Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Introduction
into mechanical energy or vice versa. The energy stored by a fluid mass appears
using liquid (mainly water, for almost all practical purposes) are termed as
hydraulic machines. In this chapter we shall discuss, in general, the basic fluid
mechanical principle governing the energy transfer in a fluid machine and also a
performances.
through installed pumps and pipe lines. Before water is provided to a specific
area, it undergoes a process called sanitation to ensure that the quality of water
received is safe for human consumption. The Philippines’ water supply system
dates back to 1946 after the country achieved its independence. Government
The Philippines’ main sources of water are rivers, lakes, river basins, and
discharges approximately 53, 943 million cubic meters of water annually. Its
1
groundwater reserves are 47, 895 million cubic meters replenished by rainfall
and seepage from rivers and lakes. The lakes are utilized mainly for fish
Luzon, Agusan, and Cotabato. There are 438 major dams and 423 smaller dams.
Dams and reservoirs are mainly used for: water storage, water supply, irrigation,
The Manila metropolitan area water is mostly supplied by the Angat Dam,
Ipo Dam, and La Mesa Dam (also known as Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system).
Some of the well known and larger dams in rural areas are: Ambuklao Dam,
developed for flood control, irrigation, and hydroelectric power source of Baguio
and some places in Luzon; and Magat Dam, a major source of irrigation water
water safe enough for drinking and food preparation. Globally, in 2012, 89% of
people had access to water suitable for drinking. Nearly 4 billion had access to
tap water while another 2.3 billion had access to wells or public taps. 1.8 billion
people still use an unsafe drinking water source which may be contaminated by
feces. This can result in infectious diarrhea such as cholera and typhoid among
others.
conditions. It is estimated that the average American drinks about one litre of
2
water a day with 95% drinking less than three liters per day. For those working in
a hot climate, up to 16 liters a day may be required. Water makes up about 60%
of weight in men and 55% of weight in women. Infants are about 70% to 80%
food preparation. Other typical uses include washing, toilets, and irrigation.
Greywater may also be used for toilets or irrigation. Its use for irrigation however
may be associated with risks. Water may also be unacceptable due to levels of
Bottled water is sold for public consumption in most parts of the world. The word
potable came into English from the Late Latinpotabilis, meaning drinkable.
3
1.1 Statement of the problem
system at Ilaya proper, Ambulong, Batangas City. This also intends to investigate
the benefits of a water supply system in commercial and industrial use and to
1. The technical specifications and design for the different components of the
water?
4
1.2 Objectives of the Design
water supply system in the Ilaya Proper, Ambulong Batangas City on its rated
capacity which is capable of supplying the required load based on the demand of
particular consumers.
5
1.3 Importance of the Design
following:
ideas about the water supply system and for them to be able to construct and
To the researcher, with this study, they will be more familiar to the entire
operations of the water supply. They will be more proverbial with the
research.
To the future researchers, who will encounter the same scenario in their
future years for them to make this research as their basis of doing their
research. This is their opportunity to apply the knowledge that they acquired
6
1.4 Scope of the design
The research is conducted for building propose potable water supply that can
researchers should use only the enough tank elevation and size that can supply
the residence to have a profitable proposal. It must have the right size of pipe for
the company to avoid the damage of the pipe that can cause an inconvenience to
the residence. No other pumps should be use rather than centrifugal pump for
the study.
7
1.5 Methodology of the design
determining the water system parameters. Presented are housing lay out,
water piping lay- out, and water tank lay out that pertain to its operation. The
obtaining the load, the different factors for determining the water system
water capacity. Previous subjects taken in this course with relevance to the
potable water system supply will be used in the design calculations. The
system supply.
Type of Pump: Centrifugal Pump (One Operating Unit and One Standby
Unit)
8
Pump Drive: Electric Motor
5:00pm – 8pm
Design Aspect
I. Market Aspect
A. Area Description
2. Population
3. Socio Economic
3. Demand Variation
9
II. Technical Aspect
A. Pumping System
3. Pump specification
B. Distillation System
C. Storage System
1. Tank capacity
3. Tank elevation
D. Plans layout
1 .Location
10
MAXIMUM DAY DEMAND
for
Water Unaccounted for= 20% of the total Average Day Demand (Industrial
Standard)
POPULATION PROJECTION
P2= P1 (1+GR)n
Reynold’s Number
𝜌𝑉𝐷𝑖
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑢
Relative Roughness
e
ε=
Di
11
Head loss at the suction line
𝐿 𝑉2
HLS = 𝑓 𝐷 2𝑔
𝐿 𝑉2
HLD = 𝑓 𝐷 2𝑔
𝑁√𝑄
Ns= 51.65523641𝐻(0.75)
12
-range of specific speed is between 4500 to 8000 rpm.
reliability of the available supply could be considered the overriding criteria. With
the absence of it, the water supply system cannot be considered viable. These,
Adequacy Legality
Quality Politics
Cost
categories:
(1) Surface,
13
(2) Underground,
(3) Atmospheric,
water, with brief description of each. A total of 21 kinds of sources of water are
identified. Similarly, criteria needed for selection of source(s) of water for the
water supply systems are divided into the five major categories. They are:
(1) criteria which characterize the source(s) of water and water itself,
systems,
source(s).
with their brief description. A total of 15 criteria are identified. The principles of
the application of criteria to selection of the source(s) of water for water supply
systems are reviewed in the third part of the text. The last part of this text treats
14
1.6 Definition of terms
The terminologies associated with water systems are very specialized and
researchers have defined some terms present all throughout the paper.
as follows:
flow.
Check valves- are mechanical valves that permit gases and liquids to flow in
Fire Hydrant- is a connection point by which firefighters can tap into a water
4500 rpm.
Gate Valve- also known as a sluice valve, is a valve that opens by lifting a
15
Hydraulic motor- is a mechanical actuator that converts hydraulic pressure
and flow into torque and angular displacement (rotation). The hydraulic motor
8000 rpm.
relates the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor fD, Reynolds number Re, and
relative roughness for fully developed flow in a circular pipe. It can be used for
Peak factor- an important aspect associated with the sizing of pipe and
installed for the distribution of potable water for drinking, heating and
Propeller- type impeller (Axial flow type) pump- range of specific speed is
rpm.
diameter or e/D, and this value is used in the calculation of the pipe friction
16
Reynolds number- is a dimensionless quantity that is used to help predict
similar flow patterns in different fluid flow situations. The concept was
1883.
filter out solid debris in the water system. Different varieties are used in
strainer elements are generally made from stainless steel for corrosion
resistance.
Suction line- is a pipe, hose, or tube that delivers a fluid to the suction or
Tap water- (running water, city water, municipal water, etc.) is water supplied
to a tap (valve). Its uses include drinking, washing, cooking, and the flushing
of toilets. Indoor tap water is distributed through "indoor plumbing", which has
Total Dynamic Head (TDH) - is the total equivalent height that a fluid is to be
pumped, taking into account friction losses in the pipe. TDH = Static Height +
Valve- is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases,
17
various passageways. Valves are technically fittings, but are usually
from higher pressure to lower pressure. The word is derived from the Latin
valva, the moving part of a door, in turn from volvere, to turn, roll.
Water District- is a utility that is legally and financially separate from the
municipality.
the requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or
18
Water resources- are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful.
potable water, and to provide emergency storage for fire protection. Water
reservoirs, which store treated water close to where it will be used. [2] Other
types of water towers may only store raw (non-potable) water for fire
well water is drawn by a pump, or using containers, such as buckets, that are
19
CHAPTER II
the internet, books and other reference materials. This will serve as basis and
Design Considerations
are extremely important. This dictates that the source of supply should be
selected so that little maintenance for the operational factors will be required to
water supplies such as lakes and rivers, with proper treatments, are by far the
more suitable from the standpoint of adequacy, the use of surface water supply
establishments, but with no manufacturing, and the ability to supply a fire flow of
500 gallons per minute (gpm) for 2 hours. This also means that ground water
sources are suitable only for quite small communities typically found in more rural
water sources typically are limited to the very small communities. This assumes
that a well site or a few well sites use well pumps to supply water directly into the
distribution system after water treatment. Ground water sources can be used to
20
pump water directly into holding basins, small reservoirs, ground-level storage
tanks, or even elevated storage tanks where the amount of treated water in
storage governs both the population served and the available water supply for
fire protection. A southern city, which shall remain nameless, with a population of
approximately 75,000 obtains all its water from well sites and then pumps this
water into storage which then supplies the distribution system upon demand.
However, the price per thousand gallons of finished water is substantially higher
drinking water is a critical requirement of human life. Without it, our continued
existence on earth would be immediately threatened. It is for this reason that the
Goals (MDGs) target that 86.6 percent of the population of countries would have
adequate access to safe drinking water by 2015 (NEDA 2007). For its part, the
(NEDA 2004).
With 2015 in the not too distant future and 2010 only a year away, the
are in terms of our potable water targets will help determine whether our
21
allow us to see whether we should finetune our methods and fast track our efforts
service areas, and the duration of peak flow of a water distribution network.
Johnson (1999) concluded that peak factor tend to increase with a decrease in
constant 1.5 for more than 1,00,000 consumers to as much as 98 for a two
inhabitants in a building and the peak factor as well as between flow and
stated that : Peak factors are greater in smaller water supplies areas”. This is
because smaller coverage areas usually mean less water users. As a result, the
In late 2008 and early 2009, the Philippine Institute for Development
Studies (PIDS) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) conducted a
study on local service delivery (LSD) in the sectors of education, health and
potable water in the Philippines. In the case of potable water, the study reviewed
potable water service delivery nationally and analyzed it in two case study sites:
Dumaguete City in Negros Oriental and the Province of Agusan del Sur in
Mindanao. In particular, the study looked into the current situation of water
service delivery in the Philippines and the two sites, determined its performance
22
relative to national targets and the MDGs, and identified the key issues and
challenges it faces. The end purpose of the water service delivery study was to
In this section, the major national laws, local and national government
agencies and national strategies and programs which on potable water in the
An important law which affects local potable water service delivery in the
Philippines is the 1991 Local Government Code (LGC) which devolves several
Among others, this law mandated the sharing of responsibility of providing local
potable water service among local government units. Specifically, Sec. 17 of the
wells, spring development, rainwater collectors and other water supply systems;
10 Other major national laws which are directly related to potable water in the
23
Philippines are the following:
Authority (NAWASA) and created the Manila Waterworks and Sewerage System
(MWSS). The MWSS is the national agency which is responsible for providing
b) Presidential Decree (PD) 198 or the Provincial Water Utilities Act of 1973
which established water districts and created the Local Water Utilities
water districts;
andmanagement in general;
d) PD 1067 of 1976 or the Water Code of the Philippines which provided the
24
e) RA 9275 or the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 which provided for a
h) EO 279 of 2004 which instituted reforms in the financing policies for the water
supply and sewerage sector and for water service providers. It also transferred
the LWUA to the Office of the President and rationalized its organizational
i) EO 387 of 2004 which transferred the LWUA from the Office of the President to
(DOH).
25
Water Resources
Philippines.
The Philippines’ main sources of water are rivers, lakes, river basins, and
discharges approximately 53, 943 million cubic meters of water annually. Its
groundwater reserves are 47, 895 million cubic meters replenished by rainfall
and seepage from rivers and lakes. The lakes are utilized mainly for fish
Luzon, Agusan, and Cotabato. There are 438 major dams and 423 smaller dams.
Dams and reservoirs are mainly used for: water storage, water supply, irrigation,
The Manila metropolitan area water is mostly supplied by the Angat Dam, Ipo
Dam, and La Mesa Dam (also known as Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system).
26
Some of the well known and larger dams in rural areas are: Ambuklao Dam,
developed for flood control, irrigation, and hydroelectric power source of Baguio
and some places in Luzon; and Magat Dam, a major source of irrigation water
Uses
28.52 billion m³ of water was withdrawn from various sources in the Philippines in
2000: 74% (21.10 billion m³) was used for agricultural purposes, 9% (2.57 billion
m³) for industrial processes, and 17% (4.85 billion m³) for domestic
consumption.[2]
Agricultural
of irrigation. The country has 3.126 million hectares of irrigable land, 50% (1.567
million hectares) of which already has irrigation facilities. 50% of irrigated areas
are developed and operated by the government through the National Irrigation
associations through the Communal Irrigation System, while the remaining 14%
27
Industrial
The use of water for industrial purposes include the "utilization of water in
factories, industrial plants and mines, and the use of water as an ingredient of a
the manufacturing of food and dairy, pulp and chemical products, and textile
materials. These industries are usually found in the National Capital Region,
tons solvent wastes, heavy metals, lubricants, and intractable wastes are
Domestic
who have access to private waterworks). Lower income households pay much
higher water prices than higher income households because of their lack of
28
In 2000, the average water production was 175 liters per day per capita (l/d/c). [7]
consumption of water was 118 l/d/c in 2004. The highest consumption was
exist in the Philippines.[9] Most of them only provide water, while sanitation is still
Level Piped water with a communal water point (e.g. borewell, spring system)
Level Piped water supply with a private water point (e.g. house connection)
III based on a daily water demand of more than 100 liters per person
29
Service providers
According to the Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and
Most households in the Philippines are provided water by their Local Government
(NGOs). In many cases, the CBOs later convert Level I and II facilities into Level
Water Districts
A water district is a utility that is legally and financially separate from the
around 15.3 million people from 861 municipalities in 2011. To form a water
district, the local government needs confirmation from the Local Waterworks and
30
waterworks, from which it will receive technical assistance and financial support.
The local government appoints the board members of the water districts. This
system typically has better performance and higher cost recovery than water
districts and provides training to its members.[15] In 2010, USAID and the ADB
The zones of Metro Manila allocated to Maynilad Water (red) and Manila Water
(blue).
31
In Metro Manila, water service has been carried out by two private
concessionaires since 1997: The Manila Water Company in the East Zone, and
Maynilad Water Services, Inc. in the West Zone. Although national government
has supported private service providers since the 1990s, there are few
arrangements outside of Metro Manila. Joint ventures exist in Tagbilaran City and
in Subic Bay.[17] These private water service providers provide Level III services
A significant share of the population in urban areas receive services from small-
scale independent providers. It was estimated that before privatization in the late
buying water in bulk from water providers to sell it on to individual users.[18] There
32
Benchmarking of water utility models
Quality of supply Level I, II, and III Level III Level III
Availability (hours
19 23 22
per day)
Consumption
per day)
Tariff (Philippine
meter)
33
Urban versus Rural Areas
43% of the Philippines had access to Level III private water service providers in
2010. Access to an improved water source increased from 84% in 1990 to 92%
urban areas (61%) and rural areas (25%). Although overall spending remained
majority uses flush toilets connected to septic tanks. Since sludge treatment and
disposal facilities are rare, most effluents are discharged without treatment.[23]
Within the entire country, septic tanks are the most common method of Sewage
desludging services.
was completed in 2006 in a peri-urban area of Bayawan City which has been
used to resettle families that lived along the coast in informal settlements and
had no access to safe water supply and sanitation facilities. [24] In March 2008,
constructed in Taguig.[25]
34
Economic Aspects
for bringing potable water to the end user. The Basic Charge is based on
the Basic Charge which accounts for fluctuations of the Philippine Peso
adjustment. The FCDA for the second quarter of 2015 is 0.18% of the
Basic Charge.
customers.
meter. The charge changes depending on the size of the water meter. The
35
Value Added Tax
The value added tax (VAT) is charged by the government and accounts to 12%
Other charges
This pertains to charges billed prior to the billing period. This should be settled
service.
Tariffs
The fragmented sector led to different tariff structures and levels according to the
respective management model. The connection fees, which are charged in most
LGU-operated systems In LGUs, tariff levels and structures vary widely. Since
or very low tariffs, although connection fees are common. The costs of providing
36
the service are usually met by local governments. [27] The NWRB in its
benchmarking project had about half of the average tariff of private operators and
than other management models.[26] In order to introduce cost recovery tariffs and
effective regulation, the NWRB issued a primer on tariff setting and regulation in
March 2005. The document provides the basic guidelines of tariff setting. The
manual helps to determine future revenue requirements and to set annual base
well as the guidelines to prepare the required annual report are described in
detail. Furthermore, the document gives advices on tariff structures and water
rate adjustments.
Water Districts
In water districts, tariffs increased notably since 1996. The tariff structure
is similar to the model used in Metro Manila, with an average tariff for the first
10m³ and increasing tariffs for additional consumption.[28] At the end of 2006, the
national average tariff for 30 m³ was US$0.36 per m³, which is more than double
water districts in 2004, which is the highest average tariff of all management
models. The average connection fee was US$55, somewhat lower than among
private operators.[26]
37
Metro Manila
connection fee is charged, which was US$134 in April 2007 in the East Zone [30]
According to the MWSS Regulatory Office, just before privatization, the average
tariff per m³ in Metro Manila was US$0.26. After the concession contracts came
into force in 1997, tariffs dropped to US$0.05 (East Zone) and US$0.12 (West
Zone). In 2006, the average tariff rose to US$0.31 in the East Zone and US$0.43
in the West Zone (all figures converted into real 2006 prices). While the tariff was
highest among private operators, the connection fee was higher within water
districts.
Others
mostly pay more for water. In the capital region, it is a common practice to buy
water from MWSS and resell. In this case, small-scale operators pay a higher
tariff than the residential one and pass the higher cost on to the end-user.[31]
Cost-recovery
The operation ratio (O) of a certain water service provider reflects its cost-
38
where O is the operation cost, C is the total annual cost, and R is the annual
revenue. An operation ratio under 1 means that revenues cover the costs of
operation ratio of more than 1, reflecting a poor operation ratio among majority of
the participating utilities. All the loss-making providers were operated directly by
poor service continuity, low tariffs, and low coverage within their respective
service area. The five best-performing service providers consisted of four water
Investment
According to the World Bank, investment in water supply and sanitation from
1983 to 2003 has been far below the required levels to maintain assets, to
expand access and to improve service quality. Total investment has fluctuated at
around ₱3-4 billion a year, while the cost of implementing the Clean Water Act of
Political Aspects
History
From the Philippines' independence in 1946 until 1955 most water supply
systems were operated by local authorities. From 1955 to 1971, control of urban
39
water supply was passed to the national government.[34] In order to improve
service delivery, the sector has been repeatedly subjected to extensive reforms
Pre-Marcos Administration
The Manila Waterworks Authority, founded in 1878, became part of the National
systems in about 1,500 cities and towns were transferred back to local
governments.[35]
1973. A new management model for urban water supply was introduced in
1973: LGUs were encouraged to form utilities called Water Districts which
would operate with a certain degree of autonomy from LGUs. They would
receive technical assistance and financial support from the newly created
40
1976. In 1976, the National Water Resources Board (NWRB) was created
MWSS nor LWUA carries out the service or assists the LGUs,
Aside from the RWDC, 1980 was also the beginning of the United Nations'
the development of the sector was supported with great effort: Between
1978 and 1990, more than US$120 million was invested in 11 rural water
supply projects. Nevertheless, toward the end of the decade only 4,400
shortly after completion, partly due to poor construction and service. [38]
41
Aquino Administration (1986-1992)
1987. In 1987, the Local Water Utilities Administration took over the work
created only seven years earlier.[40] The Rural Water Supply and
Sanitation Master Plan of 1988 provided for the installation of 81,900 rural
was given the task of training local water user associations in the
and cities were authorized to finance, operate, and maintain their own
1983–1998, 80% of the rural population was provided with Level I water
supply services at the end of Aquino's term of office in 1992. 61% had
direct service connections in Metro Manila and 47% in other urban areas
of the country were covered by Level II and III water systems. [36][42]
42
Ramos Administration (1992-1998)
For more details on this topic, see Water privatization in Metro Manila.
Ramos administration.[43]
1995. The Water Crisis Act was passed in 1995, providing the legal
were assigned the task of operating and managing the facilities while
System (MWSS) emerged from the inability of the public utility to expand
water which is not billed (e.g., due to leakage and illegal connections),
developing countries.[45]
1997. In 1997, the Maynilad Water Services, Inc. was awarded the
concession contract for the West Zone, while the Manila Water Company,
43
Inc. was awarded the East Zone of Metro Manila. The concession
decreased after privatization in 1997, and did not reach the pre-
administration.[47]
44
coverage and NRW were adjusted downward with the agreement of the
regulatory agency. Maynilad went bankrupt in 2003 and was turned over to
MWSS in 2005. On the other hand, Manila Water had begun to make profits by
MTPDP for 2001 up to 2004 called for the creation of a single regulatory
agency for all water supply and sanitation systems. [49] After this attempt
failed, Economic regulation for LGUs and water districts were assigned to
NWRB.[13]
2004. In 2004, the Philippines Clear Water Act was passed to improve
water management. The act was the first attempt of the Philippine
country.[51]
45
was hailed by the financial industry, receiving AsiaMoney's Country Deal
of the Year 2007 and CFO Asia's one of 10 best deals in Asia.[52]
replacing acting chair Proceso Domingo. At the same time its domestic
million, upon the approval of Department of Finance and the Central Bank,
the BangkoSentralngPilipinas.[53][54]
of 2014, 253 projects and 118 more are ongoing all over the country.[56]
46
2015. The BUB project proved to be a success as the Department of
Mati City, Davao Oriental. At the same time, a health station was
Policy
General policies concerning the water and sanitation sector are formulated by the
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) in its MTPDP. Since the
1990s, private sector participation and decentralization are the main objectives of
investments, with priority given to 400 barangays with poor water supply
coverage.[58]
rural water supply systems. National standards for drinking water quality, as well
47
water policies at the national level. The National Water Resources Board
The responsibilities are defined by the 1976 National Water Code and the 2004
Clean Water Act, which consolidated laws on water supply and sanitation and
Regarded as Presidential Decree No. 1067, dated December 31, 1976, the 1976
National Water Code was an effort of then President Ferdinand E. Marcos that
water and its changing water patterns. The Water Code was an intended solution
resources in the country. Founded on the principle that "All waters belong to the
State," the National Water Resources Council was then created and tasked to
control and regulate the use and development of water resources in behalf of the
government.
the times during the year when water may be diverted or withdrawn. Instances
48
may also arise where water permits are revoked on cases of non-use, violation of
the conditions imposed by the Council, unauthorized sale of water, pollution and
In declared flood control areas, rules and regulations are administered to prohibit
and control activities that may damage and cause deterioration of the lakes and
dikes, changes in the natural flow of the river and increases in flood losses or
under the Code that may fall under specific government agencies, the Council is
given the power to make all necessary decisions and determinations provided for
in the said Code. The Council may provide accompanying penalties consisting of
fines not exceeding One Thousand Pesos (P1,000.00) and/or the suspensions or
revocation of water permits or any rights given to use water as well as enforce its
policy amidst economic growth. The policy provides for the consistent protection,
49
for by this act are Water Quality Management Systems and Institutional
Mechanisms.
and maintain water quality. Areas that have similar hydrogeological conditions,
sector. On the other hand, water bodies with specific pollutants that have
exceeded the guidelines for water quality are identified as Non-attainment Areas.
relocations, for the protection of the health and welfare of the residents, while the
government improves the affected quality of water within the potentially affected
areas.
Funds administered by the DENR, and other concerned agencies, are on special
50
technical assistance to implementing agencies; grants as rewards and
incentives; and other disbursements made solely for the prevention, control of
of having cleaner and better quality water through the Lead Agency (DENR); the
improving water quality within their territorial jurisdictions; the Business and
and processes that preserve and protect water bodies; and Linkage Mechanisms
51
Government Agencies and Institutions
The LWUA is a specialized lending institution that promotes and oversees the
members.[64]
P.D. 198 (May 25, 1973), the Provincial Water Utilities Act of 1973 created
LWUA and the water districts.[65] The decree authorized the formation, on local
option basis, of autonomous water districts to develop the local water supply
these water districts. According to the LWUA website, to date, it has established
584 water districts covering about 691 cities and towns outside Metro Manila. It
has completed a total of 1,431 water supply projects while extending P 17 billion
in loans to the districts of which P11 million has been availed to the benefit of
The National Water and Resources Board (NWRB) is the forefont government
agency which handles the Philippines water sectors’ policies, regulations and
52
utilization, development and protection of the state’s water supply. Its functions
and responsibilities.
Executive Order No. 577 which was passed last January 12, 1980, aims to
provide full coverage of water supply services in the country. In line with this,
RWDC was established to bring and administer water supply in areas with less
The Philippine Center for Water and Sanitation (PCWS) provides technical
households. It leads the Philippines water sanitation and health (WASH) coalition
53
the name of International Training Network (ITN) and adopted its current name in
1998.[67]
Outside the privatized services in Metro Manila, one source of finance for water
But these are far from sufficient to meet investment needs, which is why loan
financing is necessary. Some LGUs obtain loans from public banks such as the
Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) and the Land Bank of the Philippines
(LBP), and also from corporations in other countries, such as the World Bank,
External development agencies that work on water supply and sanitation in the
Philippines include the ADB, GTZ, JICA, USAID and the World Bank
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has assisted the government in increasing
sanitized water supply to different sectors in the Philippines. Through the MWSS
October 2008, ADB has contributed a total of US$3.26 million, whereas MWSS
source projects for Metro Manila and to improve the financial management as
well as the accounting and fiscal control systems of MWSS. In 2008 as well,
54
studies for two water source projects were completed emphasizing
The following report shows information about past performances which can be
utilized in assessing present and future water supply and sanitation efforts in the
Philippines. In 2013, ADB made preparations for loans for financing: the Water
District Development Sector Project, the Urban Water and Sanitation Sector
Project, the Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project, and future technical
In 2013, the ADB made preparations for loans for financing: the Water
District Development Sector Project, the Urban Water and Sanitation Sector
Project, the Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project, and future technical
agencies involved.
ADB was also able to release a report on: the assessments of current
and road maps and plans on a sustainable sanitation reality for all. The Philippine
Sustainable Sanitation Roadmap and Plan (PSSR), included in the report, served
as a guide for water sanitation efforts as it presented the vision, goals, outcomes,
55
Department of Health (DOH) has agreed to spearhead the agenda by preparing
a national sustainable sanitation plan based on the PSSR. The DILG has also
aligned its water and sanitation strategy with the requirements of the PSSR.[71]
The German Corporation for International Cooperation (GTZ) supports the sector
through the rural water supply and sanitation program, designed to improve the
living conditions of the poor in selected rural areas of the country. The program
organizations at the national, provincial, and municipal levels. The main program
The program, which ran from 2006 to 2009, had already achieved a successful
toilets, and the first Philippine constructed wetland, treating wastewater from
World Bank
The World Bank supports the Philippine water supply and sanitation sector
through various projects often in collaboration with the government and the Land
56
Manila Third Sewerage Project
In 2007, the World Bank approved an investment loan of US$5 million. The
ran from 2007 to 2012, provided technical assistance as well as support for
The project followed the Manila Second Sewerage Project, which was carried out
from 1996 to 2005. After the privatization of MWSS, it was restructured in order
to adapt it to the new institutional framework. The objectives were to (i) reduce
the pollution of waterways in Metro Manila and its surrounding bays; (ii) reduce
the health risks caused by human exposure to sewage in Metro Manila; and (iii)
From 1997 to 2005, the number of people with sewer connections increased from
721,000 to 1,101,000 and the population with regularly desludged septic tanks
rose from only 1,600 to 288,000. The total cost of the project was US$48.06
million.[74]
which were given technical assistance and financial support. The four
57
components of the project were to: (i) finance civil works, equipment, and
supervision for improved water supply systems in LGUs, including private sector
million loan to the project, while the remaining US$5.2 million are financed by
and private operators. Therefore, the Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP)
and the Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP) channel financing from the World
contracts, valid for 15 years and renewable for an additional 15 years, a local
private operator prepares, builds, and operates a new water supply system. A
World Bank loan channeled through the DBP finances 90% of the construction
cost, and the remainder is contributed through the LGU. The water tariff must
cover expenses for operation and maintenance, as well as a lease fee and a
Long-Term Operation and Maintenance contracts are used in LGUs which recruit
a private company to construct a new water supply system and later engage
58
contracts, which are awarded for 15 years with the possibility of renewal for
construction cost of the water system is financed with a World Bank loan
channeled through the LBP. The water user groups are required to work under
autonomy.[68]
Last 2012, the World Bank was able to approve a budget of $275 Million for a
several catchment areas of Metro Manila and help improve Manila Bay’s water
the project supports investments from the Manila Water Company, Inc (MWCI)
treatment primarily from households and establishments in the area. The project
is divided into 2 components as MWCI takes charge of the east zone and
treatment plant, and the necessary sewage lines, covering North and South
Pasig; and (b) the carrying out of other wastewater management investment sub-
projects agreed upon by the government, Land Bank of the Philippines, World
Bank and MWCI. Maynilad, with a budget of $178.3 Million, has its investments:
59
in Quezon City, Pasay, Alabang, Muntinlupa, Valenzuela; and (b) a septage
With about 2 million cubic meters of wastewater generated daily, and only 17% of
this getting treated before disposal to water bodies around the metro, water
pollution has destroyed most of Manila Bay and the nearby Laguna de Bay.
Manila Water and Maynilad have both conceptualized a 25-year program that
ensures 100% wastewater collection and treatment for Metro Manila. With the
MWMP, their efforts would be supported and would aid in not just improving the
The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), along with the international
reduction in the number of people who still lack access to safe drinking water.
sanitation in developing countries are the main issues that JICA prioritizes. In
2008, through the Development Bank of the Philippines, about $200 million was
companies for the development of water supply and sewerage facilities. Despite
60
the establishment of funding, financing will only be granted to water utilities if the
business management improves, hence JICA actively assists the water supply
JICA not only works to improve access to safe drinking water in urban areas of
developing countries, but also aids water facilities with business planning and
management.[78]
Issues
Water quality usually does not meet the standards set by the national
to be a severe public health concern in the country. About 4,200 people die each
Non-revenue water
water put into the distribution system and the amount of water billed to
levels of non-revenue water usually indicate low quality water utility. It has three
components: physical losses, which consist of leakage from the system caused
by poor operations and maintenance, the lack of active leakage control, and poor
water meters, errors in data handling, and theft, and unbilled authorized
61
consumption which includes water used by a specific utility for operational
privatization. In 1996, Manila had an NRW of 61%, while capital cities from other
Asian countries ranged from having 35–38%. In 2002, NRW dropped to 53% in
the East Zone. On the other hand, non-revenue water in the West Zone
share of NRW continued to fall until the end of 2010 where it reached 11%.[80]
According to the National Water Resources Board (NWRB), the average share of
NRW among participating service providers was 27.5% in 2004. The particularly
high NRW of Manila's West Zone was confirmed to have a record with 68%.
Generally, the smaller utilities performed better concerning NRW than the larger
ones. However, many NRW data are based on estimates, given the fact that only
coverage.[81]
Labor Productivity
The number of staff was reduced at the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage
for 1,000 connections in 1996. Fast forward to 2002, only about 4 employees
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about 7 employees per 1,000 connections worked in water districts in 2002. [82] In
connections in 2002. However, small LGUs still suffer from their low number of
total connections.[83]
The NWRB Philippines Towns Water Utilities 2004 Data Book found, on average,
performed best and systems which were directly managed by LGUs performed
worst. Not surprisingly, providers with more than 10,000 connections need
significantly fewer employees per connection than those with fewer than 10,000
connections.[84]
Other challenges
The NWRB Philippines Towns Water Utilities 2004 Data Book found, on average,
performed best and systems which were directly managed by LGUs performed
worst. Not surprisingly, providers with more than 10,000 connections need
significantly fewer employees per connection than those with fewer than 10,000
connections.[85]
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The Pasig River in Manila, one of the world's most polluted rivers.
One third of Philippine river systems are considered suitable for public water
major cities and in 8 of the 19 major river basins.[87] Besides severe health
concerns, water pollution also leads to problems in the Fishing and Tourism
industries.[88] The national government recognized the problem and since 2004,
management.[50]
of industrial and agricultural activities.[89] According to data from the DENR and
wastewater are the three main sources of water pollution. These are also known
64
certain bodies of water. Domestic wastewater consists of sewage containing
the major source of pollution in rural areas, contain pollutants resulting from
organic waste.[4]
El Niño, a weather phenomenon occurring about every two to seven years when
warm water in the western tropical Pacific Ocean shifts Eastward, causing ocean
temperatures to be warm, last developed in the country in late 2014. For the past
several decades, it has been observed that its occurrence has increased due to
climate change as a result of global warming. Its negative impacts may either be
heavy rainfall or drought. El Niño greatly impacts the power supply, water supply,
and agricultural sectors of the country. The reduced rainfall leading to drought
65
The La Mesa Watershed is the only remaining rainforest of its size in Metro
Manila, Philippines.
The supply of water from most freshwater bodies usually come from watersheds
--- patches of forest cover that absorb rainwater and channel it into streams,
rivers, and eventually dams where many human communities (especially Metro
Manila) source their freshwater.[91] Despite the role of the forest in the
the tropics as it lost more than 97% of its original forest cover in the last 50
years.[92]
Saltwater Intrusion
One of the areas in most risk of saltwater intrusion is Metro Manila. Since the late
1960s, saline water intrusion has been evident along the coastal areas of Metro
Manila, stretching from Las Pinas to Malabon. The shallow water table aquifer is
66
in direct contact with the sea in these coastal areas. The over-pumping of
However, compared to the early 1980s, saline intrusion was found to have
groundwater to surface water upon the completion of the Manila Water Supply
brackish water along the Pasig River is another cause of saltwater intrusion
drawing from an underground aquifer) within the watershed that provides the
water resource.
The raw water is transferred to the water purification facilities using uncovered
Water treatment
Virtually all large systems must treat the water; a fact that is tightly regulated by
global, state and federal agencies, such as the World Health Organization
67
treatment must occur before the product reaches the consumer and afterwards
(when it is discharged again). Water purification usually occurs close to the final
delivery points to reduce pumping costs and the chances of the water becoming
of particles (dirt, organic matter, etc.) from the water stream. Chemical addition
(i.e. alum, ferric chloride) destabilizes the particle charges and prepares them for
clarification either by settling or floating out of the water stream. Sand, anthracite
or activated carbon filters refine the water stream, removing smaller particulate
matter. While other methods of disinfection exist, the preferred method is via
chlorine addition. Chlorine effectively kills bacteria and most viruses and
maintains a residual to protect the water supply through the supply network.
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Most (treated) water distribution happens through underground pipes
Pressurizing the water is required between the small water reserve and the end-
user
69
The product, delivered to the point of consumption, is called potable water if it
The water in the supply network is maintained at positive pressure to ensure that
water reaches all parts of the network, that a sufficient flow is available at every
take-off point and to ensure that untreated water in the ground cannot enter the
storage tanks constructed at the highest local point in the network. One network
These systems are usually owned and maintained by local governments, such as
enterprise (see water privatization). Water supply networks are part of the master
requires the expertise of city planners and civil engineers, who must consider
pressure, pipe size, pressure loss, fire fighting flows, etc. — using pipe network
As water passes through the distribution system, the water quality can degrade
materials in the distribution system can cause the release of metals into the
70
water with undesirable aesthetic and health effects. Release of iron from unlined
iron pipes can result in customer reports of "red water" at the tap . Release of
copper from copper pipes can result in customer reports of "blue water" and/or a
metallic taste. Release of lead can occur from the solder used to join copper pipe
together or from brassfixtures. Copper and lead levels at the consumer's tap are
Utilities will often adjust the chemistry of the water before distribution to minimize
metals into the water. Common corrosion inhibitors added to the water are
Booster stations can be placed within the distribution system to ensure that all
Like electric power lines, roads, and microwave radio networks, water systems
piping networks are circular or rectangular. If any one section of water distribution
71
main fails or needs repair, that section can be isolated without disrupting all users
on the network.
Most systems are divided into zones.[1] Factors determining the extent or size of
density. Sometimes systems are designed for a specific area then are modified
Water supply networks usually represent the majority of assets of a water utility.
a water utility.[why?]
human life
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Sustainable urban water supply
A sustainable urban water supply network covers all the activities related to
industrial and natural process, for example, it is used for oil refining, for liquid-
iron and the steel industry and for several operations in food processing facilities
[1], etc. It is necessary to adopt a new approach to design urban water supply
increasingly stringent.
The price of water is increasing, so less water must be wasted and actions must
be taken to prevent pipeline leakage. Shutting down the supply service to fix
network must monitor the freshwater consumption rate and the waste-water
generation rate.
Many of the urban water supply networks in developing countries face problems
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Population growth
In the year 1900 just 13% of the global population lived in cities. This percentage
has been rising, and in 2005 49% of the global population lived in urban areas. In
2030 it is predicted, that this statistic will rise to 60% [2]. Attempts to expand water
supply by governments are costly and often not sufficient. The building of new
illegal settlements makes it hard to map, and make connections to, the water
supply, and leads to inadequate water management [3]. In 2002, there were 158
disease.
Water scarcity
Potable water is not well distributed in the world. 1.8 million deaths are attributed
to unsafe water supplies every year, according to the WHO[5]. Many people do
not have any access, or do not have access to quality and quantity of potable
water, though water itself is abundant. Poor people in developing countries can
be close to major rivers, or be in high rainfall areas, yet not have access to
potable water at all. There are also people living where lack of water creates
Where the water supply system cannot reach the slums, people manage to use
hand pumps, to reach the pit wells, rivers, canals, swamps and any other source
of water. In most cases the water quality is unfit for human consumption. The
principal cause of water scarcity is the growth in demand. Water is taken from
remote areas to satisfy the needs of urban areas. Another reason for water
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scarcity is climate change: precipitation patterns have changed; rivers have
decreased their flow; lakes are drying up; and aquifers are being emptied.
Governmental issues
In developing countries many governments are corrupt and poor and they
exceeds supply, and household and industrial water supplies are prioritised over
other uses, which leads to water stress.[6] Potable water has a price in the
market; water often becomes a business for private companies, which earn a
profit by putting a higher price on water, which imposes a barrier for lower-
required.
Union has developed a set of rules and policies to overcome expected future
problems.
There are many international documents with interesting, but not very specific,
ideas and therefore they are not put into practice [7]. Recommendations have
been made by the United Nations, such as the Dublin Statement on Water and
Sustainable Development.
The yield of a system can be measured by either its value or its net benefit. For a
water supply system, the true value or the net benefit is a reliable water supply
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service having adequate quantity and good quality of the product. For example, if
municipality, the impact of the new branch of the system must be designed to
supply the new needs, while maintaining supply to the old system.
Single-objective optimization
The design of a system is governed by multiple criteria, one being cost. If the
benefit is fixed, the least cost design results in maximum benefit. However, the
least cost approach normally results in a minimum capacity for a water supply
network. A minimum cost model usually searches for the least cost solution (in
pipe sizes), while satisfying the hydraulic constraints such as: required output
pressures, maximum pipe flow rate and pipe flow velocities. The cost is a
acceptable capacity.
Multi-objective optimization
However, according to the authors of the paper entitled, “Method for optimizing
design and rehabilitation of water distribution systems”, “the least capacity is not
the uncertainty of the future demand” [8]. It is preferable to provide extra pipe
capacity to cope with unexpected demand growth and with water outages. The
capacity).
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Weighted sum method
approach gives a certain weight to the different objectives, and then factors in all
these weights to form a single objective function that can be solved by single
factor optimization. This method is not entirely satisfactory, because the weights
cannot be correctly chosen, so this approach cannot find the optimal solution for
The second approach (the constraint method), chooses one of the objective
functions as the single objective, and the other objective functions are treated as
constraints with a limited value. However, the optimal solution depends on the
Sensitivity analysis
between the costs and benefits resulting in a set of solutions that can be used for
optimal solution that will satisfy the global optimality of both objectives. As both
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Operational constraints
Returning to the cost objective function, it cannot violate any of the operational
constraints. Generally this cost is dominated by the energy cost for pumping.
“The operational constraints include the standards of customer service, such us:
the maximum and the minimum water levels in storage tanks to prevent
the same time as minimizing the energy costs, it is necessary to predict the
network.
Apart from Linear and Non-linear Programming, there are other methods
coupled with effective strategies for operation and maintenance. These strategies
development of reliable supply chains. All these measures must ensure the
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Sustainable development
networks, especially in the major pipe lines in urban areas. The system
Householders and sewage treatment plants can both make the water supply
water for industry, household and municipal uses. This technology consists in
separating the urine fraction of sanitary wastewater, and collecting it for recycling
its nutrients.[10] The feces and graywater fraction is collected, together with
organic wastes from the households, using a gravity sewer system, continuously
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flushed with non-potable water. The water is treated anaerobically and the biogas
growing trend, because it serves people’s long-term interests. [11]. There are
several ways to re-use and recycle the water, in order to achieve long-term
Gray water re-use and treatment: gray water is wastewater coming from
used as a source of water for uses other than drinking. Depending on the
type of gray water and its level of treatment, it can be re-used for irrigation
domestic grey water reuse on public health, carried out by the New South
Wales Health Centre in Australia in the year 2000[citation needed], grey water
contains less nitrogen and fecal pathogenic organisms than sewage, and
systems and plant filters. This process is ideal for gray water re-use,
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Other possible approaches to scoping model’s for water supply, applicable to any
Borehole extraction.
Aquifer storage
above, is a good example of the new trend to overcome water supply problems.
principles that are of great significance to urban water supply. These are:
4. Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be
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From these statements, developed in 1992, several policies have been created
European Commission is a good example of what has been created there out of
former policies.
Future approaches
There is great need for a more sustainable water supply system. To achieve
sustainability several factors must be tackled at the same time: climate change,
rising energy cost, and rising populations. All of these factors provoke change
the technologies required, and the missing know-how about the organization and
the transition process. One way to improve this situation is to implement pilot
projects, learning from the costs involved and the benefits achieved.
Water distribution systems convey water drawn from the water source or
treatment facility, to the point where it is delivered to the users. Unlike the
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transmission systems these systems deal with water demand that varies
hours that water is used for personal hygiene and cleaning, and when food
preparation and clothes washing are done. Water use is lowest during the night.
and/or building balancing storage in the system. For small community water
supplies the distribution system with water storage (e.g. a service reservoir) is
the preferable option, given that supplies of electricity or diesel to power pumps
system may represent a substantial capital investment and the design must be
done properly.
designed to cater for the domestic and other household water requirements.
Stock watering and garden plot irrigation water may also be provided. Service
reservoirs accumulate and store water during the night so that it can be supplied
USES
Plumbing
Tap water
83
Scaffolding
Structural steel
Bearing casing
Delivery of fluids, either gaseous or liquid, in a process plant from one point
Delivery of bulk solids, in a food or process plant from one point to another
The construction of high pressure storage vessels (note that large pressure
vessels are constructed from plate, not pipe owing to their wall thickness and
size).
Branched configuration
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Looped (or ”grid”)
supplies delivering the water mostly through public standpipes and having few
Low reliability, which affects all users located downstream of any breakdown in
the system
•House connection
•Yard connection
•Public standpipe
•Group connection
plumbing to one or more taps, e.g. in the kitchen and bathroom. Usually 3/8 inch
(9 mm) and 1/2 inch (12 mm) taps are used. A typical layout is shown in figure
21.4.
means of a T-piece. A special insert piece is mostly used for cast iron and ductile
iron pipes. Plastic (polyvinyl chloride or polyethylene), cast iron and galvanized
steel pipes are used for both house connections and yard connections.
Points at which the water is delivered to the users are called service connections.
The number and type of service connections has considerable influence on the
85
Group connections are outside taps that are shared by a clearly defined
group of households, often neighbors. They share the tap and pay the bill
together. Each family may pay the same (flat) share or contributions may be
composition and types of use by the different households. Sometimes the taps
can be locked and a local committee holds the key and manages the use and
financing.
Public standpipes can have one or more taps. Single-tap and double-tap
standpipes are the most common types in rural areas. They are made of
brickwork, masonry or concrete, or use wooden poles and similar materials. The
design should be done in close consultation with the users (especially women) in
platforms at different levels, making it easy for adults and children to use them
nearby. The design and often also the construction is best done in consultation
and with participation of the user households, i.e. both men and women.
water distribution.
community area in order to limit the distance the water users have to go to collect
their water. The walking distance for the most distant user of a standpipe should,
86
whenever possible, be limited to 200 m; in sparsely populated rural areas 500 m
300 persons; in no case should the number of users dependent on one standpipe
exceed 500.
serve only standpipes may therefore use low pressure piping, whereas the pipes
pressure class.
container (bucket, jerry can, vessel, pot, etc.). This means that the water that was
the house. Water consumption from standpipes generally is not higher than 20-
30 litres per person per day. This consumption increases when other facilities
(e.g. for washing/bathing) are added to reduce the amount of water women and
children have to carry home. Water use for other purposes than drinking and
standpipe. Yard and house connections will usually encourage a more generous
users fail to turn off the taps. Furthermore, poor drainage of spilled water may
87
cause stagnant pools of dirty water with the associated health hazards. It is also
not uncommon for the taps to be damaged by the users and pilferage sometimes
occurs. These problems occur particularly when designs do not meet the user
requirements, i.e. there has not been adequate consultation with the users
(women and men) and/or there are no clear management arrangements. One
way to cope with these problems is through payment for water consumed, which
Often, those selling water are women, as they are chosen for their reliability and
trustworthiness, their need to be present for work within their own neighbourhood
and their suitability as hygiene promoters with other women and children.
are really the only practical options for water distribution at minimum cost to a
large number of people who cannot afford the much higher costs of house or
community to obtain the substantial capital for a water distribution system with
public standpipe level needs special attention in terms of organization, O&M and
88
cost recovery gives more specific information about this.
Advantages
1. This type of system is good for a city which has been developed haphazardly.
Disadvantages
2. When tap is not opened for a long time, baterial growth may take place.
3. When tap is not operated for a long time, water may be contaminated.
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GRID IRON SYSTEM
water does not stand still at any point and it continues circulation.
Advantages
Disadvantages
1. The main problem in grid iron system is that a lot of valve to cut off a small area
3. The network of pipes forming loops in possible only in well planned cities.
WATER SUPPLY
90
Drinking water quality has a micro-biological and a physico-chemical
through the use of chlorination or the use of ultra violet light—or it may need to
undergo treatment, especially in the case of surface water. For more details,
please see the separate entries on water quality, water treatment and drinking
water.
WATER CONSUMPTION
demand includes water for drinking, cooking, washing, laundering, and other
household functions. Public demand includes water for fire protection, street
cleaning, and use in schools and other public buildings. Commercial and
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WATER PRESSURE
mains below the street may operate at higher pressures, with a pressure
reducer located at each point where the water enters a building or a house. In
trickle of water or so high that it leads to damage to plumbing fixtures and waste
pressurised water tank serving an urban area, by pumping the water up into
system or solely by pumps at the water treatment plant and repeater pumping
stations.
The effective pressure also varies because of the pressure loss due to
supply resistance even for the same static pressure. An urban consumer may
have 5 metres of 15 mm lead pipe running from the iron main, so the kitchen tap
flow will be fairly unrestricted, so high flow. A rural consumer may have a
kilometre of rusted andlimed 22 mm iron pipe, so their kitchen tap flow will be
small.
Gravity water has a small pressure (say ¼ bar in the bathroom) so needs
wide pipes allow higher flows. This is fine for baths and toilets but is frequently
and maintain pressure. For this reason urban houses are increasingly using
mains pressure boilers (combies) which take a long time to fill a bath but suit the
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WATER DEMAND VARIATION
The daily water demand in a community area will vary during the year due
to seasonal climate patterns, the work situation (e.g. harvest time) and other
factors, such as cultural or religious occasions. The typical figures for domestic
water usage and other water requirements as given in chapter 4 are the
the average daily demand. Thus, the peak factor for the daily water demand (k1)
is 1.1-1.3.
The hourly variation in domestic water demand during the day is much
greater. Generally, two peak periods can be observed: one in the morning and
one late in the afternoon. The peak hour demand can be expressed as the
average hourly demand multiplied by the hourly peak factor (k2). For a particular
distribution area this factor depends on the size and character of the community
served. The hourly peak factor tends to be high for small villages. It is usually
lower for larger communities and small towns. Where roof tanks or other water
storage vessels are common, the hourly peak factor will be further reduced.
Usually, the factor k2 is chosen in the 1.5-2.5 range. Where a pipe connection is
system is typically designed to cater for the maximum hourly demand. This peak
the average daily demand is obtained from the field, usually by measuring at
93
supply points. Hence, the registered demand and therefore the peak factors will
include leakage.
While developing a new system or extension, the starting point can also
be some specific consumption that does not necessarily include leakage. In that
above example Qaverage daywould represent pure consumption, the peak hour
WATER CONSUMPTION
demand includes water for drinking, cooking, washing, laundering, and other
household functions. Public demand includes water for fire protection, street
cleaning, and use in schools and other public buildings. Commercial and
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PIPE
carries pressurized and treated fresh water to a building (as part of a municipal
Piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids (liquids and gases) from
one location to another. The engineering discipline of piping design studies the
and concrete. The in-line components, known as fittings, valves, and other
devices, typically sense and control the pressure, flow rate and temperature of
the transmitted fluid, and usually are included in the field of Piping Design (or
the tube cleaning process. Pipes are usually either supported from below or hung
from above (but may also be supported from the side), using devices called pipe
an I-beam welded to the bottom of the pipe; they may be "hung" using a clevis, or
with trapeze type of devices called pipe hangers. Pipe supports of any kind may
Some dampers are simply fluid dashpots, but other dampers may be active
95
hydraulic devices that have sophisticated systems that act to dampen peak
Pipe hanger assembles are usually attached with pipe clamps. Possible
FITTINGS
Fittings are also used to split or join a number of pipes together, and for
other purposes. A broad variety of standardized pipe fittings are available; they
The piping and plumbing fittings and valves articles discuss them further.
types of fittings, including hydrants, shutoff valves, and other appurtenances. The
main purpose of hydrants is to provide water for firefighting. They also are used
for flushing water mains, pressure testing, water sampling, and washing debris
Many types of valves are used to control the quantity and direction of
water flow. Gate valves are usually installed throughout the pipe network. They
allow sections to be shut off and isolated during the repair of broken mains,
pumps, or hydrants. A type of valve commonly used for throttling and controlling
96
the rate of flow is the butterfly valve. Other valves used in water distribution
Fittings are also used to split or join a number of pipes together, and for other
purposes. A broad variety of standardized pipe fittings are available; they are
or a wye. Valves control fluid flow and regulate pressure. The piping and
INSTALLATION
ground surface in order to protect against traffic loads and to prevent freezing.
Since the water in a distribution system is under pressure, pipelines can follow
the shape of the land, uphill as well as downhill. They must be installed with
proper bedding and backfill. Compaction of soil layers under the pipe (bedding)
water main should never be installed in the same trench with a sewer line. Where
the two must cross, the water main should be placed above the sewer line.
PUMP
Many kinds of pumps are used in distribution systems. Pumps that lift
surface water and move it to a nearby treatment plant are called low-lift pumps.
These move large volumes of water at relatively low discharge pressures. Pumps
that discharge treated water into arterial mains are called high-lift pumps. These
97
operate under higher pressures. Pumps that increase the pressure within the
distribution system or raise water into an elevated storage tank are called booster
pumps. Well pumps lift water from underground and discharge it directly into a
distribution system.
TYPES OF PIPE
The most common pipes used today are copper, PVC, or ABS. However,
when dealing with older homes, you might encounter a number of other piping
material. For example, homes built before 1960 used galvanized steel or cast
Here’s a quick look at types of pipes commonly used in homes, beginning with
Cast iron: Commonly used before 1960 for the vertical drain, vent stacks, and
sometimes the horizontal drain lines. Cast iron is durable, but can rust over time.
Call a professional plumber to replace rusted sections with plastic (PVC or ABS)
PVC (polyvinyl-chloride). Most homes since mid-1970 have plastic pipes and
fittings because it’s inexpensive and easy to use. Simply glue the joints using a
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ABS: This black pipe was the first plastic pipe to be used in residential plumbing.
Today, many areas don’t allow ABS in new construction because joints can come
loose. Check with your local plumbing inspector if you want to use ABS.
PVC: This white or cream-colored pipe is the most commonly used pipe for drain
lines. It’s strong, untouchable by chemicals, and seems to last forever! The rating
Schedule 40 PVC is strong enough for residential drain lines, but check with your
plumbing inspector first. CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride) pipe has the
for use on interior supply lines. Schedule 80 PVC is sometimes used for cold-
water supply lines, but it isn’t allowed in some regions because it isn’t suitable for
hot water.
PEX: PEX (cross-linked polyethylene) is the newest pipe for residential use.
Approved in many regions of the country, PEX is easy to install because it cuts
connections require a special crimping tool. PEX is three to four times more
strong, but lasts only about 50 years. Before repairing, consider replacing
Copper: Copper pipe is resists corrosion, so it’s commonly used pipe in water
supply lines. It costs more than plastic but it lasts! There are two common types
of copper pipe:
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Rigid copper, which comes in three thicknesses. Type M is the thinnest but is
strong enough for most homes. Types L and Type K are thicker and used in
outdoor and drain applications. To cut rigid copper, you'll need a wheel cutter,
tube cutter, or a hacksaw. Pipes are usually connected with soldered (sweat)
fittings and compression fittings can connect the pipe to shut-off valves.
and other appliances that need a water supply. It’s easy to bend, but if it kinks,
you must cut the piece off and replace it. Sections of flexible copper pipe are
Drawing, and Design but is today commonly performed by Designers who have
(CAD) software.
PIPELINE
arterial water mains or primary feeders, which convey water from the treatment
pipelines called secondary feeders, which tie in to the mains. Usually not less
than 150 mm (6 inches) in diameter, these pipelines are placed within the public
right-of-way so that service connections can be made for all potential water
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users. The pipelines are usually arranged in a gridiron pattern that allows water
be isolated for repair without disrupting service to large areas of the community.
“Dead-end” patterns may also be used, but they do not permit circulation, and the
water they provide is more susceptible to taste and odour problems because of
stagnation.
forces, as well as corrosion. Pipes are placed under stress by internal water
pressure, by the weight of the overlying soil, and by vehicles passing above.
They may have to withstand water-hammer forces; these occur when valves are
closed too rapidly, causing pressure waves to surge through the system. In
addition, metal pipes may rust internally if the water supply is corrosive or
TUBE
exist — generally, a tube has tighter engineering requirements than a pipe. Both
pipe and tube imply a level of rigidity and permanence, whereas a hose is usually
portable and flexible. A tube and pipe may be specified by standard pipe size
and/or wall thickness. The actual dimensions of pipe are usually not the nominal
dimensions: A 1-inch pipe will not actually measure 1 inch in either outside or
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inside diameter, whereas many types of tubing are specified by actual inside
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CHAPTER III
DESIGN PROCESS
A. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Design Consideration
Type of Pump: Centrifugal Pump (One Operating Unit and One Standby
Unit)
5:00pm – 8pm
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I. Area Description
Batangas which is in the Island of Luzon and classified as within Region IV-A.
Number of families= 65
P2 = P1 (1+ GR)n
= 65 (1+ 0.13)5
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P2 = 119.76 households
P2 = 120 households
P2 = P1 (1+ GR)n
P2 = 567.47 individuals
P2 = 568individuals
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III. Socio Economic Profile
No. of families = 65
61 (49.59%) 62 (50.41%)
INCOME
106
IV. For Water Demand analysis
No. of households = 65
Domestic Water Demand =308 person x 350 liters/person-day + 1000 liters/ day
Since P2 = 568individuals
= 200,000 liters/day
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V. Water unaccounted for
= 1.25 (2.7768)
= 1.50 (2.7768)
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B. Technical Aspect
a. Pumping System
V= 1.25 m/s
Q=AV ; A= Q/V
πDi2/4 = 0.0041652/1.25
Di = 0.06514m
Di = 65.14mm.
Di= 2.5646in.
Q= AV
0.0041652= [π (0.0635m)2/ 4] x V
V= 1.3152 m/s
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Reynold’s Number
𝜌𝑉𝐷𝑖
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑢
1000(1.3152)(0.0627126)
𝑅𝑒 =
0.0012002
Re= 6.8721x104
Relative Roughness
ε 0.00025
e= =
Di 0.0627126
e = 0.00399
f = 0.028
1𝑚
1 Gate valve (fully open) 2.5” nominal diameter 1.5ft x = 0.457m.
3.28𝑓𝑡
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HEAD LOSS AT THE SUCTION LINE
𝐿 𝑉2 32.286 (1.3152)2
HLS = 𝑓 𝐷 2𝑔 = 0.028 0.0627126 2(9.81)
HLS = 1.2709m
Q= 0.0041652m3/s
V=2.0m/s
Q=AV ; A= Q/V
πDi2/4 = 0.0041652/2.0
Di = 0.05149m
Di = 51.49mm.
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V= Q/A
= 4(0.0041652)/ π(0.0525)2
V= 1.924 m/s
Reynold’s Number
𝜌𝑉𝐷𝑖
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑢
1000(1.924)(.0525)
=
0.0012002
Relative Roughness
ε 0.00025
e= =
Di 0.0525
e = 0.00476
Friction factor
FRICTION FACTOR
f = 0.0295
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Equivalent Length using Crane
1𝑚
2 Standard elbow 2” nominal diameter 2[5.2ft x3.28𝑓𝑡] = 3.1707m.
1𝑚
1 Gate valve (fully open) 2” nominal diameter 1.30 ft x 3.28𝑓𝑡= 0.396m.
1 Check Valve 5m
𝐿 𝑉2 48.5667 (1.924)2
HLD = 𝑓 𝐷 2𝑔 = 0.0295 0.0525 2(9.81)
HLD= 5.1489m
ZB= 12m
HLAB= HLS+HLD
HLAB= 6.4198m
TDH = 33.1489m
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PUMP SPECIFICATION
H= 6.1489m
N= 3450 rpm
𝑵√𝑸
Ns= 51.65523641𝑯(𝟎.𝟕𝟓)
3450√0.0041652
Ns= 51.65523641 6.1489(0.75)
BRAKE POWER
Data: Q= 0.0041652m3/s
TDH= 33.1489m
Assuming: ɧ= 80%
𝜌𝑔𝑄𝑇𝐷𝐻 1000(9.81)(0.0041652)(33.1489)
BP = =
1000𝜂 1000(0.80)
BP = 2.27hp
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For Tank Capacity
DATA:
Cylindrical Tank
Diameter = 4m
Radius=2m
Height= 8m
V= πr2h
= π (2m)2(8m)
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CHAPTER IV
ECONOMIC ASPECT
System Economics
Several conditions should be satisfied from the rate of change for the
Fairness- The rates should distribute the costs where they rightfully belong
taking full account of the variable conditions of the of the customer’s demand.
fangled” ideas.
electric company should not be so heavy as to increase costs to more than can
The factors which must be taken into account in arriving at the value of the
Real state
Engineering fees
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Capital Cost of Primary Distribution System
Cost of line
Cost of substations
-The rate of which the Capital Cost is written off to Depreciation and
Management Cost
117
A. Capital Cost
The capital cost of the system includes equipment cost and miscellaneous
cost. Miscellaneous cost includes the cost of other materials that are not included
Trading Company
Tangshan
Cast-iron pipe
30m + Xingbang Pipeline $20/ meter Php61, 180.00
(ASME B16.4;
40m= 70m Engineering
ASME B16.12)
Equipment Co., Ltd.
New Antonio’s
Check valve 2
Trading Php 4,648.00/pc Php 9, 296.00
Francis type Topsteel Builders Php 23, 250.00 Php 23, 250.00
1
impeller pump Inc.
TOTAL Php534,831.00
118
The cost specification given is the basis for the calculation of equipment
cost.
119
Annual Operating Cost
It basically includes labor, maintenance and material cost, and cost for
supplies, taxes and supervision. These include most of the frequent cost
Running Cost
Assumed
Item Percentage, %
Percentage
Labor 5% - 75% 10
Maintenance 5% -20% 12
and Material
Supplies 1% - 5% 4
TOTAL 34
Labor Cost, LC
LC = Php61,505.565
120
Maintenance Cost, MC
MC = Php73,806.678
Supplies, S
S = Php 24,602.226
Operating Taxes, OT
121
Summary of Operating Expenses
Percentage
Item Cost (Php)
used, %
Labor 10 Php61,505.565
Php 24,602.226
Supplies 4
Depreciation
cost
122
Project Forecast
the project.
• The cost of water supply generation for the first year of operation is
The revenue for the system operation is the product of annual energy produced
depreciation cost)
123
Annual Production Cost = Php227, 570.5905+ Php 76, 916.00
124
CHAPTER V
Batangas City.
I. Conclusions
1. The potable water supply system can be designed according to the type of
4. The potable water supply system’s efficiency has not been greatly affected
125
5. Requesting some related references for water system designing,
internet, books and other paraphernalia regarding the system design, the
group has been provided the equipment specifications and their actual
prices.
6. The economic aspect of the designed water supply system was evaluated
system companies.
126
II. Recommendations
From this point of view, the researchers come up with the following
recommendations:
the proposed project to enhance the design and make it more possible
system to come up with the best, high quality, and first class water supply
127
LOAD CURVES
128
129
130
131
APPENDIX
132
133
134
135
136
BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water
http://cee.eng.usf.edu/peacecorps/5%20-
%20Resources/Theses/Water/2003Reents.pdf
http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c07/e2-14-03-03.pdf
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=02IbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA255&lpg=PA255
&dq=related+literature+about+design+of+potable+water+supply&source=bl&ots=
05GhWiRt5n&sig=Wo6qraDY3rOBSsxVz1jvXn5in7A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUK
EwjBmtG9oYjLAhUDIaYKHTJZAz0Q6AEIUDAG#v=onepage&q=related%20liter
ature%20about%20design%20of%20potable%20water%20supply&f=false
http://www.gwp.org/Global/ToolBox/Case%20Studies/Americas%20and%20Cari
bbean/Argentina.%20Drinking%20water%20supply%20system%20for%20rural%
20population%20of%20Eastern%20Tucuman%20%28%23437%29.pdf
http://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Smits-2005-Literature.pdf
https://www.mtu.edu/peacecorps/programs/civil/pdfs/nathan-reents-thesis-
final.pdf
http://dirp3.pids.gov.ph/ris/dps/pidsdps0938.pdf
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPHILIPPINES/Resources/RWSVolIDesign
Manual.pdf
https://www.google.com.ph/?gws_rd=ssl#q=related+literature+about+design+of+
potable+water+supply.
http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-61187-2_3
137
SYSTEM LAY OUT
138