Common personality traits include: 3.

The superego is “the moral component of personality that incorporates

social standards about what represents right and wrong”.
 honest
 moody Psychosocial Developmental Model Eight stages through which a healthily
 Impulsive developing human should pass from infancy to late adulthood in each stage
 friendly the person confronts, and hopefully masters, new challenges.

Psychodynamic Perspectives
Psychodynamic theories consist of a group of theories that view personality
and behavior in terms of the dynamics of driving forces of personality and
development such as desires, anxieties, and defenses.
Well known psychodynamic theorists include:
– Freud
– Erikson
Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory Based on three main assumptions:
1. Personality is governed by unconscious forces that we cannot control.
2. Childhood experiences play a significant role in determining adult
personality.
3. Personality is shaped by the manner in which children cope with sexual
urges.
Freud argued that personality is divided into three structures:
1.The id is “ the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates
according to the pleasure principle”.
2.The ego is “the decision-making component of personality that operates
according to the reality principle”.
To Erikson, identity refers to having a relatively clear and stable sense of
which one is in the larger society.
Trust vs. Mistrust
From birth to 12 months of age, infants must learn that adults can be trusted.
This occurs when adults meet a child’s basic needs for survival. Infants are
dependent upon their caregivers, so caregivers who are responsive and
sensitive to their infant’s needs help their baby to develop a sense of trust;
their baby will see the world as a safe, predictable place. Unresponsive
caregivers who do not meet their baby’s needs can engender feelings
of anxiety, fear, and mistrust; their baby may see the world as unpredictable.
If infants are treated cruelly or their needs are not met appropriately, they will
likely grow up with a sense of mistrust for people in the world.
Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
As toddlers (ages 1–3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they
can control their actions and act on their environment to get results. They
begin to show clear preferences for certain elements of the environment, such
as food, toys, and clothing. A toddler’s main task is to resolve the issue
of autonomy vs. shame and doubt by working to establish independence. This
is the “me do it” stage.
Initiative vs. Guilt
Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3–6 years), they are capable of
initiating activities and asserting control over their world through social
interactions and play. According to Erikson, preschool children must resolve
the task of initiative vs. guilt.By learning to plan and achieve goals while
interacting with others, preschool children can master this task. Initiative, a
sense of ambition and responsibility, occurs when parents allow a child to
explore within limits and then support the child’s choice. These children will
develop self-confidence and feel a sense of purpose. Those who are
unsuccessful at this stage—with their initiative misfiring or stifled by over-
controlling parents—may develop feelings of guilt.
Industry vs. Inferiority
During the elementary school stage (ages 6–12), children face the task
of industry vs. inferiority. Children begin to compare themselves with their
peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of pride and
accomplishment in their schoolwork, sports, social activities, and family life,
or they feel inferior and inadequate because they feel that they don’t measure
up. If children do not learn to get along with others or have negative
experiences at home or with peers, an inferiority complex might develop
into adolescence and adulthood.
Identity vs. Role Confusion
In adolescence (ages 12–18), children face the task of identity vs. role
confusion. According to Erikson, an adolescent’s main task is developing a
sense of self. Adolescents struggle with questions such as “Who am I?” and
“What do I want to do with my life?” Along the way, most adolescents try on
many different selves to see which ones fit; they explore various roles and
ideas, set goals, and attempt to discover their “adult” selves. Adolescents who
are successful at this stage have a strong sense of identity and are able to
remain true to their beliefs and values in the face of problemsand other
people’s perspectives. When adolescents are apathetic, do not make a
conscious search for identity, or are pressured to conform to their parents’
ideas for the future, they may develop a weak sense of self and experience
role confusion. They will be unsure of their identity and confused about the
future. Teenagers who struggle to adopt a positive role will likely struggle to
“find” themselves as adults.
Intimacy vs. Isolation
People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are concerned with intimacy
vs. isolation. After we have developed a sense of self in adolescence, we are
ready to share our life with others. However, if other stages have not been
successfully resolved, young adults may have trouble developing and
maintaining successful relationships with others.. Adults who do not develop a
positive self-concept in adolescence may experience feelings of loneliness
and emotional isolation.
Generativity vs. Stagnation
When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood,
which extends to the mid-60s. The social task of middle adulthood
is generativity vs. stagnation. Generativity involves finding your life’s work
and contributing to the development of others through activities such as
volunteering, mentoring, and raising children; they also engage in meaningful
and productive work which contributes positively to society. Those who do
not master this task may experience stagnation and feel as though they are not
leaving a mark on the world in a meaningful way; they may have little
connection with others and little interest in productivity and self-
improvement.
Integrity vs. Despair
Integrity vs. Despair
From the mid-60s to the end of life, we are in the period of development
known as late adulthood. Erikson’s task at this stage is called integrity vs.
despair. People who feel proud of their accomplishments feel a sense of
integrity, and they can look back on their lives with few regrets. However,
people who are not successful at this stage may feel as if their life has been
wasted. They focus on what “would have,” “should have,” and “could have”
been. They face the end of their lives with feelings of bitterness, depression,
and despair.
Aspects of Personality
GOOD GROOMING
Good grooming means practicing good hygiene techniques. Good grooming
includes showering and having neat hair and clean, trimmed fingernails. Good
grooming also includes having brushed teeth and clean clothes.
Certain people often evaluate others based on their grooming habits. Potential
employers look more favorably on people who are well-groomed because
good grooming suggests the interviewee is meticulous and organized. Poor
grooming, on the other hand, is sometimes interpreted as a sign of laziness.
Therefore, it is important for interviewees to come to interviews well-
groomed and in appropriate business attire.
Psychologists also evaluate a patient's grooming. For example, having
unkempt clothes and hair is a sign of depression, while scars on the back of
the hand suggest eating disorders like bulimia. Overall, being well-groomed is
often interpreted as a marker of self-confidence and self-worth.
It is important to like what you wear and the way you look, it is more
important to understand why or why not and specifically how this affects you,
others and your life and the achievement of your goals.
1. YOUR CLOTHING AND GROOMING AFFECT THE WAY YOU
THINK: When you appear authentic, attractive and appropriate, you think
more positively about yourself, your situation and others.
2. YOUR CLOTHING AND GROOMING AFFECT THE WAY YOU
FEEL: A positive personal appearance is a fast, effective way to boost self-
confidence and overcome anxiety regarding ability or acceptance.
3. YOUR CLOTHING AND GROOMING AFFECT THE WAY YOU ACT
OR BEHAVE: A positive personal appearance is one of the most effective
4.
ways to improve behaviour and enhance performance level or productivity.
YOUR CLOTHING AND GROOMING AFFECT THE WAY OTHERS
REACT AND RESPOND TO YOU: Your appearance makes a strong
statement about your personality, values, attitudes, interests, knowledge,
abilities, roles, and goals
GOOD POSTURE
What is posture?
Posture is the position in which we hold our bodies while standing, sitting, or
lying down. Good posture is the correct alignment of body parts supported by
the right amount of muscle tension against gravity.
ATTIRE
Personality development helps in the overall development of an individual.
An individual’s style of dressing plays an important role in enhancing his/her
personality. It is rightly said that “a man is known by his dress and
address”. An individual’s dressing sense speaks volumes of his character
and personality.
You really need to know what you are wearing. Do not wear something just
because everyone else is wearing the same. Find out whether the dress would
look good on you or not? One needs to be extremely careful of his/her body
type, built, weight, complexion and even family background, nature of work,
climate while selecting clothes.
Dress according to the occasion. One needs to look good for an impressive
personality. Clothes reflect who you are, how you feel at the moment and
sometimes even what you want to achieve in life?
Always remember whatever you wear should reflect the real you.
Never wear tight fitting or body hugging clothes. Be very particular about
the fit of the dress. A person on the heavier side of normal weight would look
slim in a black long outfit whereas a lean individual would look good in puff
sleeves and flair dresses.
Make sure whatever you are wearing is neat and tidy. Do Clothes must be
properly ironed. Polish your shoes before stepping out.
BAD HABITS
13 Bad Habits You Need to Quit Right Away
Like it or not, bad habits are bad for you — mentally, physically, emotionally
and even socially in some cases. While some bad habits are harder to quit than
others, it doesn’t change the fact that you need to get rid of them. Here are 13
bad habits to quit right away:
1. Stress Eating
I used to be a serious stress eater. I would eat whenever I felt unhappy,
stressed, disappointed, anxious, or even… happy! My eating had nothing to do
with being hungry, and everything to do with using food to fill my emotional
voids.
2. Nail Biting
Not only is nail biting unhygienic, it is also socially repelling, leads to dental
problems,[1] potentially cause stomach problems,[2] People who bite their nails
tend to have shorter nails than the average person; their nail plates
also experience scarring and may eventually become absent.
3. Hanging out with Naysayers
We all know these people — people who play devil’s advocate to every idea
you have and every goal you want to pursue. We are already our greatest self-
critics, so it doesn’t help when there’s someone beside us, ever ready to
pounce on what we say and tear it down.
4. Being with People Who Don’t Appreciate You
Haven’t all of us been in this situation before? Trying to please people who
don’t appreciate us? Bending over backwards to be there for people when they
are never there for us?
While we give without expectations of return, we need to draw a line with
people who don’t value us because these people damage our souls.
Stop spending time with people who don’t appreciate you, and spend more
time with people who do instead.
5. Smoking
Smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable death globally.[4]

In just the United States alone, about 500,000 deaths are attributed to
smoking-related diseases annually. A recent study estimated that as much as
one-third of China’s male population will have significantly shortened life-
spans due to smoking! Gender-wise, male and female smokers lose an average
of 13.2 and 14.5 years of life respectively — that’s over a decade of life right
there.

6. Excessive Drinking

All of us know that drinking too much alcohol is bad for us, but do you know
how bad it really is?
According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism,
drinking too much — be it on a single occasion or over time — can seriously
damage your health:[7]
 Brain problems: Alcohol interferes with the brain’s communication
pathways, making it harder to think clearly and move with
coordination.
 Heart diseases: Cardiomyopathy – Stretching and drooping of heart
muscle, – Irregular heart beat, stroke, high blood pressure
 Liver diseases: Steatosis or fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis,
 Pancreas problems: Pancreatitis, a dangerous inflammation and
swelling of the blood vessels in the pancreas that prevents proper
digestion.
 Different types of cancer: Mouth, esophagus, throat, liver, breast
7. Eating Junk Food
Junk food — they are everywhere in our society today. From McDonald’s, to
KFC, to Burger King, to 24-hour takeouts, junk food such as fries, highly
processed burgers and sodas has become a staple in our society today.
8. Eating Too Much Red Meat
There has been conclusive evidence that consumption of red meat increases
the risk of colorectal cancer; and suggestive evidence that it increases the risk,
lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and endometrial cancer.
9. Watching Too Much TV
I stopped watching TV since eight years ago and I have never regretted it.
Every once in a while I will switch on the telly to see what is on, and then I
will switch it off because it’s just the same boring shtick over and over again.
Watching TV, particularly well-written dramas, can be a good way to unwind.
However, remember that TV isn’t your life.
Spending three hours every night watching TV will not change your life for
the better. Rather, using that time to reflect on your life, take stock, and take
action on your goals will.
10. Being Late
Not only is being late being rude to others, it also means that you’re always
rushing from one place to another, playing catch up in your agenda, and
having to apologize to every person you meet.
Stop being late and not being punctual, but practice being early instead.
Target to arrive 15 minutes earlier before any appointment and bring along
something to do in those 15 minutes (or longer if the other person turns out to
be late). Then you can stop playing catch up and stay ahead in life.
11. Being in Bad Relationships
Are you always dating the wrong guys/girls? Do you end up with jerks all the
time? Well, you may not be able to stop yourself from meeting bad partners
but you can certainly stop yourself from furthering contact with them,
spending time with them, or even… entering into a relationship with them.
12. Leaving Things to the Last Minute
Burning the midnight oil isn’t fun — it’s exhausting.
Those of you who got through college by burning the midnight oil would have
learned this the hard way. Not only is it damaging for your body, it is also
mentally draining as you’re constantly in a hyper-tense mode, feeling anxious
about whether you can finish your work on time.
Start today on a new note. Rather than react to your deadlines, be proactive
about them by planning ahead, identifying what needs to be done for the
week, and getting things done in advance.
13. Focusing on the Negatives
In every situation, there are two ways you can react: zoom down to the
problem areas and crib about how things aren’t the way you want, or celebrate
the areas that are going well and work on making everything better.
Many of us see the importance of doing the latter but in practice, we do the
former. Why though? Criticizing and focusing on the negatives is easy but it
doesn’t empower nor inspire us to be better.
Make a change — for every negative encounter you run into, I challenge you
to identify three things that are good about it. Practice doing this for one week,
and by the end of the week you’ll find that your first instinct is to think
positive, not negative.
SOCIAL GRACES
No matter how wealthy, attractive or powerful you are, according to the
authors of "Better than Beauty: A Guide to Charm," none of these will
redeem you from the unflattering label of being boorish, rude or insensitive
to the feelings of others. While the practice of good manners has dismally
diminished with the rise of technology and the dissolution of traditional
families, a polite and refined demeanor is still an attribute appreciated in
social and business situations.
Courtesy and Respect
Socially correct behavior is all about observing The Golden Rule you
learned in childhood -- treating others the way you want to be treated. This
means acknowledging their presence with a pleasant greeting, always
remembering to say "please" and "thank you," respecting their privacy,
opinions and possessions, and being a thoughtful and considerate guest,
whether it is for a dinner or a weekend stay. Opening doors, giving up your
seat on public transportation or simply lending a helpful hand to someone in
need without anyone asking are all demonstrations of proper manners. To
this etiquette list is added the necessity of giving others your undivided
attention by not texting, taking or making cell phone calls, or reading a book
while they're trying to interact with you.
Conversations
Just because you have many things to say doesn't mean you're entitled to
dominate every conversation, constantly interrupt others when they're
talking, or engage in loud, abrasive arguments if someone disagrees with
you. If you are a socially refined person, you understand why you have one
mouth and two ears and use them accordingly to encourage others, keep an
open mind, and practice discretion.
Gratitude
Everyone likes to know they are appreciated for kindnesses they have
performed, writes Peggy Post, author of "Emily Post's Etiquette." Whether
it's a card, a present or a favor, there's no excuse for not taking the time to
express what it meant to you. In an earlier era, this was by way of a
handwritten note. The advent of technology, however, has reduced this
simple courtesy to emails, voice mails, text messages or, sadly, no "thank
you" at all. No matter how busy you are, keep in mind it will probably take
you less time to compose a thoughtful response than it took your recipient to
do the kind deed initially.