Group no.

1
ESPIRITU, Phoebe Grace
SANTOS, Jan Rei Jude
FILIPINO, Jovelle Ann
LUANZON, Patrick Joseph
FELICILDA, Emmanuel
BUNIO, Jim Joshua

Proper Proportioning of Cement Sand Gravel

Proportioning

The key to achieving a strong, durable concrete rests in the careful proportioning and
mixing of the ingredients. A concrete mixture that does not have enough paste to fill all
the voids between the aggregates will be difficult to place and will produce rough,
honeycombed surfaces and porous concrete. A mixture with an excess of cement paste
will be easy to place and will produce a smooth surface; however, the resulting concrete
is likely to shrink more and be uneconomical.

Composition of concrete

a) Cement: The most commonly used cement is Portland Cement. Cement itself is a
grey powder which is made up of limestone, clay and marl. In the cement factory the
raw material (limestone, clay, marl) are crushed. Afterwards these go through the raw
mill for simultaneous grinding and drying of the raw material. If this process is done the
raw material becomes raw meal and the raw meal is ready now for the rotary kiln, where
the raw meal is fired. From the rotary kiln, the next step is the clinker cooler, to cool
down the cement. At this step the raw material is already a cement and is packed in 50
kg paper sacks for sale.

Figure
b) Fine Aggregate: Fine aggregate or sand consists of small grain, small pebbles or
particles of crushed stone that will pass through a 6.350 mm wire mesh screen. The
sand should be clean, hard, sharp and well graded. Well graded aggregate means
aggregate which is not uniform in size.

Figure

c) Coarse Aggregate; Coarse aggregate can be stone, crashed stone or gravel. Its
depend on the project which coarse aggregate is suitable. Coarse aggregate should be
clean, hard and free from harmful amounts of vegetable matter, loam or clay.

Figure

The ideal composition of coarse aggregate is as follow:

30% coarse = 25 - 32 mm in size

30% medium = 16 - 25 mm in size

20% fine = 8 - 16 mm in size

20% very fine = 4 - 8 mm in size

The largest particles should not be more than one quarter the thickness of the wall or
slab.
 Figure

Concrete Proportion and Concrete Mixture Ratio

The two different ways in Concrete Proportioning Mixture:

1. Volume Method

2. by Using Mixturing Box.

Volume Method is the most common and convenient method in Mixing Concrete to
attained the desired strength of concrete. Concrete mixture, it involves cement, sand
and gravel. Proportioning by Volume method had been long practiced and it is proven
effective and successful. Most construction industry used this method in proportion the
mixture of the concrete. see tabulation below about the ratio of the cement sand and
gravel mixture.

Mixture class Proportion Cement in bag sand gravel

40kg 50kg cu.m cu.m

class AA 1 : 1 1/2 : 3 12 9.5 0.5 1.0

class A 1:2:4 9.0 7.0 0.5 1.0

class B 1 : 2 1/2 : 5 7.5 6.0 0.5 1.0

class C 1:3:6 6.0 5.0 0.5 1.0

Strength of Mixture

a. Class AA - 4000 PSI

b. Class A - 3500 PSI

c. Class B - 2500 PSI

d. Class C - 2000 PSI

Mixture of half cubic meter sand, a cubic meter of gravel and a portion mixture of
cement depending on the class that you are using and plus water, there will be a little bit
more than one cubic meter of volume, this will serve as contingency or wastage.