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For other uses, see Zeus (disambiguation).

Zeus

King of the Gods

God of the sky, lightning, thunder, law, order, justice

Zeus de Smyrne, discovered in Smyrna in 1680[1]

Abode Mount Olympus

Symbol Thunderbolt, eagle, bull, oak

Personal information

Consort Hera, various others

 Childre Aeacus, Agdistis, Angelos, Aphrodite, Apollo, Ares, Artemis, Athena, Dionysus, Eileithyia, Enyo, E

n paphus Eris, Ersa, Hebe, Helen of

Troy, Hephaestus, Heracles, Hermes, Lacedaemon Minos, Pandia, Persephone, Perseus, Rhadamanth

us, the Graces, the Horae, the Litae, the Muses, the Moirai

Parents Cronus, Rhea

Siblings Hestia, Hades, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Chiron

Roman Jupiter[2]

equival

ent

Norse Thor, Odin

equival

ent

Slavic Perun

equival

ent

Hinduis Indra

equival

ent

This article contains special characters. Without

proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or
other symbols.

Zeus (British English /zjuːs/,[3] North American English /zuːs/;[4] Ancient

Greek: Ζεύς, Zeús [zdeǔ̯s])[5] is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion, who
rules as king of the gods of Mount Olympus. His name is cognate with the first element of
his Roman equivalent Jupiter. His mythologies and powers are similar, though not
identical, to those of Indo-European deities such
as Jupiter, Perkūnas, Perun, Indra and Thor.[6][7][8]
Zeus is the child of Cronus and Rhea, the youngest of his siblings to be born, though
sometimes reckoned the eldest as the others required disgorging from Cronus's stomach.
In most traditions, he is married to Hera, by whom he is usually said to have
fathered Ares, Hebe, and Hephaestus.[9] At the oracle of Dodona, his consort was said to
be Dione, by whom the Iliad states that he fathered Aphrodite.[12] Zeus was also infamous
for his erotic escapades. These resulted in many divine and heroic offspring,
 including Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Hermes, Persephone, Dionysus, Perseus, Heracles, H
elen of Troy, Minos, and the Muses.[9]
He was respected as an allfather who was chief of the gods[13] and assigned roles to the
others:[14] "Even the gods who are not his natural children address him as Father, and all
the gods rise in his presence."[15][16] He was equated with many foreign weather gods,
permitting Pausanias to observe "That Zeus is king in heaven is a saying common to all
men".[17] Zeus' symbols are the thunderbolt, eagle, bull, and oak. In addition to his Indo-
European inheritance, the classical "cloud-gatherer"
(Greek: Νεφεληγερέτα, Nephelēgereta)[18] also derives certain iconographic traits from the
cultures of the ancient Near East, such as the scepter. Zeus is frequently depicted by
Greek artists in one of two poses: standing, striding forward with a thunderbolt leveled in
his raised right hand, or seated in majesty.

Contents

 1Name
 2Mythology
o 2.1Birth
o 2.2Infancy
o 2.3King of the gods
o 2.4Conflicts with humans
o 2.5In the Iliad
o 2.6List of other deeds
 3Family
o 3.1Zeus and Hera
o 3.2Transformation of Zeus
o 3.3Consorts and offspring
 4Roles and epithets
 5Cults of Zeus
o 5.1Panhellenic cults
 5.1.1Zeus Velchanos
 5.1.2Zeus Lykaios
 5.1.3Additional cults of Zeus
o 5.2Non-panhellenic cults
o 5.3Oracles of Zeus
 5.3.1The Oracle at Dodona
 5.3.2The Oracle at Siwa
 6Zeus and foreign gods
 7Zeus and the sun
 8Zeus in philosophy
 9Zeus in the Bible
 10In modern culture
 11Genealogy of the Olympians
 12Argive genealogy
 13See also
 14Notes
 15References
 16External links

Name
The god's name in the nominative is Ζεύς (Zeús). It is inflected as
follows: vocative: Ζεῦ (Zeû); accusative: Δία (Día); genitive: Διός (Diós); dative: Διί (Dií).
Diogenes Laërtius quotes Pherecydes of Syros as spelling the name, Ζάς.[19]
Zeus is the Greek continuation of *Di̯ ēus, the name of the Proto-Indo-European god of
the daytime sky, also called *Dyeus ph2tēr ("Sky Father").[20][21] The god is known under
this name in the Rigveda (Vedic Sanskrit Dyaus/Dyaus Pita), Latin (compare Jupiter,
from Iuppiter, deriving from the Proto-Indo-European vocative *dyeu-ph2tēr),[22] deriving
from the root *dyeu- ("to shine", and in its many derivatives, "sky, heaven, god").[20] Zeus
is the only deity in the Olympic pantheon whose name has such a transparent Indo-
European etymology.[23]
The earliest attested forms of the name are the Mycenaean Greek 𐀇𐀇, di-we and 𐀇𐀇, di-
wo, written in the Linear B syllabic script.[24]
Plato, in his Cratylus, gives a folk etymology of Zeus meaning "cause of life always to all
things," because of puns between alternate titles of Zeus (Zen and Dia) with the Greek
words for life and "because of."[25] This etymology, along with Plato's entire method of
deriving etymologies, is not supported by modern scholarship.[26][27]

Mythology
Birth

"Cave of Zeus", Mount Ida, Crete

Cronus sired several children by Rhea: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, and Poseidon, but
swallowed them all as soon as they were born, since he had learned
from Gaia and Uranus that he was destined to be overthrown by his son as he had
previously overthrown Uranus, his own father, an oracle that Rhea heard and wished to
avert.
When Zeus was about to be born, Rhea sought Gaia to devise a plan to save him, so
that Cronus would get his retribution for his acts against Uranus and his own children.
Rhea gave birth to Zeus in Crete, handing Cronus a rock wrapped in swaddling clothes,
which he promptly swallowed.[28]
Infancy
Varying versions of the story exist:

1. According to Hyginus (Fabulae, 139)) Zeus was raised by a nymph named

Amalthea. Since Saturn (Cronus) ruled over the Earth, the heavens and the sea,
she hid him by dangling him on a rope from a tree so he was suspended
between earth, sea and sky and thus, invisible to his father.
2. According to Pseudo-Apollodorus (Bibliotheca, 1.1.5-7)) Zeus was raised by
a goat named Amalthea in a cave called Dictaeon Antron (Psychro Cave). A a
company of soldiers called Kouretes danced, shouted and clashed their spears
against their shields so that Cronus would not hear the baby's cry.
King of the gods
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After reaching manhood, Zeus forced Cronus to disgorge first the stone (which was set
down at Pytho under the glens of Parnassus to be a sign to mortal men, the Omphalos)
then his siblings in reverse order of swallowing. In some versions, Metis gave Cronus
an emetic to force him to disgorge the babies, or Zeus cut Cronus's stomach open. Then
Zeus released the brothers of Cronus, the Hecatonchires and the Cyclopes, from their
dungeon in Tartarus, killing their guard, Campe.
As a token of their appreciation, the Cyclopes gave him thunder and the thunderbolt,
or lightning, which had previously been hidden by Gaia. Together, Zeus, his brothers and
sisters, Hecatonchires and Cyclopes overthrew Cronus and the other Titans, in the
combat called the Titanomachy. The defeated Titans were then cast into a shadowy
underworld region known as Tartarus. Atlas, one of the titans who fought against Zeus,
was punished by having to hold up the sky.

First century statue of Zeus

After the battle with the Titans, Zeus shared the world with his elder
brothers, Poseidon and Hades, by drawing lots: Zeus got the sky and air, Poseidon the
waters, and Hades the world of the dead (the underworld). The ancient Earth, Gaia,
could not be claimed; she was left to all three, each according to their capabilities, which
explains why Poseidon was the "earth-shaker" (the god of earthquakes) and Hades
claimed the humans who died (see also Penthus).
Gaia resented the way Zeus had treated the Titans, because they were her children.
Soon after taking the throne as king of the gods, Zeus had to fight some of Gaia's other
children, the monsters Typhon and Echidna. He vanquished Typhon and trapped him
under Mount Etna, but left Echidna and her children alive.
Conflicts with humans
When Zeus was atop Mount Olympus he was appalled by human sacrifice and other
signs of human decadence. He decided to wipe out mankind and flooded the world with
the help of his brother Poseidon. After the flood,
only Deucalion and Pyrrha remained.[29] This flood narrative is a common motif in
mythology.[30]

The Chariot of Zeus, from an 1879 Stories from the Greek Tragedians by Alfred Church.

Throughout history Zeus has been depicted as using violence to get his way and terrorize
humans. As god of the sky he has the power to hurl lightning bolts as a weapon. Since
lightning is quite powerful and sometimes deadly, it is a bold sign when lightning strikes
because it is known that Zeus most likely threw the bolt.[citation needed]
In the Iliad

Jupiter and Juno on Mount Ida by James Barry, 1773 (City Art Galleries, Sheffield.)

The Iliad is a poem by Homer about the Trojan war and the battle over the City of Troy, in
which Zeus plays a major part.
Scenes in which Zeus appears include:[31][32]

 Book 2: Zeus sends Agamemnon a dream and is able to partially control his
decisions because of the effects of the dream
 Book 4: Zeus promises Hera to ultimately destroy the City of Troy at the end of the
war
 Book 7: Zeus and Poseidon ruin the Achaeans fortress
 Book 8: Zeus prohibits the other Gods from fighting each other and has to return
to Mount Ida where he can think over his decision that the Greeks will lose the war
 Book 14: Zeus is seduced by Hera and becomes distracted while she helps out the
Greeks
 Book 15: Zeus wakes up and realizes that Poseidon his own brother has been
helping out the Greeks, while also sending Hector and Apollo to help fight the
Trojans ensuring that the City of Troy will fall
 Book 16: Zeus is upset that he couldn't help save Sarpedon's life because it would
then contradict his previous decisions
 Book 17: Zeus is emotionally hurt by the fate of Hector
 Book 20: Zeus lets the other Gods help out their respective sides in the war
 Book 24: Zeus demands that Achilles release the corpse of Hector to be buried
honourably
List of other deeds

 Zeus granted Callirrhoe's prayer that her sons

by Alcmaeon, Acarnan and Amphoterus, grow quickly so that they might be able to
avenger the death of their father by the hands of Phegeus and his two sons.
 He unsuccessfully wooed Thetis, daughter of Nereus.

Family
Zeus and Hera
Main article: Hera
Zeus was brother and consort of Hera. By Hera, Zeus sired Ares, Hebe and Hephaestus,
though some accounts say that Hera produced these offspring alone. Some also
include Eileithyia, Eris, Enyo and Angelos as their daughters. In the section of the Iliad
known to scholars as the Deception of Zeus, the two of them are described as having
begun their sexual relationship without their parents knowing about it.[33] The conquests of
Zeus among nymphs and the mythic mortal progenitors of Hellenic dynasties are famous.
Olympian mythography even credits him with unions
with Leto, Demeter, Metis, Themis, Eurynome and Mnemosyne.[34][35] Other relationships
with immortals included Dione and Maia. Among mortals
were Semele, Io, Europa and Leda (for more details, see below) and with the
young Ganymede (although he was mortal Zeus granted him eternal youth and
immortality).
Many myths render Hera as jealous of his amorous conquests and a consistent enemy of
Zeus's mistresses and their children by him. For a time, a nymph named Echo had the
job of distracting Hera from his affairs by talking incessantly, and when Hera discovered
the deception, she cursed Echo to repeat the words of others.
Transformation of Zeus

Love interest Disguises

Aegina an eagle or a flame of fire

Alcmene Amphitryon

Antiope a satyr

Asopis a flame of fire

Callisto Artemis
Cassiopeia Phoenix

Danae shower of gold

Europa a bull

Eurymedusa ant

Ganymede an eagle

Imandra a shower

Lamia a lapwing

Leda a swan and a star

Manthea a bear

Mnemosyne a shepherd

Nemesis a goose

Persephone a serpent

Semele a fire

Thalia a vulture

Consorts and offspring

Comparative table of Zeus' family

Offspring Offspring Offspring

Divine Divine Mortal
 Lovers Lovers Consort

Aega or • Astraea Alcmene • Heracles

Aix or • Nemesis Anaxithea • Olenus[37]

• Aegipan[36]

• Nymphs
Boetis • Aethlius or
of Eridanos
Calyce
• Moirai /
• Moirai / Fates1 • Endymion
Fates1

1. Atropos 1. Atropos • Anchinos[38]

Ananke
Cassiopeia
2. Clotho 2. Clotho • Atymnius

3. Lachesis 3. Lachesis • Milye

Themis Chaldene
• Tyche (possibl
6
Aphrodite • Horae • Solymus
y)

First
• Hecate[39] Chonia • Lacon[40]
Generation:
Asteria

• Heracles[41][42] 1. Auxo Chloris • Mopsus[40]

Asterope • Acragas 2. Carpo Cotonia[43] • Polymedes[40]

Calliope • Corybantes 3. Thallo Danaë • Perseus

• Coria Second
Coryphe Dia • Pirithous
(Athene)[44] Generation:

Demeter • Persephone 1. Dike Elara or • Tityos

 2. Eirene Larissa
• Dionysus[45]
3. Eunomia • Minos

Dione
Third • Rhadamanthu
• Aphrodite
Generation: s

Eos • Carae 1. Euporie Europa • Sarpedon

Eris • Limos 2. Orthosie • Alagonia[46]

• Charites/ Grace
Euanthe or 3. Pherusa • Carnus[47]
s2

Eurydome
1. Aglaea • Athena[48] Euryodeia • Arcesius
or

Eurymedus Unknown
2. Euphrosyne • Aletheia Helen • Musaeus[40]
a or mother

Unknown •
3. Thalia • Ate Hermippe
mother Orchomenus[49]
Eurynome
Unknown
• Asopus • Nysean [50] Hippodamia • Olenus[40]
mother

Unknown Hippodamia[4 no known

Europa • Dodon[51][40] • Caerus 0]
mother offspring

Unknown no known
• Agdistis • Eubuleus[52] Imandra[53]
mother offspring

Gaia Unknown
• Manes • Litae • Thebe[54]
mother
Iodame

• Nymphs • Deucalion[55]
• Cyprian Unknown
 Centaurs mother

Unknown Isonoe (Ision

• Angelos • Phasis[56] • Orchomenus
mother e)

Semi-divine • Achilleus
• Ares3 Offspring Lamia
Lovers (Acheilus)[57][58]

• Libyan
• Arge[55] • Aeacus Lamia Sibyl (Herophil
e)
Aegina

•
• Eileithyia Laodamia or
Damocrateia[59]
• Sarpedon

• Eleutheria[60] • Amphion Hippodamia[4

Hera 0]

Antiope

• Enyo • Zethus Leanida • Coron[40]

• Helen of
• Eris Borysthenis • Targitaus
Troy5
Leda

• Hebe3 Callisto • Arcas • Pollux

no known
• Hephaestus3 Callirrhoe Libya • Belus[40]
offspring

• Curetes[48] Carme • Britomartis Lysithea • Helenus[40]

Hybris • Pan Chalcea • Olympus[40] Lysithoe • Heracles[61]

• Apollo Charidia • Alchanus[40] Manthea • Arctos[40]

Leto
• Artemis Chrysogenia[ • Thissaeus[40] Maera • Locrus
62]
Maia • Hermes • Dardanus
Megaclite
Metis • Athena4 • Emathion • Thebe

Electra
• Muses (Origina • Iasion or Eeti
• Argus
l three) on
Niobe

1. Aoide • Harmonia • Pelasgus

Eurymedous
2. Melete • Myrmidon • Graecus
a

3. Mneme Eurynome • Ogygias[40] • Latinus[63]

Pandora
• Muses (Later
• Cronius • Melera[64]
nine)

Himalia
1. Calliope • Spartaios • Pandorus[64]
Mnemosyn
e
2. Clio • Cytus Phthia • Achaeus

3. Euterpe Hora • Colaxes[65] • Aethlius

4. Erato • Asterion[40] • Aetolus

Idaea Protogeneia
5. Melpomene • Cres[66] • Dorus

6. Polyhymnia • Epaphus • Opus

Io
7. Terpsichore • Keroessa • Hellen or
Pyrrha
8. Thalia Lardane[67] • Sarpedon • Helmetheus[40]
 9. Urania • Argus Semele • Dionysus

Nemesis • Helen of Troy Nymphe • Saon Thaicrucia[68] • Nympheus[40]

• Melinoë Othreis • Meliteus • Aegyptus[54]

Persephone Thebe
• Zagreus Phoenissa[69] • Endymion[40] • Heracles[70]

• Dionysus[71] Plouto • Tantalus • Magnes

Thyia[72]
• Ersa • Balius • Makednos
Podarge
Selene • Nemea • Xanthus • Calabrus

Unknown
• Nemean Lion Salamis • Saracon[40] • Geraestus
mother

• Pandia Taygete • Lacedaemon • Taenarus[73]

Unknown
Styx • Persephone Themisto • Archas • Corinthus
mother

Unknown
Thalassa • Aphrodite Torrhebia • Carius • Crinacus[74]
mother

Nymph
Thalia • Palici • Iarbas No mother • Orion[75]
African

Nymph
• Megarus
Sithnid

The Greeks variously claimed that the Moires/Fates were the daughters of Zeus and the
1

Titaness Themis or of primordial beings like Chaos, Nyx, or Ananke.

2
The Charites/Graces were usually considered the daughters of Zeus and Eurynome but
they were also said to be daughters of Dionysus and Aphrodite or of Helios and the naiad
Aegle.
3
Some accounts say that Ares, Hebe, and Hephaestus were born parthenogenetically.
4
According to one version, Athena is said to be born parthenogenetically.
5
Helen was either the daughter of Leda or Nemesis.
6
Tyche is usually considered a daughter of Aphrodite and Hermes.

Roles and epithets

See also: Category:Epithets of Zeus

Roman marble colossal head of Zeus, 2nd century AD (British Museum)[76]

Zeus played a dominant role, presiding over the Greek Olympian pantheon. He fathered
many of the heroes and was featured in many of their local cults. Though the Homeric
"cloud collector" was the god of the sky and thunder like his Near-Eastern counterparts,
he was also the supreme cultural artifact; in some senses, he was the embodiment of
Greek religious beliefs and the archetypal Greek deity.
Aside from local epithets that simply designated the deity as doing something random at
some particular place, the epithets or titles applied to Zeus emphasized different aspects
of his wide-ranging authority:

 Zeus Aegiduchos or Aegiochos: Usually taken as Zeus as the bearer of the Aegis,
the divine shield with the head of Medusa across it,[77][78][79] although others derive it
from "goat" (αἴξ) and okhē (οχή) in reference to Zeus's nurse, the divine
goat Amalthea.[80][81]
 Zeus Agoraeus: Zeus as patron of the marketplace (agora) and punisher of
dishonest traders.
 Zeus Areius: either "warlike" or "the atoning one".
 Zeus Horkios: Zeus as keeper of oaths. Exposed liars were made to dedicate
a votive statue to Zeus, often at the sanctuary at Olympia
 Zeus Olympios: Zeus as king of the gods and patron of the Panhellenic
Games at Olympia
 Zeus Panhellenios ("Zeus of All the Greeks"): worshipped at Aeacus's temple
on Aegina
 Zeus Xenios, Philoxenon, or Hospites: Zeus as the patron of hospitality (xenia)
and guests, avenger of wrongs done to strangers
A bust of Zeus.

Additional names and epithets for Zeus are also:

 Abrettenus (Ἀβρεττηνός) or Abretanus: surname of Zeus in Mysia[82]

 Achad: one of his names in Syria.
 Acraeus: his name at Smyrna.
 Acrettenus: his name in Mysia.
 Adad: one of his names in Syria.
 Adultus: from his being invoked by adults, on their marriage.
 Apemius: Zeus as the averter of ills
 Apomyius Zeus as one who dispels flies
 Astrapios ("Lightninger"): Zeus as a weather god
 Bottiaeus: Worshipped at Antioch[83]
 Brontios ("Thunderer"): Zeus as a weather god
 Diktaios: Zeus as lord of the Dikte mountain range, worshipped from Mycenaean
times on Crete[84]
 Ithomatas: Worshipped at Mount Ithome in Messenia
 Zeus Adados: A Hellenization of the Canaanite Hadad and Assyrian Adad,
particularly his solar cult at Heliopolis[85]
 Zeus Bouleus: Worshipped at Dodona, the earliest oracle, along with Zeus Naos
 Zeus Georgos (Ζεὺς Γεωργός, "Zeus the Farmer"): Zeus as god of crops and the
harvest, worshipped in Athens
 Zeus Helioupolites ("Heliopolite" or "Heliopolitan Zeus"): A Hellenization of
the Canaanite Baʿal (probably Hadad) worshipped as a sun
god at Heliopolis (modern Baalbek)[85]
 Zeus Kasios ("Zeus of Mount Kasios" the modern Jebel Aqra): Worshipped at a site
on the Syrian–Turkish border, a Hellenization of the Canaanite mountain
and weather god Baal Zephon
 Zeus Labrandos ("Zeus of Labraunda"): Worshiped at Caria, depicted with a
double-edged axe (labrys), a Hellenization of the Hurrian weather god Teshub
 Zeus Meilichios ("Zeus the Easily-Entreated"): Worshipped at Athens, a form of the
archaic chthonic daimon Meilichios
 Zeus Naos: Worshipped at Dodona, the earliest oracle, along with Zeus Bouleus
 Zeus Tallaios ("Solar Zeus"): Worshipped on Crete
Cults of Zeus
Marble eagle from the sanctuary of Zeus Hypsistos, Archaeological Museum of Dion.

Panhellenic cults

Colossal seated Marnas from Gaza portrayed in the style of Zeus. Roman period Marnas[86] was
the chief divinity of Gaza (Istanbul Archaeology Museum).

The major center where all Greeks converged to pay honor to their chief god
was Olympia. Their quadrennial festival featured the famous Games. There was also an
altar to Zeus made not of stone, but of ash, from the accumulated remains of many
centuries' worth of animals sacrificed there.
Outside of the major inter-polis sanctuaries, there were no modes of worshipping Zeus
precisely shared across the Greek world. Most of the titles listed below, for instance,
could be found at any number of Greek temples from Asia Minor to Sicily. Certain modes
of ritual were held in common as well: sacrificing a white animal over a raised altar, for
instance.
Zeus Velchanos
With one exception, Greeks were unanimous in recognizing the birthplace of Zeus as
Crete. Minoan culture contributed many essentials of ancient Greek religion: "by a
hundred channels the old civilization emptied itself into the new", Will Durant
observed,[87] and Cretan Zeus retained his youthful Minoan features. The local child of the
Great Mother, "a small and inferior deity who took the roles of son and consort",[88] whose
Minoan name the Greeks Hellenized as Velchanos, was in time assumed as
an epithet by Zeus, as transpired at many other sites, and he came to be venerated in
Crete as Zeus Velchanos ("boy-Zeus"), often simply the Kouros.
In Crete, Zeus was worshipped at a number of caves at Knossos, Ida and Palaikastro. In
the Hellenistic period a small sanctuary dedicated to Zeus Velchanos was founded at
the Hagia Triada site of a long-ruined Minoan palace. Broadly contemporary coins
from Phaistos show the form under which he was worshiped: a youth sits among the
branches of a tree, with a cockerel on his knees.[89] On other Cretan coins Velchanos is
represented as an eagle and in association with a goddess celebrating a mystic
marriage.[90] Inscriptions at Gortyn and Lyttos record a Velchania festival, showing that
Velchanios was still widely venerated in Hellenistic Crete.[91]
The stories of Minos and Epimenides suggest that these caves were once used
for incubatory divination by kings and priests. The dramatic setting of Plato's Laws is
along the pilgrimage-route to one such site, emphasizing archaic Cretan knowledge. On
Crete, Zeus was represented in art as a long-haired youth rather than a mature adult and
hymned as ho megas kouros, "the great youth". Ivory statuettes of the "Divine Boy" were
unearthed near the Labyrinth at Knossos by Sir Arthur Evans.[92] With the Kouretes, a
band of ecstatic armed dancers, he presided over the rigorous military-athletic training
and secret rites of the Cretan paideia.
The myth of the death of Cretan Zeus, localised in numerous mountain sites though only
mentioned in a comparatively late source, Callimachus,[93] together with the assertion
of Antoninus Liberalis that a fire shone forth annually from the birth-cave the infant
shared with a mythic swarm of bees, suggests that Velchanos had been an annual
vegetative spirit.[94] The Hellenistic writer Euhemerus apparently proposed a theory that
Zeus had actually been a great king of Crete and that posthumously, his glory had slowly
turned him into a deity. The works of Euhemerus himself have not survived, but Christian
patristic writers took up the suggestion.
Zeus Lykaios
Further information: Lykaia

Laurel-wreathed head of Zeus on a gold stater, Lampsacus, c 360–340 BC (Cabinet des

Médailles).

The epithet Zeus Lykaios ("wolf-Zeus") is assumed by Zeus only in connection with the
archaic festival of the Lykaia on the slopes of Mount Lykaion ("Wolf Mountain"), the
tallest peak in rustic Arcadia; Zeus had only a formal connection[95] with the rituals and
myths of this primitive rite of passage with an ancient threat of cannibalism and the
possibility of a werewolf transformation for the ephebes who were the
participants.[96] Near the ancient ash-heap where the sacrifices took place[97] was a
forbidden precinct in which, allegedly, no shadows were ever cast.[98]
According to Plato,[99] a particular clan would gather on the mountain to make a sacrifice
every nine years to Zeus Lykaios, and a single morsel of human entrails would be
intermingled with the animal's. Whoever ate the human flesh was said to turn into a wolf,
and could only regain human form if he did not eat again of human flesh until the next
nine-year cycle had ended. There were games associated with the Lykaia, removed in
the fourth century to the first urbanization of Arcadia, Megalopolis; there the major temple
was dedicated to Zeus Lykaios.
There is, however, the crucial detail that Lykaios or Lykeios (epithets of Zeus and Apollo)
may derive from Proto-Greek *λύκη, "light", a noun still attested in compounds such
as ἀμφιλύκη, "twilight", λυκάβας, "year" (lit. "light's course") etc. This, Cook argues,
brings indeed much new 'light' to the matter as Achaeus, the contemporary tragedian
of Sophocles, spoke of Zeus Lykaios as "starry-eyed", and this Zeus Lykaios may just be
the Arcadian Zeus, son of Aether, described by Cicero. Again under this new signification
may be seen Pausanias' descriptions of Lykosoura being 'the first city that ever the sun
beheld', and of the altar of Zeus, at the summit of Mount Lykaion, before which stood two
columns bearing gilded eagles and 'facing the sun-rise'. Further Cook sees only the tale
of Zeus' sacred precinct at Mount Lykaion allowing no shadows referring to Zeus as 'god
of light' (Lykaios).[100]
A statue of Zeus in a drawing.

Additional cults of Zeus

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Although etymology indicates that Zeus was originally a sky god, many Greek cities
honored a local Zeus who lived underground. Athenians and Sicilians honored Zeus
Meilichios ("kindly" or "honeyed") while other cities had Zeus
Chthonios ("earthy"), Zeus Katachthonios ("under-the-earth") and Zeus
Plousios ("wealth-bringing"). These deities might be represented as snakes or in human
form in visual art, or, for emphasis as both together in one image. They also received
offerings of black animal victims sacrificed into sunken pits, as did chthonic deities
like Persephone and Demeter, and also the heroes at their tombs. Olympian gods, by
contrast, usually received white victims sacrificed upon raised altars.
In some cases, cities were not entirely sure whether the daimon to whom they sacrificed
was a hero or an underground Zeus. Thus the shrine at Lebadaea in Boeotia might
belong to the hero Trophonius or to Zeus Trephonius ("the nurturing"), depending on
whether you believe Pausanias, or Strabo. The hero Amphiaraus was honored as Zeus
Amphiaraus at Oropus outside of Thebes, and the Spartans even had a shrine to Zeus
Agamemnon. Ancient Molossian kings sacrificed to Zeus Areius. Strabo mention that
at Tralles there was the Zeus Larisaeus.[101]
Non-panhellenic cults

Roman cast terracotta of ram-horned Jupiter Ammon, 1st century AD (Museo Barracco, Rome).
In addition to the Panhellenic titles and conceptions listed above, local cults maintained
their own idiosyncratic ideas about the king of gods and men. With the
epithet Zeus Aetnaeus he was worshiped on Mount Aetna, where there was a statue of
him, and a local festival called the Aetnaea in his honor.[102] Other examples are listed
below. As Zeus Aeneius or Zeus Aenesius, he was worshiped in the island
of Cephalonia, where he had a temple on Mount Aenos.[103]
Oracles of Zeus
Although most oracle sites were usually dedicated to Apollo, the heroes, or various
goddesses like Themis, a few oracular sites were dedicated to Zeus. In addition, some
foreign oracles, such as Baʿal's at Heliopolis, were associated with Zeus in Greek
or Jupiter in Latin.
The Oracle at Dodona
The cult of Zeus at Dodona in Epirus, where there is evidence of religious activity from
the second millennium BC onward, centered on a sacred oak. When the Odyssey was
composed (circa 750 BC), divination was done there by barefoot priests called Selloi,
who lay on the ground and observed the rustling of the leaves and branches.[104] By the
time Herodotus wrote about Dodona, female priestesses called peleiades ("doves") had
replaced the male priests.
Zeus's consort at Dodona was not Hera, but the goddess Dione — whose name is a
feminine form of "Zeus". Her status as a titaness suggests to some that she may have
been a more powerful pre-Hellenic deity, and perhaps the original occupant of the oracle.
The Oracle at Siwa
The oracle of Ammon at the Siwa Oasis in the Western Desert of Egypt did not lie within
the bounds of the Greek world before Alexander's day, but it already loomed large in the
Greek mind during the archaic era: Herodotus mentions consultations with Zeus Ammon
in his account of the Persian War. Zeus Ammon was especially favored at Sparta, where
a temple to him existed by the time of the Peloponnesian War.[105]
After Alexander made a trek into the desert to consult the oracle at Siwa, the figure arose
in the Hellenistic imagination of a Libyan Sibyl.

Zeus and foreign gods

Evolution of Zeus Nikephoros ("Zeus holding Nike") on Indo-Greek coinage: from the Classical
motif of Nike handing the wreath of victory to Zeus himself (left, coin of Heliocles I 145-130 BC),
then to a baby elephant (middle, coin of Antialcidas 115-95 BC), and then to the Wheel of the Law,
symbol of Buddhism (right, coin of Menander II 90–85 BC).
Zeus as Vajrapāni, the protector of the Buddha. 2nd century, Greco-Buddhist art.[106]

Zeus was identified with the Roman god Jupiter and associated in the syncretic classical
imagination (see interpretatio graeca) with various other deities, such as
the Egyptian Ammon and the Etruscan Tinia. He, along with Dionysus, absorbed the role
of the chief Phrygian god Sabazios in the syncretic deity known in Rome as Sabazius.
The Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes erected a statue of Zeus Olympios in the
Judean Temple in Jerusalem.[107] Hellenizing Jews referred to this statue as Baal Shamen
(in English, Lord of Heaven).[108]

Zeus and the sun

Zeus is occasionally conflated with the Hellenic sun god, Helios, who is sometimes either
directly referred to as Zeus' eye,[109] or clearly implied as such. Hesiod, for instance,
describes Zeus's eye as effectively the sun.[110] This perception is possibly derived from
earlier Proto-Indo-European religion, in which the sun is occasionally envisioned as the
eye of *Dyḗus Pḥatḗr (see Hvare-khshaeta).[111]
The Cretan Zeus Tallaios had solar elements to his cult. "Talos" was the local equivalent
of Helios.[112]

Zeus in philosophy
In Neoplatonism, Zeus's relation to the gods familiar from mythology is taught as
the Demiurge or Divine Mind. Specifically within Plotinus's work the Enneads[113] and
the Platonic Theology of Proclus.

Zeus in the Bible

Zeus is mentioned in the New Testament twice, first in Acts 14:8–13: When the people
living in Lystra saw the Apostle Paul heal a lame man, they considered Paul and his
partner Barnabas to be gods, identifying Paul with Hermes and Barnabas with Zeus,
even trying to offer them sacrifices with the crowd. Two ancient inscriptions discovered in
1909 near Lystra testify to the worship of these two gods in that city.[114] One of the
inscriptions refers to the "priests of Zeus", and the other mentions "Hermes Most Great""
and "Zeus the sun-god".[115]
The second occurrence is in Acts 28:11: the name of the ship in which the prisoner Paul
set sail from the island of Malta bore the figurehead "Sons of Zeus" aka Castor and
Pollux.
The deuterocanonical book of 2 Maccabees 6:1, 2 talks of King Antiochus
IV (Epiphanes), who in his attempt to stamp out the Jewish religion, directed that the
temple at Jerusalem be profaned and rededicated to Zeus (Jupiter Olympius).[116]
 In modern culture
This article appears to contain trivial, minor, or
unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize
this content to explain the subject's impact on popular
culture, providing citations to reliable, secondary sources,
rather than simply listing appearances. Unsourced material may
be challenged and removed. (January 2019)

Depictions of Zeus as a bull, the form he took when abducting Europa, are found on the
Greek 2-euro coin and on the United Kingdom identity card for visa holders. Mary Beard,
professor of Classics at Cambridge University, has criticised this for its apparent
celebration of rape.[117]
Zeus has been portrayed by Axel Ringvall in Jupiter på jorden, the first known film
adaption to feature Zeus; Niall MacGinnis in Jason and the Argonauts[118][119] and Angus
MacFadyen in the 2000 remake;[120] Laurence Olivier in the original Clash of the
Titans,[121] and Liam Neeson in the 2010 remake,[122] along with the 2012 sequel Wrath of
the Titans;[123][124] Anthony Quinn in the 1990s TV series Hercules: The Legendary
Journeys;[125] Rip Torn in the Disney animated feature Hercules;[126] Corey
Burton in Hercules, God of War II, God of War III, God of War: Ascension, PlayStation
All-Stars Battle Royale, and Kingdom Hearts 3;[127][128] and Sean Bean in Percy Jackson
and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief (2010).[129]

Genealogy of the Olympians

hideOlympians' family tree [130]

Uranus Gaia

Uranus' genitals Cronus Rhea

ZEUS Hera Poseidon Hades Demeter Hestia

a[131]
b[132]

Ares Hephaestus

Metis

Athena[133]

Leto
 Apollo Artemis

Maia

Hermes

Semele

Dionysus

Dione

a[134] b[135]

Aphrodite

Argive genealogy

Argive genealogy in Greek mythology

 v
 t
 e

Inach Meli
us a

Phor
Zeu
Io oneu
s
s

Epap Memp
hus his

Liby Posei
a don

Belus Achir Ageno Telep

 oë r hassa

Pho
Dana Pieri Aegy Cadm Euro eni
Cilix x
us a ptus us pa

Z
Hyper Har e
Manti Lync u
mnest moni
neus eus s
ra a

Polyd
orus

Rha
S da
p Laced ma
Ocale Sarpe
a aemo Abas Agave nth
a don
rt n us
a

Auton
oë

Euryd Acrisi Mino

Ino
ice us s

Da Seme
Zeus Zeus
naë le

Perse Diony
us sus

Colour key:
Male
Female
Deity

See also

 Ancient Greece portal

 Myths portal

 Religion portal
 Achaean League
 Agetor
 Ambulia - Spartan epithet used for Athena, Zeus, and Castor and Pollux
 Deception of Zeus
 Hetairideia – Thessalian Festival to Zeus
 Temple of Zeus, Olympia
 Zanes of Olympia - Statues of Zeus

Notes
1. ^ The sculpture was presented to Louis XIV as Aesculapius but restored as Zeus, ca.
1686, by Pierre Granier, who added the upraised right arm brandishing the thunderbolt.
Marble, middle 2nd century CE. Formerly in the 'Allée Royale', (Tapis Vert) in
the Gardens of Versailles, now conserved in the Louvre Museum (Official on-line catalog)
2. ^ Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia, The Book People, Haydock, 1995, p. 215.
3. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "Zeus, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1921.
4. ^ Zeus in the American Heritage Dictionary
5. ^ In classical Attic Greek.
6. ^ Thomas Berry (1996). Religions of India: Hinduism, Yoga, Buddhism. Columbia
University Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-231-10781-5.
7. ^ T. N. Madan (2003). The Hinduism Omnibus. Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-
0-19-566411-9.
8. ^ Sukumari Bhattacharji (2015). The Indian Theogony. Cambridge University Press.
pp. 280–281.
9. ^ Jump up to:a b Hamilton, Edith (1942). Mythology (1998 ed.). New York: Back Bay
Books. p. 467. ISBN 978-0-316-34114-1.
10. ^ Homer, Il., Book V.
11. ^ Plato, Symp., 180e.
12. ^ There are two major conflicting stories for Aphrodite's
origins: Hesiod's Theogony claims that she was born from the foam of the sea after
Cronos castrated Uranus, making her Uranus's daughter but Homer's Iliad has Aphrodite
as the daughter of Zeus and Dione.[10] A speaker in Plato's Symposium offers that they
were separate figures: Aphrodite Ourania and Aphrodite Pandemos.[11]
13. ^ Homeric Hymns.
14. ^ Hesiod, Theogony.
15. ^ Burkert, Greek Religion.
16. ^ See, e.g., Homer, Il., I.503 & 533.
17. ^ Pausanias, 2.24.2.
18. ^ Νεφεληγερέτα. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at
the Perseus Project.
19. ^ Laërtius, Diogenes (1972) [1925]. "1.11". In Hicks, R.D. (ed.). Lives of Eminent
Philosophers. "1.11". Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers (in Greek).
20. ^ Jump up to:a b "Zeus". American Heritage Dictionary. Retrieved 2006-07-03.
21. ^ R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 499.
22. ^ Harper, Douglas. "Jupiter". Online Etymology Dictionary.
23. ^ Burkert (1985). Greek Religion. p. 321. ISBN 0-674-36280-2.
24. ^ "The Linear B word di-we". "The Linear B word di-wo". Palaeolexicon. Word study tool
of Ancient languages.
25. ^ "Plato's Cratylus," by Plato, ed. by David Sedley, Cambridge University Press, 6 Nov
2003, p.91
26. ^ Jevons, Frank Byron (1903). "The Makers of Hellas".
27. ^ Joseph, John Earl (2000). Limiting the Arbitrary. ISBN 1556197497.
28. ^ "Greek and Roman Mythology.". Mythology: Myths, Legends, & Fantasy. Sweet Water
Press. 2003. p. 21. ISBN 9781468265903.
29. ^ "Greek Gods". AllAboutHistory.org. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
30. ^ Leeming, David (2004). Flood | The Oxford Companion to World Mythology. Oxford
University Press. ISBN 9780195156690. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
31. ^ "The Gods in the Iliad". department.monm.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
32. ^ Homer (1990). The Iliad. South Africa: Penguin Classics.
33. ^ Iliad, Book 14, line 294
34. ^ Theogony 886–900.
35. ^ Theogony 901–911.
36. ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 155
37. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s. v. Ōlenos
38. ^ Pseudo-Clement, Recognitions 10.22]
39. ^ according to Musaeus as cited Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 3.467
40. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Pseudo-Clement, Recognitions 10.21-23
41. ^ Cicero. De Natura Deorum, 3.16
42. ^ Athenaeus. Deipnosophists, 9.392
43. ^ daughter of Lesbus
44. ^ Cicero, De Natura Deorum 3.59
45. ^ Scholiast on Pindar, Pythian Odes 3.177; Hesychius
46. ^ Natalis Comes, Mythologiae viii.23
47. ^ Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 3.13.5
48. ^ Jump up to:a b Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica 6.1.9
49. ^ Scholia on Iliad, 2. 511
50. ^ Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 2.904-906
51. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s. v. Dōdōne, with a reference to Acestodorus
52. ^ Hymn 30.6, as cited by Graf and Johnston, Ritual Texts, pp. 123–124 (Hymn 29 in the
translation of Thomas Taylor).
53. ^ daughter of Geneanus as cited in Pseudo-Clement, Recognitions 10.21-23
54. ^ Jump up to:a b Tzetzes on Lycophron, 1206
55. ^ Jump up to:a b Murray, John (1833). A Classical Manual, being a Mythological, Historical
and Geographical Commentary on Pope's Homer, and Dryden's Aeneid of Virgil with a
Copious Index. Albemarle Street, London. p. 8.
56. ^ Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 5.205
57. ^ Photios (1824). "190.489R". In Bekker, August Immanuel (ed.). Myriobiblon (in Greek).
Tomus alter. Berlin: Ge. Reimer. p. 152a. At the Internet
Archive. "190.152a" (PDF). Myriobiblon (in Greek). InterregΔρόμοι της πίστης – Ψηφιακή
Πατρολογία. 2006. p. 163. At khazarzar.skeptik.net.
58. ^ Ptolemy Hephaestion Book 6
59. ^ Scholia on Pindar, Olympian Ode 9, 107
60. ^ Eleutheria is the Greek counterpart of Libertas (Liberty), daughter of Jove (Zeus) and
Juno (Hera) as cited in Hyginus, Fabulae Preface
61. ^ Cicero, De Natura Deorum 3.16.42
62. ^ daughter of Peneus
63. ^ Ioannes Lydus, De Mensibus i.13
64. ^ Jump up to:a b Pseudo-Clement, Recognitions 10.21
65. ^ Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 6.48ff., 6.651ff
66. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium s. v. Krētē
67. ^ Murray, John (1833). A Classical Manual, being a Mythological, Historical and
Geographical Commentary on Pope's Homer, and Dryden's Aeneid of Virgil with a
Copious Index. Albemarle Street, London. pp. 5–6.
68. ^ daughter of Proteus
69. ^ daughter of Alphionis (Alpheus)
70. ^ John Lydus, De mensibus 4.67
71. ^ Cicero, De Natura Deorum 3.21-23
72. ^ Hesiod, Ehoiai fr. 3 as cited in Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Thematibus, 2 (p. 86
sq. Pertusi)
73. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s. v. Tainaros
74. ^ Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica 5.81.4
75. ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 195 in which Orion was produced from a bull's hide urinated by three
gods, Zeus, Poseidon and Hermes
76. ^ The bust below the base of the neck is eighteenth century. The head, which is roughly
worked at back and must have occupied a niche, was found at Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli and
 donated to the British Museum by John Thomas Barber Beaumont in 1836. BM 1516.
(British Museum, A Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman
Antiquities, 1904).
77. ^ Homer, Iliad i. 202, ii. 157, 375, &c.
78. ^ Pindar, Isthmian Odes iv. 99
79. ^ Hyginus, Poetical Astronomy ii. 13
80. ^ Spanh. ad Callim. hymn. in Jov, 49
81. ^ Schmitz, Leonhard (1867). "Aegiduchos". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek
and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. I. Boston. p. 26.
82. ^ Strab. xii. p. 574
83. ^ Libanius (2000). Antioch as a Centre of Hellenic Culture as Observed by Libanius.
Translated with an introduction by A.F. Norman. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
p. 23. ISBN 0-85323-595-3.
84. ^ Δικταῖος in Liddell and Scott.
85. ^ Jump up to:a b Cook, Arthur Bernard (1914), Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, I: Zeus
God of the Bright Sky, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 549&nbsp, ff..
86. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Gaza" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert
Appleton Company.; Johannes Hahn: Gewalt und religiöser Konflikt; The Holy Land and
the Bible
87. ^ Durant, The Life of Greece (The Story of Civilization Part II, New York: Simon &
Schuster) 1939:23.
88. ^ Rodney Castleden, Minoans: Life in Bronze-Age Crete, "The Minoan belief-system"
(Routledge) 1990:125
89. ^ Pointed out by Bernard Clive Dietrich, The Origins of Greek Religion (de Gruyter)
1973:15.
90. ^ A.B. Cook, Zeus Cambridge University Press, 1914, I, figs 397, 398.
91. ^ Dietrich 1973, noting Martin P. Nilsson, Minoan-Mycenaean Religion, and Its Survival in
Greek Religion 1950:551 and notes.
92. ^ "Professor Stylianos Alexiou reminds us that there were other divine boys who survived
from the religion of the pre-Hellenic period — Linos, Ploutosand Dionysos — so not all
the young male deities we see depicted in Minoan works of art are necessarily
Velchanos" (Castleden 1990:125
93. ^ Richard Wyatt Hutchinson, Prehistoric Crete, (Harmondsworth: Penguin) 1968:204,
mentions that there is no classical reference to the death of Zeus (noted by Dietrich
1973:16 note 78).
94. ^ "This annually reborn god of vegetation also experienced the other parts of the
vegetation cycle: holy marriage and annual death when he was thought to disappear from
the earth" (Dietrich 1973:15).
95. ^ In the founding myth of Lycaon's banquet for the gods that included the flesh of a
human sacrifice, perhaps one of his sons, Nyctimus or Arcas. Zeus overturned the table
and struck the house of Lyceus with a thunderbolt; his patronage at the Lykaia can have
been little more than a formula.
96. ^ A morphological connection to lyke "brightness" may be merely fortuitous.
97. ^ Modern archaeologists have found no trace of human remains among the sacrificial
detritus, Walter Burkert, "Lykaia and Lykaion", Homo Necans, tr. by Peter Bing (University
of California) 1983, p. 90.
98. ^ Pausanias 8.38.
99. ^ Republic 565d-e
100. ^ A. B. Cook (1914), Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, Vol. I, p.63, Cambridge
University Press
101. ^ Strabo, Geography, book 14, chapter 1.42
102. ^ Schol. ad Pind. Ol. vi. 162
103. ^ Hesiod, according to a scholium on Apollonius of Rhodes. Argonautika, ii. 297
104. ^ Odyssey 14.326-7
105. ^ Pausanias 3.18.
106. ^ "In the art of Gandhara Zeus became the inseparable companion of the Buddha
as Vajrapani." in Freedom, Progress, and Society, K. Satchidananda Murty, R.
Balasubramanian, Sibajiban Bhattacharyya, Motilal Banarsidass Publishe, 1986, p. 97
107. ^ 2 Maccabees 6:2
 108. ^ David Syme Russel. Daniel. (Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox
Press, 1981) 191.
109. ^ Sick, David H. (2004), "Mit(h)ra(s) and the Myths of the Sun", Numen, 51 (4):
432–467, JSTOR 3270454
110. ^ Ljuba Merlina Bortolani, Magical Hymns from Roman Egypt: A Study of Greek
and Egyptian Traditions of Divinity, Cambridge University Press, 13/10/2016
111. ^ West, Martin Litchfield (2007). Indo-European Poetry and Myth (PDF). Oxford,
England: Oxford University Press. pp. 194–196. ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9. Retrieved 7
May 2017.
112. ^ Karl Kerenyi, The Gods of the Greeks 1951:110.
113. ^ In Fourth Tractate 'Problems of the Soul' The Demiurge is identified as
Zeus.10. "When under the name of Zeus we are considering the Demiurge we must leave
out all notions of stage and progress, and recognize one unchanging and timeless life."
114. ^ The translation of Hermes
115. ^ The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia, edited by J. Orr, 1960, Vol. III,
p. 1944.
116. ^ "The Second Book of the Maccabees".
117. ^ A Point of View: The euro's strange stories, BBC, retrieved 20/11/2011
118. ^ Rochim, Fatchur (8 November 2011). "Ini Dia Aktor-Aktor Yang Pernah
Memerankan Dewa Zeus". KapanLagi (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 January 2019.
119. ^ "Zei, semizei, eroi..." Cinemagia (in Romanian). 24 July 2014. Retrieved 25
January 2019.
120. ^ Piantadosi, Roger (30 March 2016). "Angus Macfadyen, 'Unhinged' in
Virginia". Rapp News. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
121. ^ Canby, Vincent (12 June 1981). "'CLASH OF TITANS' WITH OLIVIER AS
ZEUS". NY Times. The New York Times Company. p. 6. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
122. ^ "From Schindler to Zeus". Telegraph India. Telegraph. 13 April 2010.
Retrieved 25 January 2019.
123. ^ Dittman, Earl (27 June 2012). "Liam Neeson digs playing a god in 'Wrath Of
The Titans'". Digital Journal. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
124. ^ Wigler, Josh (12 August 2010). "Liam Neeson Returns As Zeus For 'Wrath Of
The Titans'". MTV News. MTV. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
125. ^ Becker, Josh (1 May 2008). Rushes. Wildside Press LLC.
p. 145. ISBN 9780809573004.
126. ^ Lipp, Chaz (21 August 2014). "Blu-ray Review: Disney's Hercules (1997)". The
Morton Report. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
127. ^ Fermin, Margret (23 April 2018). "God of War Cast – Who Are The Voice Actors
(2018)?". PlayStation Universe. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
128. ^ Radcliffe, Noam (31 December 2018). "Kingdom Hearts 3 English Voice Actors:
Who Are They?". DBLTAP. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
129. ^ Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2011
130. ^ This chart is based upon Hesiod's Theogony, unless otherwise noted.
131. ^ According to Homer, Iliad 1.570–579, 14.338, Odyssey 8.312, Hephaestus was
apparently the son of Hera and Zeus, see Gantz, p. 74.
132. ^ According to Hesiod, Theogony 927–929, Hephaestus was produced by Hera
alone, with no father, see Gantz, p. 74.
133. ^ According to Hesiod's Theogony, of Zeus' children by his seven wives, Athena
was the first to be conceived; Zeus impregnated Metis then swallowed her (886–890),
later after mentioning the birth of his other children, Hesiod says that Zeus himself gave
birth to Athena "from his head" (924–926), see Gantz, pp. 51–52, 83–84.
134. ^ According to Hesiod, Theogony 183–200, Aphrodite was born from Uranus'
severed genitals, see Gantz, pp. 99–100.
135. ^ According to Homer, Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus
(Iliad 3.374, 20.105; Odyssey 8.308, 320) and Dione (Iliad 5.370–71), see Gantz, pp. 99–
100.

References
 Burkert, Walter, (1977) 1985. Greek Religion, especially section III.ii.1 (Harvard University
Press)
 Cook, Arthur Bernard, Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, (3 volume set), (1914–1925). New
York, Bibilo & Tannen: 1964.
o Volume 1: Zeus, God of the Bright Sky, Biblo-Moser, June 1, 1964, ISBN 0-8196-0148-
9 (reprint)
o Volume 2: Zeus, God of the Dark Sky (Thunder and Lightning), Biblo-Moser, June 1,
1964, ISBN 0-8196-0156-X
o Volume 3: Zeus, God of the Dark Sky (earthquakes, clouds, wind, dew, rain, meteorites)
 Druon, Maurice, The Memoirs of Zeus, 1964, Charles Scribner's and Sons. (tr. Humphrey
Hare)
 Farnell, Lewis Richard, Cults of the Greek States 5 vols. Oxford; Clarendon 1896–1909. Still
the standard reference.
 Farnell, Lewis Richard, Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality, 1921.
 Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1996, Two volumes: ISBN 978-0-8018-5360-9(Vol. 1), ISBN 978-0-8018-
5362-3 (Vol. 2).
 Graves, Robert; The Greek Myths, Penguin Books Ltd. (1960 edition)
 Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh
G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William
Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes.
Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd.
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 Homer; The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes.
Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd.
1919. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Mitford, William, The History of Greece, 1784. Cf. v.1, Chapter II, Religion of the Early Greeks
 Moore, Clifford H., The Religious Thought of the Greeks, 1916.
 Nilsson, Martin P., Greek Popular Religion, 1940.
 Nilsson, Martin P., History of Greek Religion, 1949.
 Rohde, Erwin, Psyche: The Cult of Souls and Belief in Immortality among the Greeks, 1925.
 Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology,
1870, Ancientlibrary.com, William Smith, Dictionary: "Zeus" Ancientlibrary.com