Chemistry

Project
Topic:
Nuclear
Chemistry
Name: xxx
Class: CC, Roll No. xx
XX School
 Acknowledgement
I wish to express my gratitude and hearfelt
thanks to Principal for constant support,
encouragement and for extending necessary
facilities for completion of this project work. I
extend my heartily thanks to my Chemistry
teachers, Ms. X & Mr. Y, who have guided me to
the successful completion of the project. I take
this opportunity to express my deep sense of
gratitude for their constant guidance,
encouragement, constructive comments and
immense motivation.
 INDEX
Major points on Nuclear Chemistry
1) Natural Radioactivity
2) Artificial Radioactivity
3) Induced Radioactivity
4) Causes of Radioactivity
5) Nature and Characteristics of
Radioactive Substances
6) Alpha rays, Gama rays, Beta rays
7) Rate of Radioactive Disintegration
8) Half Life Period
9) Nuclear Fission, Nuclear Fusions.
 Introduction

In ordinary chemical combinations, only

the electrons present in the Outermost
orbitals are involved i.e. they are
transferred from one atoms to the other
atom remain unaffected. However, there
are certain phenomena in which the
nucleus of the atom is involved. “The
branch of chemistry dealing with the
phenomena involving the nuclei of the
atoms is known as NUCLEAR
CHEMISTRY’’.
In fact, the only phenomena involving
the nucleus of an atom is
RADIOACTIVITY – both natural and
artificial.
 CERTIFICATE

20-10-2019

Department of Chemistry
XX School

This is to certify that xxx of Roll No.

xx, Class-XII A-1 belonging to this school
has submitted the project on “Nuclear
Chemistry” in the year 2019 and
his work has been found
satisfactory and authentic.

Signature of Examiner
 THEORY
NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY:

The phenomenon of spontaneous emission of certain kinds of
radiations by some elements is called radioactivity or natural
radioactivity.

ARTIFICIAL OR INDUCED RADIOACTIVITY:

The   phenomenon  is   which  the   artificial   disintegration  of   a

stable nucleus leads to the formation of a radioactive isotope
is called artificial radioactivity.

 Cause of Radioactivity
It has been found that the nuclei of those atoms are stable
whose ratio of the neutrons to protons (n/p ratio) lies in the
range 1 to 1.5. If number of neutrons is plotted against the
number of protons, the table nucleus lie in a well defined belt,
called stability belt as shown in Fig. the nuclei with atomic
number upto 20 have n/p ratio close to 1.  The nuclei with n/p
ration lying above or below the stability particles so that their
n/p ration falls with in the stability belt. Loss of    particle
(2p   and   2n)   increases   the   n/p   ration   where   as   loss   of    
particles   increases   the   number   of   protons   and   hence
decreases the n/p ratio.

Nature and characteristics of

Radioactive Substances

It is observed that an applying the field, the
rays emitted from the radioactive substances
are   separated   into   three   types   called   
rays.

The   rays are deflected in a direction which
shows that they carry positive charges the   
rays   are   deflected   in   the   opposite   direction
and the    rays are not deflected at all showing
that they carry no charge.
 PROPERTIES OF  RAYS:

(i) The   direction   of   deflection   of   the   rays   in   the

electric and   magnetic field show that they carry
positive   charge.   It   is   found   that   each   particle
carries two units of positive charges and has mass
nearly four times that of hydrogen atom.

(ii) The velocity of  rays is found to be nearly 1/10 the
1/20 the of that of light, depending upon the nature
of source.

(iii)   rays ionize the gas through which they pass.
(iv)   rays   have   low   penetrating   power.   They   can
penetrate through air only to a distance of about 7
cm.

(v)     rays   affect   a   photographic   plate   and   produce

luminescence   when   they   strike   a   line   sulphide
screen.

PROPERTIES OF  RAYS

(i) The direction of deflection of   rays in the electric and

magnetic fields shows that they carry negative charge.
These particles possess the same charge and mass as
that of the electrons.

(ii) The velocity of   rays depends upon the nature of the

source. The speed of   particles varies from 3% to 99%
of   that   of   light   i.e.   in   some   cases   it   approaches   the
velocity of light.
(iii) The   ionizing   power   of   particles   is   about   1/100th   of
that of   particles.

(iv) Their penetrating power is about 100 times greater than
that of   rays.

(v) Like   rays,   rays affect a photographic plate and the

effect is much higher. However, there is no significant
effect on a zinc sulphide screen become of their lower
kinetic energy.

PROPERTIES OF  RAYS

(i) They are not deflected in the electric and

magnetic fields showing these by that they
do not carry any charge.

(ii) They travel with the same velocity as that

of light.
(iii) As they do not have any mass, their
ionizing power is very poor.

(iv) Their penetrating power is about 100

times more than that of  rays. Thus they
can penetrate through lead sheets as thick
as 150 mm.

(v)  rays have very little effect on the

photographic plates or zinc. sulphide
screen.

RATE OF RADIOACTIVE
DISINTEGRATION OR DECAY

The rate of disintegration depends only upon the
nature   of   the   radioactive   element   and   the
radioactive   disintegration   follows   first   order
kinetics   and   hence   the   expression   for   the   rate
constant ( ).

                                      

Where   “No is   the   number   of   the   atoms   taken

initially.
and “N” is the number of atoms present at any
instant of time.

 The equation is also written as :
                                      

Where   a   is   the   amount   of   the   radioactive

substance   initially   taken   and   a­x   is   the   amount
present at time. 

HALF LIFE PERIOD 

                   The half­life period of radioactive element is the time in
which half of the original substance disintegrate.
                  where   is disintegration constant.

NUCLEAR FISSION
                    The splitting of a heavier atom like that of uranium ­ 235
into   a   number   of   fragments   of   much   smaller   mass   by   suitable
bombardment   of   huge   amount   of   energy   is   called NUCLEAR
FISSION.
                   e.g.      Huge amount of
energy.
 Nuclear Fusions
                   Nuclear fusions is defined as a process in which lighter
nuclei fuse together to form a heavier nucleus.

                   H11  +  H11  ­­­­>  H12     +     e10
                                      Deuterium   Position

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. CBSE Portal.com

2. Wikipedia

3. Quora.com

4. Education world.com