRIKSHA
Cocos nucifera
‘Kalpavirksha’ the tree of heaven single seeded nut, Kerala account for 54.7%
of total area and 42.3% production and Tamil Nadu 33%. The maximum productivity
of coconut is from Maharashtra i.e. 20.621 nut/ha. With 7779 nut/ha India ranks
– Ist in productivity in the world and ranks IIIrd in production after Indonesia and
Philillipines. For getting heighest yield mean annual temperature required 27°C
Temperature below 15°C results cold injuries. Humidity affects opening of stomata.
Sunshine of 200 hr/year or more is suitable for profuse growth and productivity.
Soil with PH of 4.5-6.8 are suitable 9-12month seedling are used for transplanting,
time of planting is May-June and October-November in lowlaying areas. Horizontal
planting of nut is better than vertical. Coconut yields 44nuts/palm/year. West coast
tall gives 80 nuts/palm/year. Coconut ripen in 12-13 months from the opening of
the inflorescence.
There are two type of Copra

● Edible Copra :- a. Ball Copra b. Cup Copra
❷ Milling Copra:- In kerala 60-65% of the total coconut produced is converted
in milling copra Near about 55% of coconut production is consumed as raw
an immature coconut containing a refreshing clear liquid is known as Kurnmba.
Coconut husk containing 70% coir and 30% fibre. The hybrid yield 100-140
nut/palm/year. For west condition 30-40 litres water/day is optimum by drip
irrigation. Coconut involves its conversion in to copra and coconut oil. Husk
is used to manufacture coir mat, coushion and of the products. Coconut water
containing vitamin C and Vitamin B with Ph 4.8-5.3.
Varieties
● Tall – West Coast Tall, Laccadive Ordinary, East Coast Tall, Andaman Ordinary
Pratap, Sanramon, Laguna.
Lacadive Ordinary – suitable for ball copra and oil extraction
Tall palms are normally cross pollinated there is no overlapping male and
female phases.
● Dwarf – Chowghat Green Dwarf, Chowghat Orange Dwarf, Gangabandam,
Nuleka, Coco Nino, Manglpod, Gudanjali.
Hybrid/variety Recommended for
Anandaganga (A0 X GB) Kerala

Chandarakalpa (L0 X CoD) Kerala and Karnataka
Chandrasankara Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
Kerasankara (WCT X COD) Kerala, Karnataka
Keragnaga(WCT X GB) Kerala
Lakashanganga (LO X GB) Kerala
Phillipines Ordinary West coast Kokan, East coast of Andhra Pradesh
and West Bengal
Pratap (BGR) Coastal Maharashtra
VHC 2 (ECT X DG) Tamil Nadu
VHC 2 (ECT X MYD) Tamil Nadu
ECT X GB Andhra Pradesh
● Coconut oil content monoluron which has anti HIV property. Double century
Kerachandra and Chadratara are from Phillipines ordinary. Wind and insect
are the pollinating agent in coconut. Bees belonging to Apis indica, Apis flora
and Apis dorsata are important pollinating agent. Tapping of coconut is done
from unopened inforescence for todday making.
All India Area, Production and Productivity of Coconut
Year Area Production Production Productivity

(IN 000 ha) (IN 000M Nuts) (In Million Tonnes)* (In MT/ha)
2005-06 2029 14809 10.2 7299

2006-07 1940 15831 10.9 8161
2007-08 1903 14748 10.1 7749
2008-09 1903 14748 10.1 7749
2009-2010 1895 15730 10.8 8300
● *Conversion formula – No. of 1453.24 Nuts/Tonnes

● (Source NHB Database 2010)
96
COFFEE
Coffea arabica and Coffee canephora

Arabica is self pollinated with chromosome no. (2n = 44) Rubusta is cross
pollinated with chromosome 2n = 2. Introduction of coffee from Yemen in India
during 1600AD. Karnataka cover 56% area followed by Kerala 25%. Tamil Nadu
9% and rest 10% non traditional state Arabica produce superior quality mild coffee
and suitable for higher elevation IInd important commodity in world after petroleum
products. Coffee fruit with single seed called pea berry and pollinated by wind
and bee. The flower buds are produce in the axil of leaves in clusters of 10-20 in
the month of October-March for berry development and ripening after fertilization
take 8-9 months coffee propagated through seed.
Climatic Requirement
● Arabica: Medium to light shade depending an elevation is required North,
east and north eastern aspect are ideal, well drain acid. Soil with PH 6.0-6.5
are good with moderate gental slope, Temperature between 15-25° with
70-80% relative humidity required. Annual rainfall 600-2500mm is good.
Blossom showers March-April while backing showers April-May (50-75mm).
● Robusta: Well drain soil with slightly acidic PH 6.0-6.5 Gentle slope to fairly
level field to be preferred with temperature 200-300C with relative humidity
80-90%. Annual rainfall required 1000-2000mm. Blossom showers during
February-March (25-40mm). Backing showers during March-April 50-75mm.
It required uniform thin shade.
Varieties
● S-795 (Robusta) A cross between S288 (KentS) X Bush tall. Yield potential 2000kg/
ha 70% ‘A grade’ Bean are oblong bold resistant to race I, and II of leaf rust but
susceptible to race VIII wide adopted. On area about 70% is occupied.
● Sin. 5A – A spontaneous hybrid of Robusta X Arabica Progeny of Devamachy
X S.881 Tolerance to leaf rust. It produces nearly 40% ‘B’ grade beans
cultivated on large area in Andhra Pradesh.
● Sin 5B SH – A cross of S.333 X Devamachy. Tolerance to leaf rust bold

bean popular in Tamil Nadu.
● Sin 6 – Interspecific hybrid of Robusta CV S.274 X Kent arabica’ F1
recurrently back crossed to ‘kents’ to achieve uniform, Vigrous bush.
● Sin 9 – A cross between H1 bridode Timor (HDT) X Tafarikela. HDT a
natural Robusta X Arabica Hybrid tolerance to rust. Bold beans with 65% of
‘A’ grade bean.
● Sin 12 (Robusta) – Semi-dwarf hybrid of caturra X HDT developed by
international collaboration involving India, Portugal and other coffee growing
countries. Bean bluish green and medium size with 64% ‘A’ grade and 15%
‘b’ grade cup rating FAQ to good.
● S-274 and S-270 (Robusta) – Developed by mass selection from two high
yielding mother plants indentified in Robusta gene pool of India.
● C X R – Interspecific hybrid of C. congensis X C. canephora (Robusta)
suitable for high density planting (9X9ft / 8X8ft).
Spacing for Different Coffee Species/varieties

Arabica = (Tall) 6’ X 6’, 7’ X 6’ , 7’ X7’.
Semi dwarf = 5’ X 5’.
Robusta (S-274) = 10’ x 10’
C X R = 8’ X 8’ / 9’ X 9’.
Training
● Single stem where coffee grown under shade
● Multiple stem
Pruning – Pruning is connected after harvesting pruning done during June-
July and August-September
Harvesting Period -
Arabica – November to January
Robusta – December to February
Parchment coffee – Arabica coffee is processed as parchment coffee
Cherry coffee – Robusta is processed as cherry coffee. At curing houses,
the parchment/cherry coffee is hulled graded and polished are called green coffee.
Preparation of parchment coffee required high amount of water for wet
processing for one tones water requirement is 80000 lit for arabica and 93000
liters for robusta, waste water causes water pollution. The polluated water have
2.5 – 12gm/ lit BOD. (Biological Oxygen Demand).
International coffe rust research center Portugal.
97
OIL PALM
(Ealesis guineensis)
Highest oil yielding plant producing palmoil and plam kernel oil in an average oil
palm produces 4-6 tonnes oil/ha. 80% area under palm is in Andhra Pradesh and
Karnataka. It requires humid tropical climate, temperature ranges
29°-33°C (Maximum) and 22-24°C minimum with rainfall of 2,500-4000mm Relative
humidity 80% and not less than 5hr sunshine/day with PH 5.5-8.0.
Oil palm propagated through seeds preheating of seed is done in a heating
room for 80days at 40°C. About 10-14 months old seedling 1-1.3m height from
base of 13 functional leaves are used for planting in triangular system at a spacing
9m accommodating 143 plants/ha.
Fertilizer applied in two equal split doses during July-August and December –
January. Oil palm starts bearing bunches 2-1/2-3 years after planting
Palm oil is rich source of plasmatic acid. Oil is called as crude palm oil and
palmolin is prepared from it which is rich source of vitamin A&E. Palm kernel
are dried to final moisture of 6-8%.
Oil extracted from the fleshy orange red mesocarp is known as crude palm.
Oil which on refining become palm oil commercially known as ‘palmolein’.
Varieties
● Dura – Thick shell (2-8mm) its fruits have low to medium mesocarp 35-55%.
● Pisifera – Shellless varieties
● Tenera – Hybrid of dura (Female) X Pisifera (Male) with thin shell high
mesocarp content.
98
PALMYRAH PLAM
Borassus flabellifer
The jaggery obtained from neera is sweet delicious and superior to cane jaggery.
Every part of palm is utilized it is known as ‘Kalpak viruchum’ Palmyrah plam is
tropical crop. Jaggery prepared from plam grown in calcareous soil is more sweet.
Palm is propagated by seed. Seed start germinating 22 days after planting.
August-September is best season for sown seeds directly in field. 3X3m in
square system 450palm/ha Palm’s dioecious in nature. Male palm inflorescences
it is possible to tap only neera. From female plam inflorescence neera, fruits as
well tuber. Neera, Todday Sugar Jaggery, Candy, Vinegar are edible product and
wood leaves, fiber, roots, fruit pulp, fruit fiber are commercial products.
Average 10-12 liters neera can be collected from each palm. The highest
being 18-20 liters/palm/day.
99
RUBBER
Heavea brasiliensis
India ranks 5th in total area and stands 4th in production. In productivity India
ranks first in world. About 60% of all rubber consumed for automobile tyres and
tube. Rubber required warm and humid climate with rainfall about 2000-4000mm
well distributed throughout year with Relative humidity 80% or more, sunshine
6hr/day throughout the year with 21°-35°C temperature are ideal for growth.
Propagated through Bud Grafting
● Budded seedlings – Plant density should around 420-445 trees/ha seedling
plant density should among 445-520 tree/ha.
● The most popular cover crop grown in rubber are pueraria phaseolides and
inucuna bracteata.
● Training – Only one strong shoot of the scion allow growing.
● Pruning – No side shoots are allowed to grow up to 2.5m from the ground level.
● Nutrient deficiencies – Mg deficiency is the most common Intreveinal chlorosis
is its main symptom.
● K deficiency – Marginal and tip chlorosis fallowed by marginal necrosis in
older leaves. Leaf size is also reduced.
● Zn – Intraveinal chlorosis latex produced in the bark tissue is harvested through
process known as tapping. Tapping is done early in the morning using a special
knife. Latex contains on an aveage 32% dry rubber content. Sheet rubber is
made with latex + acetic or formic acid.
Varieties
Due to the externally cross pollinated nature of tree no pure line varieties are
available. The rubber borad of India approved 3 categories of clones for cultivation
● Category I – RRII 105, PB 260, RRIM 600, GT – For non traditional area.
● Category II – RRIM 600, GT, PB 28159, PB 217 AND RRIM 703,
● RRII 105 – The highest rubber yielding clone in the world occupying 80% of
the rubber area average yield is 2400kg/ha/year.
100
TEA
Camelia sinesis
China is a producer with 22% of world production from 44% area. Asia accounts
89% of world tea producing area. India contributes 18.5% of the world area with
26.2% production and stand on 1st rank Assam 53%, West Bengal 23.9%, Tamil
Nadu 11.3%, Kerala 8.44% remaning other states Tripura, Karnataka, Nagaland,
Arunachal Pradesh.
Tea producing species of Camellia include Camellia assamica (AssamJats)
cammelia sinesis (ChinaJat) and C. assamica sub species. Lasiocalyx.
In India there are 4 Research Institutes

● DTRC Tea Scientific Department,
● IHBT
● UPASI (United Planters’ Association for South India, Cinchona
● TOCKLAI (Experimental station of Tea Research Association, Johrat)
Darjeeling Tea is known for unique muscated flavour, Nilgiris have
characteristics taste flavour while Assam for cup character.
Tea is small herbaceous C3 shrub bitter taste of tea is due to Tannin, Aroma
of tea is due to Theol Stimulant present in tea. Tea grows well in acidic soil
because of calcifugre to crop. Light pruning i.e. skiffing is followed in tea, collar
pruning is the most severs pruning followed is tea.
The colour of tea is due to presence of the aflavins and terarufigens compound.
“Two leaves and one bud stage” is the best harvesting time of tea. ‘Tipping is the
1st step of processing of Black tea cut. Tear and curl (CTC) orthodox method are
the processing method of tea.
Recommended Method of Planting in Tea is

● Single hedge
● Double hedge
Removal of about 15-20% of moisture from tea leaves are main objective of
withering. Aflavin and Arubigins are end product of fermentation which are
responsible for colour and brightness of tea. Liquor fermentation is carried on flat
surface/continuous fermenting drums(CFDL) Made Tea contain 2.5-3% moisture.
Drying time in conventional driers is 20-22minutes at 1000C and 550C respectively.
Fibre is extracted from dried tea. Tea sorted into different grades.
● Flowery pekoe(FP)
● Pekoe(PK)
● Brown orange pekoe(BOP)
● Red dust(RD)
● Super Red Dust (SRD)
● Super Fine Dust (SFD)
The Processing of Orthodox Tea Involved Following Stage
● Withering
● Rolling
● Roll breaking
● Fermentation
● Drying, Sorting and Grading
Improved Varieties/Clone of Tea

● Atherey – Clone of UPASI-9 – Suitable for high soil PH, Drought tolerant
● Golconda – Clone of UPASI – 8 with stand at high elevation high yielding
● Jayaram – Clone of UPASI-2 wind and drought tolerant suitable for all types
of height.
● Sundaram – Clone of UPASI-3 Rich quality with high yield.
● Swanra – Clone of 17 high yielders
● Brook lands – Clone of UPASI-6 – Mid to high elevation clone.
● Pandian – Clone of UPASI-10 Wind and drought tolerant suitable for high
elevation hardy clone.
● Shingara – Clone of UPASI-14 suitable for higher elevation with quality tea
producing character.
● Sri Lanka – Clone of TRI-2024 High yielder clone
● Sri Lanka clone of TRI 2025 – Average yielder.
101
POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT OF
PLANTATION CROPS
Coconut : 50% consumed as raw, rest converted in to copra to extract, oil

cocout kernal contain 20% carbohydrate, 30% fat, and 4% protein and moisture
of 50% Dihusking is common practice to reduce costs of transportation and tool
use for dehusking is called “Keramitra”
Capacity of manually operated husking machine is 100-130 nut/ hr. As compare
to machine is 400-600 nuts/ hr. (power operated)
Drying process of coconut : Fresh kernal content 50-55% moisture which
is to be brought down 5-6% by drying. Drying must be carried out within 4 hr of
splitting due to growth of bacteria and mould.
a) Sun drying is smoke drying kling drying
b) Drying mechanical dryer.
Oil Extract: Rubbery copra is obtained from immature nuts oil extracted
from such type of immature nuts contain high amount of unsaturated fatty acids
causing high iodine value and low saponification value. Good quality oil extracted
from fully mature nuts which contain 5-6% moisture.
Copra moisture meter: For safe storage and higher oil extraction 6% moisture
is optimum moisture meter calibrate/ read the mosture content from 5-40%.
Copra storage: 5-6% moisture is safe under high relative humidity and
temprature. Copra can be safely stored in plastic lined gunny bags.
Extraction of oil from Copra : Copra is crushed in primitive ‘Chakku’ driven
by bullocks power driven chakku/ rotatenjes are used. The meal is heated in the
cooker by steam up to 880C. Then it is fed continiously to the expeller from
which the oil and cake are forced in different steams. 50% oil extracted from
first expller, and remaining from second. About 10% oil in cake compared to 70%
in copra.
Coconut oil is referred to as luric oil in the world market because of its high
lauric acid content. Concnut oil is a colourless to pale brownish oil. Oil has maximum
digestability coefficient. There are 2 types of copra
a) ball copra and cup copra

Ball copra make up from fully mature unsplit nut.
Lakashadweep Micro, a local type cultivar best for ball copra.
Desicated coconut : White kernel of coconut desintegrated and desicated
moisture of less than 3%. Sri Lanka and the Phillippines are major desicatted
coconut producing countries.
Coconut Cream : Cream is the concentrated form of milk extracted from
fresh matured coconut it has shelf-life of 6 months.
Cocount milk powder : Very hygroscopic in nature. Prepared by spray
drying the coconut milk along with homogenizer and emulsifier
Virgin oil : Coconut milk is filtered and concentrated and then cream is
seperated by centrifugation. The cream is stired vigorously to get the virgin coconut
oil process is called phase inversion.
Low fat / medium desicated coconut : Extraction of milk, the residual
coconut cake can be dried and solid as medium / low fat, descated.
Coconut cheese : Coconut milk is allowed to stand for 8 hr. until the cream
is collected at the top.
Coconut syrup : Homogenization of coconut milk an equal quantity of sugar
and 0.05% citric acid are added and steam cooked to a total soluble solids content
of 65-68%.
Coconut honey : Coconut milk, 60% of brown sugar and 30% of glucose
are added by weight and then boiled in steam-heated containers until a thick
consistancy is reached.
Tender coconut water : pH varies from 4.8-5.3 the percentage of arginine,
alanine, cystine and serine. Water contain Ascorbic acid and vitamin B group.
Coconut water Venigar : Prepared from matured coconut water using vinegar
generate. Used as preservative in pickle industry and flavouring against in food
processing sector.
Husk : About 30% of the husk is fiber and 70% is coir dust coir white fiber
and brown fiber white fiber is extractd from retted coconut husk. Kerala produces
mostly white fiber Brown fiber is extracted from unretted husk ‘Coir ret’ is new
technology available for retting with in 30 days by using bacteria.
Arecanut : Two type of nuts Immature green and Ripe. It can be store up to
10-12 months by blancing fallowed by steeping the ripe arecanut with sodium
benzoate and potassium metabisulphite.
Chali : Dried, whole nut, know as chali ‘Kottapak’ Ripe nuts are dried in the
sun from 35-40 days. Quick drying and easy dehusking, fruits are cut longitudinally
in 2 halves and sun dried for 10 days. Kernals are scooped and given a final
drying. It is known as ‘parcha’
Kalipak : Processed Arecanut by husking cutting the soft nuts in to pieces,
boiling the cut pieces with waterior diluted extract from previous boiling. Poly
phenol is major component in it.
Scented supari : Made both from Chali and Kalipak chali is more popular.
Other product : Tannins, are obtained from immature betelnuts for
masticatory purpose. Tanic acid obtained from nut mixed with ferrous sulphate in
warm distilled water gives black writing ink. Nuts contain 8.1-12% hydrogenated
coconut oil Tannin fat sould be softened by fractional crystilization using hexane
(25°C) and randimasation using sodium methoxide. Areca husk constitutes
60-80% of the total volume of weight of fruit.
Oil Plam : Oil obtained from fleshy mesocarp through wet rendering process.
Processing of fresh fruit bunches within at least 24 hr.
Sterilization : Sterilization of fresh fruit bunches for 60 minutes at 45 psi is
optimum.
Stripping : Sterilized bunches are thrown in to the rotating drum (30 rpm),
the fruits are seprated from bunch.
Digestion : Digester blade rotating at slow 25 rpm steam is injected in jacket
of digester at 95°C.
Pressing : The digested mash consisting of oil, water and fiber pressing is
done while the mash is hot (80°-90°C) at 750 psi.
Clarification : The oil water mixture is filtered to remove the fibrous debris.
mixture is diluted with hot water (1:2) and heated at 950C.
Purification : Crude palm oil from clarifier is passed through a high speed
centrifuge at 800C to remove the trace of solid impurities and water.
Nut recovery : Kernel oil is derived from palm oil nut recovered from the
press cake. The seperated kernel is dried to final moisture of 6-8%. The kernel
oil recovery is about 2% on fresh fruit.
Cashew : Raw cashew is kidney shape nut with approximately 3.5 mm thick
leathery outer skin the shell is a honey comb structure which contains phenolic
material known as Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (LNSL). The kernal is inside the
shell wrapped in a thin brown skin known as testa.
Cashew nut Processing

a. Drum roasting b. Oil bath roasting c. Steam boiling
a) Drum roasting : Drum maintain its temperature due to its burning NSL oozing
out of the nuts. The whole kernel is reported to be highest in this method.
b) Oil bath roasting : Raw nuts are passed for 1-3 minutes through a bath of
heated CNSL maintain at temperature of 190-200°C.
c) Steam boiling : Adopted in factories where hands and leg operated shelling
machines are used. Mild roasting for 20-25 minutes at 100-120 psi to loosen
the kernel from shell.
Shelling : Shelling is done by manually and mechanically.
Kernel drying : Kernels after seperation from the shells are dried to reduce
the moisture and loose the adhering testa commonly Broma dryer are used. The
drying temperature is 70-100°C for 6-12 hr. Recently develop, Flow dryer is having
capacity of 250 kg in a 4 hr. shift works at 80°C moisture content of dried nut is
2-4%.
Peeling : Sharp bamboo stick are used for peeling operation of removing the
testa from its kernels.
Grading : On the basis of specifications prescribed by Government of India
under the export quality control and inspection Act 1963. recognizes 26 export
grades of kernels. If the moisture exceeds the 5% become succeptiable to microbial
spoiolage.
Packaging of kernels : Due to rancidity packing should have low permeability
of oxygen and moisture. Bulk cashewnuts are packed in tin containers weighing
25 lbs each kept on vibrating platform. The tins are evacuated filled with CO2
with the help of VITAPACK machine.
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CSNL) : The industries use 15 HP oil expeller
for CSNL extraction. After extracting oil it is boiled at 1000C for 4 hr to evaporate
moisture and cooled for 24 hr.
Value Added Products of Cashew Apple

Cashew apple juice: After cleaning with water cashew apple steamed for 5-10
lb. Juice extracted from cook fruits and clearified by.
CNSL : Clearified by the additation of gelatin 430 mg/lit and stirring for 15
minutes 0.7 g/liter sodium benozate is added.
Syrup: Cashew apple juice + 60 m / lime water + 0.2-0.3% gelatin + sugar
@ 2 kg/ 3 kg / kg juice.
Canned fruit : Fruit canned in sugar syrup of 40° Brix.

Jam : Cashewapple immersed in 2% salt solution for 3 days reduce tannin
content and steam at 10-15% pressure and mixed with equal weight to sugar &
boiled.
COCOA : Cocoa powder, butter, chocolate are major product.
Primary processing : Fermentation is done to get of the pulp adhering to
beans and develop chocolate flavour in bean takes about 5-7 days. Drying the
fermented beans is next operation at temp 70°C.
Storage : Store in polythene gunny bags kept on a raised platform made of
wooden planks. Beans should be fumigated with methyl bromide.
Final processing : expelling and roasting are final processing method.
Roasting adopted on large scale. Expeller are less economical
Press system : Cocoa inspected for moisture content and then classified by
colour. Bean are husked to remove the shells and nibs are seperated. After crushing
and grinding the 55% fatty matter come out which is known as liquor/ paste/
mass. Expeller system : Clean bean are feed into crusher, natural butter is
pressed out.
Chocolate processing : Milk chocolate and plane chocolate are two tests
of Cocoa.
102
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN FRUIT CROPS
Crop Pest Parasitoid / Predator
Apple Sanjose scale Aphytis sp. hispanicus and Chilocorus bijugus,

Plume scale Coccophagus sp., C. ishii, Blastothrix sericea,
Harmonia dimidiata
Wooly aphid Aphelius mali, Coccinella septempunctuta
Eupeodes confrate and Chrysoperlacarnea
Aphid Episyrphus balteatus and Sphaerophia
bengalensis
Colding moth Trichoderma embryophagum, T. cacaeciae
Apple moth Myrmica spp.
Persimmon Leaf roller Nomuraea rileyi
Gypay moth Anastatus kashmirensis, Exorista rossica,
Cotesia melanoscleus, Palexorista spp., Brachy
meriaintermedia, Entomophtora aulicae,
Beauveria Sp. and Calosoma himalayanum
Citrus Leaf miner Cirrospilus quadristriatus, Citrostichus
phyllocnistoides, Symeisis purpures,
Ageniaspis, Ageniapsis spp.
Butterfly Mealalophacharosps & Distatrix papilionis,
Tricho gramma Chilonis and Telenomus spp.
Egg parasitoi Ooencyrtus papilionis, Hojcojoppa coelopyga
Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki
Semilooper Egg parasitoid T. Chilonis
Larvel parasitoid Snellenius maculipennis
Leaf roller Goniozus sp. & Ophion triangularmactulus
Psylla Nyphal Tamarixa radiata, Diaphorencyrutus alig
Green scale Coccophagus ceroplastae and Encyrutus
lecaniorum, Verticilurn lecanil
Yellow scale Pharoscymus horni
Black fly Encarisa divergens, E. merceti, E. Clypealis,
Amitus hesperidum, Eretmous indica.
Encarisaia bennetti, E. citrina
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Crop Pest Parasitoid / Preditor
Red Scale Comperiella bifasicata, Aphyimelinus

Chilocorus nigrita & pharoscymmus horni
White fly Encarsia lahorensis & Aschersonia aleyrodis
& A. papillatta, Verticillium lecanii
Oriental redmite Amblyseius aerialis and A. finlandicus,
Hirsutella tompsoni
Common Coccidoxnoides pereginus Cryptoiaernus
mealy bug montruzieri Laptomastix dactylopii
Mealy bug Tetracnemoidea indica Amagyrus dactylopii
Cottont cushion Rodolia Cardinalis
scale
Mango Hopper Verticillium lecanni
Leaf webber Goniozus
Diaspine scale Pteroptrix koebelei
Mealy bug Anagyrus sp. nr dactylopii Predators scymnus
sp.Domomyza perspicax Anagryus mangicola
Eriophyid mite Ambyseiu spp.
Slug catterpillar Eocanthecona furcellata
Leaf gallmidge Chrysonotomyia spp
Tetrastichus spp.
Grape Alltropa japonica parasitode Anagyrus daclylopii
Mealy bug & Symus occivora predator Mallada boninensis
Leaf roller Apanteles clita Cardiochiles fulvus
Guava
Aphid Coccinellids and syrphids
Green shield scale Coccophagus ceroplastae Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri
Mealy bug Blepyrus insularis and spalgis epeus,
plesiochrysa laccipedra, Cryptolaemus
Peach
Leaf curling aphid Coccinellids coccinella septempunctata
syrphids episyrphus balteatus
Wax scale Anicetus ceylonesis, Cephaleta, Chilo crusnigrita
Ber
Mealy bag Spalegis, epeus and cryptolaemus
montrouzleri
Pomegranate
Ash white fly Encarisia and E. azimi
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Aphid Scymnus spp.

Butterfly Ooencyrtus papillonis, Telenomus cyrus
Glyptanteles vitripennis, Trichogramma Chilonis
Sapota
Bud and Fruit borer Xanthopimpia sp. cadurica spp. Calleida
splendidula and parena nigrolineata
Custard Apple
Mealy bug Spaligis epeus, cryptolaemus montouzieri, and
scymnus coccivora
Coconut
Coconut caterpillar Brachymeria spp. Apanteles taragamae,
B. nosatia, Bracon hebetor, Xanthopimpla
punctata, X. nana nana, Parena nigrolineta,
Calleida splendidula
Rhinoceros bettle Santalus parallelus, scarltes sp. Harpalus sp.
Metarihizum anisopliae
Arecanut
Mites Stethorus, Staphylinid bettle
Palm mite Stethorus and Amblyseius Channabasavanni
Cashew
Cashew stem Metarrhizum anisopliae
and shoot borer
Tea mosquito bug Telenomus sp. Erythmelus helopeltidis
Leiophron helpoltidis, sycanus collaris,
Endochus inornatus.
Leaf miner Sympiesis
Leaf and Apanteles spp.
Blossom webber
Coffee
Stem borer Nocturnal birds, ants, Metapelma sp. and
Allorhogas pallidiceps
Berry borer Cephalonomia stephanoderis and
proropanusuta, phymastichus coffea,
Beauveria bassiana
Shoot hole borer Tetrastichus xylebororum, Tetrastchus sp.
pyemotes herfsii callimerus, Eupelmus sp.
paecilomyces fumosoroseus and Verticillium
lecanii
Green scale Coccophagus bogoriensis C. Cowperi
Verticillum lecanii and Empusa lecanii
Chilocorus nigrita
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Brown scale Cecidomyiid dicrodiplosis sp., Coccophagus

cowperi, Verticillium lecanii
Mealy bugs sp. Coccidoxenoides peregrinus., p. citri
Tetracnemoidea indica / p. lliacinus, Leptomastix
dactylopii, Pseduocymnus pallidicollis, Niphus sp.
Tea
Flush worm Apanteles aristaeus, Micromus timidus,
Calleida nilgirensis, Opistoplatya sp.,
Cheilomenes sexmaculata
Leaf roler Sympiesis dolichogaster
Totrix Palexorista solennis and phytodietus sp.
Tea mosquito bug Telenomus spp.
Diaspine scale Aphytis sp.
Redspidermite Stethorus gilvifrons,

Agistemus sp. cunaxa sp.
Purple scale Camperiella bifasicata and
Aphytis Chrysomphali
Chiloconus circudatu
Fruit crop Disease Fungus Symptoms/damage
Aonla Rust/Ring rust Ravenelia emblica Fruit affected drop off prematurely
Banana Panama wilt Fusarium oxysporum Yellowing of leaves, cracking and
Varities cubenes discoloration of vascular bundle.
Sigatoka Leaf Cercospa musicola Black, stracks on leaves, premature
spot ripening of leaves
Leaf spot/ Gleosporiummusae/ On fruit typical dark brown
anthracnose Colletotrichum depressed lesions
gloeosporioides
Leaf blight Macrophonium phaseolina Dark brown patches on the leaf
lamina
Cigar endrot Verticillum theobromae Finger appearance like burn cigartip
Tip cover Erwinia cartovora Soft rotting of Rhizome and sucker
Stem –end rot Botryodiplodia theobromae Blackening of fingers soft fruits
emit foul smell
Ber Powdery mildew Oidiumzizyphi Var. Mealy growth on leaves. Fruits
Indicae appears scanting
Leaf spot Alternaria spp. Brown patches and elongated
spots are prominent
Rust Phakospora zizyphi Rusty patches on lower surface
of leaves leaf tum yellow and
defolialtes.
Black spot Lsariopsis zizyphi Soothy spot on lower surface of
leaves and defoliate
Citrus Die-back Colletotrichum Die back of twigs and declining
Gloeosporioides, of tree
Botryodiplodia
theobromae
103
FRUIT CROPS
FUNGAL AND BACTERIAL DISEASES OF
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Gummosis Phytophtora spp. Gummy surface of affected bark causes leaf rot
Diplodia gummosis Botryodiplodid theobromae Gummosis on trunk above the ground
Twig blight Colletotrichum gloeosporides, Discolouration of leaves, black colored fructification
Botryodiplodia theobromae on grayish twing
Green-mould Penicillium digitatum Greenish mould growth is prominent
Bacterial canker Xanthomonas campestris CV. Citri Cankerous spot on twigs and leaves
Powdery mildew Acrisporillum tingitanium Whitish mealy growth on leaves
Stem rot / fruit Phytophthora nicotianae Fruit dark brown with soft tissue
rot / leaf – fold Varities Parasitica
Wither tip / anthracnose Colletrocichum gloeosporioides Development of chocolate colour on fruits, leaf drop
Leaf blight Alternari citriAlternaria Dark and brown spots are observed.
Custard apple Leaf spot and fruit rot Glomerella cingulata Brown to blackish spots on leaves defoliation
causes die back of plant.
Fig Rust Cerotelium fici Brown to black lesion on seed / leaves affects fruit
maturity
Grape Downy mildew Plasmospera viticola Milky white mycellium on leaves, Berries and
flowers affected
Powdery mildew Uncinula nectar Greyish white growth on leaves and berries
Anthracnose Sphaceloma ampelina Dark brown sunken spots on tender aerial parts
Greenaria berry rot Greenaria unvicola Black fruit to facation on berries

Alternaria leaf blight Alternaria spp. Dark brown zonate spots, purple spindle shaped
and stem rot lesions.
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Dead-arm Phomopsis Viticola After pruning buds fail to sprout

Rust Phakosporazipcola Upper surface of leaves showed necrotic pin head
lesions
Guava Wilt Fuasarium oxisporium Leaves die off causing cracking in the twigs and
f. Psidi, Rhizoctonia spp. trunk, leading to complete wilting and decline of
tree
Fruit canker Pestalotiopsis pisdi Cankerous growth on fruit
Fruit-rot Phomopsis psidi Infected part become soft
Anthracnose Colletrotrichum gloeosporides Chocolate coloured spot on fruits, Red colour
Postules developed.
Grey leaf spot Cercopsora psidi Water soaked irregular patches develop on leaves
such leaves drop prematurally
Jackfruit Pink disease Botryobasidium salmonicolor Tree loose their leaves show die back
Leaf spot Phyllostricta artocarpina Brown double margin spots defoliation occur
Mango Powdery mildew Oidiummangiferae Mealy white growth
Anthracnose Colletotrichum gloeosporoides Leaf spot and fruit rot
Stem end rot Botryodiplodia theobroamae Brown black spots fruit soft and crack
Die-back Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Discoloration of leaves turn brown and margins roll
Botrydiploida theobromae
Blight Macrophomina mangiferae Yellowish pin – head spot on leaves turn brown
Black mould Aspergilluniger Greyish spots turn to brown
Fruit rot Alternaria alternata Light brown spots on fruits
Bacterial canker Xanthomonas campestris Bacterial ooze out blackspots on leaves
Pv. Mangiferae
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Blossom blight Micro fungal infection Flowers fail to set fruits

Papaya Powdery mildew Oidium caricae/Laveilulla taurica Mealy growth
Damping off Dropping of seedling Results die off
(Complex organism)
Anthracnose Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Dark brown chocolate spot
Stem-rot/foot rot Group of fungi Steam Rotting near collar
Phalsa Leaf spot Cercospora grewiae Dark brown postules on leaves
Rust Dusturella grewia Dark brown rust patches, defoliation
Pomegranate Leaf spot Cercospora punicae/colletntrictum Dark brown spots on leaves
gloeosporioides
Fruit rot Cercospora punicae/ Dark brown spots on fruit
colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Sapota Leaf spot Phleopheospora indica Reddish brown circle
Base-rot Ceratocystis paradoxa Water-soaked lesion, leaves dry off
Heart rot Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae Withering and discoloration of leaves
Anthracnose Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Brick red spots contain black coloured acervalli
Almond, Peach leaf curl Taphrinadefromans Discoloration of leaves twig are swollen turn
Apricot, Peach, yellow pale and are killed, reduced plant vigour
and Plum and fruit yield. Circle brown spots appears on fruit.
Brown rot and Monilia Laxa Infection of blossom trursses causing wilting
blossom blight particularly in apricot, affect plant health in fruit yield

and quality
Bacterial gummosis Pseudomonas spp. Water soaked gumming lesions on bark, outer
sapwood of trunk branches and fruits weaken the
tree, lower the fruit quality and yield.
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Powdery mildew Sphaerotheca pannosa and Mealy powder appears on leaves

podosphaera oxycntha
Frosty mildew Cercosporella persicae White powdery spots on lower side of leaves,
defoliation occurs.
Stigmina blight Stigmina carpophylla Yellow reddish spots appear on leaves
Rust Trianzschelia discolor Rusty Pustules appear on leaves
Silver leaf canker Chondrostereum purpareum Papery brown canker on limb of tree
Wisker’s spot Rhizopus stolonifer Water soaked spots, rot and get with mycelium
fruits are rotton
Bacterial leaf spot and Xanthomonas campestris Pv. Pruni Yellow halo and shoot hole symptoms, brown
fruit gummosis of almond spots of 1-5 cm diameter with gum exuding appear
on fruit during rainy days
Apple and Pear Crown gall Agrobactrium tumefaciens Tumors are form near the graft union
White root rot Dematophora necatrix Bronzing and yellowing of leaves. Roots turn brown
and remain covered with colony mycelia mat of fungus
Collar-rot Phytophotra cactorum Collar region turns brown soft and spongy affects
fruit yield ultimately trees die.
Cankers and die back/ Botry basidium salmonicolor Cankers usually starts from the open wounds and
Bink canker botryosphaeria quercum produce deep sunken lesion on the bark above /
European Black root/ Nummularia, below the wound is killed
smokyblight
Nail head stem black Coniothecium
Silver leaf stem brown/ Chondrosterum Purpureum
Stem bark canker Botryosphaeria dothidea
caused by various fungi
Powdery mildew Podosphoera leucotricha White powdery growth rossetting of fruits
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Leaf spot Mycosphaerella spp. Alternaria mali Spotted leaves turn yellow and fall prematurally
A. alternate, coniothyrium pyrinum,
phyllostica spp, Botryosphaeria
quercum
Apple scab Ventura inaequalis (Spilocea Pomi) Defoliation occures development of dull fruits, fruit
rotting occure develop black, small rough, circular,
lesions on skin the storage affect shape, size,
quality of fruits, reduced yield up to 70-80% in
endemic years.
Soothy blotch and Gloeodes promigens and Sooty blemishes on external surface of fruits under
fly speck schizothyrium pomi high humidity lower down the market value of fruits
Fruit/blue mold rot Penicllium expansum Rooting and decay of fruit tissue with watery
emitting foul smell
Bitter rot Glomerella cingulata Blue mold produces white to bluish green.
Brown rot Monlinia furtigena Sheaf like twifts of conodiopore
Pink mould, rot Trichotheccium roseum White fungal threads and sporulation of pink
Whiskers rot Rhizopus stolonifer Brown rot results into black apples firm and rubbery
Bot rot Dry rot B. Guercum Alternaria spp.
Arecanut Fruit rot / Phytophthora arecae/P. meadii Lesion appear below calyx, shedding of nuts
Koleroga / Mahali heavely less occurs if control measure not taken
Bud-rot P. arecae/P. Meadii Spindle base rots culminating in the death of bud
occur during rainy season
Gonoderma foot / Gonoderma lucidum 10% palms are affected in Assam, wilting of leaves
anabe disease nuts and death of palm
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Yellow leaf disease Cause not yet known Yellowing of leaves, root tips became dark and rot
80%, palms become diseaded with in a year from
apperance of first symptom. 50% yield reduced up
3 years.
Cashew nut Inflorescence die – Colletrotrichum gloeosporioides Female flower are affected developing button shape
back and button shedding occur in Kerala and Karnataka in February-May
Leaf blight Phyllostica arecae gloeosporioides It affects photosynthetic activity
Inflorescence blight Gloeosporium mangiferae/ Associated with Tea mosquito damage water
Phomposis anacardii/ fusarium soaked lesions and gummy exudation occur
Die-back/ Corticum salminicolor/ White pinkish growth on bark, death of shoot from
pink disease pellicularia salmonicolor apex
Damping off seedling Fusarium spp Phythium spp. Affected seedling become pale show water
Phytophthora palmivora spp. soaked girdle around stem drooping of seedling
Cylindrocaldium scoparium and die
Anthracnose Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Reddish brown water soaked lesion occur.
Cocoa Black-pod Phytophthora plamivora Chocolate brown spot occur during rainy season
Canker Phytophthora planivora Reddish brown liquid oozes from lesions
discoloration due to rotining, die-back of tree occurred.
Charcoal pod rot Botryodiplodia theobromae Black brown spots it is severe during summer. Pod
are susceptible, mummified fruits are occurred
White thread blight Marasmius scandes Petioles turn brown. Mainly observed in Kerala and
Karnataka
Vascular streak die-back Oncobasidium theobromae Occurred in Kerala, prematurely felling of leaves.
Whole plant dries.
Pink disease Pellicularia salmonicolor Sporadic disease sheding of leaves, wilting of
shoots drying tip entire branch.
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Coconut Root wilt Phytoplasma Annual loss of 968 million. Yellowing, necrosis,
nuts, shedding of immature nuts, causes steady
decline, prevalent in Kerala in the adjoining districts
of Kanyakumari and Coimbatore incidence ranges
from 1.52%-7.56%.
Leaf rot Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Leads reduction of yield
exserohilum rostratum
Bud rot Phytophthora palmivora, P. Katsurae Fern odour, yellowing of leaves disease is fatal,
sporadic but occasionally epidemic, common
during rainy season.
Basal stem-rot / Gonoderma lucidum / It is severe in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and
Tanjavar wilt / g. applarantum Karnataka About 0.6-4.0% recorded from Tamil
Ganoderma wilt Nadu yellowing and dropping of leaves severe
affected palm dies with in 6 months to 2 year fatal
disease affected crown, stem, and roots.
Stem bleeding Thielaviopsis ceratostomella paradoxa Leaves turn yellow Insect like Diocalandra and
xylebours causes damage yield affected occurring
over all over coconut grown area of India.
Fruit/Nut fall Phytophthera Palmivora Shedding of affected buttons, and nut decline in yield
Grey leaf spot/leaf blight Pestalotia palmarum Necrotic spots occur affects leaves
Coffee Leaf rust Hemileia vastatrix Sever attack result in defoliation, dieback debility
and crop loss up to 70%
Black rot Koleroga noxia Defoliation wilting and eventual death

Brown rot also known Fomes noxius Internal portion shows dark brown to black wavy line
as stump rot
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Red rot Poria hypolateritia Root shows red encrustration covered by soil gravel.
Black rot Rosellinal arucata Black fungal rhizomorphs or black wooly mycelium
are seen on the affected roots.
Santavery rot Fusarium oxysporum F, sp. Coffae Sudden wilting, yellowing of leaves followed by
defoliation occurred
Anthracnose Colletotrichium gleosporoides Twigs wilt and defoliation and die-back
Manifests in
a. Summer- twig die-back/- dieback
b. Brown blight of leaves Brown necrotic spots appear on leaves
c. Stalk rot of berries and leaves Berry drop and defoliation occurs due to necrotic
infection
Berry blotch Cercospora coffeicola Premature defoliation of leaves occur.
Collar-rot / damping off Rhizoctonia solani Preemergence damping off, post emergence
damping off leads to rooting of tissues.
Oil palm Spear-rot Phytoplasma Yield reduces drastically the rotten tissue emit foul
smell, reduction in leaf size, stem taper.
Fruit rot Marasorium palmivorus Reported in Kerala and Andamans. Bunch failure
is not frequent in 3-10 years old palm fruit
development rot occur.
Bud-rot Ermina spp. Reported from Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka,
Rotting of spindle.
Rubber Abnormal leaf fall Phytophthora plamivora P. maddii Fruit rot followed by heavy defoliation of premature
P. nicotianae leaves loss of yield occur
Shoot rot Phytophthora plamivora P. Maadii Rooting of tender green shoots more severs in
nursery and young plant field
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Powdery mildew Oidium heveae Leaves fall and die back with necrotic patches
retards growth in young plant
Seconday leaf fall Gloeosporium alborubrum Seen during April to October retard growth, leaf fall
and loss of yield.
Bird’s eye spot Drechslera heveae Hot weather disease necrotic spots with dark
margins defoliation and die back occurred.
Leaf spot Corynespora cassicola Leaf spot wilt brown margin, defoliation occur
Pink disease Corticium salmonicolor Streaks of latex oozing, Rooting and drying up and
cracking of affected bark, Retardation of growth
Patch canker or Phytophtora palmivora P. medi and Amber colour liquid oozes out often with a foul smell
bark canker Phythium vexans loss of tapping panel due to infection
Black stripe / Phytophthora palmivora Occurs during rainy season, reduced yield
Black thread / black rot
Dry rot, stump rot, / Ustulina deusta Affected branches are killed, loss of branches tree.
Charcoal rot
Tea Blister blight Fungus Presence of blister on young shoots
Grey blight Fungus Oval / circular grey spots on mature leaves
Red rust Algae Rust patches on stems and leaves
Wood rot Fungus Softwood of shoots
Xylaria root disease Fungus Necrosis of feeder roots

Charcoal stump root Fungus Irregular black double lines on roots
Black rot Fungus Dark strand on wood
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Betelvine Leaf rot and foot rot Phytophthora spp. Dark brown necrotic spots, loss of luster of the
leaves in foot rot condition complete wilting and
drying of the vines occur
Leaf spot marginal Colletotrichum capsisi Leaf tissue become black necrotic lesions
blight / anthracnose increasing in size and girdle the stem culminating
in the death of vine
Sclerotial wilt, Sclerotium rolfsii Wilting of vine and totally dries off
stem rot/ collar rot
Powdery mildew Oidium piperis White floury mass of fungal growth resulting in the
early leaf fall
Bacterial leaf spot / Xanthomonas campestris PV betlicola Brown leaf spot, stem canker occurs stem cracks
blight / stem canker and large area of leaf lamina are covered causing
blighted leaf.
104
VIRAL AND PHYTOPLASMAL DISEASES
OF FRUIT CROPS
Fruit crops Name Mode of transmission Damage / symptoms
Banana Bunchy top Aphids Total loss in yield as the

affected plants do not
flower
Infections Infected suckers and Presence of yellow
chlorosis Aphids streaks on the older
leaves, disease
causes yield loss up to
50-60%
Mosaic Infected suckers Leaves show greenish
yellow mottled look,
growth stunted caused
by stain of TMV 5-10%
losses in yield.
Banana streak Mealy bug Necrosis appear,
virus drying of leaves,
causing 30-40%
losses in yield.
Bract mosaic Aphids Yields losses up to
75-90%, Nendran is
highly susceptible
variety
Mosaic I Aphids 5-10% losses in yield
occurred
Mosaic II Aphids Leaves show dark
green blisters, causing
5-10% losses in yield
Mosaic III Aphids Mottleling of leaves
plant growth stunted
15-20% losses in yield.
Citrus Tristeza Aphids Stem pitting and rotting
of rot system causing
40-50% losses in yield
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Crinkly leaf Aphids Eureak and lisbon

lemon show pin head
sized circular spots on
newly emerge leaves
Mosaic Grafting Yield reduces upto
71%, leaves and fruits
with yellow green
patches
Veination Aphids Yield reduced upto
and woody 20-30% woody rough
gall galls are produced on
rough lemon
Greening Citrus psylla Induce Zn deficiency,
seed are abortive poor
quality fruit with insipid/
bitter juice. Yield losses
up to 50-60%
Excortis Contaminated tools Split in bark, yellow
blotches on young
stem of trifoliate
orange. Rangpur lime
and Citron Etrogcitron
is used as an indicator
plant
Xyloporosis Contaminated tools Symptoms in sweet
lime, gum deposition
can be seen in phloem
region yield losses
upto 20-30%
Infectious ________ Mosaic like leaf
variegation variegation crinkling,
distortion and shoe-
string effects are on
leaves of sour orange
and lemon
Blastomania Withches broom like
appearance of shoot,
early infection the
disease may cause
total yield loss
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Psorosis Classical porosis A,

Produces scaling and
flecking of the bark on
the trunk and limbs of
sweet orange and
grape fruit. Psorosis b-
bark lesions. In
Karnataka (Coorg)
about 63% disease
incidence has been
reported, yield reduction
up to 30%
Papaya Ring spot Aphids 50-60% losses in yield,
chlorosis, motling of
lamina, Infected fruit
show circular /
concentric rings
Leaf curl White fly Yield losses up to
70-80% sever leaf
curling
Pine apple Mealy bug wilt Mealy bug Yield losses up to 10-
15%, leaf top curl tightly
back, root decay, wilting
and death.
105
PESTS OF FRUIT CROPS
Fruit Pest Scientific name Nature of Control measure

crops damage
Almond Almond Myllocerus Young weevils Spray fenitrothion

weevil lactivirens feed on roots, 0.05% / collect
whereas adult attack and fallen fruit
feed on foliage and destroyed it.
Aphids Myzus persicae, Suck cell sap Spraying of methyl
Petrochlorus from growing demeton (0.25%)
porsica, buds. Dimethoate (0.03%)
Brachycaudus
helichrysi
Almond Mimastra cyanura Adult beetle Spray Fenitrothion
beetle/ Altica spp. appear in (0.05%)
Chrysomalid Haplosoma spp. swarms during
Merista spp. May, defoliate the
Monolepta spp., trees, causing
Phyllometu spp. yield losses,
Peak activity
during
June-August
Aonla Shoot-gall Betanosa Bore in to tender Spray carbaryl 1%
marker stylophora shoots and feed during August killed
in pits during newely hatched
August- larvae before
september they enter in shoots
Apple Sanjose scale Qyadraspidiotus Poly phagus Spray diesd oil
Pemiciosus pest. Suck the emulsion at 4-6%
sap from stems concentration
branches, leaves chloropyriphos
and even from 0.02% / Dimethoate
fruits If 0.03% (200ml)
unchecked. Rogar 30EC) /
Phosphamidon
0.03%
(70ml Dimecron 100)
[Table Condt.
Contd. Table]

crops damage
White scale Pseudoulacaspia It results in the Use Biocontrol agent

spp. death of the tree with spraying
produce fruit of coccinellid predator
poor quality chilocorus bijagus
and parasitoids
Encarsia perniclosi
(Tower) and Aphytis
diaspidis (Howard)
Wooly apple Ervosoma Suck sap from Phorate (10-30-g,
aphid lanigerum aerial parts and Thimet 10g) /
roots, resulting Carbofuran (30-50g
in gall formation Furadan 3g) at 5cm
and hindering depth in the root 2cm
flow of cell sap of 1-4 years old trees
use resistant root
stock of MM series
and M-25
Blossom- Thrips Adults and Before flowering at
thrips rhopalaniennalis nymphs lacetrate early pink bud stage
T. flaves floral parts 7-10 days before
T. floruon resulting in brown flowering spray with
Haplothrips spots detroate fenitrothion (0.05%) /
tenupennis fruit quality chloropyriphos
causes necrotic (0.02%)
silver ring curling
deformation
and withering
Defoliating Adoretus Lay eggs in soil Sparay with carbaryl
and fruit duvaucelli during rainy (0.1%) in May-June.
eating beetles A. Spp. season attack
cock chaffer / Holotrichia on leaves get
May-June longipinnes spp. skeletonized and
beetles Lachnostema small fruits
coriaceae spp. eaten which
Mimela spp. fall prematurely
Leaf-roller Archips termid Damege by Carbaryil (0.05%) /
and fruit scaraping to Malathion (0.05%)
scrapper leaves and fruits (200ml cythion
in field / storage. 50EC)
Leopard Zeuzora Eggs are laid Kill caterpillar in
moth mutistrigata singly in crackes tunnels by inserting a
[Table Condt.
Contd. Table]

crops damage
of barks. Instar pointed wire /Apply

scrap off dichlorovos
cambium and (Nuvan 765L) after
induce gummosis cleaning the tunnels
and later instar
` enter into the
hard wood and
make tunnels
up to 25cm
Apple fruits Argyresthia Young larvae Spary Fenthion
conjugella hatching bore in (0.05%) 100ml
to the fruit and lebaycid 100 /
feed on seed fully Fenitrothion 0.05%)
grown larvae
emerge out after
tunneling through
pulp.
Apple Aglaope phylina Catterpillar feeds Spray of
zygaenid on the bark, leaf Chloropyriphos
and flower spur 0.05%
resulting in
complete defoliaton
and reduction in
flowering
Root borer Dorystenes Root borer attack Avoid dry sand soils
hugelli make plant weak for apple, remove
shakely and may and destroy grubs
even cause death from roots drench
chloropyriphos
0.05% in March
and July.
Tent Malacosoma Feed grearidously Give spot treatment
caterpillar indica on leaves at night with kerosene or
and hide during spray carbaryl
day small silken (0.05%)
tents
Foliage Langia Sporadic full fed Hand pick and
feeders / zezuzeroides larvae defoliate destroyed them
Apple trees
hawknoth
Defoliating
caterpillars
[Table Condt.
Contd. Table]

crops damage
Hairy Euprotics signata Sporadic feed Malathion (0.05%)/

caterpillar vorasiously Fenitrothion 0.05 on
defoliate trees early larval instars.
Apple Leaf miner Gracilaria Mines are seen on Spray 0.05%
zachrysa leaves, damage Fenitrothion 15-20
during summer days before flowering
and autumn
Apple stem Apriona cinera Damage to stem Clean the hole with
borer and shoots flexiallele wire, insert
0.5g para
dichlorobenzene
(PDCB) and Plug the
hole with mud
European red Panonchychus Loss of Spary Dicofol(0.05%)
mites ulmi chlorophyll 400ml Kelthane 25
bronzing, leaf drop ED wettable sulphur
and weakness of 0.25%.
bud, reduced
blossom and fruit
set.
Apricot Indian gypas Lymantria Polyphagous larvae Collect and destroy
moth obfuscata feed gregariously egg masses. Place
at night and gunny bags soaked
defoliate the tree with chloropyriphos
completely 0.02% / fenitothion
0.05%
Apricot chalcid Eurytoma Fruit growth Collect and destroy
samsonowi stunted and fruits all dropped fruits
fall of prematurally
Apricot fruit Cydia funebrana Catterpillars feed Spray fenitrothion
moth on mesocarp and (0.05%), Malathion
render the fruit unfit 0.1%
for consumption
Banana Rhizome Cosmopolites Grub bore into Selection of healthy
weevil sordidus stool and feed sucker, do not take
there in initially ratoon crop, suckers
later on migrate deep in 0.1%
to rhizome due Quinalphos
to severe attack emulsion
central shoot is
killed fruit become
undesired
[Table Condt.
Contd. Table]

crops damage
Pseudostem Odoisporus Grub bore into Uproot and burn

weevil longicollis pseudo stem and infested plant spray
feed on leaf sheath. of phosphomedon
Infested plant die. (0.05%)
Aphid Pentalonia Vector of bunchy Spray phosphamidon
nigronervosa top virus 0.05% / Dimethoate
0.05%
Flea beetle Nodasterma Leaves are affected Spray / Carbaryl
subeostatum and scratch on 0.1% during
Nodasterood tender fruits 80% September
spp. bunches are
attacked in Bihar
during rainy season
Ber Fruit flies Bactrocera In north India 80% Grow resistant
zonata fruits are damaged varieties like Katha,
carpomyia sweet and thin Tikadi, Dodhia and
vesuviana skin cultivar are Mebarin, 3 spray of
susceptible fruit Dimethoate 0.03%
become deformed fallowed by
turn brown rot Phosphamidon
and drop off 0.03% and carbyl
20%-80% 0.1% at 10-12 days
damage occurred interval. Rake the
tree trunk during
summer to expose
the pupae to heat.
Fruit borer Meridarchis Severe pest of Spray carbaryl (0.1%)
scyrodes south India egg laid / chloropyriphos
on fruit a peg stage (0.05%)
caterpillar bore into
fruits and feed on
pulp near the seeds
Mealy bugs / Drepanococcus Suck sap from In severe infestation
scales chiton young shoots prune infested
Nepaecoccus shoots and burn
viridis immediately, spray
pongamia oil (1%)
neem seed extract
(4%)
[Table Condt.
Contd. Table]

crops damage
Thrips Florithrips Severe damage on Carbaryl (0.1%)

traegardi ber leaves in phosphamidon
Karnataka curling (0.05%) during
and drying of leaves emergence of
new flush
Citrus Psylla Diaphorina citri Act as vector of Prune affected
greening, eggs are shoots and destroy,
hidden the leaf spray
axil of tender Monocrotophos
leaves, Numphs (0.05%) / Dimethoate
and adult suck the 0.05%)
sap from buds and
tender leaves
Leaf minor Phyllocnistia Eggs laid on tender Prune affected
citrella leaves, larvae feed shoots and burn,
on the epidermis of spray
tender leaves, monocrotophos
making serpentine 0.045% / Dimethoate
mines, affected 0.03% during
leaves become initiation of new flush
dystroid
White flies Dialeurodes citri Nymph and adults Avoid dense plantina
suck sap from and stress on plant
ventral side of the phosphamidon
tender leaves, (0.05%) / Dimethoate
lose vigour and (0.045%) Acephate
fruit production (0.05%)
Lemon Papilio demolius Catterpillar feed on Spray 0.1%, Carbaryl
butterfly tender leaves, / Bacillus
defoliate the entire thuringinesis (Dipel)
trees 0.05%
Red scale Aonidiella Suck the sap and Distroy ants colonies
aurantii affect plant vigour spray 1.5% neem oil
/ Pongamia oil 1%
Mealy bugs Planococcus citri Infect tender Destroy ants
shoots and fruits, colonies put bands
fruits dropped and of quinalphos
affect plant growth phaslone
[Table Condt.
Contd. Table]

crops damage
Aphids Aphisgossypii, Transmit tristeza Spray mahua oil

Myzus persica, virus. Nymph and (1%), neem oil 1%.
Toxoptera citridus adult suck the sap
from tender
inflorescences
and shoots
Mites Eatetranychus Damage leaves Dicofol (0.04%) /
orientalis E. Spp and fruits. Fruit Dimethoate (0.04%)
P. anonychus citri remain often
P. Oleivoroa small in size
P. Oleivora causes
rosting and
silvering of fruits
Shoot borer / Oberea Incidence more Pruning affected
Trunk borer lateapicalis when citrus branches apply 0.1%
interplanted with Chloropyriphos
coffee, Larvae bore +0.1% neem /
into young twigs Ponagamia/ Linseed
and feed on soft oil
tissues in
Meghalaya and
Arunachal Pradesh
Custard Mealy bug Ferrisia vigata Adult female and Chloropyriphos
apple Nymphs suck sap 0.05% / Dimathoate
fruit became small (0.045%)
in size.
Fruit borer Anonaepestis Sporadic pest in Spraying carbaryl
bengalella south India (0.1%) / Phosalone
caterpillar bore. (0.05%)
into fruits damage
mesocarp
Fig Stem borer Batocera Lay eggs in loose Use light trap ,
rufomaculata bark. Grub bore Chlorpyriphos (0.1%)
B.rubus into the trunk Poganima/ Linseed
and make tunnels oil (1%)
in branches
Scale Parlatoria oleae Nymphs and Chloropyriphos
female suck sap (0.05%)
from leaves
Leaf roller Phycodesminor Catterpillar feed on Carbaryl (0.1%) /
P. radiata the epidermis of Fenitrothion (0.05%)
leaves in spring
[Table Condt.
Contd. Table]

crops damage
Gall makers Udumabaric Maggots feed on Fenthion /

(Midges) naninienisis fruit pulp, most Phosphamidon (1%)
A. njeerodyplosis common in U.P. at flower bud stage
Peshawarensis Punjab, Delhi
and Haryana
Grape Defoliating Adoretus Beetle feed on Spray carbaryl (0.1%)
bettle lasiophygus leaves / Malathion (0.1%)
Thrips Rhipiphorothrips Suck sap from Malathion (0.05%) /
cruentatus foliage fenitrothion (0.05%)
after fruit setting
Yellow and Puncture Ripe fruits Treat the ground wall
red wasps and feed on them and nest with
chloropyriphos can
avoided by covering
the bunches with
cloth bag
Guava Green shield Chloropulvinaria Infestation occurred Spray
scale psidi on the ventral side Phenthoate(0.05%)
of leaves, shoots
and fruits
Tea mosquito Helopeltis Nymphs and adults Grow moderately
bug antonii puncture the fruits, resistant varieties
tender shoots and like Lucknow 47,
leaves to suck sap smooth green and
Saharanpur
seedless. Collect all
infested fruit and
destroy
Jack fruit Shoot and Diaphania Catterpillar bore Destroy affected
fruit borer caesalis into shoots, buds shoots along with
and fruits caterpillar, spray
carbaryl (0.1%) /
Quinolphos (0.05%)
Litchi Fruit borer Cryptophelebia Cillepida causes Spray Fenvalerate
illepida Rapala 40-60% damage (0.1%) fenthion
varuna litchi fruit caterpillar (0.05%)
bore into fruits
and seeds
Eriophy- Acertia litchi Attack on new Dicofol 0.02% and
idmites leaves, tender Dimethoate 0.045%
shoots and fruits
results in low fruit
set and poor yield
[Table Condt.
Contd. Table]

crops damage
Loquat Loquat thrips Heliothrip spp. Infest on flower, Dimethoate (0.045%)

affected flower get / Phosphmidon
dried and not bear (0.05%)
fruits
Scales Eulecanium Suck sap from Spray Phenthoate
tilliai lower leaves and 0.05% /
Parlatoria oleae shoots Chloropyriphos
0.05%
Mango Leaf hopper Amritodus atkin In north highest Spray cypermethrin
soni A.spp incidence recorded Fenvalerate 0.01% at
in March- April, bud burst stage, 2nd
June- August suck spray carbaryl (0.1%)
sap from tender
leaves, hopper burn
symptom loss may
vary from 20-100%
Mealy bugs Drosicah Wingless nymphs Spary NSKE(4%) /
mandiferae and female bugs Crude garlic oil (1%)
Rastrococcus suck sap from on tree trunk below
iceryiodes inflorescence band to kill the
crawlers
congregated
Fruit flies Bactrocera Lay eggs under Use of pheromen
dorsalis epicarp. Maggots trap eugenol / sex
B. Zonata feed on the pulp pheromen traps first
B. Diversa and induce fruit spray deltamethrin
rot 0.0025% +
molasses 0.1%
fallowed by same as
second spray if
necessary. Post
harvest disinfstation
of fruit – Dip mature
un ripe fruits in 5%
sodium chloride
solution and
Immerse mango
fruits in hot water at
48oC +_ 1oC for 45
minutes
[Table Condt.
Contd. Table]

crops damage
Stone weevils steronochetus Eggs deposited on Spot application of

mangiferae fruit skin grub fenthion 0.05% /
S. gravis enterinto to stone carbaryl 0.1% In
and damage it, (Dec-January)
susceptible spray Deltamethrin
cultivars are 0.0025% six weeks
a) Neelum after fruit set
b) Totapuri
c) Banganpalli
up to 60-65%
Shoot borer Chlumetia Damage new Carbrya 0.1% fallowed
transversa flush, shoots, wilt, by Dimethoate
drop and get dried 0.045% and
Cypermethrin 0.01%
Leaf Webbers Orthaga Larvae feed by After pruning spray
euadrusalis scrapping leaf the tree with carbaryl
O. Mangiferae surface and whole (0.1%) and
leaf drying of shoot Quinalphos (0.05%)
and branches
Shoot gall Apylla Cistellate Feed on apical and Quinalphos 0.05% /
psylla axillary bud and Dimethoate 0.06%/
yield reduction up Monocrotophos
to 90%, infestation 0.52% at vegetative
occurred in U.P., bud brust stage
Bihar
Mango stem Bactocera rubus Feed on bark of Apply paste of
borer B. rufomaculata branches and chloropyriphos 0.1%
stem + neem / mahua oil
1% + copper
oxychloride 0.4% on
tree stem during
june-july
Olive Olive scale Metacernema Feed on leaves Monocrotophos
Japonica and fruit (0.04%), Phos
phamidon (0.0-3%)
during April
Black scale Saissetia oleae Soothy-mould Monocrotophos
appear on leaves, (0.04%),
honeybee Phosphamidon
secretion fruits (0.0-3%) during April
remain undersize
[Table Condt.
Contd. Table]

crops damage
Olive psylla Euphyllura Suck sap from Monocrotophos

longinova tender growing (0.04%), Phos
parts of plants phamidon (0.0-3%)
during April
Papaya Fruit flies Bactrocera Maggots feed in Deltamethrine
cucurbitae the fruit pulp (0.003%) /
Toxotrypana causing rotting Dimethoate (0.045%)
curvicauda
Akgrass Poekiocerus Grass hopper feed Dust with carbaryl /
hopper pictus on leaves bark of Phosalone dust
stem
Aphids Aphis gossypi Vector of mosaic Destroy virus affected
Myzus persicae virus diseases plants spray of
nymphs and adult Dimethoate 0.3% /
suck sap from Methyl demeton
leaves 0.05%
Red spider Tetranaychus Nymphs and adult Dimethoat(0.045%) /
mite cinnabarinus suck sap from Dicofol (0.04%)
leaves
Grey weevil Myllocenes Grubs feed on Drenching of
viridians roots cause death chloropyriphos
of young plant (0.045%) Dust
foliage with 5%
carbaryl
Peach Peach leaf Brachycaudus Suck sap from Before flowering
curling aphid helichrysi growing buds, poor spray Methyl
setting and fruits demeton (0.025%) /
fall off prematurely Dimethoate (0.03%) /
Monocrotophos
(0.04%)
Peach fruit fly Bactrocera Lay eggs inside 0.1% Malation
zonatus fruits. Maggots (2ml cythion 50Ec)
feed on pulp + 10g sugar / gur
Oriental fruit Bactrocera Fruit become soft 0.1% malation
fly (dacus) dorsalis fermented and (2ml cythion 50Ec)
drop + 10g sugar / gur
Flat headed Sphenoptera Adult bettle feed on Spray the main trunk
borer lafertei foliage, plant with Methyl parathion
become weak / die
[Table Condt.
Contd. Table]

crops damage
Pineapple Mealy bug Dysmicoccus Mealy bug infest Before planting dip in
brevipus roots, crown, fruit, Feni trothion /
suck sap, plants Phenthoate 90.05%)
become stunted emulsion for 15
and bear small minutes apply
fruit phorate granules @
1.75kg/ha, 3months
after planting
Fruit eating Carpophilus Feed inside the Early harvesting
beettle dimidiatus ripen fruits necessary
damaged Fruit rot
due to infection
Perism- Leaf roller Hyplocala Moth lay eggs on Malthion 0.05%
mon rostrata leaves in early July,
catter pillar fold
leaves, feed inside
and pupate within
the leaf fold
Plum Plum fruit Cydia fanebrana Larvae bore into Carbaryl 0.1% about
moth developing fruit a month before
and feed on the anticipated date of
pulp, fruits drop harvesting
and rot
Pomeg- Anar-butterfly/ Deudorix 20-80% loss occur Bagging fruits after
ranate fruit borer isocarates caterpillar bore into single spray of
D. epijarbas the fruits and feed Dimethoate (0.045%)
on developing / deltamethrin
seeds (0.003%)
Hole facilitates
the entry of
pathogen and
induce fruit rot
and drop
Aphid Aphis punicae Infest tender Spray neem seed
shoots leaves Kernel etract 2%
flower buds and
fruits
[Table Condt.
Contd. Table]

crops damage
Fruit sucking Otherisancilla Punctures mature Destroy weeds like

moths O. cajecta fruits during day tinospora, spp and
O. Spp. time by inserting coculses spp collect
proboscis, suck and destroy infested
juice, fruit rotting fruits, put poison bait
due to pathogen containg malathion
1ml + 100g Jaggery
+ 5ml vinegar
Strawberry White grubs Cut root and Soil should be free
and cut stems of from white grubs,
worms young plants treat soil with
chloropyriphos dust
Hairy Defoliate plants Spray Malathion
caterpillars during (0.05%) Do not spray
June-July fruits
Walnut Wal nut Alcidodes Grub bore into Fallen fruits should
weevil perrectirostris fruits and reduce be collected and
the Kernel in to destroyed
a black mass
Arecanut Foliage mites Raoiella indica Both nymph and Spray 0.05% Dicofol.
olygonychus adult suck the Dimethoate
indicus plant sap living on
lower leaves
Calyx mite Dolichotetrany- Feed on tender Spray 0.05% Dicofol
chus spp. nuts
Spindle bug Carvalhoia Adults and nymphs Spray 0.05%
arecae suck the sap from Dimethoate
emerging spindle
and tender leaves
Root grub Leucopholis Grub feed on roots, Apply 15 g phorate
burmeisteria in severe cases the (10g) / Palm twice a
entire bole region year in May-June and
as the palm is September-October.
destroyed
Inflorescence Tirathaba Feed on inner Spray Malathion 0.5%
caterpillar mundella floral part
Pentatromid Halymorpha Adults and instar Spray 0.5% Malathion
bug marmorea nymphs suck and at time of nut fall
feed on Kernal sap
[Table Condt.
Contd. Table]

crops damage
Cashew Stem and Placaederus Bore collor regions Exposing root region
root borer ferrcegineus gummosis extraction with 0.2% carbaryl
Batocera of frass through
rofomaculata hole, yellowing and
shadding of leaves
Tea Helopeltis Suck the sap from Spray carbaryl
mosquito antonii shoots result (0.05%)
bug necrosis phosphamidon
0.03% and
Quinalphos (0.05%)
Leaf and Lamida Presence of web on Use species of
bloosom moncusalis apical portion of braconid parasite
webber new shoots and (Apanteles Spp) In
bloosom drying up severe infestation
carbaryl 0.15% /
Flower thrips Rhynctothrips Scabs on floral Spray dimethoate
raoensis branches 0.05%
applenuts are
affected
Cocoa Mealy bug Planococcus Affects tender Spray 0.05% fenthion
lilacinus P. Citri shoot and terminal / Monocrotophos /
buds, flowers and dimethoate during
mature pods. post monsoon and
early summer.
Black aphid Toxoptera Adults and nymphs Spray 0.05%
aurantii suck sap from monocrotophos /
tender leaves, Dimethoate
shoots and flower
Cow bug Gargara spp. Adult and nymphs Spray 0.05%
infest young phosphamidon /
cherelles and monocrotophos
apical shoots
Stem borer Zeuzera caffeae Catterpillar make Remove infested
hollow tunnels stem and burn it
inside the shoots
and tender stem
Coconut Rhinoceros Oryctes Adult bores Use Biocontrol agent
beetle rhinoceros unopened flowers like Baculovirus of
and spathes cause orcytes
[Table Condt.
Contd. Table]

crops damage
wilting of Entomogenous
inflorescence fungus Metarhizium
anssopila fill the
hole with a mixture of
Mancozeb + 1kg
sand.
Red palm Rhyochophrous Bore the whole on Remove and burn
weevil ferrrugineus crown stem/Bole dead palm treated
region with cultar + carbaryl
Insectisidal
treatment of
Dichlorovas 1%
Black Opisinaareno- Catterpillar feed Dichlorovas (0.2%) /
headed sella under surface of Malathion 0.05%
catepillar leaflets leaves Biological control –
drop bunches Goniozus
buckle and nuts nephantidls,
are damaged Ehasmus
nephantedis and
Brachymeria
nosation
White grub Leucopholls Feed on root and Application of
coneophora bole region of Phorate 10g at 100g
palm / palm
Coreid bug Paradasynus Adult and nymphs Application of 0.1%
rostratus feed on buttens carbaryl /
and developing
nuts
Mealy bug Plamicultor Infest tender Preaditory beetle –
plamarum shoots coccinellid bettle but
inflorescences, severe case
spear, leaf and application of 0.1%
perianth Fenthion / 0.05%
Dimethoate /
Phosphamidon
[Table Condt.
Contd. Table]

crops damage
Nut borer Cyclodesomma Catterpillar bore Spray with 0.1%

Tirathaba spp into the developing carbaryl /
buttons through
perianth and feed
on inner tissue
causing nut fall
Termite Odontotermes Feed on husk Soil drenching with
abesus portion of nut and 0.05%
collar region chloropyriphos
Mites Raoiella indica Suck leaf sap 0.05% Dimethoate /
orange mite infest Dicofol / 0.2%
perianth region on wettable sulphur
nut causing nut fall
Rats Rat tur rattus Damage to tender Poison baiting with
nuts live on crow zinc phosphide
on palm
Coffee White stem Xylotherchus Occur in arebica Linden 20Ec @
borer quadripes coffee, damage 1300ml in 200 liters
ridge around the along with wetting
stem agent
Coffee berry Hypothenemus Bore into berry Clean harvest
borer hampei
Mealy bug Planococcus Attack nodes Dusting Quinolphos
citri spikes, borer, 1.5% methyl
P. Lilacinus tender branches parathion 2% /
leaves and roots Malthion 5%
Released parasitoid
Leptomastix
dactylopii
Green scale Coccus viridis Defoliation of older Dusting Quinolphos
plants and death 1.5%, methyl
of nursery plants parathion 2% /
Malathion 5%
Released parasitoid
Leptomastix
dactylopii
Oil palm Spindle bug Canalhoia Nymphs and adult Apply 2g Phorate 10g
arecae suck sap from in perforated
spindle leaf and
tender leaves
necrotic symptoms
occurred
[Table Condt.
Contd. Table]

crops damage
Tussock Dasychira Polyphagous pest Spray carbaryl 0.01%

caterpillar mendosa feed young and
mature leaves of
seedling
Bag worm Manatha albipes Cause severe Spray 0.01% Carbaryl
Mestisa plana defoliation
Rats Bandi coota Loose the Poison bating using
indica Ruttus seedling cause Zinc Phosphide
rattus death
Tea Pink, purple, Discoloration of Spraying sulphur
scarlet and leaves formation Dicofol,
red spider Ethion
mites
Thrips Stunted shoot Application of
growth Quinolphos
Tea mosquito Brown puncture Quinolphos and
on leaves curling chloropyriphos
of leaves shoot
growth
Jassids Curling of leaves Quinolphos
Betel Betel vine Disphincuts Leaves are Spray of Malthion
vine bug punctured very 0.05% /
badly affect, bug Monocrotophos
active during 0.03%
June-October
White fly Dialeurodes Adult and nymphs Application of
pallid suck sap from Malathion 0.05%,
leaves resulting Monocrotophos
chlorosis 0.05%
Red spider Tetranychus spp. Suck sap from 0.02% wettable
leaves sulphur.
106
NEMATODE MANAGEMENT IN FRUIT CROPS
Fruit Nematode Scientific Damage Control measure

crops name
Banana Burrowing Radholous Leaf yellowing, Elakkibale is

nematode similis retarted growth, resistant to R. similis
Lesion Pratylenchus Destruction of Use of carbofuran on
nematode coffeae feeder roots mud slurry 4 month after
Reduction in fruit palnting
yield up to 32-41%
Spiral Helicotylenchus Shallow necrotic Intercropping with
nematode multicinctus lesion on roots, sunhemp, coriander
loss in yield 20% and marigold,
application of neem
cake 400g/ plant
Cyst Hetrodera spp. Feeder roots turn
nematode black and detach
easily, reducing
bunch weight by
20%
Citrus Citrus Tylenchulus Die-back slow Use nematode free
nematode semipenetrans decline, roots planting material
shortened swollen seedling bore-root deep
and irregular, soil in hot water at 450C for
adhere to 25 minute. Apply castor
gelatinous cake and neem cake
(1tonne/ha) Use
resistant root stock
trifoliate orange and
citrus rento.
Lesion Prytlenchus Matrix of egg Apply 100g of
nematode coffee mass, galls on paecilomyces illacinus
roots, yield inoculums tree.
reduction up to Intercrop\ with sunhemp
29-69% and incorporate in soil
as green manure.
Lance Hoplotanmus
nematode indicus
[Table Contd.
Contd.Table]

crops name
Root knot Meloidogyne

Nematode spp
Grape Root-knot Meloidogyne Patches of poorly Use of nematode free
nematode spp. branched vines planting material bare-
with scant foliage, root sedling dip in hot
pale and small water at 50oC for 10
leaves and poor minutes use resistant
bearing, small root stock 16-18
galls on feeder dogridge, saltcrick,
roots. In adequate Harmony and freedom
sprouting after
pruning, drying
of leaves
perceptible
reduction in fruit
yield (25-50%)
Rani form Rotylenchus
reniformis
Papaya Root knot Meloidogyne Leaf yellowing Treat nursery bed with
nematode spp and shedding, carbofuron (4kg/ha) and
reduction in leaf main field with
numbers, carbofuran(2kg/ha) C0–2
premature and CO–3 are resistant
dropping of fruits, varieties
root galling
causes decline
Reniform Rotylechulus Damage to Thailand and gaint are
nematode reniformis cortical cells tolerant to reniform
reduction in nematode. Apply neem
yield (28%) cake (2.5 tonnes/ha)
carbofuron 2 kg/ha
Peach Lesion Pratylenchus Reduced growth, Cultivated nemagurad,
and nematode pruni decline, lesion Nemared and Okinawa
pineapple on roots and resistant root stock.
rapid detoriaration Apply endomycorrhiza
of feeder roots Glomus mosseae
which suppress
nematode multiplication
Root knot Meloidogyne Lack of vigour
nematode incognita die-back of twigs,
root galling, yield
reduction
[Table Contd.
Contd.Table]

crops name
Arecanut Browning Radopholus Reduction in yield, Use nematode free

nematode similis lesions on roots seedling, Hybrid VTL-1/
and roting of X VTL-17 is highly
root, tips of lateral resistant. Apply
and tertiary roots phorate 3g/tree
become black
Coconut Browning Radopholus Reduction in leaf Apply oil cake
nematode similis size and yield (1 tonne/ha) or farmyard
causes rotting of manure 10 tonnes/ha,
roots reduction in Apply phorate 10gm/tree
yield (30%)
Coffee Lesion Pratylenchus Leaves become Use nematode free
nematode coffee yellow and drop, planting material use
small necrotic grafted plant of Arabica
crinkled leaves at scion on Robusta root
the tip giving a stock
‘tufted’ appearance,
sprase flower buds
and poor setting,
lesions on roots
and rotting of outer
layer of roots
which peel off
adventitious roots
at the collar
region, plants can
easily dislodged
Ring Hemicricone- Production of
nematode moides Spp. shortened
internodes,
Proliferates
crinkled, Chlorotic
leaves and
production of
sparse feeder
roots
Tea Root knot Meloidogyne Leaves are Treatment of methyl
nematode spp. smaller, dull and bromide (1 kg/gm2) use
yellow, severe marigold as periferi
galling on roots plant, crop interplant
and cropping with marigold. Apply
capacity reduced phorate (10g/bush) at
planting.
POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT OF FRUITS

Post harvest losses of fruits are about 20-40% About 30% of fruit decay due to
penecillium species.
● Selection of varieties: Slow ripening and longer shelf life varieties should
develop.
● Cultural management: Pruning, thining, use of significant root stocks,
Application of fertilizer, micronutrient is necessary.
● Preharvest treatments: Applicaton of three spray of Topsin – M (0.1%) /
Bavistin 0.1% at 15 days interval before harvesting can control anthracnose
and stem-end rot in mango. In Nagpur mandarins 3 spray of 0.1% Benlate/
0.1% topsin-M/0.1%, Bavistin at 15 days interval.
● Maturity: Post harvest quality and storage life controlled by maturity.
107
MATURITY INDICES OF FRUITS
Commodities Maturity sign
Citrus, Papaya, Pineapple, Mango, Peel colour

Grape, Strawberry
Mango and apple Pulp colour
Pear and apple Size
Banana(Fulness of fingers Shape.
disappearance of angularity)
Mango (Fulness of cheeks) Shape
Pineapple (flattening of eyes with slight) Hollowness at center
Litchi (flattening tubercles) Hollowness at center
Grape, Mango Surface characteristics
Grape, Mango(Tap ka stage) Ease of separation from plant
Jackfruit Tapping
Jackfruit Aroma
Mango (1-1.02 for Alphanso) Specific Gravity
Mango less than one for Dashehari Specific Gravity
Pineapple (0.98-1.02) Specific Gravity
Guava (1.00) Specific Gravity
Apple pear Fermness sugars
Grape (14-16°Brix – Anab-e-shahi) TSS
(18-22°Brix – Thompson Seedless) TSS
(12-14°Brix – Banglore Blue TSS
Sweet Orange 12°Brix TSS
Papaya 11.5°Brix TSS
Pineapple 12-14°Brix TSS
Citrus (Mandarin 0.4% Sweet orange Acidity
0.3% Mango, pineapple (0.5-0.6)
Apple, Banana and pear Starch index
Citrus (35-50%) Juice context
Mango, Grape, Apple Pear, Pineapple Heat units
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table
Commodities Maturity sign
Pineapple Days from anthesis

Mango, Apple, Citrus and Pear Days from full bloom
Banana(90 days for Dwarf Cavendish) Days from fruit set
Mango (110-125 days for Pairi and Alphanso) Days from fruit set
Harvesting : citrus fruits became susceptible to damage if harvested during

rains as their rinds becomes turgid and prone to easy bruising sunscald and
oleocellasis (Injury to the epidermal cell) Use of mago harvester developed by
Lucknow (CISH), Banglore (IIHR) and Ratnagiri (KKV).
108
POST HARVEST FACTORS
● Curing: Curing is conducted immediately after harvesting.

● Degreening: Process of decomposition of green pigments in fruit usually by
applying ethylene (20ppm).
In banana, mango and Citrus best degreening temperature is 27°C and humiditiy
should be 85-90%. Higher humidity causes condensations. In another method
fruits in containers are sealed by two sheets of plastic film and water. Ethylene
is introduced from a can of 4.2litres capacity in the film which can cover 1.2
tonnes of fruits (20kg X 60 cantainers) the ethylene concentration becomes
nearly 1000ppm resulting in satisfactory colouring. After 15hr, the film is
removed enforcing the fruit to air. Degreening takes 3 days. Ethylene
accelerate decomposition of chlorophyll without significantly affecting the
synthesis of carotinoid pigments.
● Pre cooling: Process of removing field heat in air cooling, cool air can be
obtained from cold storage. Temperature should not less than –1°C to avoid
freezing. In water cooling/hydrocoling field heat is removed quickly.
Hydrocooling at 12°C-15°C with 500 ppm Bavistin increases shelf-life of
mango. In Alphanso it reduces the incidence of spongy tissue.
● Washing and drying: Fruits after harvesting washed to improve their
appearance, prevent wilting and remove primary inoculum lead of micro
organisms fungicidal/ bactericidal should be used in washing water.
● Sorting and grading: Immature disease and budding bruised fruits are sorted
out grades are based on the weight, color and shape.
● Disinfestation: Papaya, mango and other fruits are susceptible to fruit fly
attacks. Disinfestation is done either by vapour heat treatment at 43°C with
air saturated with water vapour for 6-8hr. by ethylene bromide fumigation
(18-22g of EDB cubic meter for 2-4hr. Residues of organic bromides must
not exceed 10vg/g/ by cold treatments.
● Post harvest treatments: Application of Bavistin (0.1%) and Topsin (0.1%)
controls storage disease of mango. Hot water treatment with Imazalil (0.1%),
Bavistin (0.1%) and benlate (0.1%) is most effective in Nagpur Mandarin.
● Waxing: Fruits have natural waxy layer on their outer surface which partly
removed by washing artificial wax applied to prevent anaerobic conditions.
Waxing also enhance the gloss of fruits . There are2 types of wax emulsion
wax “W” and “O”.
In wax composition ‘W” does not impart any gloss to fruit. The waxes “O”
impart gloss on fruit for improvement marketability both waxes emulsion contain
12% total solids.
● Control of ripening process: Ripening of fruits can be retarted by using
proper packing, low temperature ethylene, absorbants, skin coating of waxol,
growth retardants, using fungicides for controlling their spoilage.
Furtox and Tall prolong (1.0-1.5%) retarted ripening in Alphanso and Pairi
mango.
Ripening in Banana is achieved by GA 500ppm and 2,4-D (500ppm) retarted
ripening and also prevent the browning of stem end.
Tall prolong (1.0-1.5%), vapour guard (dip-menthaene at 5%) extend storage
life of dashehari mango by 25-30%.
● Ripening of fruits: It is the process of completion of development and
commence of senescence with life of a fruit and is normally an irreversible
event achieved by application of ethylene.
A concentration of CO 2 above 1% delays ripening. Ethephon/ethrel /
CEPA(yfluid own ces release 1 cft of ethylene) calcium carbide can be used
for ripening (100g for 100kg fruits) / alkaline using caustic soda (3g of caustic
soda for 20ml of ehtephon).
● Pre packing in plastic films: The packing material used should provide
reasonable access to oxygen. For breathing films like polystyrene and cellulose
acetate are used. Toegther LDPE films which have highest O2and CO2
transmission rates are more durable. Hydrated lime (Calcium hydroxide) insert
may also be beneficial controlling CO2 concentration with the film package.
● Packing: Gunny bags, woven, bamboo reed and grass stem basket, polymyra
mats, wooden cases, earthern pots, corrugated fiber board cartons, and rigid
plastic crates are used.
● Pelletization: Due to low unit load there is tendency to throw, drop mishandle
the package, damaging the commodity. The losses can be reduced by pellet
system. Loading and unloading is very easy with lift system.
● Transportation: For local market the produce is brought by bullock carts,
tractors trollies, carts, trailers, and trucks used in the field should have good
suspension and low tyer pressure to avoid excessive jolting of produce.
● Storage: Cool stores: Low temperature and high humidity conditions as obtained
in commercial cool stores. Apples are kept in cool stores.
● Irradiation: Irradiation by Gamma rays. In Banana, Guava, Mango and
Papaya improves shelf life due to delay in rate of ripening and senescence.
109
STORAGE LIFE OF FRUITS WITH OR
WITHOUT WAX TREATMENT AT
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
Fruit Stage Type Treated Untreated Quantity

of of
wax wax
emulsion required
and for
concentration one
(%) tones
fruit
(liters)
Apple Mature 0/8 32 16 5.4

Golden delicious
Banana Green, W/6 13 7 3.0
Dwarf Unripe
Cavendish, Pooven W/8 19 11
Grape Mature 0/4 12 6 5.7
Anab-e-shahi
Banglore Blue Mature W/4 14 5
Guava Unripemature W/6 6 4
Lime
Green Mature 0/12 10 5 9.0
Yellow Mature 0/9 9 6
Mango
Alphanso Green unripe W/6 18 11 3.6
Badami Green unripe W/6 14 7 6
’Mumbai-Calcutta Green unripe 8 4
Himsagar-Calcutta mature 6
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Fruit Stage Type Treated Untreated Quantity

of of
wax wax
emulsion required
and for
concentration one
(%) tones
fruit
(liters
Mature
Mature 3.6
Mandarin orange Green unripe W/4 20 11 5.4
Mandarin orange mature 0/6 20 11
Tight-skinned- Mature 0/9 30 17

oranges
Tight-skinned- Mature 0/6 24 17
oranges
Papaya
Greenish W/6 4 2
mature
Unripe mature
Pineapple
Greenish W/6 10 7
yellow
Unripe mature
110
108
TYPE OF BOXES THEIR DIMENSION FOR
PACKING OF FRUITS
Fruit Boxes type Inner dimension Capacity Details

(cm) (Kg)
Apple Wooden box 45X30X27.5 16-18 *Super large(51-54,85 & above)
45X30X25 16-18 Extra large(60-63,80-85)

45X30X30 16-18 Large(96-75-80)
45X30X27.5 16-18 Medium (112’ 70-75)
45X30X25 16-18 Small (128-132;60-70)
45X30X25 16-18 Extra small (160; 60-65)
45X30X25 16-18 Pitto (200;below 60)
CBF telescopic 50X30X29 16-18 Extra large (80;80-85;20.5)
50X30X29 16-18 Large (100;75-80)(20.6)
50X30X29 16-18 Medium (125; 70-75)(35.6)
50X30X29 16-18 Extra small (175; 60-65) (35:6)
Mango Wooden 45X30X30 16-18 60-80
crates Ratnagiri
21.6X21.6X42 10-11
Malihabad
Plum wooden 15.5X20.5X37.5
Apricot
Cherry
Almond
fresh
Peach Wooden 19.5X27.5-
X42.5X12.13
Stone fruit CFB 15X18X37 5-6
Banana 42X32X29
Mandarin Wooden box 46.5X27.5X27.5
Pomegranate CFB(3ply) 40X20X24 24
*No. of fruits/box + minimum diameter of fruit in mm

111
108
STORAGE LIFE OF FRUITS
Fruits Optimum Temperature (Weeks)
Very perishable (0-4 weeks) –1 to 4°C 5-9°C 10

Apricot 2
Banana(ripe)
Banana (green) 1-2 1-2
Berry fruit 1-2
Cherry 1-4
Fig 2-3
Loquat 1-2
Mango 2-3
Straw berry 1-5 days 2-3
Perishable (4-8weeks)
Avocado 4-6
Grape
Mandarin 4-6
Nectarine 5.8
Passion fruit 3.5
Passion fruit 3.5
Pineapple (ripe) 4-5
Pineapple (green) 4-5
Plum 2-7
Semiperishable (6-12 weeks)
Coconut 8-12
Orange 6-12
Non perishable (7-12 weeks)
Apple 8-30
Grape fruit 12-16
Lemon 12-20
Pear 8-30
112
108
PROCESSING OF FRUITS
Fruits are major source of vitamins and minerals they are perishable, need to
preserved and processed.
Heat – Widely used in preservative of food by cooking, microwave heating,
blanching, frying, canning, pasteurizing, boiling or heating prior to consumption.
The thermal processed foods (Bottled and canned) are totally sterile.
● Canning / sterilization: Fruits should be absolutely fresh, mature, ripe and
firm sorting,grading, washing, peeling, coring and pitting, blaching, can filling,
syruping, lidding or clinching, exhausting, sealing and processing by heating to
inactive bacteria
● Bottling: Bottles which can stand high temperature can be sealed air tight.
Pasteurization canning, freezing, carbonation and drying are used for
preservation.
● Pasteurization: Pasteurization of fruit juice by over flow method by heating
at 85°-90°C for 30 minutes can kill spore forming bacteria, mould, spore,
enzymes. High temperature for short time (90°-95°C for minutes) and filled
into containers should air tight.
● Low temperature preservation and processing: freezing preserve the
food without major changes. Use of cryogenic liquids is gaining important
(Liquid nitrogen at –196°C or liquid Co2 at 43°C). Fruit juices are frozen at
–12°C to –17°C. For frozen peaches they may be used as whole, halves
quarters, slices, pieces / died (15mm). Syrup of peaches should have
15-30% TSS at 20°C and prepacked and frozen at –18°C or lower and then
stored also at –18°C or lower.
● Preservation by Removing moisture: Drying helps preservation of
foods-Microbes can not grow and multiply in absence of sufficient water
fruits may be dried in air, super heated steam, in vaccum, in inert gases or by
direct application of heat.
● Drying, dehydration and concentration: removal of moisture by applying
heat is known as drying. Dehydration is drying by artificially heating under
controlled temperature, humidity and air flow. Drying is classified as sun-
drying, atmospheric dehydration and vaccum dehydration.
Concentration can be a form of preservation of fruits and pulp and juices.

They are concentrated in falsh evaporators or concentrators. The method of
concentration of fruit juices are freeze concentration, low temperature, vaccum
evaporation, high speed and high temperature vaccum evaporation,high speed
and high temperature evaporation and reverse osmosis. Various types of dryer
for juices and pulp are foam mat kiln, spray, drum roller, vaccum and fluatised,
microwave driers.
● Preservation with sugar: Jam, Jelly marmalade are preserved and candied
fruits are preserved by adding sugar. Pectin present in the fruit gives a good
set for jam and jelly. The perfect jelly is transparent and well set. Marmalade
is a fruit jelly in which the shreds of the peels of citrus fruits (Orange, lemon)
are suspended. Murraba is made by cooking or heat processing of raw or
mature peeled or punctured and pretreated whole or cut fruits in sugar syrup
candied fruits are made by dehydrating them by osmotic pressure of sugar
solution. Fruit syrup (Sharbat) contain more than 66% sugar that generally
does not fermented.
● Preserve by salt: curing of raw fruits in dry salt / brine and subsequent
preserving by spices and condiment or in vinegar is known pickling, Mango,
Lemon are important for pickle making. Exotic Pickle are pear, peach karonda
are popular.
● Preservation by food additives: food additives are salt, sugars, acids, spices,
essential oils, buffers, bleaching agents emulsifying and thickening agents food
flavour colour, preservatives, antioxidants, emulsifying and thickening agents.
● Chemical preservation: Fruit pulp and juices from fruits such as peaches,
plums, bael, apricot, mango, guava, pineapple, litchi, citrus fruits phalsa, jamun
can easily be preserved and stored after heating them to 80°-85°C and by
adding chemical preservative and acid.
● Fruit juice / pulp – 1 kg
● Citric acid – 10 g
● Chemical Preservative – 1g
● Potassium metabisulphite is used to preserve most of pulp/ juices, where as
sodium benzoate is used for coloured juices / pulp along with citric acid
(Only non acid fruits) Mixed fruit jam or marmalade can also be made
by mixing pulp of various fruits and cooking them to consistency having
68-70° Brix.
● Preparation and preservation of bevarages: fruit juice can be preserved
as squash, nectar, syrup, and cordial as well as fermented, carbonated and
Ready to Serve (RTS) Drinks, mixed fruit juice, squash (Cocktails) lime
pineapple squash, spiced mango, aonla drinks.
● Processing of sauce, chutney and ketchup: Chutney are made from onion,
garlic, slices salt, sugar and acid are added for flavour for making them
palatable.
Raw mango chutney, lime chutney, plum, apples and papaya chutneys are
delicious. Sauce can be made from banana, papaya, plum and apricot.
● Preservation by fermentation: fermentation is a low-cost technology for
preservation of fruits with many advantages prolonged shelf life, extended
seasonal life, less time for cooking and sometimes increase acceptability and
digestability, acts as laxative agent.
● Cold sterilization/ Filtration and Irradiation filtration: Mechanical removal
of micro organism by uitrafiltration is known as cold process and applied for
treatment of fruit juices, beers, and wines.
● Irradiation: Food preserved by ionization. The temperature remains
4°C-5°C it is also called cold sterilization technique and use in controlling the
ripening process of fruits.
113
108
DRYING SCHEDULE OF FRUITS
Fruit Preparation Pretreatment Time of Drying Drying Drying

of raw (Inbioling ley sulphering tempera- time ratio
material solution 0.2% (minutes) ture
NaOH
Apple Peel, core 15-30 60-71°C 6-10 8:1

and cut in
5mm thick
slices
Apricot Wash, 20-25 57-68°C 10-12 6:1
halve,
destone
Banana Wash, 25-30 55-91°C 18-20 6:1
peel, cut
into 10mm
thick slices
Grape Wash 2-5 seconds 10-15 66-82°C 20-30 5:1
Mango Wash, peel, 2hr 55-60°C 10-12 6:1
cut in to 10
10 mm thick
slices
Papaya Wash, peel, 2hr 55-60°C 10-12 8:1
cut into
5mm thick
slices
Peach Halves, 20-25 60-63°C 15-20 6:1
Peel destone
Pear Peel, cut in 15-20 60-63°C 15-24 6:1
to halves
and core
Pine- Wash, Peel 2hr 55-60°C 10-15 8:1
apple cut into 5mm
thick slices
114
108
RECIPES FOR FRUIT JAMS
Fruit Pulp Sugar Citric acid Pectin Fruit

(Kg) (Kg) (g) (of 150grade) (g) essence(ml)
Apple 1 1.1 12.5 10.0 1.5

Apricot 1 1.0 7.5 10.0 1.5
Bael 1 1.0 10.0 5.0 1.0
Mango 1 1.0 5.0 12.5 1.8
Orange 1 1.0 7.5 7.5 1.0
Peach 1 1.0 7.5 10.0 1.5
Pear 1 1.0 5.0 10.0 1.5
Plum 1 1.0 2.5 7.5 1.0
Strawberry 1 1.0 7.5 10.0 1.5
Goose berry 1 1.0 7.5 10.0 1.5
115
108
PROCESSING OF INDUSTRIAL PRESERVES
Preserve Treatments Fruit:sugars Days

fruit (Kg) required
Aonla Soaked 100:L150 7-10 *Quince 100:150 7-15

punctured peeled,
and blanched blanched
and
punctured
Apple Peeled 100:125 7-15
blanched and (summer)
punctured
Bael Peeled 100:125 7- 15
blanched
and punctured
Harhad Boiled, 100:125 7-10
blanched and
punctured,
blanched
and resoaked
Karonda De-seeded, 100:150 7-8
punctured and
blanched
Mango Peeled, raw 100:125 5-6
magoes cut into
sliceses
blanched and
punctured
Pineapple Peeled, cut into 100:125 3-4
circular pieces
blanched and
punctured
*Quinle peeled, blanched and punctured 100:125, 7-15

116
108
RECIPES FOR FRUIT SHARBAT
Fruit Fruit Juice/pulp Sugar Citric acid Water Sodium

(Kg) (Kg) (g) (g) benzoate (g)
Lime 1.0 3.0 – 750 –

Plum 10 2.0 40.0 – 1.0
Phalsa 1.2 1.2 23.6 – 2.4
Jamun 1.2 1.5 37.2 – 2.7
117
108
RECIPES FOR FRUIT PICKLES
Ingredient quantity of ingredient (g) required for 1kg of fruit
Lemon Lemon Jack fruit Mango Mango Mixed

pickle pickle pickle pickle Pickle fruit
in oil in Juice (Brined slices) (Unpeeled) (Peeled) vegetable
pickle
Salt 150 200 62 200 225 80

Red chilli 10 20 19 15 15 10
Garam 30 30
masala
Turmeric 5 15-20 25 5
powder
Red seed 3 30
(Mustard)
Onion 30 150
(chopped)
Garlic 30
Ginger 50
Ginger
Glacial 1.5 10
acetic acid
Cumin(seed) 40 6
Coriander 50 3 30
Aniseed
(saunf)
Ajwain 40 50 25
Methi
(seeds)
Nigella 60
Black peper 60 25
(Powder)
Asafoetida 15
(hing)
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Lemon Lemon Jack fruit Mango Mango Mixed

pickle pickle pickle pickle Pickle fruit
in oil in Juice (Brined slices) (Unpeeled) (Peeled) vegetable
pickle
Cloves 1 5
Cinnamon 3
Cardamom 1.5
Sugar / 200 125
jiaggery
Oil 250 125 250-300 250 250
1g of sodium benzoate is added

118
108
RECIPES FOR FRUIT BEVERAGES
Fruit squash Fruit Sugar Citric Water KMS

Juice (Kg) acid(g) (liter) (g)
Lime 1.0 1.7 1.30 2.43

(°Brix - 10, acidity - 6%)
Orange 1.0 1.7 52 1.25 2.43
Pineapple 1.0 1.72 55 1.23 2.43
(°Brix - 8, acidity - 0.5%)
Mango 1.0 1.62 30 1.35 2.43
(°Brix - 18 acidity - 2%)
Bael 1.0 0.82 15 0.165 1.20
(°Brix - 16.5, acidity - 0.5)
Litchi 1.0 1.0 18 0.40 2.00
(°Brix - 18, acidity - 1.49%)
Fruit nectar
Mango pulp 1.0 0.81 13 3.18
Apple pulp 1.0 0.69 11 2.30
Bael pulp 1.0 0.55 3.6 1.31
Phalsa juice 1.0 0.37 2.9 1.49
Jamun Juice 1.0 0.61 10 2.38
(°Brix - 10, acidity - 1.5%)
0.5 ml rose essence is added

119
108
LIMITS FOR PERMITTED PRESERVATIVE
IN FRUIT PRESERVATIVE
Fruit product Concentration (ppm) Preservative

(Parts per million)
Fruit pulp, juice (not dried)

jam, Crystalized, glazed /
cured fruit product
Cherries 5000 Sulphur dioxide
Straw berries, raspberries 2000 Sulphur dioxide
Other fruits 1000 Sulphur dioxide
Fruit Juice concentrate 1500 Sulphur dioxide
Dried fruits
Apricot, Peach, Apple 2000 Sulphur dioxide
Pear and other
Raisins or sultanas 750 Sulphur dioxide
Squashes, crushes, fruit 350 Sulphur dioxide
Syrup, cordials, fruitJuices 600 orBenzoic acid
and barley waters
Jam, Marmalade, Preserve 40 Sulphur dioxide
and fruit jelly 200 or Benzoic acid
Crystallized,glaced or cured 150 Sulphur dioxide
fruit (including candied peel)
Fruit pulp not ohterwise 350
specified in the schedule
Sweetened ready to 70 Sulphur
serve beverage 120 dioxideBenzoic acid
Pickle, chutney 100 Sulphur dioxide or
Benzoic acid
250
Syrups and sharbats 350 Sulphur dioxide
600 Benzoic acid
LEADING FRUIT PRODUCING STATES (2009-10)
Sr. No. State Production %
1 Jammu and Kashmir 77.3%

2 Himachal Pradesh 15.8%
3 Arunachal Pradesh 0.6%
4 Uttarakhand 6.4%
5 Others 0.009%
Banana (2009-10)
1 Maharashtra 19.67%
2 Tamil Nadu 18.8%
3 Gujarat 14.3%
4 Andhara Pradesh 10.7%
5 Karnataka 8.05%
6 Madhya Pradesh 5.5%
7 Bihar 5.4%
8 Uttar Pradesh 4.8%
9 West Bengal 3.7%
10 Assam 3.0%
11 Kerala 1.5%
12 Others 5.0%
Citrus (2009-10)
1 Andhra Pradesh 40.3%

2 Maharashtra 17.9%
3 Punjab 9.4%
5 Gujarat 4.00%
6 Rajasthan 3.2%
7 Orissa 2.7%
8 Assam 2.3%
9 Bihar 1.4%
10 Uttrakhand 1.3%
11 Other 7.2%
Lime / Lemon (2009-10)
1 Andhra Pradesh 33%

2 Gujarat 14%
3 Orrisa 10%
4 Karnataka 8%
5 Maharashtra 6%
6 Bihar 5%
7 Uttarakhand 5%
8 West Bengal 4%
9 Haryana 3%
10 Other 8%
Mosambi (2009-10)

2 Maharashtra 19%
3 Karnataka 2%
4 Others 2%
Orange (2009-10)
1 Maharashtra 40%
2 Madhya Pradesh 32%
3 Assam 7%
4 Rajasthan 6%
5 Mizoram 3%
6 Meghalaya 2%
7 Nagaland 2%
8 Karnataka 2%
9 Others 6%
Grape (2009-10)
1 Maharashtra 75.3%
2 Karnataka 14.3%
3 Tamil Nadu 4.8%
4 Andhra Pradesh 3.35
5 Punjab 1.2%
6 Others 1.0%
Guava (2009-10)

2 Maharashtra 10%
4 Bihar 9.0%
5 West Bengal 6.8%
6 Punjab 6.6%
7 Gujarat 6.1%
9 Karnataka 5.4%
10 Orissa 3.9%
11 Tamil Nadu 3.6%
12 Others 14.5%
Litchi (2009-10)
1 Bihar 44.5%
2 West Bengal 17.1%
3 Jharkhand 10.6%
4 Assam 8.1%
5 Punjab 4.6%
6 Chhatissagarh 3.7%
7 Orrisa 3.5%
8 Tripura 3.5%
9 Uttarackhand 3.2%
10 Others 1.1%
Mango (2009-10)

3 Karnataka 11.3%
4 Bihar 6.5%
5 Gujarat 5.7%
6 Tamil Nadu 4.2%
7 Maharashtra 4.0%
8 West Bengal 3.8%
9 Orrisa 3.0%
10 Kerala 2.5%
11 Others 7.1%
Papaya (2009-10)

2 Gujarat 21.3%
3 Karnataka 10.7%
4 West Bengal 8.2%
5 Chhatisgarh 5.4%
7 Assam 3.0%
8 Kerala 2.1%
9 Tamil Nadu 1.9%
10 Others 4.1%
Pineapple (2009-10)
1 West Bengal 21.2%

2 Assam 16.1%
3 Karnataka 12.8%
4 Bihar 9.0%
5 Tripura 8.5%
6 Meghalaya 7.7%
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
7 Manipur 7.5%
8 Kerala 5.8%
9 Nagaland 5.8%
10 Arunachal Pradesh 2.5%
11 Others 3.2%
NUTRITIONAL RICHNESS IN FRUIT CROPS
Frutis Nutrient Functions
Mangoes, Apricot Papaya Vit A (Carotine Retinol) Better Eye site

Casheo Vit B1, Calmness
(Thiamine and Protein)
Almond, Bael Vit B2 (Raboflavin) Beauty vitamine
Almond Apricot B3 (Niacin) Skin care
Barbadous cherry Aonla, Viamin C Antibiotic
Guava, Lime and lemon
Walnut Biotin Strength on lmmunity
Apple Cholin Healing of liver
Karonda, Date, apricot Iron Purifies blood
custured apple
Walnut, Litchi, Almond Calcium Strengthen bones
Cashew, Almond, Walnut Phosphorus Body and energiser
Bael, Peach Sweetlime Potassium Prevent acidosis
Banana, Pineapple, Litchi Sodium Indespensable for life
Plum, jack fruit Sulphur Hare care
Walnut, Almond Zinc Hastening Healing
Avocado, Walnut Fat Act aginst
Temperature changes
Date, Fig. custurd Sugar Energy
apple, pineapple
Optimum Temprature and Relative Humidity Required for Different fruit crops
Group fruits Temperature °C
Straw berry, Apple, Fig, Jack fruit, Dates, Persimmon, Cherry, 0.2
Plu, Apricot, Peach, Cashew, apple, Pomegranate
Chiku 3-4
[Table Conte.
Contd. Table]
Group fruits Temperature °C
Nagpur Mandarin 5-6

Plum 13-15
Fruits Relative Humidity
Fig and Dry fruits 60-70%
All fruits of tropical subtropicaland temperate climate 85-90%
Banana, Papaya, Grape, Passion fruit, Apricot, 80-85%
Pomegranate, Peach,Straw berry
Export specifications for Mango
Variety Middle east Countries

Wt (gm)
Natherlands UK Japan USA

Germany Wt(gm) Wt(gm) Wt(gm)
Wt (gm)
Alphanso 200-250 250-300 250-300 250-300 250-300

gm gm gm gm gm
Kesar 200-250 225-250 225-250 250-300 250-300
Packing 1 doz/ 2.5 1 doz/ 2.5 1 doz/ 2.5 1 doz/ 3.5 1 doz/ 3.5
storage kg kg kg kg kg
Temperature 13°C 13°C 13°C 13°C 13°C
Export By Sea By Air By Air Air Air
Source : Maharashtra State (January 2009)
Export specification for papaya
Variety Countries
Middle East Europe
Taiwan 785 Pale Green1-1.25 kg/ fruit –

Tawan 786 Pale Green1-1.25 kg/ fruit –
Solo – 400-500 gm/ fruit
Packing 8kg 5 kg
Storage Temperature 10-13°C 10-13°C
Transport By sea By Sea
Source : Maharashtra State Agril. Marketing Board website 2009

120
108
LEADING FRUIT PRODUCING COUNTRIES
Mango
1 China 20%
2 India 11%
3 Brazil 4%
4 USA 2%
5 Italy 2%
6 Spain 3%
7 Mexico 2%
8 Indonesia 1%
9 Phillippine 2%
10 Iran 2%
11 Turkey 2%
12 Other 47%
Apple
1 China 43%
2 USA 6%
3 Poland 4%
4 Iran (IR) 4%
5 Turkey 4%
6 Italy 3%
7 France 3%
8 India 3%
9 Russian Fesation 2%
10 Chile 2%
11 Argentina 2%
12 Brazil 2%
13 Germany 1%
14 Other 21%
Source FAO website (2009)

Banana
1 India 29%
2 Phillipines 9%
3 China 9%
4 Brazil 7%
5 Ecuador 7%
6 Indonesia 6%
7 UR of Tanzania 4%
8 Mexico 2%
9 Costa Rica 2%
10 Colombia 2%
11 Burandi 2%
12 Others 21%
Grape
1 Italy 12%
2 China 11%
3 USA 10%
4 Spain 9%
5 Turkey 6%
6 Argentina 4%
7 Chile 4%
8 Australia 3%
9 South Africa 3%
10 Iran IR 3%
11 India 1%
12 Others 25%
Guava
1 India 45%
2 China 10%
3 Thailand 6%
4 Indonesia 5%
5 Mexico 5%
[Table Contd.
Conte. Table]
6 Pakistan 5%
7 Brazil 3%
8 Philippines 2%
9 Bangladesh 2%
10 Nigeria 2%
11 Other 15%
Orange
1 Brazil 28%
2 USA 13%
3 India 6%
4 Mexico 6%
5 China 5%
6 Spain 5%
7 Iran (IR) 4%
8 Itally 4%
9 Indonesia 3%
10 Egypt 3%
11 Others 23%
Papaya
1 India 37%
2 Brazil 18%
3 Negeria 7%
4 Indonesia 6%
5 Mexico 6%
6 Etheopia 3%
7 DR or Congo 2%
8 Colombia 2%
9 Thailand 2%
10 Guatemala 2%
11 Philippines 2%
12 Peru 2%
13 Others 11%

Pineapple
1 Brazil 13%
2 Thailand 12%
3 Phillippines 11%
4 Costa Rica 9%
5 China 7%
6 India 7%
7 Indonesia 7%
8 Nigeria 5%
9 Mexico 4%
10 VietNam 2%
11 Colombia 2%
12 Kenya 2%
13 Others 19%
LIST of Journals and magazines of fruit science

– Acta Horticulture
– Haryana Journal of Horticulture Science
– Horticulture Review
– Hort Science
– Indian Horticulture
– Indian Journal of Horticulture
– Indian Journal of Arid Horticulture
– Journal of American Society of Horticulture Sciences
– Journal of Applied Horticulture
– Journal of Horticulture
– Journal of Horticultural Sciences
– Journal of Horticultural Sciences and Biotechnology
– Journal of Japanese Society of Horticulture Science
– Journal of Korean Society of Horticultural Science
– Scientia Horticulture
– South Indian Horticulture
ELIXIR-1
1. ‘Feni’ drink is prepared from

a) Cashewapple b) Pineapple
c) Apple d) Mango
2. Smoke for ripening is used in
a) Pineapple b) Chicku
c) Mango d) Banana
3. In India which pickle is national pickle
a) Mango b) Knolkhol
c) Lime d) Garlic
4. Over ripe banana emits flavouring compound
a) Isopentanol b) Hexnol
c) Ilavamones d) None
5. “Soft jelly” contains
a) High sugar high acid b) High pectin
c) High sugar low acid d) None
6. Father of canning is
a) Dr. P.B. Pal b) Dr. Randhawa
c) Dr. Frost d) Nicholas Appert
7. Good quality jelly is made from
a) Strawberry b) Acid lime
c) Guava d) Apple
8. Coffee aroma is due to processes of
a) Roasting b) Sundrying
c) Grading d) None
9. Maturity index of Avocado is
a) Oil content b) Ammonia content
c) Sugar content d) Acid content
10. Ripe papaya content
a) Vitamin C b) Vitamin A
c) Vitamin K d) Vitamin E
11. TSS of cordial is

a) 33° Brix b) 45° Brix
c) 50° Brix d) None
12. At the time of sealing temperature of can should not fall below
a) 96°C b) 88°C
c) 74°C d) 100°C
13. Which of the following vitamin is thermo sensitive vitamin
a) Vitamin B b) Vitamin K
c) Vitamin D d) Vitamin C
14. Temperature and time required for pasteurization of Nectar and RTS is
a) 85°C for 25 x 30 minutes b) 100°C for 20 x 10 minutes
c) 125°C for 25 x 30 minutes d) 88°C for 30 x 25 minutes
15. FPO fruit product order passed in year of
a) 1947 b) 1950
c) 1955 d) 1980
16. Jellimeter is used for measuring
a) Acid b) Temperature
c) Water content d) Pectin
17. Toddy is obtained from
a) Mango b) Pineapple
c) Coconut d) Cashewnut
18. T.S.S. of Jam is
a) 58% b) 68%
c) 80% d) 88%
19. Last stage of fruit development is
a) Senescence b) Maturity
c) Over maturity d) None
20. Water and sugar solution is known as
a) Brine solution b) Cordial
c) Jelly d) Syrup
21. Salt in water known as
c) Jelly d) Syrup
22. Papain extraction is heighest during which season
a) Summer season b) Winter season
c) Rainy season d) None
23. Largest Beverage consumed by people all over the world is

a) Coffee b) Toddy
c) Cider d) Tea
24. In Grape Red colour of fruit juice is due to presence of
a) Lycopene b) Xanthophyll
c) Acid d) Salt
25. How much unit of vitamin A content in Ripe mango / 100 g.
a) 4800 IU b) 500 IU
c) 2020 IU d) 4000 IU
26. Yellow colour in papya is due to presence of
c) Carica-xanthin d) None
27. Iron content in Dry Karonda is about
a) 39.1% b) 45% c) 48% d) 50%
28. Which fruit provides highest calories / unit
a) Barbados cherry b) Banana
c) Apple d) Aonla
29. Temperature required for drying papaya latex is
a) 25-30°C b) 31-40°C
c) 50-55°C d) 100°C
30. How much the concentration of sodium Benzoate required for preservation
of fruit juice
a) 0.06-0.10% b) 0.30%
c) 0.20% d) 0.80%
31. Gane discovered which of the fallowing harmone
a) GA, b) Ethelene
c) Citric acid d) None
32. The principle of zero energy cooling chamber based on
a) Evaporative cooling b) Air cooling
c) Water cooling d) None
33. Which of the following preservative recommended by FPO
a) Sodium benzoate & SO2 b) Acetic acid
c) Sulphuric acid d) None
34. Which instrument used for pectin test
a) Refractometer b) Thermometer
c) Jelmeter d) None
35. In Jelly making crystal is formed due to excess of

a) Sugar and less cooking b) Water and more cooking
c) Salt and less cooking d) None
36. Disorder yellow pulp / purlpacrema is related to
c) Guava d) Banana
37. Apple cider is made with the help of
a) Bacteria b) Fungi
c) Yeast d) None
38. Jelly of Guava is preserved by
a) Acetic acid b) Pectic acid
c) Sugar d) Salt
39. Post harvest disorder ‘sap burn’ is related to
a) Mango b) Grape
c) Guava d) Apple
40. Botanically papaya is
a) Pome b) Pod
c) Berry d) Onupe
41. Which is the edible part of litchi fruit
a) Mesocarp b) Epicarp
c) Endocarp d) None
42. The Best maturity index for grape is
a) TSS b) Acidity
c) Colour d) Shape
43. In picking and canning of fruit salt act as an
a) Acid b) Enzyme
c) Antioxident d) None
44. Sterilization of Acid fruit is done at
a) 100°C b) 110°C
c) 90°C d) 79°C
45. Fruit is suitable for Jam making
a) Lime b) Mandarin
c) Lemon d) Mango
46. Fruit not suitable for Jam making
a) Banana b) Lime
c) Mango d) Papaya
47. Before canning, fruit are blanched at

a) 80°C b) 75°C
c) 90°C d) 100°C
48. Fruit required for ideal jelly making should be rich source of
a) Sugar b) Salt
c) Pectin and acids d) None
49. Storage temperature required for banana to increase shelf life is
a) 8-10°C b) 0°C
c) 12-15°C d) 18°C
50. Which of the following fruit is rich source of protein
a) Cashewnut b) Papaya
c) Mango d) Guava
51. For reduction of transpiration in harvested fruit which of the
following is used
a) Wax b) Salt
c) Sodium d) Sugar
52. In jelly the red colour is due to
a) Salt b) Sugar
c) Charring of sugar d) Pectin
53. “Champagnel is a type of
a) Sugar b) Juice
c) Wine d) Toddy
54. Yeast is used in making of
a) Apple cider b) Jam
c) Jelly d) None
55. Orange off flavour is due to presence of
a) Ferulic acid b) Citric acid
c) Aletu acid d) None
56. For production of vinegar ………………. are used
a) Yeast b) Fungi
c) Bacteria d) Viruses
57. 25% of juice is required for making of
a) Jam b) Jelly
c) Nector d) Syrup
58. Above 60% of sugar is required for making of
a) Jam b) Jelly
c) Nectar d) Syrup
59. In making of pickle which bacteria is used

a) Lactic bacteria b) E. coli
c) Xanthomonous d) None
60. Yeast is used for making
a) Apple Cider b) Toddy
c) Jam d) Jelly
61. Firm Ripe fruits are selected for making
a) Jam b) Jelly
c) Juice d) Syrup
62. Walnut is richest source of
a) Protein b) Sugar
c) Fat d) Carbohydrate
63. Highest Iron content in
a) Apple b) Date plam
c) Dry Karonda d) None
64. Banana flavouring compund is
a) Isopentanol b) Carbohydrate
c) Acid d) All
65. Physiological disorder of strawberry is
a) Short berry b) Pink berry
c) Albinism d) Malformation
66. The maturity measurment for Banana is
a) Colour b) Callper grade
c) Aroma d) None
67. Isophenyl acetate is responsible for aroma of
a) Ber b) Pomegranate
c) Tamarind d) Guava
68. Pectin, Sugar, Acid and water is content of
a) Jam b) Jelly
c) Juice d) Syrap
69. Approximatelly 70% sugar is required for making of
a) Jelly b) Jam
c) Cider d) None
70. TSS required for Jam is
a) 68.5% b) 70%
c) 75% d) 78%
71. Drup type of fruit is developed from

a) Calyx b) Carolla
c) Androecium d) Superior ovary
72. Institute of fruit preservation and canning is located at
a) Nagpur b) Bhopla
c) Lucknow d) Delhi
73. Blanching of fruit is done for
a) Inactivation of enzyme b) Drying
c) Heating d) None
74. Hand refractometer is used for measurment of
a) Temperature b) Sugar
c) Humidity d) TSS
75. Head quarter of CFTRI is situated at
a) Mysore b) Nagpur
c) Lucknow d) Delhi
76. Precursor of vitamin A is
a) β -Carotene b) Riboflavine
c) Carotene d) None
77. Rich Source of trartaric acid is
a) Mango b) Lime
c) Grape d) Guava
78. Respiration reduced by using of
a) Waxing b) Cooling
c) Heating d) Blanching
79. Malt is a source of
a) Cider b) Toddy
c) Whisky d) None
80. pH value of Jelly is
a) 3.2 b) 4
c) 4.5 d) 5.2
81. Aril is edible part of
a) Mango b) Lime
c) Litchi d) Guava
82. Preservation by salt is

a) Temporary method of preservation
b) Permanent method of preservation
c) Both
d) None
83. Prevention by high temprature is a process of
a) Heating b) Pasteurization
c) Asepsis d) None
c) 40° Brix d) 45° Brix
85. Mango is rich source of vitamin
a) D b) K
c) A d) C
86. Sodium Benzoate is used for preservation of
a) Jam b) Pickle
c) Jelly d) Coloured juice
87. Loquate is Botanically
a) Berry b) Drupe
c) Pome d) Pod
88. Refrigerant used in cold storage is
a) Ammonia b) Oxygen
c) Hydrogen d) None
89. Strong flavour variety of Mango is
a) Sindhu b) Amrapali
c) Langra d) None
90. Suitable canning variety of pine apple
a) Kew b) Queen
c) Mauritius d) All
91. Bael is Richest source of
a) Vitamin C b) Vitamin D
c) Riboflavin d) None
92. How much % of fruit required in preservative
a) 25% b) 30%
c) 40% d) 55%
93. Hen and Chicken is related to

a) Apple b) Grape
c) Guava d) mango
94. Cheapest method for preservation of fruit
a) Drying b) Heating
c) Canning d) Freezing
95. Who develop zero energy cool chamber
a) S.K. Roy & D.S.Khurdiya
b) M.S. Swaminathan
c) B.D. Singh
d) B.P.Pal
96. 20-25% sugar is used in making of
a) Jam b) Jelly
c) Syrup d) Squash
97. Dehydration is most common method used for preservation of
a) Grape b) Mango
c) Gourd d) Apple
98. Oil Content is a maturity index for
a) Cashewnut b) Bael
c) Avocado d) Apple
99. 40 ppm is limit of which preservation in jam
a) SO2 b) KMN
c) HCL d) Citircacid
100. Pectin sugar ratio in fruit jelly is
a) 1:10 b) 1:60
c) 1:65 d) 1:70
ELIXIR-2
1. Richest source of vitamin B2

a) Bael b) Aonla
c) Mango d) Ber
2. Largest fruit in the world
a) Jack fruit b) Woodapple
c) Watermelon d) None
3. In cold storage which refrigerant is commonly used
a) CO2 b) O2
c) Ammonia d) Nitrogen
4. Which is the strong flavour mango
a) Sindhu b) Langra
c) Neranjan d) All
5. How much vitamine C in 100g of Guava pulp
a) 288 g b) 300 g
c) 310 g d) 305 g
6. Cheapest preservation method of fruit
c) Freezing d) All
7. Fruit most susceptible to cold injury is
a) Lemon b) Acid lime
c) Both d) None
8. Method used for grape preservation is
a) Dehydration b) Freezing
c) Syruping d) Canning
9. Which type of can are used for strawberry preservation
a) Plastic can b) Polythene can
c) A R can d) Tin can
10. Rapid precooling method is
a) Vaccum cooling b) Hydro cooling
c) Both d) None
11. Maximum temprature required for jam making

a) 105°C b) 98°C
c) 100°C d) 115°C
12. In squashesh and cordials limit of SO2 allowed by FPO is
a) 380 ppm b) 350 ppm
c) 400 ppm d) 410 ppm
13. Head quarter of CIPHE is situated at
a) Abohar b) Ludhiana
c) Mumbai d) Luknow
14. How much % of alcohol present in wine
a) 0-15% b) 7-20%
c) 21-25% d) 26-30%
15. Aspergillus niger is used for production of
a) Acetic acid b) Vinegar
c) Mallic acid d) Citric acid
16. Who used the term ‘Climacteric’ first time
a) H.B. Frost b) Swingle
c) Kidd and West d) None
17. Pectinol enzyme is responsible for clearification of
a) Jam b) Jelly
c) Juice d) All
18. Drum drier is used for
a) Fruit juices b) Vegetable
c) Flower d) All
19. In Controlled atmospheric temperature 3% 02 required for storage of
a) Banana b) Apple
c) Lime d) Wood apple
20. 15-16°C storage temperature required for
a) Banana b) Apple
21. Temperature required for syruping and brining in cans use
a) 55-65°C b) 79-82°C
c) 88-92°C d) 105-107°C
22. Brix : acid ratio is best maturity indicies of
a) Mango b) Banana
c) Orange d) Custered
23. Freezing is best way for presentation of

a) Jam b) Juice
c) Jelly d) Pickle
24. Aspergillus niger is used for production
a) Acetic acid b) Citric acid
c) Tartaric acid d) None
25. Kiwi fruit is also known as
a) Indian gooseberry b) Chinese goose berry
c) Both d) None
26. Flavasmoners are flowering compound present in
a) Mango b) Apple
c) Ber d) Pinepple
27. Isopentanol are flavouring compound present in
a) Mango b) Apple
c) Banana d) Ber
28. Acetobacter acelli is used in production of
a) Wine b) Vinegar
c) Juice d) All
29. Agricultural produce grading and marketing act are formed in
a) 1937 b) 1940
c) 1947 d) 1980
30. Pine apple content
a) Marsomoline b) Bromel in
c) Ascorbic acid d) None
31. Jamun is rich source of
a) Iodine b) Vit A
c) Vit B c) Vit C
32. Hesperidin is flavouring compound present in
a) Grape b) Banana
c) Apple d) Citrus
33. Ethyl butyrate is flavouring compound present in
a) Grape fruit b) Banana
c) Apple d) Citrus
34. Octylacetate is flavouring compound present in
a) Strawberry b) Orange
c) Apple d) Grape
35. Avocado related to which disorder

a) Dry neck b) Softnose
c) Malformation d) Pufyness
36. Date is richest source of
a) Fiber b) Protein
c) Carbohydrate d) All
37. 3.2 pH is a finished pH for
a) Juice b) Jelly
c) Jam d) Syrup
38. Low respiration rate is related to
a) Apple b) Mango
c) Pupaya d) None
39. Moderate ethylene production rate is related to
a) Apple b) Banana
c) Mango d) All
40. Banana required cool storage temperature is
a) 18-20°C b) 10-12°C
c) 13-14°C d) 8-10°C
41. Anthocyanin is related to
a) Mango b) Ber
c) Banana d) Jamun
a) T.S.S. b) Acid
c) Temprature d) Humidity
43. KMS is used for preservation of
a) Fig b) Ber
c) Mango pulp d) Pineapple
44. -196°C and liquid nitrogen is related to
a) Cryo preservation b) Freezing
c) Heating d) Drying
a) 25°C Brix b) 30°C Brix
c) 40°C Brix d) 45°C Brix
46. 14% alcohole is used for preservation of
a) Syrup b) Wine
c) Cordial d) Juice
47. Polyphenol oxydase is responsible for apple

a) Bitter pit b) Browning
c) Redness d) Care
48. Penduncle is edible portion of
a) Banana b) Cashew apple
c) Jack fruit d) Ber
49. Which of the fallowing disorder related to apple
a) Water core b) Pormposis
c) Greening d) Malformation
50. Botanically mulberry fruit is known as
a) Sorosis b) Pome
c) Balusta d) Nut
51. Highest carbohydrate % found in
a) Apple b) Apricot
c) Aonla d) Guava
52. Multistoryed cropping system is suitable in
a) Coconut plantation b) Cashew plantation
c) Rubber plantation d) Mango plantation
53. Botanically strawberry is known as
a) Mangifera indica b) Fragaria ananssa
c) Psidium guajava d) Emblica officinalis
54. Fruit are blanched before canning at temperature
a) 80°C b) 90°C
c) 95°C d) 100°C
55. Most suitable fruit for marmalade preparation
a) Orange b) Guava
c) Banana d) Ber
56. Verasion is related with inception of
a) Ripening of ber b) Ripening of Guava
c) Ripening of Grape d) Ripening of Apple
57. Mycorrhizal association is related with
a) Banana b) Ber
c) Litchi d) Apple
58. The most abundent acid found in grape
a) Tartaric acid b) Citric acid
c) Oxalic acid d) Acetic acid
59. Responsible agent for spreading decline of citrus is

a) Radopholus smiles (Browning nematode)
b) Virus
c) Bacteria
d) Mycoplasma
60. Quick freezing 0-4°C is done for
a) 30 min b) 25 min
c) 60 min d) 10 min
61. Acid present in nectar is
a) 0.1% b) 0.2%
c) 0.3% d) 0.6%
62. In seald fruit pack potassium permangnate is used for
a) Reduction the level of ethylene
b) Increase level of ethylene
c) Increase O2 level
d) Decrease level of O2
63. Ficin enzyme present in
a) Apple b) Bale
c) Fig d) Mango
64. Canning process discovered by
a) Nicholas Appart b) Louice pasture
c) H.B. Frost d) None
65. In Aonla fruit Astringency is due to
a) Ascorbic acid b) Tannins
c) Acetic acid d) Citricacid
66. pH for jelly is
a) 2.5 b) 4.5
c) 5.5 d) 3.5
67. Concentration of KMS in squash is
a) 700 ppm b) 850 ppm
c) 500 ppm d) 1000 ppm
68. For blanching test indicator enzyme is
a) Amylose b) Peroxidase
c) Lipase d) None
69. The process of Asepsis is

a) Keeping out the micro-organism
b) Chemical sterilization
c) Heating
d) None
70. Venegar ageing is done by
a) Colour improvement b) Bacterial sedimention
c) Flavour improvement d) All
71. More effectiveness of Benzoic acid is aginst
a) Baltena b) Yeast
c) Meuid d) None
72. Concentration of salt as preservative is
a) 15-20% b) 21-25%
c) 26-31% d) 40-45%
73. Fruit squash should contain juice according to FPO specification is
a) 35% b) 20%
c) 25% d) 40%
74. Jelly weeping is caused by
a) Excess acid b) Excess sugar
c) Excess pectin d) None
75. Which of the following is acts as respiration indicater
a) RQ value b) Ethylene CO2 ratio
c) O2 ratio d) None
76. After harvesting of fruits the process of rapid cooling is known as
a) Blanching b) Pre cooling
77. Very low termperature during storage of tropical fruit causes
a) Chilling injury b) Heating injury
c) Freezing injury d) None
78. ‘Flat Sour’ Caused by Bacillus steriothermophillus in
a) Dried products b) Canned products
c) Fermented products d) None
79. The techinque of Quick freezing was invented by
a) Clance Bird saye b) Luise pasture
c) Antan-le-vanbook d) None
80. Moisture content during drying of fruit is

a) 10-15% b) 28-32%
c) 35-40% d) 16-25%
81. R-enamel can are
a) Sulphor resistant b) Acid resistant
c) Rust resistant d) All
82. The process of exhausting is done for
a) Kill the micro organism b) Reduce oxidative changes
c) Clean the cans d) Remove bacteria.
83. During canning Hydrogen swell is due to
a) Reaction between tinlate and acids in the food
b) Enzamatic reaction
c) Microbial activity
d) All
84. Enzymatic browning is caused by
a) Bacteria b) Pectin ethyl ester
c) Polyphenol oxidase d) Cellulose
85. In fruit product ‘Millard reaction’ is due to
a) Non enzymatic b) Enzymiatic
c) Bacterial d) Microbial
86. Class II preservatives are
a) Benzoic acid b) Sugar
c) Salt d) Citric acid
87. During ripening texture of fruit become soft due to
a) Solubility of insoluble pectin b) Formation of sugar in to starch
c) Formation of starch in to sugar d) None
88. Darkness in citrus juice is due to
a) Loss of ascorbic acid b) Loss of sugar
c) Loss of salt d) None
89. Which of the following vitamin contain ‘cobalt’
a) Vitamin B12 b) Vitamin iA
c) Vitamin C d) Vitamin D
90. Cheapest method of preservation of fruit is
a) Freezing b) Drying
91. Appertizing is related to

a) Canning b) Drying
c) Syruping d) Heating
92. Indicator plant for tristeza is
a) Citrus aurantifolia b) C. grandis
c) C. Sinesis d) C. reticulate
93. Bael consist of
a) Marmelosin b) Citric acid
c) Bromolin d) None
94. Lemon seedless ness is due to
a) Parthenocarpy b) Monoembryony
c) Self incompatibility d) None.
95. Fruit which is rich source of protein.
a) Cashewnut b) Apple
c) Pineapple d) Banana
97. Amrapali a regular bearing is a cross between
a) Dashehari X Neelum b) Neelum X Alphanso
c) Langra X Alphanso d) Alphanso X Rajapuri
98. Mango belongs to the family
a) Anacardiaceae b) Vitaceae
c) Musaceae d) Rutaceae
99. Banana belongs to the family
a) Vitaceae b) Musaceae
c) Myrtaceae d) Rosaceae
100. Mandarin having long shelf life is
a) Coorg b) Nagpur
c) Kinnow d) Local
101. Papin compound present in
a) Apple b) Orange
c) Papaya d) Grape
ELIXIR-3
1. The term ‘Pomology’ has been derived from

a) Italic b) Greek
c) German d) Latin
2. National Horticultural Board (NHB )was established in
a) 1984 b) 1950
c) 1974 d) 1977
3. Horticultural crops today contribute around_____% of agricultural GDP
a) 24 b) 30
c) 26 d) 28
4. Central Institute Of Arid Horticulture located at
a) Udaipur b) Nagpur
c) Delhi d) Bikaner
5. The national fruit of India is
a) Ber b) Mango
c) Guava d) Apple
6. The CAZARI is located at
a) Banglore b) Raipur
c) Mumbai d) Jodhpur
7. Disorder “Bitter Pit” is related to
a) Ber b) Pineapple
c) Mango d) Apple
8. Umran is popular variety of
a) Ber b) Pineapple
c) Mango d) Apple
9. Immature Coconut fruit are harvested after
a) 8-10 month b) 5-7 months
c) 10-12months d) None
10. Where is International Institute of Horticulture located
a) Brazil b) Germany
c) India d) China
11. Which one of the fallowing fruit has maximum export value
a) Cashew nut b) Mango
c) Apple d) Pineapple
12. “Head in fire & Foot in water is related to
a) Ber b) Apple
c) Date palm d) Wood apple
13. “Sonaka” is a clonal selection of
a) Pusa Seedless b) Thompson Seedless
c) Black beauty d) Black Champa
14. Sigmoid growth curve of Pineapple is
a) Double b) Triple
c) Single d) All
15. Black Heart is variety of
a) Strawberry b) Apple
c) Rose apple d) Cheery
16. Banana inflorescences is known as
a) Umbel b) Cyme
c) Spadix d) Recyme
17. Richest source of Ascorbic acid (Vitamin-C) is
a) Mango b) Papaya
c) Barbados cheery d) Wooodapple
18. Cuhhara is an important cultivar of
a) Apple b) Straw beery
c) Mango d) Ber
19. Which of the fallowing fruit is not indigenous to India
a) Pineapple b) Mango
c) Jackfruit d) Aonla
20. Dwarfism in banana plant governed by
a) Recessive gene b) Multiple gene
c) Single dominant gene d) None
21. Black pod is disease of
a) Cocoa b) Apple
c) Coconut d) Cashew nut
22. Mridula is a variety of
a) Mango b) Papaya
c) Pineapple d) Pomegranate
23. Poly embryonic / nucellar seedling are

a) Vigorous and true b) Weaker to their parent
c) Inferior to their parent d) Suspension to their parent.
24. The pigment present in Jamun is
a) Anthocyanin b) Lycopene
c) Carotine d) Xanthophyll
25. M-27 a dwarfing root stock of apple is cross between
a) M20 X M9 b) M9 X M13
c) M12 X M16 d) M10 X M12
26. Filbert can be propagated through
a) Sampling layering b) Tip layering
c) Seed d) Mound layering
27. “Mahal” a root stock of pear is scientifically known as
a) Pyris communis b) P. pyrufolia
c) Pyris pashia d) Pyris-serutina
28. Dried ripe nuts of arecanut is called as
a) Kottapak b) Scented Supari
c) Challi d) a & c
29. Which of the fallowing is nonclimacteri fruit
a) Guava b) Sapota
c) Banana d) None
30. Indian Black berry is
a) Jamun b) Apple
c) Grape d) Raspberry
31. Triploid growth curve found in
a) Apple b) Kiwifruit
c) Tea d) Coconut
32. Which growth regulator is used to reduce period of chilling requirement
a) GA b) NAA
c) IBA d) IAA
33 In Amrapali ‘Mango’ to high Density planting which method is used
a) Rectangular b) Square
c) Triangular d) Hexagonal
34. Notching is commonly practiced in
a) Guava b) Mango
c) Guava d) Fig
35. Ringing is commonly practiced in

a) Mango b) Fig
c) Guava d) Apple
36. Polyembrony is seen in
a) Jamun, Citrus, Mango b) Guava, Grape
c) Ber, Aonla d) None of these
37. Terminal bearing habit is found in
a) Orange b) Mango
c) Guava d) Papaya
38. Forward pruning in grape is done in month of
a) July b) September
c) April d) October
39. Marmelosin is present in
a) Mango b) Woodapple
c) Bael d) Jackfruit
40. Commercial mandarin of south India is
a) Coorg b) Nagpur
c) Khasi d) Kinnow
41. Gynodiocious variety of Papaya is
a) Pusa Dwarf b) Pusa Majesty
c) Pusa Nanha d) All
42. Eriobotrya Japonica is a
a) Temperate fruit b) Arid Fruit
c) Tropical fruit d) Sub-tropical fruit
43. Citrornelo is derived from
a) Trifoliate orange X Pummelo
b) Pummelo X Trifoliate orange
c) Sweet orange X Trifoliate orange
d) Grape fruit X Trifoliate orange
44. Carrisa carandas is used as
a) Fencing b) Edge
c) Edge d) Ornamental
45. Inflorescence of ber is
a) Compound b) Cyme
c) Panicle d) Raceme
46. Which crop show ornithophilly mechanism
a) Banana b) Pomegranete
c) Ber d) Mango
47. Kinnow was developed by

a) H.B. Frost b) Solo
c) Storey d) Olmo
48. Which acid present in Tamarid
a) Tartaric b) Malic
c) Acetic d) Citric
49. Fruit of Apple is
a) Berry b) Pome
c) Drupe d) Nut
50. Fruit of tamarind is
a) Lomantum b) Berry
c) Pome d) Nut
51. Fruit of Avocado is known as
a) Nut b) Pome
c) Berry d) Nut
52. Fruit of Mandarin is known as
a) Hesperidium b) Drupe
c) Pome d) Nut
53. Kaveri is a variety of
a) Avocado b) Passion fruit
c) Mango d) Guava
54. Fruit of Papaya is
a) Berry b) Pome
c) Nut d) Drupe
55. Prunning involve
a) Bending b) Thining
c) Heading back d) Both b&c
56. Which is non climacteric in nature
a) Avocado b) Pine apple
c) Apple d) Sapota
57. Thilland ranks first in production of the fruit
c) Apple d) Sapota
58. Non climacteric fruit is
a) Which ripe at the time of maturity
b) Which ripe after the maturity
c) Which ripe before the maturity
d) None
59. Fruit which has maximum area under cultivation in India

a) Apple b) Pineapple
c) Mango d) Banana
60. Mango is commercially propagated by
a) Veneer grafting b) Inarching
c) Stone grafting d) Side grafting
61. Fruit exported on large scale from India is
a) Citrus b) Mango
c) Banana d) Grape
62. Indian state leads in fruit production is
a) Andhra Pradesh b) Maharashtra
c) Timal Nadu d) Orissa.
63. Neelam X Alphanso cross produce variety of Mango is
a) Neelphanso b) Sindhu
c) Ratna d) None
64. The Botanical name of Indian Jujube is
a) Zizyphus maurtiana b) Z. mummularia
c) Z. rotundifolia d) None
65. Tea is commercially propagated by
a) Cutting b) Budding
c) Grafting d) None
66. Vinegar from coconut todday is prepared by
a) Fungi b) Bacteria
c) Yeast d) Fermentation
67. Edible part of Litchi is
a) Mesocarp b) Endocarp
c) Pericarp d) Epicarp
68. Loquat belongs to family
a) Rosaceae b) Sapindaceae
c) Lauraceae d) None
69. Kalipak is prepared from
a) Ripe nut b) Green nut
c) Mature green nut d) Maturenut
70. The following variety of cashew has bold nuts

a) H1591 (Priyanka) b) Dhana
c) Vengurla 3 d) Kanak
71. Best maturity indice of grape is
a) TSS b) Size
c) Shape d) Color
72. Seed less ness in Banana due to
a) Stenospermocarpy b) Vegetative parthenocarpy
c) Stimulative parthenocarpy d) None
73. Exanthema in citrus due to deficiency of
a) Boron (B) b) Zinc (Zn)
c) Copper (Cu) d) Chlorin (Cl)
74. Epigeal germination is seen in
a) Cashew b) Jackfruit
c) Rice d) Citrus
75. Aroma in coffee is due to
a) Drying b) Roasting
c) Fermentation d) None
76. Indicator plant for tristeza in citrus is
a) Grape fruit b) Acid lime
c) Mandarin d) Sweet orange
77. Largest gene bank of coconut is located at
a) CPCRI b) IARI
c) IVARI d) IIHR
78. RRII head quarter is located at
a) Banglore b) Nagpur
c) Kattayan d) Lucknow
79. Pod color in frestro variety of cocao is
a) Green b) Red
c) White d) Blue
80. The main problem in breeding of Chausa and Langra mango is
a) Alternate bearing b) Self incompatibility
c) Spongy tissue d) None
81. Inflorescence of coconut is called as
a) Catkin b) Spadix
c) Raceme d) Spice
82. Which one of the following is used for preparation of best jelly
a) Grape b) Apple
c) Mango d) Guava
83. Guava is rich source of
a) Vitamin A b) CHO
c) Vitamin C d) B-carotene
84. The following is used for enhance more fruit set
a) Ethylene b) 2,4-D
c) NAA d) 2,4,5 – T
85. Which of the following belonging ot sapindaceae family
a) Apple b) Peach
c) Litchi d) Avocado
86. Most popular planting method for mango is
a) Diagonal b) Square
c) Hexagonal d) Contour
87. Which of the following is used as weedicide
a) GA b) NAA
c) IAA d) 2-4, D
88. Whch one of the following is used as growth retardant
a) M H b) Ethephone
c) GA d) NAA
89. Central coffee research institute is located at
a) New Delhi b) Balanhur
c) Trichy d) Eluru
90. ‘Fenny’ drink is prepared from
a) Cashewapple b) Pineapple
c) Apple d) Mango
91. Smoke for ripening is used in
a) Pineapple b) Chiku
c) Mango d) Banana
92. In India which pickle is national picke
a) Mango b) Knolkhol
c) Lime d) Garlic
93. Over ripe banana emits flavouring compound
a) Isopentanol b) Hexnol
c) Ilavamones d) None
94. “Soft jelly” contains

a) High sugar high acid b) High pectin
c) High sugar low acid d) None
95. Father of canning is
a) Dr. P.B. Pal b) Dr. Randhawa
c) Dr. Frost d) Nicholas Appert
96. Good quality jelly is made from
a) Strawberry b) Acid lime
c) Guava d) Apple
97. Coffee aroma is due to processes of
a) Roasting b) Sundrying
c) Grading d) None
98. Maturity index of Avocado is
a) Oil content b) Ammonia
c) Sugar content d) Acid content
99. Ripe papaya content
a) Vitaman C b) Vitamin A
c) Vitamin K d) Vitamin E
a) 33 Brix b) 45 Brix
c) 50 Brix d) None
101. At the time of sealing temprature of can should not fallow below
a) 96°C b) 88°C
c) 74°C d) 100°C
ELIXIR-4
1. Which of the farming vitamine is thermo sensitive vitamine

a) Vitamine B b) Vitamine K
c) Vitamine D d) Vitamine C
2. Temprature and time required for posturization of Nectar and RTS is
a) 85°C for 25 x 30 minutes
b) 100°C for 20 x 10 minutes
c) 125°C for 25 x 30 minutes
d) 88°C for 30 x 25 minutes
3. FPO fruit product order passed in year of
a) 1947 b) 1950
c) 1955 d) 1980
4. Toddy is obtained from
c) Coconut d) Cashnut
5. T.S.S. of Jam is
a) 58% b) 68%
c) 80% d) 88%
6. Last stage of fruit development is
a) Senescenece b) Matuity
c) Over maturity d) None
7. Water and sugar solution is known as
c) Jelly d) Syrup
8. Salt in water known as
c) Jelly d) Syrup
9. Papain extraction is heightest during which season
a) Summer season b) Winter season
c) Rainy season d) None
10. Largest Beverage consumed by people all over world is

a) Coffee b) Toddy
c) Cider d) Tea
11. In Grape Red colour of fruit juice is due to present of
c) Acid d) Salt
12. How much unit of vitamine A content in Ripe mango / 100 g.
a) 4800 IU b) 500 IU
c) 2020 IU d) 4000 IU
13. Yellow colour in papya is due to presenc eof
a) Lycopean b) Xanthophyll
c) Carica xanthin d) None
14. Iron content in Dry Karonda is about
a) 39.1% b) 45%
c) 48% d) 50%
15. Which fruit provides highest calcries / unit
a) Barbados cherry b) Banana
c) Apple d) Aonal
16. Temprature required for drying papaya latex is
a) 25-30°C b) 31-40°C
c) 50-55°C d) 100°C
17. How much the concentration of sodium Benzoate required for presenation
of fruit juice
a) 0.06-0.10% b) 0.30%
c) 0.20% d) 0.80%
18. Gane discovered which of the fallowing harmone
a) GA, b) Ethelyne
c) Citricacid d) None
19. The principle of zero energy cooling chamber based on
a) Evaporative cooling b) Air cooling
20. Which of the follering preservative recommended by FPO
a) Sodium benzoate & SO2 b) Actic acid
c) Sulphric acid d) None
21. Which instrument used for pectine test

a) Refractrometer b) Thermometer
c) Jelmeter d) None
22. In Jelly making crystal is formed is due to excess of
a) Sugar and less cooking b) Water and more cooking
c) Salt and Less cooking d) None
23. Disorder yellow pulp / purlpacrema is related to
c) Guava d) Banana
24. Apple cider is made with the help of
a) Bacteria b) Fungi
c) Yeast d) None
25. Jelly of Guava is preserved by
a) Acetic acid b) Pecticd acid
c) Sugar d) Salt
26. Post harvest disorder ‘sap burn’ is related to
a) Mango b) Grape
c) Guava d) Apple
27. Botnically papaya is
a) Pome b) Pod
c) Berry d) Onupe
28. Which is the edible part of litchi fruit
a) Mesocarp b) Epicarp
c) Endocarp d) None
29. The Best maturity index for grape is
a) TSS b) Acidity
c) Colour d) Shape
30. In picking and canning of fruit salt act as an
a) Acid b) Enzyme
c) Antioxident d) None
31. Sterilization of Acid fruit is done at
a) 100°C b) 110°C
c) 90°C d) 79°C
32. Fruit is suitable for Jam making
a) Lime b) Mandarin
c) Lemon d) Mango
33. Fruit not suitable for Jam making

a) Banana b) Lime
c) Mango d) Papaya
34. Before canning of fruit are blanched at
a) 80°C b) 75°C
c) 90°C d) 100°C
35. Fruit required for ideal jelly making should be rich source of
a) Sugar b) Salt
c) Pectine and acids d) None
36. Storage temprature required for banana to increase shelf life is
a) 8-10°C b) 0°C
c) 12-15°C d) 18°C
37. Which of the following fruit is rich source of protein
a) Cashewnut b) Papaya
c) Mango d) Guava
38. For Reduction of transpiration in harvested fruit which of the
following is used
a) Wax b) Salt
c) Sodium d) Sugar
39. In jelly the red colour is due to
a) Salt b) Sugar
c) Charring of sugar d) Pectin
40. “Champagnel is a type of
a) Sugar b) Juice
c) Wine d) Toddy
41. Yeast is used in making of
a) Apple cidar b) Juice
c) Jam d) Toddy
42. Fruit type of Guava is
a) Pome b) Berry
c) Drupe d) Nut
43. Cashew and almond are richest source of
a) Vitamin-A b) Vitamin-C
44. Dwarf variety of Mango is

a) Ratna b) Amrapalii
c) Alphanso d) Deshehari
45. Mango malformation can be controlled by
a) NAA b) IAA
c) 2,4-D d) Ethaphone
46. Panama wilt resistant variety of Banana is
a) Basoii b) Poovan
c) Harichal d) Safed velchi
47. Ripe papaya fruit contain
a) Vitamin B b) Vitamin C
c) Vitamin K d) Vitamin A
48. Vitamin C is maximum in
a) Guava b) Grape
c) Mango d) Aonla
49. Ripening harmone is
a) NAA b) 2,4-D
c) Ethylene d) Auxin
50. Cell elongation harmone is
a) Gibberline b) NAA
c) 2,4-D d) Ethylene
51. Alternate bearing major problem in
a) Banana b) Mango
c) Grape d) None
52. Which of following propagated by tissue culture on large scale
a) Papaya b) Mango
c) Banana d) Pomegranate
53. 25% of juice is required for making of
a) Jam b) Jelly
c) Nector d) Syrup
54. Above 60% of sugar is required for making of
a) Jam b) Jelly
c) Nector d) Syrup
55. In making of pickle which bacteria are used
a) Lactic bacteria b) E coli
c) Xanthomonous d) None
56. Yeast is used for making

a) Cider b) Toddy
c) Jam d) Jelly
57. Frim ripe fruit are selected for making
a) Jam b) Jelly
c) Juice d) Syrup
58. Walnut is richest source of
a) Protein b) Sugar
59. Highest Iron content in
a) Apple b) Dateplam
c) Dry Karondd d) None
60. Banana flavouring compund is
a) Isophenyl acetate b) Carbchydrat
c) Acid d) All
61. Physiological disorder of strawberry is
a) Short berry b) Pink berry
c) Albinism d) Malformation
62. The maturity measurment for Banana is
a) Colour b) Callper grade
c) Aroma d) None
63. Isophenyl acetate is responsible for Aroma of
c) Tamarind d) Guava
64. Pectin, Sugar, Acid and water is content of
a) Jam b) Jelly
c) Juice d) Syrap
65. Approxmatelly 70% sugar is required for making of
a) Jelly b) Jam
c) Cider d) None
66. TSS requird for Jam is
a) 68.5% b) 70%
c) 75% d) 78%
67. Drup type of fruits is developed from
a) Calyx b) Carolla
c) Androcieaum d) Superior ovary
68. Institute of fruit preservation and canning is located at

a) Nagpur b) Bhopla
c) Lucknow d) Delhi
69. Blanching of fruit is done for
a) Inactivation of enzyme b) Drying
c) Heating d) None
a) Temprature b) Sugar
c) Humidity d) TSS
71. Head quarter of CFTR is situated at
a) Mysore b) Nagpur
c) Cucknow d) Delhi
72. Precursor of vitamine A is
a) β -Carotene b) Raleflavine
c) Caroten d) None
73. Rich Source of trartaric acid is
a) Mango b) Lime
c) Grape d) Guava
74. Resperiation reduced by using of
a) Waxing b) Cooling
c) Heating d) Blanching
75. Malt is a source of
a) Cider b) Tuddy
c) Whisky d) None
76. pH value of Jelly is
a) 3.2 b) 4
c) 4.5 d) 5.2
78. Aril is edible part of
a) Mango b) Lime
c) Litchi d) Guava
79. Preservation by salt is
a) Temporary method of presentation
b) Permanent method of presrvation
c) Both
d) None
80. Prevention by high temprature is a process of

a) Heating b) Pastureization
c) Asepsis d) None
c) 40° Brix d) 45° Brix
82. Mango is rich source of vitamine
a) D b) K
c) A d) C
83. Sodium Benzoate is used for preservation of
a) Jam b) Pickle
c) Jelly d) Coloured juiceses
84. Loquate is Botanically
a) Berry b) Drupe
c) Pome d) Pod
85. Refrigerant used in cold storage is
a) Anmmonia b) Oxygen
c) Hydrogen d) None
86. Strong flavour variety of Mango is
a) Condhy b) Amrapati
c) Langra d) None
87. Suitable Canning variety of pine apple
a) Kew b) Queen
c) Maratcious d) All
88. Bale is Richest source of
a) Vitamine C b) Vitamine D
c) Rabioflavin d) None
89. How much % of fruit required in preservative
a) 25% b) 30%
c) 40% d) 55%
90. Hen and Chicken is related to
a) Apple b) Grape
c) Guava d) Mango
91. Cheapest method for preservation of fruit
92. Who develop zero energy cool chamber

a) S.K. Roy & D.S. Khurdiya b) M.S. Swaminathan
c) B.D. Sing d) B.P. Pal
93. 20-25% sugar is used in making of
a) Jam b) Jelly
c) Syrup d) Squash
94. Dehydration is most common method used for preservation of
a) Grape b) Mango
c) Guard d) Apple
95. Oil Conent is a maturity index for
a) Cashewnut b) Ball
c) Avocado d) Apple
96. 40 ppm is limit of which preservation in jam
a) SO2 b) KMN
c) HCL d) Citircacid
97. Pectin sugar ratio is fruit jelly is
a) 1:10 b) 1:60
c) 1:65 d) 1:70
98. Richst source of vitamin B2
a) Bael b) Aonla
c) Mango d) Ber
a) Jack fruit b) Woodapple
c) Watermelon d) None
100. In cold storage which refrigerant is commonly used
a) CO2 b) O2
c) Ammonia d) Nitrogen
101. Which is the strong flavour mango
a) Sindhu b) Langra
c) Neranjan d) All
102. How much vitamine C in 100g of Guava pulp
a) 288 gm b) 300 gm
c) 310 gm d) 305 gm
103. Cheapest preservation method of fruit
c) Freezing d) All
104. Fruit most susceptible to cold injurty is

a) Lemon b) Acid lime
c) Both d) None
105. Method used for grape preservation is
a) Dehydration b) Freezing
c) Syruping d) Canning
106. Which type of can are used for strawberry preservation
a) Plastic can b) Polythinecan
c) A R can d) Tin can
107. Rapid precooling method is
a) Vaccum cooling b) Hydro cooling
c) Both d) None
108. Maximum temprature required for jam making
a) 105°C b) 98°C
c) 100°C d) 115°C
109. In squashesh and cordials limit of SO2 allowed by FPO is
a) 380 ppm b) 350 ppm
c) 400 ppm d) 410 ppm
110. Head quarter of CIPHE is situated at
a) Abohar b) Ludhiana
c) Mumbai d) Luknow
111. How much % of alchole presenting wine
a) 0-15% b) 7-20%
c) 21-25% d) 26-30%
112. Aspergillus niger is used for production of
a) Aceticacid b) Vinegar
c) Mallicacid d) Citric acid
113. Who used the term ‘Climacteric’ first time
a) H.B. Forst b) Swingle
c) Kidd and West d) None
114. Pectinol enzyme is responsible for cilrefication of
a) Jam b) Jelly
c) Juice d) All
115. Drum drier is used for
a) Fruit juices b) Vegetable
c) Flower d) All
116. In Controle atmospheric temprature 3% O2 required for storage of

a) Banana b) Apple
117. 15-16°C storage temprature required for
a) Banana b) Apple
118. Tempratuare required for syruping and brinding in cans use
a) 55-65°C b) 79-82°C
c) 88-92°C d) 105-107°C
119. Brix : acid ratio is best maturity indicies of
a) Mango b) Banana
c) Orange d) Custered
120. Freezing is best way for presentation of
a) Jam b) Juice
c) Jelly d) Pickle
121. Aspirigillus nige ris used for production
a) Acidic acid b) Citric acid
c) Tartaric acid d) None
122. Kiwi fruit is also known as
a) Indian gooseberry b) Chinese goose berry
c) Both d) None
123. Flavasmoners are flowering compound present in
a) Mango b) Apple
c) Ber d) Pinepple
124. Isopentanol are flavaring compound present in
a) Mango b) Apple
c) Banana d) Ber
125. Acetobacter acelli is used in production of
a) Wine b) Vinegar
c) Juice d) All
126. Agricultural produce grading and marketing act are formed in
a) 1937 b) 1940
c) 1947 d) 1980
127. Pine apple content
a) Marsomoline b) Bromeline
c) Ascorbic acid d) None
128. Jamun is rich source of

a) Iodine b) Vit A
c) Vit B c) Vit C
129. Hesperidin is flavoring compound present in
a) Grape b) Banna
c) Apple d) Citrus
130. Ethyl butylate is flavouring compound present in
a) Grape fruit b) Banana
c) Apple d) Citrus
131. Octylacetate is flavouring compound present in
a) Strawberry b) Grape fruit
c) Banana d) Citrus
132. Avocado related to which disorder
a) Dry neck b) Softnose
c) Malformation d) Pufyness
133. Date is richest source of
a) Fiber b) Protein
c) Carbohydrate d) All
134. 3.2 pH is a finished pH for
a) Juice b) Jelly
c) Jam d) Syrup
135. Low resperation rate is related to
a) Apple b) Mango
c) Pupaya d) None
136. Modrate ethylene production rate is related to
a) Apple b) Banana
c) Mango d) All
137. Banana required cool storange temprate is
a) 18-20°C b) 10-12°C
c) 13-14°C d) 8-10°C
138. Anthocyanin is related to
a) Mango b) Ber
c) Banana d) Jamun
139. Hand refretometer is used for measurment of
a) T.S.S. b) Acid
c) Temprature d) Humidity
140. KMS is used for preservation of

a) Fig b) Ber
c) Mango pulp d) Pineapple
141. -196°C and liquid nitrogen is related to
a) Cryo preservation b) Freezing
c) Heating d) drying
a) 25°C Brix b) 30°C Brix
c) 40°C Brix d) 45°C Brix
143. 14% alchole is used for preservation of
a) Syrup b) Wine
c) Cordial d) Juice
144. Polyphenol oxydise is responsible for apple
a) Bitter pit b) Browning
c) Redness d) Care
145. Penduncle is edible portion of
a) Banana b) Cashew apple
c) Jack fruit d) Ber
146. Which of the fallowing disorder related to apple
a) Water core b) Pormposis
c) Greenign d) Malformation
147. Botanically mulberry fruit is known as
a) Sorosis b) Pome
c) Balusta d) Nut
148. Heighest carbohydrate % found in
a) Apple b) Apricot
c) Aonla d) Guava
149. Mutistoryed cropping system is suitable in
a) Coconut plantation b) Cashew plantation
c) Rubber plantation d) Mango plantation
150. Bothacally strawberry is known as
a) Mangifera indica b) Fragaria
c) Phyllantus anblia d) None
151. Fruit are blanched before canning at temprature
a) 80°C b) 90°C
c) 95°C d) 100°C
152. Most suitable fruit for marmalade prpration is

a) Orange b) Guava
c) Banana d) Ber
153. Verasion is related with inception of or
a) Ripening of ber b) Rripening of Guava
c) Ripening of Grape d) Ripenign of Apple
154. Mycorhizal association is related with
a) Banana b) Ber
c) Litchi d) Apple
155. The most abdundent acid found in grape
a) Tartaricacid b) Citricacid
c) Axalic acid d) Actetic acid
156. Responsiable agent for spreading decline of citrus is
a) Radopholus smiles (Browning nematode)
b) Virus
c) Bacteria
d) Ycoplasma
157. Quick freezing 0-4°C is done for
a) 30 min b) 25 min
c) 60 min d) 10 min
158. Acid present in nector is
a) 0.1% b) 0.2%
c) 0.3% d) 0.6%
159. In seald fruit pack potassium permangnate is used for
a) Reduction the level of ethylene
b) Increase level of ethyine
c) Increase O2 level
d) Decrease level of O2
160. Ficin enzyme present in
a) Apple b) Bale
c) Fig d) Mango
161. Canning process discovered by
a) Nicholas Appart b) Louice pasture
c) H.B. Frost d) None
162. In Aonla fruit astringency is due to
a) Ascorbic acid b Tannins
c) Acetic acid d) Citricacid
163. pH for jelly is

a) 2.5 b) 4.5
c) 5.5 d) 3.5
164. Concentration of KMS in squash is
a) 700 ppm b) 850 ppm
c) 500 ppm d) 1000 ppm
165. For blanching test indicator enzyme is
a) Amylose b) Peroxidase
c) Lipase d) None
166. The process of Asepesis is
a) Keeping out the micro organism
b) Chemical sterilization
c) Heating
d) None
167. Veniger ageing is done by
a) Colour improvement b) Bacterial sedemantion
c) Flavour improvement d) All
168. More effectiveness of Benzoic acid is aginst
a) Baltena b) Yeast
c) Meuid d) None
169. Concentration of salt as preservative is
a) 15-20% b) 21-25%
c) 26-31% d) 40-45%
170. Fruit squash should contain juice according to FPO specification is
a) 35% b) 20%
c) 25% d) 40%
171. Jelly weeping is caused by
a) Excess acid b) Excess sugar
c) Excess pectine d) None
172. Which of the following is acts as resperation indicater
a) RQ value b) Ethylens CO2 ratio
c) O2 ratio d) None
173. After harvesting of fruits the process rapid cooling is known as
a) Blanchign b) Pre cooling
174. Very low termprature during storage of tropical fruit causes

a) Chilling injury b) Heating injury
c) Freezing injury d) None
175. ‘Flat Sour’ Caused by Bacillus steriothermophillus in
a) Dried products b) Canned products
c) Fermented products d) None
176. The techinque of quick freezing was invented by
a) Clance Bird saye b) Luise pasture
c) Antan-le-vanbook d) None
177. Moisture content during drying of fruit is
a) 10-15% b) 28-32%
c) 35-40% d) 16-25%
178. R-enamel can are
a) Sulphor resistant b) Acid resistant
c) Rust resistant d) All
179. The process of exhausting is done for
a) Kill the micro orgenism b) Reduce oxidative changes
c) Clean the cans d) Remove bacteria.
180. During canning Hydrogen swell is due to
a) Reacation between tinlate and acids in the food
b) Enzamegic reaction
c) Microbial activity
d) All
181. Enzamatic browning is caused by
a) Bacteria b) Pectinn ethyl ester
c) Polyphenol oxidase d) Cellulose
182. In fruit product ‘Millard reaction’ is due to
a) None enzymatic b) Enzymic
c) Bacterial d) Micnibial
183. Class II preservatives are
a) Benzoic acid b) Sugar
c) Salt d) Citric acid
184. During rapening texture of fruit become soft due to
a) Solubility of insoluble pectin b) Formation of sugar in to starch
c) Formation of starch in to sugar d) None
185. Darkness in citrus juice is due to

a) Loss of ascorbic acid b) Loss of sugar
c) Loss of salt d) None
186 .Which of the following vitamin content ‘cobalt’
a) Vitamin B12 b) Vitamin A
c) Vitamin C d) Vitamin D
187. Cheapest method of preservation of fruit is
a) Freezing b) Drying
188. Appertizing is related to
a) Canning b) Drying
c) Syruping d) Heating
189. Jellimeter is used for measuring
a) Acid b) Temperature
c) Water content d) Pectin
190. Botanical name of Marking nut is
a) Semicarpus anacardium b) Musa paradisiaca
c) Pisidium guajava d) Buchanania laze
191. Botanical name of charoli is
a) Atropiarpus heterophyllus b) Musa paradisiaca
d) Buchanania lanzan d) None
192. Botanical name of tree tomato is
a) Semicarpus anacardium b) Solanum betaceum
c) Buchanania lanzan d) None
193. Aneuploid-82 is dwarfing root stock of
a) Apple b) Ber
c) Guava d) Pomegranate
194. Muttam varikka is a variety of
a) Jackfruit b) Guava
b) Ber d) Apple
195. Paras is a variety of
a) Jack fruit b) Jamun
b) Guava d) Ber
196. Allison is a pollinizing variety of
a) Jackfruit b) Jamun
b) Kiwi d) Guava
197. Alimo is about stock of

a) Jamun b) Citrus
c) Ber d) Jack fruit
198. Botanical name of Koakam is
a) Garcinia indica b) Morus alba
c) Musa pardisiaca d) None
199. Botanical name of Lasodo is
a) Garcinia indica b) Cordia dichotoma
c) Morus alba d) Musa paradisiaca
200. Star Ruby is Variety of
a) Acid lime b) Lemon
c) Sweet orange d) Mandarin
201. Lucknow seedless is variety of
a) Acid lime b) Lemon
c) Sweet orange d) Mandarin
ELIXIR-5
1. Spongy tissue is a major problem in

a) Orange b) Pine apple
c) Mango d) Banana
2. Storage temperature of banana is
a) 15-200°C b) 2-3°C
c) 4-5°C d) 10-13°C
3. Grape is commercially propagated by
a) Hardwood cutting b) Seed
c) Softwood cutting d) Grafting
4. Longevity of mango seed is
a) 1 month b) 2 month
c) 3 month d) 4 month
5. Most serious disease of grape is
a) Leaf spot b) Mildew
c) Wilt d) Anthracnose
6. Family of mango is
a) Anacardiaceae b) Musaceae
c) Rosaceae d) Vitaceae
7. Gynodioecious variety of papaya is
a) CO1 b) Pusa Dwarf
c) Pusa Delicious d) Pusa Nanaha
8. The origin and family of guava is
a) America, Myrtceae b) India, Solanaceae
c) China, Rosaceae d) None
9. In production which crop tops in India
a) Citrus b) Apple
c) Banana d) Mango
10. Plum is a type of fruit
a) Pome b) Drupe
c) Pome d) None
11. Papaya contains unit of Vitamin A

a) 2500IU b) 2020IU
c) 4000IU d) 3000IU
12. Fruit in which pulp is outgrowth of seed
a) Litchi b) Mango
c) Payapa d) Fig
13. To increase flowering in grapes which practice is done
a) Pruning b) Training
c) IAA d) Intercultural operations
14. Monoembryonic variety of mango is
a) Olour b) Goa
c) Neelum d) Salem
15. Amrit sagar is a variety of
a) Payapa b) Guava
c) Ber d) Banana
16. Chinese date is a common name of
a) Aonla b) Ber
c) Litchi d) Phalsa
17. ‘The broma’ in cocoa is extracted from
a) Root b) Seed
c) Bark d) Fruit peel
18. Pine apple is a native of
a) Brazil b) Europe
c) Africa d) North America
19. ‘Mahal’ (Pyrus pashia) is a root stock of
a) Plum b) Pear
c) Cherry d) Almond
20. Origin of mandarin orange is
a) China b) Australia
c) Europe d) Brazile
21. Bishop is a popular variety of
a) Lemon b) Papaya
c) Pineapple d) Sweet orange
22. ‘Sigatoka’ is associated with

a) Banana b) Apple
c) Mango d) Ber
23. The edible portion of cashew apple is modified of
a) Calyx b) Ovary
c) Peduncle d) Thalamus
24. L-49 is a variety of Guava developed at
a) Pune b) Allahabad
c) Lucknow d) Delhi
25. Kinnow mandarin was developed by
a) T-K Bose b) H.B. Frost
c) B.D. Singh d) G.S. Cheema
26. Temperature suitable for coconut growth is
a) 24°C b) 27°C
c) 21°C d) 29°C
27. Banana seed are ___________ in nature
a) Hard b) Very hard
c) Soft d) None of these
28. Ideal time for pruning of phalsa is
a) January-Febuary b) Febuary-March
c) December-January d) None of these
29. Grape like aroma in Jamun is due to presence of
a) Tartaric acid b) Easter compound
c) Anthocyanin d) Methyl anthranilate
30. Tangelo is a cross between
a) Pummelo X Grape fruit b) Pummelo X Tangerin
c) Tangerin X Pummelo d) Grape fruit X Sweet orange
31. ‘Old chicks’ is a variety of
a) Cashew b) Coffee
c) Tea d) Cocoa
32. ‘Apple colour’ is a popular variety of
a) Guava b) Pear
c) Peach d) Apple
33. Salt resistant root stock of grape
a) Dogridge b) Salt crick
c) a & b d) None
34. Cashew is propagated through

a) Cutting b) Stooling
c) Air layering d) Epicotyle grafting
35. Bunchy top of banana is caused by
a) Bacteria b) Virus
c) Fungi d) Mycoplasma
36. Botanically pine apple fruit is known as
a) Balusta b) Pome
c) Lomantum d) Sorosis
37. Horticulture society of India was founded in
a) 1932 b) 1942
c) 1947 d) 1935
38. ‘Pusa Urvashi’ is a variety of
a) Grape b) Mango
c) Apple d) Coconut
39. The ideal inter crop in citrus orchard
a) Pea b) Jowar
c) Bajara d) Chilli
40. ‘Sonaka’ is variety of
a) Mango b) Cherry
c) Grape d) Apple
41. Edible part of litchi is
a) Aril b) Endosperm
c) Mesocarp d) Plancenta
42. Growth curve of fruit development in apple
a) Single sigmoid b) Triple sigmoid
c) Double sigmoid d) None
43. Family of ‘Loquat’ is
a) Juglandaceae b) Anacardaceae
c) Solonaceae d) Rosaceae
44. Fruit which contains maximum calories is
a) Apple b) Karonda
c) Aonla d) Datepalm
45. ‘Alphanso’ a variety of mango is grown in
a) Maharashtra b) Andhra Pradesh
c) Uttar Pradesh d) Bihar
46. Redness in apple is due to presence of

a) Xanthophyll b) Lycopean
c) Anthocyanin d) Carotene
47. Papaya is a rich source of
a) Vitamin E b) Vitamin B
c) Vitamin C d) Vitamin A
48. Sweetest sugar present in fruit
a) Sucrose b) Fructose
c) Glucose d) Galactose
49. Best planting material in Banana is
a) Rhizome b) Bulb
c) Soward sucker d) Water sucker
50. “Black Heart” is a variety of
a) Pear b) Apple
c) Cherry d) Almond
51. Fruit thinning growth regulator
a) IAA b) GA
c) MH d) NAA
52. Barbados cherry the richest source of vitamin C belongs to family
a) Malphigaceae b) Solananceae
c) Anacardaceae d) Mucaceae
53. ‘Feni’ a fermented beverage popular in
a) Goa b) Punjab
c) Maharashtra d) Rajasthan
54. Astringency in Aonla is due to
a) Tannins b) Ascorbic Acid
c) Citric acid d) Lemonin
55. Bitterness in citrus Juice is due to
a) Limonin b) Tannins
c) Ascorbic acid d) Glucoside
56. Regular pruning is needed in
a) Sapota b) Guava
c) Peach d) Strawberry
57. Ripening of fruits exist which type gas
a) Ethylene b) Ammonia
c) CO2 d) O2
58. Precursor of Ethylene is

a) Purine b) Methionin
c) Proline d) Cystine
59. Which tree is deciduous in nature
a) Pear b) Loquat
c) Avocado d) Litchi
60. Family of Beal is
a) Myrataceae b) Solanaceae
c) Rosaceae d) Rutaceae
61. The following is dioecious fruit crop
a) Date palm b) Mango
c) Banana d) Apple
62. The fruit crop require tropical climate
a) Coconut b) Apple
c) Banana d) Citrus
63. The fruit crop has single seeded nut
a) Mango b) Coconut
c) Litchi d) Sapota
64. Fruit type of pineapple is
a) Sorosais b) Pome
c) Berry d) Balusta
65. Guava is commercially propagated by
a) Air layering b) Inarching
c) Seed d) Stooling
66. Month suitable for peach pruning
a) Late December b) Early December
c) Early November d) Late November
67. In Grapes most commonly used training system is
a) Telephone b) Head
c) Knifin d) Bower
68. The term pruning refer to
a) Providing space for growth b) Providing shape to plant
c) Way for better fruiting d) All
69. Maximum guava producing state
a) Maharashtra b) Andhra Pradesh
c) Madhya Pradesh d) Uttar Pradesh
70. Plant growth regulator used in root formation

a) NAA b) IAA
c) IBA d) MH
71. Flowering habit of date plam is
a) Dioecious b) Andromonoecious
c) Hermaphrodite d) Monoecious
72. Following is the responsible for controlling of fruit drop
a) Auxin b) Gibberellins
c) Ethylene d) Cytokinins
73. The central arid zone research institute is located at
a) Nagpur b) Jabalpur
c) Jodhpur d) Jhansi
74. Which of the following beverage substance is present in Tea
a) Piperin b) Caffeine
c) Tannin d) Thiobromin
75. Which is widely cultivated coffee spp
a) Coffee Arabica b) Coffea robusta
c) Both d) None
76. The center of origin of cocao is
a) India b) Brazil
c) America d) Africa
77. Which is the major problem in coconut cultivation
a) Eryophide mite b) Redpalm weevil
c) Stem bleeding d) Lack of varieties
78. The most processed product from arecanut is
a) Nuli b) Kottapak
c) Kalipak d) All
79. Which of the following is the canning variety of pineapple
a) Kew b) Jaldhup
c) Mauritius d) All
80. Which of the following is non climacteric fruit
a) Guava b) Banana
c) Pineapple d) Mango
81. The best quality tea grown in world is at
a) China b) Darjiling (India)
c) Nilgiri (India) d) Nainital
82. In which of the following fruit tissue culture is followed

a) Banana b) Mango
c) Pineapple d) Citrus
83. Which is dwarfing root stock of mango
a) Neelum b) Alphanso
c) Dashehari d) Vellicolumban
84. Bitter pit is the disorder of
a) Ber b) Apple
c) Pineapple d) Cashew
85. Pusa Delicious variety of papaya is
a) Monoecious b) Dioecious
c) Gynodioecious d) None
86. Fruit suitable for Arid zone is
a) Ber b) Fig
c) Pomegranate d) None
87. Banglore blue variety of grape is having parents
a) V. Vonefera X V. asiatica b) Vitis Venifera X V. lubrisca
c) Both d) None
88. The spur in grape is
a) Current season growth b) Old shoot twig
c) New growth of branch d) None
89. Fruit rich source of vitamin A is
a) Mango b) Ber
c) Pineapple d) Aonla
90. The propagation method of cashewnut is
a) Cutting b) Hardwood grafting
c) Seed d) Softwood grafting
91. In banana if score is above 16 then which will be its genom.
a) ABB b) AA
c) AB d) AAB
92. The citrus classification was given by
a) Tanaka & Swingle b) T.K. Bose
c) Simmonds d) None
93. Which of the following is monoembryonic spp.
a) Grape fruit b) Pummelo
c) Sweet orange d) None
94. The mango hybrid developed by IIHR

a) Arka Aruna b) Arka Hans
c) Arka Jyoti d) Arkavati
95. Which of the following require regular pruning for fruiting
a) Mango b) Pomegranate
c) Peach d) None
96. Which of the following hormone is used as a herbicide
a) GA b) NAA
c) IAA d) 2-4, D
97. Which of the following hormone increase senescence
a) GA b) Ethylene
c) IAA d) ABA
98. Which is used for deblossming purpose in mango
a) NAA b) ABA
c) GA d) 2,4-D
99. The browning in apple is due to
a) Hydrogen b) Toqrosame
c) Polyphenol oxylase d) None
100. Viral disease of banana is
a) Panama wilt b) Bunchy top
c) Sigatoka leaf spot d) All
ELIXIR-6
1. The fruit which have highest lenticle is

a) Plum b) Pear
c) Apple d) Apricot
2. Which of the following is tetraploid fruit crop?
a) Papaya b) Ber
c) Plum d) Citrus
3. The pollination of fig is affected by
a) Wasp b) Housefly
c) Honeybee d) Wind
4. The rubber has primary centre of origin
a) China b) Asia
c) Western ghats d) Malaya
5. Immature coconut fruits are harvested after
a) 8-10 months b) 2-4 months
c) 10-12 months d) 18-22 months
6. The natural rubber is mostly used in which industry
a) Box b) Steel
c) Tyre d) None
7. Following is not a variety of arecanut
a) Sumangala b) Mangla
c) Kaddyam d) None
8. Maximum oil contents are in
a) Soyabean b) Oil palm
c) Coconut d) None
9. Coconut development board works under
a) Independently b) ICAR
c) Govt. of India d) None
10. Winter banana is variety of
a) Apple b) Mango
c) Grape d) Ber
11. Which of the following fruit ripens first

a) Mango b) Citrus
c) Banana d) Apple
12. Productivity of which crop is maximum in India
a) Grape b) Banana
c) Citrus d) Mango
13. ‘Hen & Chickens is disorder of
a) Apple b) Banana
c) Mango d) Grape
14. Which country occupies first position in production of fruits
a) China b) India
c) Brazil d) USA
15. Which state of the country is the highest producer of apple.
a) Jammu & Kashmir b) Himachal Pradersh
c) Andhra Pradesh d) U.P
16. Phalsa belong to the family
a) Rutaceae b) Rosaceae
c) Bromdiaceae d) Tiliaceae
17. Fruit which is rich in pectin and acid is
a) Jamun b) Lime
c) Guava d) Lemon
18. “Plough crop” is common name of following fruit crop
a) Date palm b) Walnut
c) Ber d) Cashewnut
19. Which of the following fruit is nonclimatric
a) Avocado b) Citrus
c) Persimon d) Sapota
20. ‘Vared’ is a low chilling variety of
a) Apple b) Banana
c) Pear d) Plum
21. Ideal storage temperature of papaya
a) 20-21°C b) 10-12°C
c) 14-15°C d) 8-9°C
22. Wind break effectiveness is __________ of its height
a) 4 time b) 2 time
c) 3 time d) 6 time
23. Best time of planting for temperate fruit is

a) September-October b) May-June
c) March-April d) December- January
24. “Brown turkey” is root stock of
a) Fig b) Apple
c) Sapota d) Mandarin
25. Edible part of cashew apple is
a) Endosperm b) Peduncle
c) Kernal d) Pericarp
26. Oldest system of training of grape practiced in India
a) Head b) Kniftin
c) Bower d) Telephone
27. Water core is a disorder of
a) Apple b) Peach
c) Pear d) Quince
28. ‘Powdery mildew’ Resistant variety of mango is
a) Ratna b) Totapuri
c) Lalsundari d) Jahangir
29. Mango cultivar suitable for canning
a) Bombay Green b) Alphanso
c) Amrapali d) Neelum
30. Date palm plant bear ________________ flowers
a) Unisexual b) Bisexual
c) Monodioecious d) None of these
31. Sanjose scale is introduced from which country
a) Sri Lanka b) Japan
c) England d) Holland
32. Select the dioecious cultivar of papaya from the fallowing
a) Pusa Majesty b) Pusa Giant
c) Pusa Delicious d) None
33. Green mould of citrus is caused by
a) P. Notatium b) Lemon butterfly
c) Penicillium digitituiom d) None
34. Cashewnut contains following Percentage of protein
a) 21% b) 22.7%
c) 78% d) 48%
35. Pruning in grape in North India is done in the month of

a) December-January b) Feb.-March
c) Oct-Nov d) June-July
36. Arka krishna is
a) Grape b) Mango
c) Apple d) Guava
37. A bud mutant cultivar of mango is
a) Sindhu b) Ratna
c) Niranjan d) Rosica
38. Modified leader system of training of fruit tree
a) Good for plains only b) Most acceptable
c) Unscientific d) Most acceptable
39. Semihard wood cutting is mostly used to propagate
a) Peach b) Apple
c) Evergreen fruit tree d) None
40. Most of fruit variety are heterozygous in nature therefore for commercial
production their propagation is recommended
a) Vegetative propagation b) Seeds
c) Mutation d) All
41. In apple dwarfing root stock are good for
a) Fruit color b) High density planting
c) Scabresistant d) Low chilling
42. Most peach varieties bear flower of following colour
a) Pink b) Red
c) Yellow d) Blue
43. Spongy tissue is due to
a) Physiological factor b) Climatic factor
c) Bacteria d) Viruses
44. ‘Essential oil extracted from
a) Mango b) Almond
c) Lemon d) Olive
45. Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board (ASRB) was established in year
a) 1978 b) 1973
c) 1987 d) 1981
46. Sweet orange is generally trained on
a) Multistem b) Two branches
c) Single stem d) None
47. ‘King of temperate fruits is

a) Walnut b) Peach
c) Strawberry d) Apple
48. Sapota is native of
a) Mexico b) India
c) China d) USA
49. Japanese persimmon is native of
a) India b) Japan
c) China d) USA
50. ‘Amrapali’ mango is planted at distance for HDP
a) 2.5m X 2.5m b) 5X5m
c) 10X10m d) 7X7m
51. The commercial tartaric acid is produced from
a) Grape b) Lime
c) Lemon d) Tamarind
52. Oraganization which is related to agricultural marketing
a) APEDA b) NABARD
c) NHB d) NAPHED
53. Fruit which rich source of Pectin & acid
a) Mango b) Apple
c) Jamun d) Pomegranate
54. Fruit is rich source of fat
a) Bael b) Avocado
c) Mango d) Aonla
55. Black stem is disease of
a) Mango b) Guava
c) Sapota d) Apple
56. Malformation is disorder of
a) Mango b) Guava
c) Sapota d) Apple
57. Family of cashew nut is
c) Solanaceae d) Rosaceae
58. The most suitable ‘raisin’ making variety of grape is
a) Thompson Seedless b) Anab-e-shahi
c) Black Beauty d) Black Prince
59. The most susceptible to water logging crop is

a) Banana b) Papaya
c) Sapota d) Jamun
60. Citrus maxima is the scientific name of
a) Acid lime b) Sweet lime
c) Orange d) Pummelo
61. Root wilt is serious disease of
a) Banana b) Cashew
c) Coconut d) Mango
62. Yellow dwarf is the serious disease of
a) Mango b) Arecanut
c) Coconut d) Oil Palm
63. Panama wilt is serious disease of
a) Banana b) Apple
c) Pineapple d) Mandarin
64. Bael is rich source of
a) Vitamin C b) Vitamin K
c) Vitamin B d) Vitamin D
65. Alphanso is variety of
a) Jamun b) Ber
c) Aonla d) Mango
66. Papain is obtained from
a) Rubber b) Tea
c) Papaya d) Datepalm
67. Guava contain 800mg amount vitamin C in 100gm
a) 100mg b) 800mg
c) 150mg d) 200mg
68. Coconut has ____________ Sex form
a) Dioecious b) Monoecious
c) Andromonoecius d) None
69. ‘Hen’ and chicken is disorder of
a) Banana b) Mango
c) Apple d) Grape
70. Guava (L-49) is seedling selection of
a) Allahabad safeda b) Arka Amulya
c) Both d) None
71. Rambutan belong to family

a) Solanaceae b) Sapindaceae
c) Musaceae d) Anacardiaceae
72. The Head Quarter of NHB is situated at
a) Gurgaon (U.P.) b) Mumbai
c) New Delhi d) Hyderabad
73. The male female plant ratio in papaya orchard is
a) 10:15 b) 1:10
c) 100:200 d) 50:25
a) Olour b) Salm
c) Goa d) Neelum
75. Papaya contain unit of vitamin A
a) 3000 IU b) 2020 IU
c) 5000 IU d) 1500 IU
76. ‘Amrapali & Mallika’ varieties of mango were developed by
a) Dr. R.N Singh b) Dr. K.L. Chaddha
c) Dr. Swaminathan d) Dr. B.D. Singh
77. Sumangal & Mangala is variety of
a) Coconut b) Arecanut
c) Cashewnut d) Hazelnut
78. ‘Dwarf root stock of pear’ is
a) Quince C b) Quince A
c) Quince B d) None
79. ‘Monocarplism’ found in
a) Apple b) Banana
c) Olive d) Papaya
80. ‘Chakaiya’ is commercial variety of
a) Ber b) Guava
c) Aonla d) Pineapple
81. Sterility is common problem in
a) Apple b) Guava
c) Loquat d) Litchi
82. ‘Jonathan’ is a variety of
a) Pineapple b) Apple
c) Mango d) Pear
83. Most suitable for saline soil

a) Mango b) Ber
c) Coconut d) Aonla
84. Salt tolerant crop
a) Mango b) Guava
c) Datepalm d) Peach
85. ‘Ganesh kirti’ is variety of
a) Ber b) Loquat
c) Apple d) Pomegranate
86. Ganesh is variety of
c) Mango d) Papaya
87. Leaf browning in guava is due to
a) Zn toxicity b) All toxicity
c) Fe toxicity d) Cu toxicity
88. Highest pineapple producing state
a) Maharashtra b) Karnataka
c) Assam d) Punjab
89. Major arecanut producing state
a) Maharashtra b) Kerala
c) Karnataka d) Gujarat
90. TSS of Thompson seedless grape is
a) 14-16% b) 18-22%
c) 12-14% d) 10-12%
91. In North India which grape variety is cultivated?
a) Black Champa b) Thompson seedless
c) Perletter d) Anab-e-shahi
92. In North India best time of planting mango is
a) June-July b) April-May
c) September-October d) January-February
93. Which of the following variety of Mango is apple shape
(a) Rumani (b) Langra
(c) Totapuri (d) None
94. The heighest T-SS i.e. 29.8 Brix contain variety is
(a) Pico (b) Xavier
(c) Goa (d) Langra
95. Brown Blast is disorder of

(a) Tea (b) Coffee
(c) Rubber (d) Coconut
96. Albinism is disorder of
(a) Tea (b) Strawberry
(c) Coffee (d) Rubber
97. Multiple crown is disorder of
(a) Pineapple (b) Strawberry
(c) Coffee (d) Tea
98. Granulation is disorder of
(a) Pineapple (b) Mandarin orange
(c) Tea (d) Coffee
99. Jumka is disorder of
(a) Mango (b) apple
(c) Tea (d) Guava
ELIXIR-7
1. Pineapple variety of originated in

a) Florida b) Rome
c) Washington D.C d) Delhi
2. In Assam common variety of mandarin is
a) Nagpur b) Khasi
c) Kinnow d) coorg
3. Acid lime is usually propagated by
a) Seed b) Airlayering
c) Cutting d) T-Budding
4. Root stock used for sapota is
a) Jambhiri b) Rayan/Khirni
c) Rangpur Lime d) Kainth
5. Pineapple is propagated by
a) Stump b) Slips/Ground suckers
c) Seed d) Shoot suckers
6. Botanically fruit of papaya is
a) Lomantum b) Pome
c) Drupe d) Berry
7. Bael is propagated by
a) Budding b) Seed
c) Grafting d) Cutting
8. Black bean is the major disorder of which crop
a) Tea b) Cocoa
c) Coffee d) Betelvine
9. Sunset is the variety of
a) Papaya b) Guava
c) Lime d) Lemon
10. Chadler is variety of
a) Pear b) Plum
c) Strawberry d) Guava
11. Self incompatibility in mango is observed in

a) Neelam b) Dashehari
c) Totapuri d) None
12. Stony fruit problem is observed in
a) Custard apple b) Pineapple
c) Apple d) Coconut
13. Highly perishable fruit is
a) Mango b) Guava
c) Litchi d) Apple
14. Central coffee research institute is located at
a) Balanur b) Lucknow
c) Delhi d) Kotayyam
15. Family of pecannut is
a) Juglandaceae b) Rosaceae
c) Moraceae d) Oleaceae
16. Botanical name of Tree Tomato is
a) Cyphomandra betaceae b) Lycopercicum esculentum
c) Feronia limonia d) Achras sapota
17. Botanical name of Barbados cherry
a) Achras sapota b) Malpighia glabra
c) Feronia limonia d) Cyphomandra betaceae
18. Botanical name of Durian
a) Durio zibethinus b) Cyphomandra betaceae
c) Achrus sapota d) Feronia limonia
19. Botanical name of Karonda
a) Carica papaya b) Carissa carandas
c) Pyrus percia d) Achrus sapota
20. Botanical name of Mangosteen
a) Mangifera indica b) Morus alba
c) Garcinia mangostan d) Prunus persica
21. Fruit type of wood apple
a) Amphisarca/Berry b) Pod
c) Nut d) Drupe
22. Little leaf of mango due to deficiency of
a) Boron b) Zn
c) Cl d) Mg
23. ‘Mrig Bahar’ in Guava gives fruits in the month of

a) October-November b) Jan.-Feb
c) june-July d) March-April
24. Fruit Ripening hormone is
a) GA b) IAA
c) Auxin d) Ethylene
25. ‘High Gate’ is mutant of
a) Apple b) Mango
c) Grape d) Banana
26. Seed lessness in grape is due to
a) Stenospermocarpy b) Vegetative parthenocarpy
c) Apomixis d) Amphimixis
27. Spur bearing fruit tree is
a) Citrus b) Apple
c) Mango d) Guava
28. Average height of coconut tree is
a) 25m b) 35m
c) 20m d) 15m
29. The first mango hybrid developed at IARI
a) Mallika b) Nelphanso
c) Ratna d) Amrapali
30. Family of persimmon is
a) Rosaceae b) Ebenaceae
c) Aposinaceae d) Guttiferaceae
31. Which portion of plant is known free from viruses
a) Xylem b) Meristem
c) Pollen d) Phloeum
32. Apple interveinal chlorosis is due to
a) B b) Zn
c) M g d) Cu
33. Queen of Beverage crop is
a) Cocoa b) Coffee
c) Tea d) Cashewapple
34. In citrus vector for transmission of tristeza is
a) Toxoptera citridia b) Aphis gossypi
c) Mazus persica d) None
35. Mango seed losse its vialibility in

a) 4-5week b) 7-8 week
c) 8-10 week d) 10-12 week
36. Golden star is a variety of
a) Apple b) Sapota
c) Carambola d) Strawberry
37. Santa Rosa is a variety of
a) Pear b) Plum
38. The fruit suitable for Arid region is
a) Ber b) Fig
c) Apple d) Pear
39. Dr. Y.S. Parmer University Of Horticulture and Forestry is situated at
a) Mumbai b) Delhi
c) Solan d) Bangalore
40. ‘Pusa Arunima’ is variety of
a) Mango b) Guava
c) Papaya d) Apple
41. Largest fig producing state in India is
a) Gujarat b) Maharashtra
c) Kerala d) Bihar
42. Coffee rust is caused by
a) Hemeleia vestarix b) Puccinia gramnicola
c) Puccinia triti d) None
43. Monoembryonic spp of citrus is
a) Pummelo b) Sweet orange
c) Grape fruit d) None
44. Pyronia is cross between
a) Plum and Pear b) Pear and Quince
c) Plum & Quince d) Apple and Quince
45. Super dwarfing root stock of apple is
a) M-11 b) M-19
c) M-27 d) M-9
46. Which of the following fruit not originated in India
a) Pomogranate b) Mango
c) Jackfruit d) Phalsa
47. Beri-Beri is due to deficiency of Vitamin

a) B b) C
c) A d) K
48. Scurvy causes due to deficiency of
a) Vitamin B b) Vitamin C
c) Vitamin D d) Vitamin K
49. Neelphanso is cross between
a) Neelum X Alphanso b) Ratna X Neelum
c) Dashehari X Neelum d) Dashehari X Alphanso
50. The most heavely pruned fruit plant is
a) Mango b) Guava
c) Apple d) Ber
51. Red Blush and Punjab Nector is variety of
a) Pear b) Peach
c) Apple d) Plum
52. A bud mutant cultivar of mango is
a) Rosica b) Ratna
c) Alphanso d) Neranjan
53. To check the variability in root stocks one should obtain from
a) Clonal root stock b) Seedling rootstock
c) Seasoned rootstock d) None of the above
54. June drop in apple is due to
a) Boron deficiency b) Cu deficiency
c) Moisture stress d) Lack of nutrients
55. Mclintosh is variety of
a) Pear b) Apple
c) Pineapple d) Strawberry
56. Dwarf Cavendish is a cultivar of
a) Mango b) Apple
c) Banana d) Pomogrante
57. India contributes % of total fruit production
a) 31% b) 0 34%
c) 37% d) 40%
58. Most of the of mango varieties grown in south India
a) Seedless b) Pest free
c) Polyembryonic d) Monoembryonic
59. India contributes % mango production in the world

a) 40% b) 45%
c) 50% d) 56%
60. Spongy tissue in mango is due to
a) Physiological disorder b) Pest infection
c) Viral infection d) Bacterial disorder
61. Commercially multiplication of papaya is done by
a) Budding b) Seed
c) Cutting d) Grafting
62. A good variety of papaya may yield on an average (t/ha)
a) 40 b) 50
c) 55 d) 60
63. Most peach variety bear which color of flower
a) Pink b) Red
c) White d) Yellow
64. Necterine is fuzzless variety of
a) Apple b) Plum
c) Pear d) Peach
65. The best time for pruning in peach is
a) Mid winter b) Spring
c) Mid summer d) Autumn
66. The climate essential for adoption of pear is
a) Tropical b) Temperate
c) Subtropical d) Arid
67. Sweet orange is generally trained on
a) Single stem b) Two branches
c) Multiple stem d) None
68. Frontier is mid season variety of
a) Apple b) Apricot
c) Plum d) Guava
69. Seeds of mandarin orange is sown
a) After extraction b) After dormancy
c) After one month d) After 6 month
70. Mandarin crop is harvested in Nilgiri hills during
a) August-October b) March
c) July d) Sept-Dec
71. Seedless cultivar of guava bear type of fruit

a) Both seeded and seedless b) All seedless
c) All seeded d) None
72. Stooling is generally used in
a) Pear b) Apple
c) Mango d) Guava
73. Kniffin system of training is used in
a) Papaya b) Apple
c) Guava d) Grape
74. In India more than 50% of area under grape variety is
a) Black Champa b) Sonaka
c) Thompson Seedless d) Anab-e-shahi
75. Rains during ripening of grapes causes
a) Low acidity b) Berry cracking
c) Berry drop d) Low TSS
76. CCC is used in grape for
a) Increase TSS b) Increase acidity
c) Increase fruit fulness d) None
77. Pine apple originated from
a) India b) Brazil
c) China d) Iran
78. Mulching is an important practice in orachard related to
a) Pruning b) Floor management
c) Irrigation management d) Training
79. Panama wilt of Banana is originated from
a) Fungus b) Mycoplasma
c) Nematode d) Virus
80. Red rust is disease of
a) Apple b) Fig
c) Guava d) Mango
81. Black tip of mango is caused by
a) Fungus b) Bacteria
c) Viruses d) None
82. Copper Fungicide
a) Blitox b) Streptomycin
c) Captain d) Diathane M-45
83. Citrus dieback is caused by

a) Water stress b) Bacteria
c) Virus d) None
84. Mango and Banana are
a) Non climacteric b) Climacteric
c) Nature of ripening d) None
85. Increase in ethylene production with ripening is characteristic of
a) Non climacteric b) Climacteric
c) Grape d) Citrus
86. Compared to mango, banana, and guava, apple is more rich in
a) Calcium b) Vitamin A
c) Phosphorus d) Potassium
87. India is third largest producer of coconut next to
a) Malaysia, Singapur b) Philipines and Indonesia
c) China-Brazil d) None
88. Winter Banana is a variety of
a) Banana b) Apple
c) Pineapple d) Guava
89. Which of the following is not pest of apple
a) All shoot maker b) Sun Josescale
c) Woolly aphid d) Tent caterpillar
90. Which of the following is variety of apricot
a) Pusa Sunheri b) Chaubattia madhu
c) Harumadhu c) None
91. Black stem is the disease of
a) Guava b) Pomegranate
c) Apple d) Pear
92. Guava is originated from
a) Peru (America) b) China
c) Japan d) India
93. Papaya is originated from
a) Central America b) Mexico (South America)
c) Japan d) China
94. Cricket ball is a variety of
a) Guava b) Ber
b) Sapota d) Fig
95. Washington Navel is the variety of

a) Citrus sinensis b) Citrus maxima
c) Citrus reticulata d) Citrus aurantifolia
96. Rich source of Fat
a) Avocado b) Pear
c) Peach d) Bael
97. Rich source of Protein is
a) Cashew nut b) Walnut
98. Dwarfing root stock of guava is
a) Indian Guava b) French Guava
c) Chinese Guava d) American Guava
99. Dwarfing root stock of Apple
a) M-9 b) M-19
c) M11 d) M-17
100. Goma Pryianka is a variety of
a) Mango b) Cashew
c) Jamun d) Ber
101. Goma Yashi is a variety of
a) Mango b) Beal
c) Jamun d) Ber
102. Goma Kirtiis is a variety of
a) Mango b) Beal
c) Jamun d) Ber
ELIXIR-8
1. Fire Blight of Apple is due to

a) Xanthomanscitn b) Erwinia amylovora
c) Mycoplasma d) None
2. Red rust of tea is due to
a) Xanthomonas citri b) Erwina amylovora
c) Cephaleros d) Fungus
3. Bunchy top of banana is due to
a) Banana virus b) Mycoplasma
c) Bacteria d) Protozoa
4. Notching is commonly practiced in
a) Apple b) Mango
c) Guava d) Fig
5. Ringing is commonly practiced in
a) Guava b) Apple
c) Mango d) Fig
6. Training system fallowed in pear is
a) Open centre b) Central leader
c) Modified leader d) None
7. Male sterile ‘variety of peach is
a) J.H.Hale b) Star K Early
c) Kanto 5 d) Star K RedGold
8. Seedlessness in grape is due to
a) Parthanocarpy b) Stenospermocarpy
c) Apomixis d) Amphimixis
9. Guava has same family as
a) Papaya b) Pineapple
c) Jamun d) Apple
10. Extremely draught tolerant crop is
a) Aonla b) Banana
c) Papaya d) Date palm
11. Most salt tolerant crop is

a) Aonla b) Payapa
c) Banana d) Pineapple
12. Fruit grown in high PH soil
a) Pomegranate b) Aonla
c) Mango d) Apple
13. Worlds finest variety of mandarin is
a) Khasi mandarin b) Kinnow
c) Nagpur mandarin d) None
14. Tristeza tolerant root stock of citrus in
a) Rangpur lime b) Karna katha
c) Kamla mandarin d) All
15. Kinnow is cross between
a) Citrus aurantifolia X C. Sinensis b) King X Willoleaf
c) Kinnow X C. reticulata d) None
16. Genome of dwarf cavandish is
a) AAA b) AB
c) AAB d) BBA
17. Banana varieties are mostly ___________ in nature
a) Diploid b) Triploid
c) Tetraploid d) Hexaploid
18. Cause of bunchy top of Banana is
a) Physiological factor b) Fungus
c) Virus d) Bacteria
19. Casual organism of citrus cankar is
a) Virus b) Mycoplasma
c) Bacteria d) Fungus
20. Common name of Indian Gooseberry is
a) Jamun b) Ber
c) Banana d) Aonla
21. Example of Aggregate fruit is
a) Bread fruit b) Ber
c) Jackfruit d) Pineapple
22. The non climacteric fruit
a) Sweet orange b) Mango
c) Banana d) Fig
23. The climacteric fruit is

a) Sweet orange b) Litchi
c) Bael d) Pineapple
24. Spongy tissue is the serious problem of
a) Neelum b) Dashehari
c) Ratna d) Alphanso
25. Fruit which is richest source of vitamin-C
a) Barbados cherry b) Aonla
c) Guava d) citrus
26. Little leaf of mango is due to
a) Mo deficiency b) Bo deficiency
c) Cl deficiency d) Zn deficiency
27. Pollination in cacao is done by
a) Air b) Water
c) Insect d) None
28. Yellow dwarf is serious disease of
a) Tea b) Cashew nut
c) Arecanut d) Cocoa
29. Coconut development board is located at
a) Hyderabad b) Cochin
c) Chennai d) Nagpur
30. The richest source of oil is
a) Oil palm b) Soybean
c) Coconut d) Olive
31. Root wilt is serious disease of
a) Olive b) arecanut
c) Cashewnut d) Coconut
32. Which chemical is used for regulation of flowering in guava
a) NAA b) 2, 4 D
c) IBA d) IAA
33. Which of the following is not cytockinin
a) Ethrel b) Kinetin
c) BA d) Zeatin
34. Which of the following is anti gibberellins factor
a) IBA b) Cycocel
c) BA d) Cultar
35. Which of the following main function of cytokinin

a) Cell division b) Cell elongation
c) Cell enlargement d) None
36. Fruiting of Mango take place at
a) Current season growth b) Old season growth
c) Both d) None
37. Loquat fruit type is
a) Berry b) Drupe
c) Pome d) Pod
38. Strawberry propagated by
a) Runner b) Sucker
c) rhizome d) Seed
39. Which of the following is monocot crop
a) Date palm b) Banana
c) Pineapple d) All
40. Which is the salt tolerant crop
a) Banana b) Pineapple
c) Mango d) Datepalm
41. Family of mango is
c) Vitaceae d) Rosaceae
42. Subtropical pear harvested in the month of
a) June-July b) December-January
c) March-April d) Oct-Nov
43. Banana cultivar used for chips making
a) Lal Velchi b) Basrai
c) Safed Velchi d) Nendran
44. Panama wilt resistant variety of banana is
a) Poovan b) Basrai
c) Nandran d) None
45. Which growth regulator is used to control of Mango malformation
a) GA b) 2-4D
c) IBA d) NAA
46. Which growth regulator is used for control of fruit drop in mango
a) GA b) 2, 4-D
c) IBA d) NAA
47. State having maximum area under mango

a) Gujrat b) Maharashtra
c) Uttar Pradesh d) Tamil Nadu
48. State leading in guava production
a) Uttar Pradesh b) Tamil Nadu
c) Andhra Pradesh d) Gujarat
49. Serious disease of papaya is
a) Mosaic b) leaf curi
c) Damping off d) ring spot
50. Diploid cultivar of apple are
a) Self fertile b) Self unfruitful
c) self sterol d) All
51. Which type of climate required for sapota
a) Tropical b) Arid
c) Subropical d) Temperate
52. Discoloration of apple after cutting is due to
a) Heating b) drying
c) enzymes d) Air
53. Which of the following is commonly used root stock for pear
a) Pyrus Serotina b) Pyrus Pyrifolia
c) Pyrus communis d) All
54. Mango cultivar used for high density planting in kitchen garden
a) Mallika b) Sindhu
c) Amrapali d) Dashehari
55. Micro propagation is very popular in
a) Citrus b) Apple
c) Guava d) Banana
56. IIHR located at
a) Nagpur b) Bangalore
c) Delhi d) Varanasi
57. Mango bearing habit is
a) Lateral b) Terminal
c) Auxiliary d) All
58. Almond and Cashewnut are richest source of
a) Fat b) Vitamin
c) Carbohydrate d) Minerals
59. For improvement of fruit quality 20ppm GA is used

a) Grape b) Citrus
c) Apple d) Fig
60. Guava L-49 is developed at
a) Pune b) Lucknow
c) Indore d) Jaipur
61. Vector of Banana Bunchy top virus is
a) Thrips b) Spider
c) Mite d) Aphid
62. Apple Rosette is due to deficiency
a) Fe b) Zn
c) Mg d) Mn
63. Citrus rosetting and interveinal chlorosis is due to deficiency of
a) N b) P
c) Zn d) Cu
64. Commonly used propagation method in apple is
a) Grafting b) Budding
c) Cutting d) Seed
65. Pear inflorescence known as
a) Cyme b) Solitary
c) Spadix d) Raceme
66. Mango propagated through
a) Air layering b) Cutting
c) Budding d) Veneer grafting
67. Following is commonly used root stock for mandarin
a) Karankhatta b) Rangpur lime
c) Rough lemon d) All
68. Pit size for fruit crop is
a) 3.0m3 b) 2.0m3
c) 1.0m3 d) 0.50m3
69. In pome fruit most common disease is
a) Blight b) Little leaf
c) Leaf scarching d) Rust
70. Kniffin system of training is used for
a) Ber b) Guava
c) Mango d) Grape
71. For repairing the plant which method of grafting is used

a) Bridge b) Side
c) Inarching d) Tongue
72. Fruit of pineapple is
a) Nonclimactric b) Climactric
c) Both d) None
73. Banana is propagated by
a) Sword sucker b) Water suckers
c) Rhizomes d) Bulb
74. Which method of plant propagation gives ture to type plant
a) Sexual method b) Asexual method
c) Both d) None
75. The most common disorder of mango is
a) Spongy tissue b) Little leaf
c) Black tip d) Lea Scorching
76. Mandarin variety ‘kinnow’ was released during year
a) 1947 b) 1969
c) 1959 d) 1955
77. Stress hormone are
a) Gibberellins b) ABC
c) 2, 4-D d) Ethylene
78. In natural rubber production India ranks
a) IIIrd b) IVth
c) I st d) VIIIth
79. Which country has highest productivity in grape
a) China b) India
c) Brazil d) Australia
80. For improvement of skin color in mango which variety of mango is introduced
in India
a) Carabas b) Sensation
c) Alphanso d) Tommyattikns
81. Chromosome number of apple is
a) 2n=28 b) 2n=34
c) 2n=36 d) 2n=40
82. Temperature required for Banana storage
a) 13°C b) 11°C
c) 14°C d) 17°C
83. Papaya is originated from

a) India b) Tropical America
c) Africa d) China
84. For Artificial ripening of banana which one is the cheapest chemical method
used
a) Calcium carbid b) 2-45 T
c) GA d) Ethrel
85. Which fruit crop is devoid of root hairs
a) Durian b) Mango
c) Strawberry d) Kiwi
86. Which type of parthenocarpy occurred in sindhu seedless mango
a) Stenospermocarpy b) Induced
c) Vegetative d) All
87. Which type of sigmoid curve shows in papaya
a) Single b) Double
c) Triple d) All
88. Disorder ‘Jelly seed’ occurred in
a) Apple b) Mango
c) Guava d) Papaya
89. Mango ‘Black tip’ disorder reported by
a) H.B.Frost b) Wood House
c) Dr. Chemme d) Randhava
90. Transmission/vector of banana streak virus is
a) Mealy bug b) Jassid
c) Aphid d) Nematodes
91. Temperature for canning of fruits is
(a) 121°C (b) 100°C
(c) 98°C (d) 86°C
92. Which one is used as preservative in Mango pulp
(a) Sodium Benzoate (b) KMS
(c) Sugar (d) Salt
93. Ministry of food processing was established in
(a) 1988 (b) 1947
(c) 1996 (d) 2000
94. Apple browning is due to

(a) Peroxidase (b) O2
(c) CO2 (d) Poly phenol oxidase
95. Peach Bitterness is due to presence of
(a) Sugar (b) Vitamin
(c) Prunasin acid (d) Cltric acid
96. Sap burn is disorder of
(a) Mango (b) Guava
(c) Ber (d) Apple
97. Plum fruit botanically known as
(a) Pome (b) Drupe
(c) Berry (d) None
98. Maximum Amount of fat content in
(a) Cashewnut (b) Markingnut
(c) Peanut (d) Walnut
99. Protein present in cashewnut is about
(a) 21% (b) 28%
(c) 43% (d) 35%
100 End Point of Jam temperature is
(a) 105°C (b) 98°C
(c) 68°C (d) 121°C
ELIXIR-9
1. For which micronutrient deficiency strawberry is resistant

a) Zn b) Cl
c) Mg d) Mn
2. Parent of Arka Hans is
a) Banglore blue X Anab-e-shahi
b) Anab-e-shahi X Bnaglore blue
c) Thompson seed less X Banglore blue
d) Black champa X Banglore blue
3. Krishna (NA-5) a variety of aonla is chance seedling of
a) Fracis b) Chakaiya
c) Banarasi d) None
4. Which type of soil is susceptible to guava wilt
a) Sodic b) Neutral
c) Alkali d) Acidic
5. ‘Arka mridula’ is cultivar of
a) Pomogranate b) Papaya
6. Spongy tissue of mango was Ist observed by Cheema and Dhani in year
a) 1934 b) 1914
c) 1936 d) 1947
7. Fruit type of Fig is
a) Berry b) Syconus
c) Pod d) Sorosis
8. Dichogamy found in Avocado is
a) Protogynous diurnally synchronas dichogamy
b) Protoandry
c) Protogynae
d) None
9. Papaya propagated by
a) Cutting b) Grafting
c) Seed d) Layering
10. King of fruit is

a) Mango b) Apple
c) Ber d) Aonla
11. King of Arid fruit is
a) Ber b) Mango
c) Banana d) Aonla
12. Queen of Beverage is
a) Tea b) Coffee
c) Toddy d) Cashewnut
13. Family of Cocoa is
a) Rosaceae b) Sterculiaceae
14. Root sock malling merton is related to
a) Mango b) Guava
c) Apple d) None
15. ‘Tristeza’ indicator plant is
a) ‘Kagzi lime’ b) Sweet orange
c) Grape fruit d) Pummelo
16. Indian gooseberry is known as
a) Apple b) Aonla
c) Avocado d) Papaya
17. Botanically pummelo is known as
a) C. nobilis b) C. paradsi
c) C. grandis d) C. sinensis
18. For High density planting how many plants are occupied in 1 ha area at 2.5
X 2.5m spacing
a) 1800 p/ha b) 1600 plauts/ha
c) 2800 p/ha d) All
19. Which of the following is monoembryonic citrus
a) Tahiti b) Acid lime
c) Rough lemon d) Lemon
20. Apple shape fruit variety of mango is
a) Totapari b) Sindhu
c) Payri d) Langra
21. Which training system is mostly adopted in fruit crop
a) Open centre b) Central leader
c) Modified leader d) All
22. Origin of Phalsa is

a) India b) China
c) Brazil d) Iran
23. Auxiliary bearing habit found in
a) Papaya b) Phalsa
c) Litchi d) Bale
24. Which crop is dioecious in nature
a) Aonla b) Papaya
c) Litchi d) Lime
25. Highest acerage under cultivation of cocoa is found in
a) Maharashtra b) Tamil Nadu
c) Kerala d) Gujarat
26. Which country have maximum acerage under coffee cultivation
a) Brazil b) China
c) India d) Britain
27. Which training system is fallowed for sweet orange
a) Multiple stem b) Single stem
c) Both d) None
28. ‘King of temperate fruit
a) Strawberry b) Plum
c) Pear d) Apple
29. Micro propagation system is very useful for
a) Coconut b) Banana
c) Grape d) All
30. Which crop required maximum water during its growth
a) Banana b) Rice
c) Sugarcane d) Mango
31. The stage which is much prominent for black tip of mango is
a) Mature fruit b) 6-8 week of fruit
c) Ripening stage d) None
32. Sapota is originate from
a) China b) India
c) Mexico d) Britain
33. Which fruit crop required regular pruning
a) Peach b) Mango
c) Sapota d) Lime
34. Origin of Japanese persimmon is

a) Japan b) China
c) India d) Iran
35. Black stem is disease of
c) Guava d) Apple
36. Most suitable variety of grape for resin making is
a) Black champa b) Thompson seedless
c) Sonaka d) All
37. For Litchi cultivation in U.P. the most suitable area is
a) Saharanpur b) Agra
c) Lucknow d) All
38. The most susceptible fruit crop for water logging is
a) Banana b) Papaya
c) Chicku d) Guava
39. The serious disease root wilt is related to
a) Arecanut b) Cocoa
40. Which crop is related to ‘Hen and chicken’ disorder
a) Guava b) Grape
c) Mango d) Apple
41. When the (ASRB) scientists recruitment board was established
a) 1980 b) 1970
c) 1973 d) 1995
42. Somatic chromosome no of ornamental banana
a) 2n=20 b) 2n=38
c) 2n=40 d) 2n=16
43. Family of perismon is
a) Ebenaceae b) Rosaceae
44. Family of Rambutan is
a) Apocynaceae b) Ebenaceae
c) Sapindaceae d) None
45. The ratio of female and male plant in papaya orchard is
a) 10:1 b) 25:1
c) 50:50 d) 10:2

a) Olour b) Goa
c) Salem d) Neelam
47. Head quarters of National Horticultural Board (NHB) is situated at
a) Gurgaon b) Noida
c) Delhi d) Nagpur
48. Which of the following known as ‘Bathroom fruit’
a) Papaya b) Apple
c) Mango d) Guava
49. Which of the following is C-4 Plant
a) Date palm b) Guava
c) Mango d) Litchi
50. Kandahri and Dholka are cultivar of
a) Banana b) Apple
c) Guava d) Pomegrnate
51. Who were developed varieties of mango ‘Amrapali and Mallika’
a) B.D. Singh b) H.B.Frost
c) Dr. R.N.Singh d) Dr. B.P. Pal
52. Most common problem of Loquat is
a) Sterility b) Fertility
c) Both d) None
53. Parent of Amrapalli is
a) Neelam X Dashehari b) Dashehari X Neelam
c) Langra X Neelam d) Langra X Dashehari
54. Monoembryonic species of citrus is
a) Citrus aurantifolia b) C. grandis
c) C. Sinensis d) C. maxima
55. Bael is rich source of
a) Vitamin C b) Vitamin A
c) Riboflavin d) Carbohydrate
56. Which peach variety is a self-unfruitful in nature
a) J.H. Hale b) Elberta
c) Alexander d) Triumph
57. Soft seeded variety of pomegranate is
a) Dholka b) Ganesh
c) Kaveri d) All
58. ‘Ganesh Kirti’ is variety of

a) Pomegranate b) Ber
c) Apple d) Guava
59. Macintosh is a vriety of
a) Pineapple b) Mango
c) Apple d) Plum
60. ‘Mallika’ is a variety of
a) Mango b) Banana
c) Apple d) Plum
61. ‘Sathgudi’ is a variety of
a) Sweet lime b) Sweet orange
c) Acid lime d) Mandarin
62. Thompson is a cultivar of
a) Grape b) Grape fruit
c) Guava d) Lime
63. Climate required for pear is
a) Tropical climate b) Temperate climate
c) Subtropical d) All
64. Parent of Ratna mango are
a) Neelam X Alphanso b) Alphanso X Dashheri
c) Neelam X Dashehari d) Dashheri X Neelam
65. In which year Amrapali mango was relaeased
a) 1978 b) 1980
C) 1982 d) 1990
66. An improved variety of Rubber is
a) Kaveri b) RRIM-I
c) Ulka – I d) Priyanka
67. Who were the Breeder of Anab-e-shahi grape
a) Dr. Cheema b) Dr Rajput
c) R.S. Pillai d) None
68. ‘Strawberry’ Atemoya and kinnow are
a) Man made fruit b) Natural fruits
c) Plantation crop d) None
69. ‘Two leaf and one bud’ is related to
a) Tea b) Coffee
c) Cocoa d) Coconut
70. Rambutan have sex in nature

a) Monoceious b) Andromonoecius
c) Dioecious d) Andro-dioecious
71. Grape dehydration are known as
a) Raisin b) Jelly
c) Jam d) Nut
72. Fig on large scale are cultivated in
a) Andhra Pradesh b) Gujarat
c) Maharashtra d) Rajasthan
73. In which crop ‘Artificial pollination’ is generally practiced
a) Mango b) Ber
c) Walnut d) Cashew nut
74. Proping is cultural practise related with
a) Guava b) Datepalm
c) Banana d) Mango
75. Underground stem of banana is known as
a) Sucker b) Rhizome
c) Corm d) Runner
76. Where the largest gene bank of coconut is located
a) IARI b) IIHR
c) CPCRI d) IVRI
77. Family of Litchi is
a) Sapindaceae b) Lilliaceae
c) Solonaceae d) Rutaceae
78. Family of Jackfruit is
a) Lilliaceae b) Moraceae
c) Rutaceae d) Sapindaceae
79. ‘Bitter pit’ of apple is due deficiency of
a) Copper b) Boron
c) Manganese d) Molybdenum
80. National Horticulture Board was established at Gurgaon during
a) 1978 b) 1984
c) 1980 d) 1980
81. Syzygium cumini is Botanically known as
a) Mango b) Ber
c) Jamun d) Aonla
82. Seedlessness in grape is achieved by

a) Doubling of haploids b) Mutation
c) Chemical d) None
83. Which alkaliod is found in pineapple
a) Tannin b) Bromelin
c) Caffin d) All
84. Coconut development board established during
a) 1978 b) 1986
c) 1981 d) 1947
85. Which fruit known as poor mana apple
a) Mango b) Banana
c) Ber d) Guava
86. AKABAR is cross between
a) Ambri X Coxorage pippins b) Ambari X Red delicious
c) Co X Red delicious d) Orange Pippins X Red delicious
87. Wine prepared from pear is known
a) Cider b) Perry
c) today d) None
88. Flower colour of peach is
a) Yellow b) Pink
c) White d) Red
89. Hybrid between Almond X Peach known as
a) Prunus mala b) Prunus demestica
c) Prunus behmi d) None
a) Jackfruit b) Wood apple
c) Pumpkin d) Pomegranate
91. ‘Papain’ is obtained from
a) Papaya b) Pineapple
c) Pomegranate d) Apple
92. Strong flavour of mango variety is
a) Amrapali b) Sindhu
c) Dashehari d) Langra
93. Which of the following is richest source of Iron
a) Dry karonda b) Date palm
c) Bael d) Mango
94. National Horticulture Borad (NHB) was established in the year

a) 1974 b) 1988
c) 1984 d) 1980
95. Which variety of mango is susceptible to jelly seed
a) Tommy-atkins b) Sindhu
c) Ratna d) Langra
96. ‘Dry neck’ disorder is related to
a) Apple b) Guava
c) Avocado d) Cashewnut
97. The fruit is rich in Iodin is
a) Jamun b) Mango
98. Disorder wooliness is related to
a) Pear b) Peach
c) Plum d) Cherry
99. ‘Umarn’ related to which crop
a) Pineapple b) Guava
c) Plum d) Ber
100. Which mango hybrid develop by IIHR
a) Arka Aruna b) Arkavati
c) Arka Jayanti d) Arka bahar
101. Regular pruning required to which crop
a) Mango b) Guava
c) Ber d) Fig
102. Family of coffee is
a) Rosaceae b) Anacardiaceae
c) Rubiaceae d) Musaceae
103. Institute related to oil palm is
a) NRCOP b) CAZARI
c) IIHR d) IVRI
104. ‘Cashew nut’ commercially propagated by
a) Seed b) Cutting
c) Softwood grafting d) Air layering
ELIXIR-10
1. Serious problem in coconut cultivation is

a) Red palm weevil b) Stem blending
c) Dwarf cultivar d) Eryophide mite
2. Which of the following is mono-embryonic fruit
a) Mandarin b) Grape fruit
c) Citrus d) Pummelo
3. Type of Apomixis present in apple
a) Recurrent b) Vegetative
c) Non-Recurrent d) All
4. Propagation method adopted in walnut is
a) Seed b) Side grafting
c) Patch budding d) All
5. ‘Artificial pollination’ is fallowed in
a) Walnut b) Bael
6. Family of wood apple is
a) Sapotacaae b) Moraceae
c) Malvaceae d) Rutaceae
7. Family of phalsa is
a) Solanaceae b) Tillaceae
c) Rutaceae d) Vitaceae
8. ‘Jack fruit’ related to family
a) Rutaceae b) Moraceae
c) Malvaceae d) Musaceae
9. Which fruit known as ‘butter fruit’
a) Mango b) Apple
c) Avocado d) Pineapple
10. Family of walnut is
a) Juglandaceae b) Rutaceae
c) Moraceae d) Anacardiaceae
11. Bending in Guava pracitse for

a) Better growth b) Better sprouting
c) Better canopy d) Better Fruiting
12. Climate suitable for Phalsa is
a) Temperate b) Tropical
c) Subtropical d) Arid
13. Botanically Grape is known as
a) Vitis vinifera b) Eriobotrya jabonica
c) Prunus avium d) None
14. Botanical name of Loquat is
a) Vitis vinifera b) Eriobotrya Japonica
c) Areca catechu d) None
15. Seedlessness in grape breeding activated by
a) Doubling of Haploids b) Mutation
c) Hybridization d) Selection
16. Quincunx method used for
a) Flower b) Vegetables
c) Fruits d) All
17. Apple edible portion is
a) Thalamus b) Endocarp
c) Mesocarp d) Pericarp
18. Causal organism of citrus canker is
a) Fungi b) virus
c) MLo’s d) Bacteria
19. Arka Chitra is variety of
a) Pomegranate b) Pineapple
c) Apple d) Banana
20. Arka Kanchan is a cross of
a) Thempson seedless X Black Champa
b) Anab-e-shahi X Queen of vineyard
c) Thompson seedless X Anab-e-shahi
d) Black champa X Anab-e-shahi
21. ‘Exanthema’ in citrus crop is due to deficiency of
a) Copper b) Zinc
c) Boron d) All
22. Genetic classification of Banana is given by
a) T.K.Bose b) Simmods and Shepherd
c) Cheema d) Watson
23. Aroma in coffee is due to

a) Roasting b) Drying
c) Heating d) All
24. In which year coffee act was formed
a) 1942 b) 1947
c) 1950 d) 1955
25. Which of the fallowing commercial fruit originated from Australia
a) Macademia nut b) Passion fruit
c) Cashew nut d) Straw berry
26. Tea is commercially propagated by
a) Veneer grafting b) Cutting
c) Budding d) Seed
27. Stooling method of propagation adopted in
a) Mango b) Apple
28. Disorder fruit splitting is related to
a) Mango b) Apple
c) Sweet orange d) Guava
29. Cashew nut contains percentage of protein
a) 21% b) 27%
c) 24% 18% d) None
30. Fruit crop grown under extrememly draught condition
c) Cahewnut d) Datepalm
31. The cash crop popular in kerala
a) Rubber b) Oil palm
c) Tea d) Coffee
32. In which fruit crop flowers bear on terminal shoots
a) Strawberry b) Jackfruit
c) Mango and apple d) All
33. Variety furete is of
a) Avocado b) Mango
34. ‘Arka Mridula’ an improved variety of Guava developed at
a) ICAR b) IIHR
c) IVAR d) IARI
35. First Deputy Director General (DDG) of Horticulture in ICAR was

a) Dr. K.L. Chaddha b) T.K. Bose
c) Dr. B.P. Pal d) None
36. Bunchy top of banana is
a) Fungal b) Bacterial
c) Viral d) All
37. Mildew is a serious disease of
a) Ber b) Banana
c) Grape d) All
38. Growth curve of fig is
a) Single sigmoid b) Double sigmoid
c) Multiple sigmoid d) None
39. Which of the following is responsible for Aroma of fruits
a) Esters b) Acetic acid
c) Colour d) Xanthophyll
40. For cultivation of Banana which is limiting factor
a) Air b) Soil
c) Temperature d) Rainfall
41. Which of the following is richest source of fat
a) Mango b) Cashew
c) Banana d) Almond
42. In which month apple bear flowering
a) March-April b) Jan-Feb
c) Oct-Nov d) May-June
43. ‘Internal fruit necrosis in mango firstly reported by
a) Dr. U.S Randhawa b) Santram
c) B.D. Singh d) All
44. For control infestation of Anar butterfly which practiced fallowed
a) Bagging b) Roughing
c) Tagging d) Pheromone trap
45. Strawberry is resistant to ___________ deficiency
a) Zinc b) Boron
c) Mn d) Cl
46. Seedless variety of mango is
a) Langra b) Sindhu
c) Niranjan d) Rosica
47. Pineapple variety which is useful for canning

a) Jaldhup b) Kew
c) Mauritius d) None
48. Regular pruning for fruiting is required in
a) Apple b) Banana
c) Mango d) Peach
49. Spacing required for Ber
a) 6 X 6m b) 5 X 5m
c) 8 X 8m d) 10 X 10m
50. Spacing required for mandarin
a) 6 X 6m b) 5 X 5
c) 8 X 8m d) 10 X 10
51. ‘Zygodormancy’ is appeared in
a) Apple b) Mango
c) Aonla d) Jackfruit
52. Fruiting of mango takes place on
c) All d) None
53. Which of the fallowing is seedless fruit
c) Guava d) Mango
54. Fruiting of Guava takes place on
c) All d) None
55. ‘Ganesh’ is a cultivar of
a) Guava b) Pomegranate
c) Apple d) Mango
56. Which method of propagation is fallowed in Cocoa
a) Cutting b) Softwood grafting
c) Seed d) Airlayering
57. Serious disorder of citrus
a) Granulation b) Puffyness
c) softnose d) All
58. Disease transmitted by nematode
a) Grape fanvirus b) Late blight
c) Tristeza d) Phytophthora
59. From which mulch material give maximum heating

a) Grass mulch b) White polythene
c) Black mulch d) All
60. Best citrus root stock used in south India
a) Grape fruit b) Rangpur lime
c) Citrange d) Trifoliate
61. Indicator plant for citrus tristeza is
a) Pummelo b) Sweet orange
c) Mandarin d) Acid lime
62. Banana seedless ness is due to
a) Stimulative parthenocarpy b) Vegetative Parthenocarpy
c) Both d) None
63. Salinity tolerant fruit crop is
a) Orange b) Banana
c) Ber d) Apple
64. Malformation of mango can be reduced by spraying
a) NAA b) GA
c) 2, 4-D d) ABA
65. GA3 is commercially used for
a) Grape b) Apple
c) Aonla d) Banana
66. Redflesh is cultivar of
a) Apple b) Guava
c) Mango d) Tamarind
67. Which of the fallowing is frost resistant papaya species
a) Carica candmarkensis b) Carica papaya
c) Carica flora d) Carica carandis
68. Which of the following method is adopted for plantation in hilly region
a) Rectangular b) Triangular
c) Square d) Contour
69. Sigatoka of banana first time reported from
a) India b) China
c) Sri Lanka d) Fiji
70. Best peak in tea is referred as
a) Two leaves and a bud b) One leaves
c) Only bud d) None
71. Flower present in mango panicles are

a) Male b) Female
c) Male and hermaphrodite d) Male and Female
72. Foster pink is bud sprout of
a) Grape fruit b) Grape
c) Kinnow d) Acid lime
73. How much time banana gives fruit in life
a) One b) Two
c) Three d) Four
74. Vector which causes inflorescence blight of cashewnut
a) Helopeltis antonii b) Aphis gossipy
c) Nephoteryxses d) None
75. Seedless ness in ‘Thompson seedless’ grape is due to
a) Protandry b) Protogyanae
c) Stenospermaocarpy d) Parthenocarpy
76. Gynodioecious variety of papaya is
a) Pusa Nanaha b) Pusa Giant
c) Pusa Majesty d) Honeydew
77. Monoembryonic species of citrus is
a) Citrus aurantifolia b) Citrus paradise
c) Citrus sinensis d) Citrus grandis
78. Chlorosis of lime is due to deficiency of
a) Zinc b) Boron
c) Iron d) Molybdenum
79. Citrus decline / dieback is due to deficiency of
a) Copper b) Boron
c) Zinc d) Iron
80. Which of the fallowing is amphidiploids crop
a) Banana b) Strawberry
c) Kiwi fruit d) Mango
81. Rayon/ Khirni used as root stock for
a) Plum b) Sapota
c) Mango d) Apple
82. ‘Mangala’ is an improved cultivar of
a) Coconut b) Cashewnut
c) Arecanut d) Walnut
83. Which of the following stage dates are harvested in India

a) Doka stage b) Dang stage
c) Pind stage d) None
84. Parthenocarpic grape variety is
a) Black Champ b) Bangloreblue
c) Sonaka d) Black Corianth
85. Fruit of Tamarind botanically known as
a) Lomentum (Pod) b) Pome
c) Berry d) Sorosis
86. Amrit sagar and basrai dwarf is cultivar of
a) Apple b) Pine apple
c) Banana d) Mango
87. Mango ‘little leaf’ is due to deficiency
a) Zn b) Iron
c) Boron d) None
88. Cricket ball is improved cultivar of
a) Mango b) Guava
c) Chicku d) Ber
89. Which fruit is known as single seeded nut
a) Mango b) Litchi
90. Indicator plant for tristeza is
a) Citrusaur antifolia b) C. grandis
c) C. Sinesis d) C. reticulate
91. Bael consist of
a) Marmelosin b) Citric acid
c) Bromolin d) None
92. Lemon seedless ness is due to
a) Parhanocarpy b) Monoembryony
c) Self incompatibility d) None
93. Fruit which is rich source of protein
a) Cashewnut b) Apple
c) Pineapple d) Banana
94. Fruit which is rich source of fat
a) Cashew nut b) Banana
c) Apple d) Walnut
95. Kavari is variety of

(a) Ber (b) Passion fruit
(c) Pineapple (d) Litchi
96. A cross between Bangan palli X Alphonso is
(a) Arka Aruna (b) Araka Puneet
(c) Arka Pitamber (d) Arka Anomal
97. A cross between A.atemoya X A. glabra is
(a) Arka Aruna (b) Arka sahan
(c) A. Puneet (d) A. Anomal
98. Which of the following is triploid Pineapple
(a) Cayenne (b) Queen
(c) Mauritius (d) None
99. Genotype responsible for Male ness is papaya
(a) M1 M2 (b) M1 M1
(c) M1 M (d) M2 M2
100. Orinthophilly mechanism present in
(a) Banana (b) Mango
(c) Ber (d) Apple
MATCH THE PAIR
Group A Answer
Ripening harmone Ethylene (C2H4)

Guava Berry
Class II Preservative KMS
Sparkling clear liquid Cordial
Maturity index of Grape TSS
Jam TSS 68%
Litchi Mesocarp
Coconut Toddy Fermentation
Sugar Preservative
Sapburn Mango
Berry Papaya
Plum Drupe
Citrus bitterness Glucoside
Storage of Mango 8°C
Peach Bitterness Prunasinacid
Jamun Anthocyanin
Vit A in papaya 2020 IU
Vit B1 Beri Beri
Charring of sugar Red colour of jelly
Scurvy Vitamine C
Low respiration rate Apple
Walnut Highest fat content
Cider Yeast
Albilism Strawberry
Bananan Capler grade
jelly Unripe fruit
Banana store at 10-13°C
Remove field heat Cooling
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Group A Answer
Tea Caffin
Coca Thiobromine
Apple Cider
Apple browning PPO
Barbados cherry Highest Vit C
TSS of cordial 30° Brix
Storage temp for papaya 9-11°C
Cashewnut 21% protein
Watercore Apple
Cashew edible Peduncle
Sugar Class I preservative
Apple browning enzymne Polyphenol oxidase
Bitter pit Ca-deficiency
Alchol contentin wine 14%
Antioxidant Ascorbic acid‘
-1960C liquid Nitrogen Cryopreservation
Ready to serve 10% juice and TSS
Avocado Rich source of fat (26.41)
Bael Rich source of Marmelosin
Calcium carbide Mango ripening
Squash 350 ppm SO2
Loquat Pome
TSS Refracto meter
Dryneck Avocado
Atemoya man made fruit
Plum Prunes
Hesperidin Citrus
Grape Ethyl butylate
Ethylbutylate Strawberry
Octylacetate Orange
Linalool Papaya
Mulberry Sorosis
Lime pickle National pickle
Pineapple Bromelin
Fenny Cashew
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Group A Answer
Jamun Iodine
Ber Poormans fruit
Sodium benzoate Phalsa squash
Pod /Lomantum Tamarind
Canning Clinching
Lye peeling Aonla
Exhausting 79°C
Nicholse appert Father of canning
Irradiation Cold sterilization
Acidity of Jelly 1.0%
End temprature of Jam 105°C
Jelly seed Mango
Peach Wooliness
Pricking Aonla
Soft rot Erwinia spp
NHB 1984
Thaimin Cashewnut
Lemon Cold injury
pH of jelly 3
0.3% Acid content in nectar
Jelmete Pectine
Diabetes Jamun
Grape Hen & Chicken
Tartaric acid Tamarind
Dry karond Rich in Iron
Papaya Papain
Beri Beri Vitamin B1
Night Blindness Vitamin A
Pineapple Sorosis
B-Carotene Vitamine A
Tartaric acid Grape
Litchi Aril
Walnut Rich source of Fat
Ber King of Arid fruit
Kokam Butter fruit
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Group A Answer
Banana Rich in carbohydrate

Mango maturity Tapka
Avocado maturity Oil content
Off flavour in orange Ferulic acid
Bacteria Vinegar
Sugar in Jam Above 60%
Yellow pulp/ pulpacrema Banana
Pectin test Jelmeter
Fenny Cashew
Litchi Queen of fruit
Wax Reduction of transpiration
Vitamin A in Mango 4800 IU / 100 mg
Iron % in dry karonda 39%
TSS of Jam 68%
Appertizing Caning
Coffee Aroma Roasting
Kaveri Passion fruit
Paradox Almond Root stock
Drupe Coffee
Mango variety Sindhu Stenospermocarpy
Little leaf Deficency fo Zn
Antigibberiine Growth regulator Cultar
Pomology Greekword
Carambola Oxalic acid
Litchi Hetrostyles
Citrus yellow spot Deflcency of Molybdenum
Sweet lime Malic acid
Wood apple Budding
Off sason mango Neeranjan
Pineaple Slips
Kinnow H.b. Frost
Dwarf mango Amrapali
Coffee rust Hemeleiavestarix
Regular pruning Ber, peach, Grape
Monoembryonic mango Neelum
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Group A Answer
Coffee Rubaceae
Bower system Grape
Dioecious fruit Date palm
Non spar apple Vance Delicoious
Guava Stooling
Gynodioecious papaya Pusa Delicious
Best Tea Darjeeling
Tissue culture Banana
Dwarfing root stock of mango Vellai columban
Bitter pit Apple
Mango Deblossoming NAA
Bunchy top Viral discuse of banana
Fig pollination Wasp
Mango pollination Housefly
Single node cutting Tea
Male sterile peach J.H. Hale
Arka aruna Mango hybrid
Highest Apple producing state Jammu and Kashmir
Cashewnut Plough crop
Rabioflavin Bael
Alloployploid mango Vellaikullamban
Winter Banana Apple variety
Umran Ber
Hen and chicken Grape
Low chilling Apple Vared
Frontier Plum variety
Bud mutant mango Rosica
Black stem Apple
Root stock of fig Brown turkey
Red rust Mango
Ultra dwarf Root stock of apple M-27
Dwarf R.S. of Guava Chinese guava
Bacteria Citrus canker
Bunchy top Virus
Salt tolerant crop Aonla
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Group A Answer
Yellwo dwarf Arecanut

Spongy tissue Alphanso
Mango malformation resistant cultivar Bala duram
Coconut Root wilt
Mango fruiting Older shoots
Hydroxy citric acid Kokum
Double sigmoid curve Papaya
Litchi Single seedenut
Annona glabra R.S. custard Apple
Kiwi Stem cutting
Mealy bug Agent of banan streak virus
Food of god Cocoa
Bleding Rubber disorder
Laksha Ganga coconut Tender water purpose
Lemon seed lessness Self incomputability
Triploid pineapple Cayenne
Baby food banana Kunnan
Lalit Guava
Soft seeded pomegranate Jyoti
Date Metaxenia
Arka mridula Guava
Straw berry Pusa early dwarf
New world fruit Avocado
Citrus exanthema Deficency of Mn
Apple Intervinal Chlorosis Deficency of Mg
Toxoptera citrida Tristeza vector
Queen of Beverage Tea
Mutant papaya by Gamma irriadiation Pusa Nanha
Kagzi lime Trestaza Indicater
Sigatoka of Banana Fungal disease
Carambola Shade tolerant
Resistant papaya for Mosaic Carica cauliflora
Dwarf Apple Nugget
High Gate Banana Gross Michel
Cold desert fruit Apricot
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Group A Answer
Bud Dormancy breaking in grape Hydrogen cyanamide

Northern spy Wooly apple aphid resistant R.S.
Amrit sagar Banana
Cherry R.S. Paja
Monocot Guava
Cherelle Cocoa
Triploid Pear Jargonella
Var of Olive Ascalano
Chupan CoCoa
Sundaram Tea
Coffee Old chicks
Two leaf one bud Tea
Loquat vaiety Thames pride
Grape colour seed variety Muscat
Triploid apple Baldwin
Queen of fruit Mangosteen
Yellow heart Breed fruit cultivar
Jack fruit variety Muttam varika
Finest fruit of the world Mangosteen
Granulation Citrus
Grape Girdling
Mango Ringing
Fig Notching
Sporophytic incompatability Mango
Poor man’s food Jack fruit
Steril triploid lime Tahiti
Banana Panama wilt Poovan
Pericap Date plam
Mriduala Pomegranate
Spotted Guava Chittidar
Pusa Arunima Mango
Diploid Banana Safed velichi
Sweetest Mango Chausa
Mealy bug Pineapple wilt
Gynodioecious papaya Pusa Majesty
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Group A Answer
Santa Rosa Plum

Chakradhar Seedless acid lime
Jackfruit Vivipary
T-Bar Kiwi fruit
Golden star Carmbola
Bitterness of Grape Naringin
Cage technique Mango breeding
Temple Grape R.S.
Softnose Mango
Pink surf Straw berry
Jell meter Pectine
AVG Ethylene inbibator
D-leaf Nutrient indicator of pineapple
Boiling temprature for fruits 212° F
Zero energy cool chamber IARI
Temprature for pasturization of fruit juices 85°C
Principle of canning Heat treatment
Aceto carmine test Pollen viability
Flash Horn To produce two bunches
Totapuri mango Less storage period
Skiffing Coffee
Golden Revolution K.L. Chanddha
High TSS Mango Sahib pasand
Anti sterility vitamine Vit E
Suceptible to water logging Papaya
Date flowering Unisexual
Papaya sex reversing male M1 MRR, M1MRr
Juglandaceae Pecan
Rambutan Nut
Sorosis Mulberry
Berry Sapota
Capsule Carambola
Olive Oleaceae
Anacardiaceae pistachio nut
Quince Pome
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Group A Answer
Bullock heart A .reticulate

A. Cherimota Lakshamanphal
Apple Anthocyanins
M-Recessive gene Responsible for femaleness in papaya
Seed propogataion Jack fruit
Morcottage Litchi
Grape Hard wood cutting
Ring budding Ber
Jamun Polyembronic
Mango Veneer grafting
Guava Die back
Coorg Honey Dew Seclction form hondy dew
M-12 Tallest Root Stock of Apple
Shield budding Aonla
Sterilization Canning
Fermentation Vinegar
Sugar addition Jam, Jelly
King of temperature fruit Apple
Rubaceae Coffee
“Ca” deficiency Cork sport in apple
Tea Yellow Sulphar defiency
Boron Browning of jack fruit
Ca Spliting of citrus
Fingertip Banana
Fruit ripeniny Ethylene
Cell division Cytokinin
Cell enlargement Auxin
Dormancy breaking Thiourea
Export quality cashew Priyanka
Kaveri Soft seeded pomegranate
Acid soil Apple
Red soil Coconut
Mulberry, Litchi Tari soil
Date plam, phalsa Arid fruit
Salina soil Ber, Aonla
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Group A Answer
Black soil Citrus, sapota

Tea, Rubber Laterite
Pistachio nut Alternate bearing
Cigar end rot Banana
Hetro dichogamy Pecan
Indgenous fruit Bael
Areca catechu Betelnut
Malicacid Apple
Citric acid Raspberry
Benzoic acid Camberry
Jelly Gava
Jam Mango, Papaya, Apple
Marmalde Citrus fruits
Axillary Bearing Apple, Aonla
Sindhu Ratna alphanso
Arka Aruna Baginpalii x Alphanso
Mallika Neelam x Dashehari
Arka Anmol Alphanso x Janardhan pasand
Arka Nilkaran Alphanso x Neelam
Bathroom fruit Mango
Dioecous fruit Papaya, Banana
Hemeleia vesterix Coffee rust
Gliochadium roeum Guava wilt
Plumpox Apricot
Gunning and split pit Plum
Trizetaza Citrus
Bunchytop Banana
Mulitail, Cryazy top Aimond
Aploplexy Peach
Pistacho nut Anacardiaceae
CTCRI 1963
Leaf curly White fly
Straw berry Gynomenoeious
Rambutan Andromonoecious
Date Dioecious
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Group A Answer
Coconut Monocious
Mango Malformation
Yellow leaf diseases Arecanut
Coconut Root wilt
Decline Citrus
Banana Sigatoka
Apple Bitter pit
Sumrudhi Arecanut
Caprification Fig
Fruit splitting Pomogranate
Doulbe sigmoid growth Fig
Flower born Terminally Apple and Mango
Pummelo Monoemryonic
Canning pineapple Kew
Peach Regular pruning
Fruit necrosis Aonla
Spongy tissue Alphanso
Vikram Lime
Arka amulya Guava
M-27 Apple Root stock
Seed ,Bracts, Perianth Jack fruit
Placenta and pericarp Grape
Mesocarp Papaya
Pericarp and Thalamus Grape
Epi and Mesocarp Ber
Fruit cracking Litchi
Pineapple Fasclation
Mango and Papaya Hand peeling
Aonla Lay Peeling
Aril Litchi, Pomegranate
Grape Bloossom end rot
Citrus Exanthema
Guava Leaf bronzing
Peach Gumming
Persimon Calyx cavi
Mango Leaf scorching
[Table Contd.
Contd. Table]
Group A Answer
Aonla and Date plam High acid tolerance

Citrus Greening
Mango Black tip
Averrhoacarmbola Carmbola
Cordia mixa Lasoda
Mandarin Tangererin
Pineapple Bromelin
Orange Hesperidin
Stone fruit Peach, custard apple
Slips Pineapple
Verner grafting Mango
Seed Papaya
Budding Acid lime
Hard wood cutting Grape
Sucker (Sword) Banana
Air layering Litchi
Weeping jelly Excess acid
Citrus waste Acetic acid
Anthocyanin Water soluble
Clance Birdsaye Quick freezing
Dippign in boiling NaoH Lay peeling
Alkali resistant R-enamel can
Exhausting Reduce oxidative changes
Reaction of tin plate and acids Hydrogen swell
Polyphenol oxidase Enzymatie browing
Non-enzymic Millard Reaction
Retinal Vitamine A
Cholorophyll Magnesium
Benzoic acid Class II preservative
KMnO4 Ethylene absorbent
W.V.Cruess ‘Fibril’ theory of jelly
Prunes Plum
Bitter pit Apple
CIPHET Ludhiana
Bent neck Avocado
Mulberry Sorosis
Wooliness Peach
Goma Pryinka Jamun

Fruit Science Vol1 PDF

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Fruit Science Vol1 PDF

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

1

HORTICULTURAL INSTITUTES IN INDIA

Sr. Name of Institute Station Year of

1 CRS Coconut Research Station Kasargod, Kerala 1916

Sr. Name of Institute Station Year of

21 DFHT Division of Fruit and IARI, Delhi 1982

Sr. Name of Institute Station Year of

41 NRCO National Research Gangtok, Sikkim

Common name Botanical name Indian name & Character

Almond Amygdalus communis Badam

Common name Botanical name Indian name & Character

Barbados cherry Malpighia glabra Richest source of vitamin C

Common name Botanical name Indian name & Character

Durian Durio zibethinus.

Common name Botanical name Indian name & Character

Kakra Pistacia integerrima

Common name Botanical name Indian name & Character

Muscadinia grape Vitis rotundifolia

Common name Botanical name Indian name & Character

Rangpur lime Citrus limonia Use as a root stock in orange

Actinidiaceae Chinese gooseberry, Kiwi fruit

Musaceae Plantain, Banana

Fruit crop Origin

Custard apple, Bullock’s heart 2n=14

Ethyl-2methyl burate Ripe apple

Pineapple, Pear, berries, Citrus, Guava Citric acid

Growth curve Fruits crop

Double sigmoid Grape, Guava, Papaya, Ber, Plum, Sapota, Seedless

Nutritive constituents in fruits having positive effect on human health

Constituent Sources Effect on health

Vitamin C Barbados cherry, Aonla, Prevents scurvy, aids wound

Highest Sources of vitamines and minerals

Name of Vitamin Quantity Fruits

Vitamin A 4800 IU/100g Mnago

Constituents Compounds Source Remedial effects

Proanthocyanins Tannins Apple, Grape Cancer

Constituent Sources Beneficial effects against

β-carotene Mango, Papaya Cancer

ORAC value of fruits (ORAC Units per 100 g)

Fruits ORAC Score

Blue berries 2400

Fruit crops Conditions of soil

Fig, Strawberry, Gooseberry, Raspberry, Blue berry PH<6.5 Acid soil

SOILS FOR FRUIT CROPS

Oxi-soils: Oxi-soils are highly weathered mineral soils rich in sesquioxides

Ago-climatic region States

Humid Western Himalayan Regions J & K, Himachal Pradesh, Kumaon and

Climatic conditions Fruit crops

Arid zone Dessert date, Ber, Gonad, Ker, Khejri

NATIONAL BUREAU OF SOIL SURVEY AND LAND USE

Name of agro eco region Area covered Horticultural crops

Western Himalaya cold Western Himalaya High potential for Almond,

Name of agro eco region Area covered Horticultural crops

Name of agro eco region Area covered Horticultural crops

Name of agro eco region Area covered Horticultural crops

the region Citrus fruit are

Crop Spacing Tree/ha-1

Pineapple, 22.5 x 60 x 75 cm 63400 - Ideal for

Cultivars Square Paired Hedgerow Clusterrow Double

Apple Star 1116 1480 1860 1948 2480

Square Rectangular Hexagonal

6. Quincunx/ Diagonal system / Filer system/ Modified square system:

Hedgerow/Alloy cropping Triangular system