CHAPTER 1
something.
Man- is a being distinct and separate from the rest of
god’s creation.
● Man is an individual composed of body, soul
and spirit.
● Body- constitutes man’s physical, tangible self
● Spirit- constitutes man’s mind and will. His
innermost self.
● Soul- moral and emotional nature of man
Theory of divine origin- out of his free will and love, God
created man.
Values- are those that are desirable and meaningful to
man as a rational and social being.
Zulueta- values reflects man’s aspirations for himself,
the society he lives in, and the environment he
constantly interacts with.
Hall- the concept of value pertains to what makes
something desirable, attractive, worthy of approval,
admirable; that which inspires feelings, judgments or
attitudes, uplifts self esteem; that which is useful in
view of certain ends.
Sociologist look at values as model or goals of personal
behavior in social interaction.
Ethics- is both the study of human conduct and practical
science of morality of human behavior.
● Greek word ethos meaning characteristic way
of acting.
● Latin word equivalent to mos or mores meaning
tradition or custom prevailing in a group or
groups of people and of the society as a whole.
Definition of ethics:
Garcia 1981- study that deals with human conduct
insofar as this conduct may be considered right or
wrong.
Agapay 1991- defined as the science of morality of
human acts.
Nature of ethics
- Ethics is especially focused on the correct way
of doing things.
- Study of human motivation and human rational
behavior
- Man acts because of a strong desire to achieve
- It is our moral responsibility and obligation to
make our life meaningful and worthy through
our adherence to a code of righteousness in
accordance with natural and eternal law.
- Garcia 1981- whatever the area under
consideration may be, when the question of
ethics is raised, there is a problem of moral
responsibility.
- Human acts- are actions which human performs
knowingly, freely and voluntarily.
- Paul glenn 1965- actions are attributed to the
doer as his principal cause.
Moral distinction
Human acts may either be considered rational or
irrational based on man’s conformity or nonconformity
to the dictates of reasons.
Dictates of reason- refers to man’s common ideas about
the decency or indecency of a certain act or manner of
behavior.
Three classes of action based on the conformity or
nonconformity of the norms or standard of morality
(agapay 1991)
1. Moral actions- conforms to the norms of
morality.
2. Immoral actions- are those which ore not in
conformity with the norms of morality.
3. Amoral actions- are those actions which stand
neutral in relation to the norms of morality.
The study of ethics
Ethics is absolute knowledge.
Purpose of ethics:
1. It serves as an aid in effective decision making
2. It aids to improve social life by enabling people
to live together in harmony.
3. It aids in reinforcing desirable ethical moral
systems and modifies those that are
dysfunctional.
4. It guides individuals to develop genuine values
in life.
Work- is an activity where man earns a living for himself
and for others through the use of his knowledge, talents
and skills.
Employee- an individual who is being hired and is being
compensated for his work.
Laborer- employee doing physical labor
Employer- the one who is hiring workers
Occupation- is a term used if work is the result of
training and executed on a regular basis.
Professional employees- are persons whose work is
chiefly non- routine and intellectual in nature.
Workplace- refers to a place of work.
Work ethics- is a belief that productive physical or
mental labor is a prime virtue.
- The purpose of work ethics is to help us
determine what cultural and ethical values and
standards are needed to become effective,
efficient and productive workers.
- Articulo and Florendo 2003- work ethics
provides standards that agree with rules of
behavior for carrying out the work.
CHAPTER 2
The nature of man
Man- scientifically known a homo sapiens.
Biological
● Man walks upright on two feet.
● Man has two able hands with opposing thumbs
which he uses for handling things.
● Man has a more complex brain than animals
● Man has the capability to nourish and take care
of his offspring
Dignity- is acquired and felt by man as he perceives
himself as an individual who can act based on his needs
in their varied dimensions.
Teilhard de chardin 1970- man is a special phenomenon
who knows what he knows.
Behavioral
1. Man is rational
2. Man has complex techniques of producing,
procuring, preparing and cooking food.
3. Human beings share curiosity, imitation,
attention, memory and imagination.
Philosophical values of man
Classical view
● Man is a creature of endower with hierarchical
virtues whose nature is designed to serve as
building blocks of society.
● Aristotle’s view of man- man is rational and a
social being.
Christian view
● Judaeo- Christian philosophers- considered man
ass the image of God.
● Man is endowed with divine attributes.
Existentialist view
● Teilhard de chardin 1970- man is a being knows
what he knows.
● Martin heideger- believes that man is
responsible not only for himself but for all men.
● Engelber van crooverburg 1963 thoughts about
man
1. Man is raised above the abyss of
nothingness
2. He lives on the dividing line between the
past, the present and the future
3. He is embodied
4. He is above all the subhuman
5. He uses reason above lower levels of his
existence and teaches consciously beyond
himself into a being of which he partakes
and becomes more than he is.
Msgr. Fulton sheen 1948- describe man as three level
structure: body, soul and spirit.
Karl marx- human nature has given potential, the nature
of which cannot be changed.
Van der poel- values have their own historicity
Andress- believes in relativility of values
Havighurst and neugarten- when a society changes, its
values also change.
Existentialist consider existence of man endowed with
a free will. Not all men have the same essence.
Oriental philosophical view
Mencius- human nature as originally good.
Four beginnings that belong to man’s original nature
namely:
 1. Jen- the feeling of commensuration which is the
beginning of the virtue of human heartedness
2. Yi- the feeling of shame and dislike which is the
start of righteousness
3. Li- the feeling of modesty and yielding towards
the good. This is the beginning of ritual or
propriety
4. Chin- the sense of right and wrong
This four beginnings differentiate man from the beast
- The only way for a man to be happy is to free
himself from slavery, selfishness, and
inordinate sexual desire.
- Confucius- life is not a delusion, a curse or a
misery. It is a living reality, a blessing, a natural
priceless right and opportunity to work together
with your fellows for the common good and
attain happiness.
- Confucius- man’s greatest achievement is to
find the central clue to moral being that unites
us with the universal order.
Contemporary view
Man is said to be multi- bejeweled crown of creation
Immanuel kant- man is the only creature who governs
and directs himself and his actions.
- Man has the capacity to learn and be educated
in the right sense of the word.
Man as a person
- Every man is born inimitable, each one is
different from others.
- An individual’s nature is manifested and
fashioned by heredity, culture, and
environment.
- Person- from greek word prosophon meaning
mask. In latin, it is equivalent to personare refer
to the mask through which an actor forcefully
projects his voice.
- Palispis 1995- man has to be respected as a
being who can think and act as a person. Every
values teacher must address himself to the
process of thinking (cognitive or acquiring
knowledge), feeling (affective or forming
attitudes and values) and acting (psychomotor
or acquiring skills).
Man as a national being
Man is a rational being, gifted with intellect and free
will. Hence he:
1. Is able to distinguish good from evil, right from
wrong, moral to immoral
2. Desire within himself an obligation to do what is
good and to shun what is evil
3. Feels himself accountable for his actions,
expecting rewards, praises, incentives or
punishments or rejections from them (agapay)
The educated man
- Education- is the most efficient system of
equipping people with knowledge, skills and
attitudes essential for effective membership in
the society.
- Education is a dynamic process of growth and
development.
- The goal of education is to change man to be
better physically, mentally, socially, morally and
spiritually.
- Importance of people is a vital factor for the
development of a nation ( Palispis)
- Joseph stalin- education is a weapon, whose
effect depends on who holds it in his hands and
to whom it is aimed
- Iba zambales’ different ideas and views of an
educated man
● refined in his manners.
● acquired knowledge, skills, and
attitudes
● values charity, love and justice in
humanity.
● does things right
● cultivated mind, effective speech and
refined manners.
● Has faith in God
● Knows how to deal with others and not
to hinder the success of his fellowmen
● Has self-discipline and self- control
● one who functions well in the
community to which he belongs
● Open to criticism, latest development
and new ideas
● God fearing
Educational Qualifications
 - Educational qualifications counts most if one is
applying for a job. Once an individual obtains
the position, his educational qualification
should be nurtured, protected and
complemented by his positive values.
The policies for education commission of the united
states expresses the following views about an educated
person (tulio)
● Has appetite for learning
● Speaks the mother tongue clearly
● Read using mother tongue efficiently
● Write using the mother tongue effectively
● Solve his problems of counting and calculating
● Listen and observe skillfully
● Understand reliable facts about health and
disease
● Protects his own health and that of his
dependents
● Participates in sports and past time
● Devotes mental resources to the worthy use of
leisure
● Appreciates beauty
● Directs his own life responsibly
● Puts human relationship first
● Enjoys genuine and varied social life
● Observes amenities of social behavior
● Appreciates the family as a social institution and
as a unique instrument for his own enrichment
● Maintains democratic family relationships and
guards its sanctity
Questions that may consider us as educated:
1. Can we entertain an idea?
2. Can we entertain others?
3. Can we entertain ourselves?
Man and his values
● The values inherent in man show the kind of
person that he is.
● Agapay- values is closely related to one’s search
for meaning in human life.
● Values are the goals or end products of man’s
motivation.
Man as a worker
● Human labor is exercised in the production and
exchange of goods or services.
● Through work, man provides for himself, family,
associates and others.
● Maslows hierarchy of needs
- Self actualization
- Esteem
- Love and belongingness
- Safety
- Physiological
CHAPTER 3
Work- man’s effort applied to the production of goods.(
paul glenn)
Labor- refers to the work that is done wholly or partially
for self- support or gain.
Work- is a unique human phenomenon.
Classification of work (Tuazon)
1. Mental work- refers to those types of activities
in which remembering, thinking, reasoning,
judging and others are utilized
2. Physical work- refers to those activities where
speed, coordination and intensity of muscular
responses are the concern of the individual.
Antonio ozaeta’s classification of work
1. Blue collar or manual workers- includes all
those who account for direct labor cost
2. Knowledge workers- professionals
Elements of work
● Will power- desire, motive, ways
● Objectives- aims, targets, goals
● Responsibility- commitment, love, reliability
- Compliance- responsibil/formance
- Obedience- submission to the guide of
the authority. Responsibility for
persons.
- Dependability- reliability and
trustworthiness. Responsibility for duty
● Knowledge- perception, understanding, wisdom
CHAPTER 4
Santos- attitude is a manifestation of how one
communicates his or her moods to others.
- Attitude is a tendency or a
predisposition to react, either positively
 or negatively to a person, place or
circumstances.
Positive and negative attitude
Positive attitudes- manifested in the form of desirable
traits that attract sympathy, admiration and emulation
from others.
Negative attitudes- are those that others generally shun
or dislike.
Fundamental types of attitudes
1. Utilitarian attitudes- adjusted attitudes that can
be recognized most easily in changed situation.
2. Ego- defensive attitude- manifested by people
who are insecure and wish to preserve their
self- confidence.
3. Value- expensive attitude- attitudes that
maintain self- identity or lead to self- expression
or determination.
4. Knowledge function attitudes- attitudes that
promote meaningfulness in activities.
Work attitudes
● Working well is part of the culture of excellence
that results in greater productivity
● Sir William c. van horne- the man feels no
enthusiasm for his work will never accomplish
anything worthwhile.
TESDA WORK ETHICS
Specific behavior= work effectiveness; productivity
● Attitude- positive work attitude
● Expectation of gain- a good and fulfilling life
● Ideas= values system- hard work
● Truth system- work is the elixir of life
Key excellent job performance
● Enthusiasm
● Self esteem/ self worth
● Responsibility
● Optimism
● Goal orientation- SMART (specific, measurable,
attainable, and realistic)
● Imagination
● Awareness
● Creativity
● Communicativeness
● Growth orientation
Restructuring our attitudes
● Our attitude is predisposed by our culture, the
wider society to which the individuals belong
and by primary groups, as well as by other
factors in the physical environment.
● Value changes with our attitudes
● We can have some restructure or have some
form of attitude renewal or adjustment through
change of values.
Practical ways to cultivate positive attitudes
● Think about goodness of God’s creation
● Mentally optimize your strengths
● Feel good about life and enjoy it
Tips on attitude renewal
1. Understand yourself
2. Appreciate yourself for having positive attitudes
3. Recognize and avoid negative attitudes
4. Understand your challenges
5. Choose which positive attitude can best meet
your challenge
6. Reward yourself for every success
Cultivating positive attitudes
● Insulate yourself
1. keep busy
2. take things one day at a time
3. play your winners
4. exercise
5. use humor
6. simplify your life
7. concentrate on positive thoughts
8. do something for others
9. spend time with a friend
10. share your problems with God
● attitude giveaway
1. visit friends who have attitude problems
2. be positive around those with whom you
have daily contact
3. transmit positive attitudes to others
4. share positive attitudes by sending small
tokens such as cards or flowers to those
whom you care for.
5. Share some sense of humor through
teasing, telling jokes and making others
laugh
6. Be more sensitive as a listener
 7. Laugh more to infect others with one’s joy.
8. Communicate attitude through positive
conversations, paying compliments and
others
9. Share attitude by setting a better example
as a positive person to others
● Look better
1. Admit that at times, you may look better to
others than you do to yourself
2. Play up you winning features- hair, smile,
Types and style of leadership
eyes, beautiful legs and others
3. Make improvements in rooming when
improvement is possible
● How to get a positive attitude through image
improvement.
1. Wardrobe improvement
2. Hairstyle and cosmetics
3. Look healthy
4. Be yourself
5. Image attitude connection
Leadership- is somebody who motivates others to work
and do their best.
1. Know the nature of every task thoroughly
2. Be constantly aware of current
developments, principles and strategies of
leadership
3. Be familiar with the characteristics and
idiosyncrasies of your followers, including
their strength and weaknesses even their
personal circumstances.
4. Infect others with a mission of excellence
5. Be a model of strength, determination and
decisiveness in everything.
Leadership foundations
● Leadership is loyalty to god, country and people
● Enthusiasm, energy to help and serve others
● Action, accomplishment and achievement
● Dedication, discipline, dignity, dependability
and devotion to duty, daring, determination
and decisiveness for the general welfare
● Excellence, exemplary work for others to follow
and emulate
● Reliability, responsibility, respect for the law
and the rights, reconciliation for peace and
Styles of leadership
unity, fairness in rewarding.
● Sincerity, service, self- sacrifice, social justice to
make life better for mankind, self confidence
and oral proficiency
● Humility, honest, honor, helpfulness and hard
work
● Integrity, interest, initiative, idealism
● Patience, perseverance, beyond partisanship,
love for peace, progress and prosperity for
mankind and predictability
1. On the basis of their authority or position
● Formal leader- is the one who officially
occupies a position of leadership in an
organization.
● Informal leader- is the one who has no
official position but who is followed by
people on the basis of his character and
contribution to the well being of the
organization
2. On the basis of his relationship to his
subordinates and fellow workers
● Autocrat- puts no emphasis on the
nature and objectives of tasks but has
little or no concern for the workers
● Benevolent leader- has the strongest
sympathy for subordinates and their
circumstances
● Compromiser- the company objectives
and workers welfare are equal
considerations for him.
3. According to manner of participation
● Autocratic- has control on the
employee’s behavior. No participation
of the group in decision- making
● Participatory- authority is decentralized.
Subordinates are involve in decision-
making
● Free rein- depends upon the
subordinates for decision- making
4. According to democratic practices
● Authoritarian- the decision making
process is in the hands of one man.
● Democratic- the decision making is in
the hands of the group.
 1. Directive leadership- the leader provides
guidance to employees about what should be
done and how to do it.
2. Supportive leadership- shows concern for the
well being and needs of employees, is friendly
and approachable and treats all workers as
equal
3. Participative leadership- the employees are
consulted and/or their ideas are considered in
decision making.
4. Achievement-oriented leadership- the
employees are encouraged to perform at their
highest level by setting challenging goal,
emphasizing excellence and demonstrating
confidence in their abilities.
Leadership traits for a successful leader
1. Familiarity with the job
2. High level of knowledge and awareness of
leadership events
3. Knowledge of subordinates’ traits and
aspiration
4. A vision of service, excellence and
achievements which one shares with others
5. Strength of character both in words and actions
Characteristics of a good leader
1. Provides rewards for goals achieved
2. Provides assistance, confidence and product
knowledge
3. Think of satisfaction, motivation and acceptable
leadership
4. Establishes appropriate goals and anticipates
customer needs
5. Performs effective performance and good
communication skills
6. Provides better understanding to both
employer and employee to reach their goal
CHAPTER 5
Man’s behavioral pattern
Behavior- a manner of acting whether good or bad.
Kast and rosenzweig- behavioral patterns are style use
by a person in working out his activities.
Distinct division in study of human system
1. The study of anatomy- parts of human body
2. Physiology- vital functions of organs
3. Behavior- explicit action pattern of man
Individual similarities and differences
Three interrelated assumptions about human behavior
1. Behavior is caused- man’s reaction to stimuli
2. Behavior is motivated- wants and needs
3. Behavior is goal oriented- motivated to achieve
goals.
Man’s motivation
● Man must be properly motivated in order for
him to do and work his best.
● Motive- end of man’s action
The motive of an act
● Agapay- motive of an act as the purpose which
the doer wishes to achieve by such actions.
Motivation and need
● Sison- motivations is the willingness of an
individual or worker to exert effort to achieve a
goal or an objective for a reward.
● robbins three elements of motivation: effort,
organizational goal and needs.
Effort- is related to the measure of intensity or the
degree of force exerted.
Robbins motivation process
Unsatisfied need- tension- drive- search behavior-
satisfied need- reduction of tension
Robbins- to ensure satisfaction of needs, individual’s
needs must be compatible and consistent with the
organizations goals.
Motivation is that concept that stands for the
underlying force impelling behavior and giving it
direction.
Martires- motivation is a intrinsic inducement that
propels an individual to think, feel and perform in
certain ways.
Importance of motivation
1. it directs activities towards the achievement of
a goal
2. it controls and directs human behavior
3. it inculcates spiritual and moral values in the
minds of the people
 4. it gives satisfaction and happiness to the
individual
theories of motivation
1. theory X and theory Y
● douglas mcgregor- two diverse
assumption about workers.
● Under theory X, the assumption given
were negative:
1. Employees have an inherent dislike
for work and if at all possible will
avoid it
2. Because employees dislike work,
they must be corrected, controlled,
directed or threatened with
punishment toward the attainment
of goals
3. Employees will avoid responsibility
and look for direction at any time
possible.
4. Most workers put security above all
other factors connected with work
and will exhibit little ambition
● Theory Y are positive assumptions
1. Work is a natural occurrence as rest or play
2. If workers are committed to the
organizational objectives, they will exercise
self- direction and self- control
3. Commitment to objectives is a function of
rewards associated with their goals
4. Employees, if properly motivated, will not
only accept but also seek responsibility
5. The ability to create and make innovative
decisions in the solution of organizational
problems is widely appointed among the
population.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory
1. Physiological needs
2. Safety and security needs
3. Belongingness and love needs
4. Esteem and prestige needs
5. Self- actualization and self- realization needs
Mcclelland’s theory of needs
1. Need for achievement- refers to the drive to
excel, to achieve in relation to a set of
standards, to strive and to succeed.
2. Need for power- is the desire to have impact,
influence and control over others.
3. Need for affiliation- refers to the desire for
friendly and closer interpersonal relationship.
Herzberg’s two- factor theory
● Also known as motivation- hygiene theories
● Motivation factors- employees are motivated to
work when they are happy with their jobs. They
are challenged to work with the expectations of
accomplishment and reward.
● Hygiene factors or maintenance factors- related
to the job environment. Refer to company
policies and administration, supervision,
interpersonal relations and working conditions
that can lead to employee dissatisfaction.
- It only maintains current levels of
efficiency and production but not lead
to improvement of production or to a
better performance.
Adams’ equity theory
● J. Stacey adams maintains that when people
work in exchange for pay, they tend to think in
terms of their contributions to the job in
relation to what they get for working.
● Inputs- corresponds to anything workers
perceive or see as deserving of a payoff such as
educational qualifications, experience, skills etc.
● Outcomes- refer to factors workers see as
payoff for their invested efforts such as pay,
fringe benefit, job status, seniority benefits etc.
Person’s outcomes/ person’s input = others outcome/
others inputs
Equity theory Basic assumption
1. People strive to create and maintain a state of
equity
2. Workers tend to reduce or eliminate tension
when a state of inequity is perceived.
3. Employees are greatly motivated to act or to
reduce the state of tension when the perceived
equity is greater in magnitude.
4. People should perceive an unfavorable equity
like getting minimal pay, than a favorable one
like receiving too much pay.
Alternative ways to reduce inequity
1. Reduce work output
 2. Reduce quality of work Custom- customary practice
3. Persuade the boss for a raise in salary
Norms- are the standard of behavior which are imposed
4. Quit from the job
by the society to its members.
5. Select another comparison person
6. Distort inputs or outcomes as well as those of Values- refers to things immaterial, which a person
the comparison person prizes, cherishes and esteems as important to him.
7. Harassment of the companion person
Manalang- values are supposed to animate people in
Locke’s goal theory conducting activities that are important to them.
● Explains the relationship between intention Human values- are ideas, actions, likes, or experience
(goal) and the behavior that contribute to the promotion of human life.
● Goals should be set clearly and specifically at a
high but realistic level. Kinds of values
● Management by objectives (MBO)- helps in goal 1. Biological values- necessary for the physical
setting. It calls attention of both management survival of man or an organization
and employees in setting goals ● Life and health
General ways of motivating people ● Food and shelter
● Work
1. By force- threat 2. Social values- necessary for the following needs
2. By enticement- giving incentives and fulfillment
3. By identification or ego- involvement- ● Leisure and sex
willingness to work ● Marriage
● Family and love
CHAPTER 6
● Parental authority
Culture- is the sum total of material and non- material ● Education
products of social interaction. 3. Rational values- necessary to the functions and
fulfillment of the intellectual and the will
Edward taylor- culture is a complex whole that includes ● Understanding and control of values
knowledge, beliefs, arts, work, laws and customs and ● Guides for self- control
any other capabilities acquired by a man as a member ● Solidarity
of society ● Religion
Calderon- dresssler’s definition of culture as a social Orientals ( eastern race)- people oriented and
heritage, transmitted from one generation to another possessing high regard for human feelings which all
and shared. other values are subordinated.
Characteristics of culture Occidentals ( western race)- material oriented, having a
1. learned high regard for efficiency and productivity for the
2. varies across nations accomplishment of maximum results.
3. group product Two kinds of values:
4. can be transmitted
5. adaptive 1. Absolute moral values- are at all times and in all
places, ethically and socially binding to all men
Forms of culture who are aware of both the natural and moral
Tenedero- culture is the composite or learned laws
behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, ideas, and values held by a 2. Cultural behavioral values- are those which
particular society. emanate from within. They involve either
personal views of individual man or the
Lardizabal- culture is the totality of learned, socially collective concepts of cultural group based on
transmitted behavior. personal opinions and modes of conduct.
Functions of values

1. It serves as a means of social control

2. It promotes work efficiency
3. It can predict behavior
4. It promotes economic progress and security
5. It promotes health
6. It makes the world a better place to live in
7. It promotes safety
8. It provides for the future

The process of valuing

1. Choosing
● To choose freely
● To choose from alternatives
● To choose from alternatives after
considering the consequences of the
same
2. Prizing
● To cherish and be happy with the
choice
● To be willing to affirm the choice
publicly
3. Acting
● To actually do something about the
choice
● To act repeatedly to affirm the choice
publicly.