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732 A Help Book o f New Syllabus D Mathematics I

Chapter 12
ARITHMETICAL
PROBLEMS
EXERCISE NO. 12a

Q. 1 Express the follow ing percentages as decimals,


(a ) 6%
S olu tion :-

6%
100
= 0.06
(b ) 11%
S o lu tio n :-
11
11 % =
100
0.11
(c ) 22%
S o lu tio n :-
22
22 % =
100
= 0.22
(d ) 63%
S o lu tio n :-
63
63 % =
100
= 0.63
(e ) 179
S olu tion :-
179
179% =
100
1.79
b iiltn u tical problems

0.27%
llution:- 0.27
0 .27 % =
100
= 0.0027

!„) 28. 7%
filiation:-
28.7
28 .7% =
WO
= 0.287

,10 134.6 %
Solution :-
134.6
134.6 % =
100
= 1.346

( I) 3 1 / 2 %

Solution:-

3— % = 3 .5 %
2
3.5
" 100
= 0.035

(i) 51 / 4 %
Solution:-

5— % = 5 .25 %
4
5.25
100
= 0.0525

(k) 0.074%
S olu tion :-
0.074
0 .074% =
iOO
= 0.00074
734 A Help Book of New Syllabus D Matin

(l ) 54.37%
Solution
54.37
54 .37 % =
100
= 0.5437

(m ) 0.0063%
S o lu tio n >
0.0063
0 .0063 % =
100
0.000063
U /s % j
S o lu tio n :-

l — % = 1.125%
8
1.125
100
= 0.01125
7/s %
S o lu tio n :-

-96 = 0 .875 %
0.875
100
= 0.00875
(p ) 50V4 %
S olution

5 0 —% = 50 .75%
4
50.75
100
= 0.5057
Q.2 Write eacah decimal as a percentage:
(a ) 0.17
S o lu tio n :-
17
0.17 =
100
= 17%
57.5
0.575 =
100
= 5 7 .5 %

85
0.83 =
100
= '8 3 %

256
2.36 =
100
= 236 %

0.09 =
100
= 9%

2.5
0.025 =
100
2 .5 %

0.8
0.008 =
100
= 0 .8%

256.4
2.564 =
100
= 256 .4 %
A Help H ook oj i\ew yyuavus jw iviuuh .u k
Arithmetical Problems 737

(d )
7 125
Solution:-

x 10 0 %
125 125
= 4 .8 %
6
(e )

— X 100%
5
120%
12
(f )
25
Solution :-
12 12
y x 10 0 %
S olu tion:- 25 25
48 %

(g )l—
25
Solution :-
31
1—— = — X 100%
25 25
= 124%
(h) 2 ^

S olu tion :-
2 12
2 — = —— x 100%
5 5
= 240 %
Q.4 Express each p'action as a percentage, giving the an­
swer to 1 decimal place:

(a ) —
' 3 .
S olu tion :-
2 2
— = — x 10 0 %
3 3
= 66.6 %
738 A Help Book o f New Syllabus D Mathematics 1

S o lu tio n :-
4 4
— = — x 100%
7 7
= 57.1%

S o lu tio n :■

— = — x 100%
9 9
= 22 .2 %

S olu tion :-

— = — x 700%
72 72
* 58.3%

(e)
Solution

7— = — x 7(70%
2 2
. = 722.2%

S olution

— = — x 700%
6 6
= 83.3%

(g)
S olution :-
17
— x 700%
7
242.9%
Arithmetical Problems

10
(h)
11
Solution:-
10
— x 10 0 %
11 11
90.9%
Q.5 Copy and complete the following table.

Percentage Fraction Decimal

^5
Eleven per cent
0.175
0.095

781/2%
Solution:
Percentage Fraction Decimal
3 3 6
— x 100% = 60%
5 5 5 ~ 10
= 0.6
Eleven per cent 11
11% = 11 11% =
100 . 100
= 0.11
17 5
0.175 = 0.175= 775
100 1000 0.175
= 17.5% 7
~ 40
95 95
0.095 = 0.095 =
100 1000 0.095
= 9.5% *4 —_ 19

1 78 8
78 ~ % 7S 1 « 7S'1 78 % =
2 2 100 2 100
785 ' , = 0.785
1000
57
' 200

9 H I1
740 A H elp Book o f N ew Syllabus D Mathematics I

Q .6 The forests o f Singapore cover about 4 l/^% o f tin


total land area. W hat fraction is this?
Solu tion

Forests of Singapore cover = 4 — % of total land area.

25
6
Required fraction =

25
6 100
1
24
Q .7 A n electronic firm finds that o f the resistors it
makes are 'defective. What percentage is this?
Solu tion
3
Defective resistors
64

• Required percentage = x 100%

= x 25%
16

16
= 4— %
16
Q .8 Arrange the following in ascending order:

(a ) 0.39, — ,4 — %

Solu tion
As,
0.39 = 0.39 x 100%
= 39%
and
12 _ 12
x 10 0 %
32 ~ 32
L2_
x 25%
8
= — x 25%
2
V , I
= 37— %
V ^ .
1 12
:. Ascending order is 4 — %, -j j , 0.39.

(b ) 0.222, 2 2 % ,

Solu tion>
As
0.222 = 0.222x100%
= 22 .2 %
and
2 2
— = — x 100%
9 9

= 22.22 %
vo| bo

:. Ascending order is 22% , 0.222,


' ' 1
(c) 64%, 0.6,J
Solution
As,
0 .6 = 0 .6 x 1 0 0 %
= 60%
and
2 2
— = — xlOO%
3 , 3

3
= 66.67%

Ascending order is 0.6,64%, —


742 A H elp Book o f New Syllabus D M athem atics I

Q. i (a ) Express 30 cents as a percentage o f $1.


S olution
Fi rst quanti ty = 3 0 ccn ts
Second quantity = $1
= 100 cents . '
30
Required percentage = — x 100%
-= 30%
'tnoA

( b ) Express 45m as a percentage o f 1km.


S o lu tion
First quantity =45m
Second quantity = lkm
= 1000 m
45
Required percentage = Y qqq x ^00%
= 4.5%
(c ) Express 1kg as a percentage of800g.
Solu tion
First quantity = lkg
= 1000g
Second quantity = 800g

Required percentage = x 100%


= 125%
Q .2 Express the first quantity as a percentage
ond.
(a ) 45 min, Ih
So l u t i o n .
First quantity = 45 min
Second quantity = lh
= 60 min
9 45
Required percentage - - x 100%
’ - =75%
' itlim etical Problems 743

(b) 4 mths, 1 y r
Solu tio n
First quantity = 4 mths
Second quantity - l y r
=12 mths
4
Required percentage = - y y x 100%

= 33— '
3
(e) 335 cm, 5m
Solution
First quantity = 335cm
Second quantity = 5m
= 500cm
335
Required percentage = x 100%

= 67%
(/l) 6 0 °, 360°
Solution

First quantity = 36°


Second quantity = 360°

Required percentage = x 100%


360
= 16— %
3
(c) 15 mm, lm
S o lu tio n :-
First quantity =15mm
Second quantity = lm
■= 1000mm
15
Required percentage = ------- x 100%
n r s mnn
1000
= 1.5%
(f ) 63 cts, $2.10
S olu tio n s
First quantity = 63 cts
744 A Help Book o f New Syllabus D Mathematics 1

Second quantity = $2.10


= 2100 cents
63
Required percentage = x 100%
210
=3 0 %
Q.3 In a test, 30 o f the 36 students obtained passing
' . grades.
(i ) What fraction o f the students passed?
S o lu tio n >
30
Fraction of students passed =
36
= 5_
~ 6
(i i ) W hat percentage o f the students passed?
Solution

Percentage of students passed = ^ x i 00%


250
%

= 83— %
3
(b ) In the same test, John scored 65 marks out o f a pos­
sible total o f 80 marks.
(i ) Write his score as a fraction.
S olu tion :-
65
John score as a fraction =
80
13_
16
(i i ) Write his score as a percentage.
S o lu tio n :-
13
John score as a percentage = x 100%
325

= 81— %
4
i/1rhmetical Problems 745

i) 4 A pupil saved $7.20 o f his weekly pocket money o f


$24. What percentage did he save?
Solu tion:-
Amount he saved = $7.20
Pocket money = $24
7 20
Required percentage = ■■■!■. .x 100%
24
_ 720
%
24
= 30%
(J.5 D u r in g the econom ic d o w n tu r n , a com pa n y re­
tren ch ed 2 4 o u t o f its 4 0 0 e m p lo y ees. W h a t
percentage o f employees was retrenched?
Solution
Total employees = 400
Retrenched = 24
24
Required percentage = x!00%
400
= 6%
Q.6 In a survey, 120 pupils were asked which learning
site they would like to visit as part o f the National
Education learning journey.
24 said National Heritage Board
36 said Battle Box
54 said Singapore Discovery Centre
The rest said they would like to visit the People's A s­
sociation.
' Write these results as percentages.
Solution
Total no. of pupils =120
Percentage of pupils who said.National Heritage Board
24
= ----- x 100%
120
= 20 %
Percentage of pupils who said Battle Box
36
x 100%
120
746 A Help Book o f New Syllabus D Mathematics 1

Percentage of pupils who said Singapore Discovery Centre


54
= x 100 %
120
-4 5 %
Percentage of rest pupils who said to visit the people's Ass.
= 100% - (2 0 % + 30% + 45%)
= 100% -9 5 %
= 5%
Q .7 Calculate the following:

(a ) 15 — % o f $640
2
S o lu tio n :-
31
15— % of $640 % x $640
2
= — x 31% x $640
2
1 31 31
x $640 31% =
2 100 100
= $99.20
(b ) 6.5% o f 5000 people
S olu tion >

6.5% of 5000 people = x 5000 people 1 : 6.5% =


v v 100 V V 1 100
■= 325 people
(c ) 80% o f 4.50 m
S olu tion >

80% of 4.50m = — x 4.50m [:80 % = —


5 \ 5
= 3.6m
(el) 125% o f 50 cm
Solu tion

125% o i 50 cm = — x 50 cm |v 125% = — '


4 -1 4
= 62.5 cm
Arithmetical Problems 747

(e ) 30.6% o f 300 litres


Solution

30.6% of 300 litres = x 300 litres j v 30.6% =


100 1 100
= 91.8 litres
(g ) 60.5% o f 8 hours
Solution>

60.5% of 8 hours = x 8 hours j v 60.5% =


100 1 100
= 4.84 hours
Q.8 In a certain constituency, there are 8500 voters and
on election day, 15% o f them failed to vote. Calcu­
late the number o f people who voted.
Solution
Total voters = 8500
Percentage of failed voters = 15%
Therefore,

Number of voters who failed to vote = —— x 8500


100
= 1275
Hence,
Number of voters who voted = 8500 -1 2 7 5
= 7225
Q .9 A company finds that 4 */^ % o f the lyres made are
defective. The com pany m ade 28000 tyres. H o w
many tyres were defective?
Solu tion>
* /
Defective tyres - 4 — %

= 4.25%
Company made = 28000 tyres
Therefore,
No. of defective tyres = 4.25% of 28000
4 25
= x 28000
100
748 A Help Book o f New Syllabus D Mathematics 1

= 4.25 x 280
=1190
Q . 1 0 (a ) Soyabeand on an average contain 39.5% pro­
tein. A bush el o f soyabeans weighs 120kg. H o w
m any kilbgrams o f protein are contained in a bu ­
shel?
Solution
Soyabeans contain = 39.5% protein.
Bushel of soyabeans weighs = 120kg.
Therefore,
Kilogram of protein contaned in a bushel = 39.5% of 120
39.5
x 120
100
= 47.4
(b ) A 100-acre f ie ld y ie ld s 50 bushels p e r acre, how
many kilograms o f protein does the field yield?
Solution
Total field = 100-acre
As, 100-acre field yields 50 bushels per acre. So,
Total bushels for 1 0 0 - acre = 50 x 100
= 5000
Now,
Kilogram of protein field yeild = 5000 x 47.4
= 237000
Q . l l In this questions, take the Singapore population to
be about 4000000.
(a )Figure out, m entally, what 10% o f the Singapore
population is.
Solution
10% of populaiton is 4000000.
(b ) Use the answer in (a ) to figure out the following per­
centages o f the population:
(i ) 20%
Solution
20% o f population = 2 x 10% of population
= 2 x 400000
= 800000
Arithmetical Problems 749
(li) 30%
Solution>
30% of population = 3 x 10% of population
= 3 x 400000
=1200000
(iii) 40%
Solution
40% of population = 4 x 10% of population
= 4 x 400000
=1600000
(i v ) 50%
Solution
50% of population - 5 x 1 0 % of population
= 5 x 400000
=2000000
750 A H elp Book o f New Syllabus D Mathematics l

EXERCISE N O . 12c
Q .l Increase 28 by 125%; what is the result?
S o lu tio n >
First quantity = 28
125
Increased quantity = 28 + ------ x 28
M y 100
= 2 8 + 35
= 63

Q .2 Decrease 216 by 37 — % ; what is the result?


2
Solution
First quantity =2 1 6
• 1
37y
Decreased quantity = 2 1 6 ---- —~4~ x 216
100
37 5
= 2 1 6 - ——i x 216
100
= 2 1 6 -8 1
= 135
Q.3 The result o f a number, when increased by 15%, is
161. Find this number.
Solution :■
Let x be the required number.

Then, increased number is x + 15% of x = x + —— x


100
But, increased number = 161

x + ------ x = 161
100
x (1 + 0.15) = 161
1.15 x = 161
x = 140
Hence, required number is 140.
Q.4 The result o f a number, when decreased by 20%, it
192. Find the number.
Solution
Let x be the required number.
\i lilt metical Problems 751

20
I hen, decreased number is jit—20% of x = x -
100
But, decreased number = 1 9 2

x - ^ - x = 192
.100
x ( l - 0.2) = 192
0.8 x = 192
x = 240
Hence, required number is 240.
(J 5 A man spends $880 every month. O u t o f this 26%
goes to his rent. Flow much is his rent?
Solution:-
Total amount spend per month = $880 1
• 26
Amount paid for rent = ------ x 880
v 100
= $228.80
(J.6 A f l a t costs 36% more today than when it was built.
I f the original cost o f the fla t was $90000, f in d its
price today.
Soliftion:-
Original cost of flat = $90000

Price today = 90000 + x 90000


* 100
= 90000 + 32400
=$122400
Q .7 A fter spending 88% o f his income, a man had $216
left. Find hits income. *
Solution
Let $x be the man's income.
Then,
Amount spend = 88% of x

~ ioo x
88

22
~ 25 X
22
Remaining amount = x ------- x
752 A Help Book o f New Syllabus D Mathematics I

But amount left = $216


3
x = 216
25
25
x = 216 x
3
x - $1800
Hence, man's income is $1800.
Q .8 I f 10% is deducted from a bill, $58.50 remains to be
paid. H ow much is the bill?
S olu tion
Let $x be the payable bill.
Then, after deducation o f 10% of $x.

Remaining bill = x - x

= x ( 1 -0 .1 )
= 0.9x .
But, remaining amount = $58.50
0.9x = $58.50
x = 65
Hence, $65 is the original bill.
Q .9 A property company sold 20% more houses in 1999
than it did in 1998. I f the company sold 426 houses
in 1999, calculate how many houses it sold in 1998.
Solu tion
Let x be the houses sold in 1998.
Then,
Hosues sold in 1999 = x + 20% of x
20 x x = 426
x + ------ AO/i
100
x + 0.2x - 426
l.2x = 426
* = 355
Hence, houses sold in 1998 is 355.
Q .10 The height o f a tree was 4.8m. A fter one year, the
height o f the tree was increased by 12.5%. Find its
new height.
iitthitn tu dl Problems 753

^ o lu tio n :-
i Iright of tree = 4.8m
Alter 1 year,
I Iright of tree is increased by 12.5%.
Therefore,
New height of tree = 4.8 + 12.5% of 4.8
0 12.5
= 4.8 + ------ x 4.8
100
= 4 .8 + 0.6
= 5.4m
t) 11 A machinist is hired at $7.20 per hour.
(ti> On a particular day, he clocked in at 8.00 a.m. and
tlocked out at 3.45 p.m. Find his wage f o r that day.
Solution
Machinist wage = $7.20 per hour
On particualr day, he clocked in at 8.00 p.m. and
. lacked out at 3.45p.m.
So,
Total time he worked = 1545 - 0800
=0745
- 7 h 45 min
= 7.75 hour
Therefore,
Machinist wage for that day = $7.20 x 7.75
= $55.80
( h) A t the end o f a one-year probation period, his wage
will increase by 27l/fYo. I f the machinist successfully
completes the apprenticeship,
(I ) What will his pay be per hour?
Solution
After one-year, his wage will increase by 27V?%.
Therefore,

His pay per hour = $7.20 + 2 7 - - % of $7.20


754 A Help Book o f New Syllabus D Mathematics 1

= 7.20 + 1.98
= $9.18
(i i ) W hat will his pay he per week, if he starts with a
forty-hour week.
Solution
As, he starts with a forty-hour week.
Therefore,
His pay per week = $9:1 l x 40
= $367.20
Q.12 The production cost o f a printer is as follows: over­
heads - $80; wages - $120; raw material - $100.
I f the cost o f overheads increased by 20%, wages by
15% and raw materials by 11%, fin d the percentage
increase in the production cost o f a printer.
S o lu tio n :-
Production cost = 80 + 120 + 100
= $300
20 15 11
Increase = x 80 + x 120 + xlOO
V 100 100 100
= 16 + 18 + 11
= $45
45
Percentage increase = ------ x 100
h 300 *
= 15%
Q.13 A new car costs $120000. A fter 1 year, its value de­
creases b y 2 0 % . F or the second year, its value de­
creases a fu r th u r 10%. W hat is the value o f car-
after 2 years?
S olu tion :-
Value of car when new = $120000
20
Value of car after 1 year = 120000 - --- -- x 120000

= 120000-24000
= $96000

Value of car after 2 year = 96000 — ^ — x 96000


7 100
Amhmetical Problems 755

= 96000 - 9600
= $86400
<) 14 fames is 8% taller than John, and Wilson is 10%
shorter than John. B y what percenatge is fames tall­
er than Wilson?
Solution
Let x be the John's height. Then,
James height = x + 8% of x
= x + 0.8 x x
= 1.08x
and
W ilson height = x - 10% of x
= x - 0.1 x x
= 0.9x
Therefore,
1.08x - 0.9x
Required percentage *10 0%
~09x
0.18x
X 100%
0.9x
=0.2x100%
= 20 %
Q.15 In 1998, a train carried 8% more passengers than
in 1997. In 1999, it carried 8% more passengers
than in 1998. W h a t was the total percentage in ­
crease in the num ber o f passengers fro m 1997 to
1999?
Solution:-
Let x be the no. of passengers carried in 1997.
Then, *•
No. of passengers carried in 1998 = x + 8% of x
= x + 0.08 x
= 1.08x
and
No. of passengers carried in 1999 = 1.08x + 8% of 1.08x

= 1.08x + x 1.08x
100
= 1.08X + 0.0864X
= 1.1664x
756 A Help Book o f New Syllabus D Mathematics I

Therefore,
„ I.1664x - x
Required percentage = -------- :-----x 100%
x
0.1664x
x 100 %
. = 0.1664 x 100%
= 16.64%
Q.16 D uring 1998, a swimming lesson at a particular
school lasted 45 minutes.
(a ) In 1999, the lesson time will he 50 minutes. Find
the increase in the lesson time from 1998 to 1999 as
a percetage o f the lesson time in 1998.
S o l u t i o n /1
In 1998,
Swimming lesson lasted = 45 minutes
In 1999,
Swimming lesson lasted = 50 minutes
Therefore,
50 - 45
Required percentage = — — — x 100%

x 100 %
45
100
%

= 11— %
9
(h ) The lesson time in 1999 will he 25% more than it
'was in 1997. F in d how long the lesson lasted in
1997.
Solution
Let x be the lesson time in 1997.
Then,
Lesson time in 1999 = x + 25% o f x
= x + 0.25 x x
= 1.25 x
But,
Lesson tim e in 1999 = 50 minutes.
Therefore. **
ilhiiK iia tl Problems 757

1.25 x = 50
50
x = -------
1.25
x -4 0
l Irnce, the lesson time in 1997 is 40 minutes.
(. > At present, James take 240 seconds to swim 100 me­
tres. In a year's time, he would have imporved his
swimming time b y 25%. Calculate the time he will
take to swim 100 metres in a year's time,
udution >
At present,
James takes to swim 100 metres — 240 second,
In a year,
He improved his swimming time = 25%
Therefore,
Time take to swim 100 metres in a year's time
= 2 4 0 -2 5 % of 240
25
= 240 - x 240
100
= 240 - 60
=180 seconds
(d ) Robert, at present, also takes 240 seconds to swim
100 metres. In a y e a r 's time, he w ou ld h ave in ­
creased his swimming speed by 25%. Calculate the
time he w ill take to swim 100 metres in a yea r's
time.
Solution
At present,
Robert takes 240 seconds to swim = 1 0 0 metres
In a year.
He increased his swimming speed = 25%
Therefore, , .
In a year's time his speed = 100 -f 25% o f 100

.. = ,J 0 0 -i--~ x f0 0
. 100
= WO + 25
= 125 meters
As, ■
758 A Help Book o f New Syllabus D Mathematics l

He takes to swim 125 metres in year's time = 240 seconds


240
He takes to swim 1 metres in year's time =
125
240
He takes to swim 100 metres in a year's time = ------ x 100 sec.
y 125
= 1.92 x 100 sec.
= 192 sec.
(e ) W ho will he the faster swimmer, James or Robert,
in a year's time?
Solu tion :
In a year's time,
James will be the faster swimmer.
\mhint tii at Problems
759

EXERCISE 12d
i ) I lin d the gain or loss percent in fol^ow^nS cases'
<.») Cost price = $40, gain = $5
Solution:-
( 'ost price = $40
(iain = $5

Percentage gain = x 100%

=12.5%
( U) Selling price - $30, gain = $2
Solution
Selling price = $30
Gain = $2
Cost price -3 0 -2
= $28

Percentage gain = — x/00%


28
7.14%
(c) Selling price = $60, loss = $20
S olution;-
Selling price = $60
Loss = $20
=> Cost price = 6 0 + 20
= $80
20
Percentage loss = -----x 100%
. 80
= 25%
(d ) Cost price = $16.25, selling price = $18.50
Solution
Cost price = $16.25
Selling price =$18.50
=> Gain =1 8 .5 0 -1 6 .2 5
= $2.25

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