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RESEARCH ARTICLE
KEYWORDS concrete filled steel tubes, rubberized concrete, composite frames, seismic performance assessment
loading, as reported by Hajjar [2]. al. [25] for stub columns under cyclic bending. The authors
The study of the behavior of beam-column CFST highlighted the enhanced ductility of rubberized concrete
members has become an active research field during the in comparison to standard concrete. Moreover, Yang and
last few decades. Extensive research has been carried out in Han [26] carried out an experimental assessment of the
the past aiming at the characterization of the behavior of behavior of recycled aggregate concrete filled steel tubular
axially loaded CFSTs (e.g., Schneider [3], Han [4], Sakino long columns under compression. CFSTs with geopoly-
et al. [5], Liu and Gho [6] and Ellobody et al. [7]). meric recycled concrete under axial loading have been
Regarding the flexural behavior of these elements, research studied by Shi et al. [27], and the use of combined
studies such as those carried out by Elchalakani et al. [1], demolished concrete lumps and fresh concrete in these
Varma et al. [8], Varma et al. [9], Han et al. [10], composite member types has also been recently
Elchalakani et al. [11], Han [12], Han and Yang [13], Han researched, namely by Wu et al. [28] and Wu et al. [29],
et al. [14], Zhang et al. [15], Elchalakani and Zhao [16] and for long columns in cyclic bending. Overall, the use of
Jiang et al. [17], reported ductile behavior of CFSTs different novel and sustainable infill materials for concrete
subjected to flexural loading conditions. In recent years, filled steel tube members has become a trending research
this research topic has progressed to more complex topic related to CFSTs.
domains, such as the cyclic behavior of composite frames From a European design perspective, Eurocode 4 [30]
with CFST columns and beam-to-CFST connections, as provides methods for the calculation of the capacity of
explored by Han et al. [18], Zhang et al. [19], Chen et al. composite members under different loading conditions.
[20], Qin et al. [21] and Yang et al. [22]. Few studies have Additionally, the code prescriptions aim at preventing the
been conducted on the seismic behavior of composite development of local buckling mechanisms in CFST
frames with CFST members. Liu et al. [23] investigated the members, before the ultimate loads of the structural system
behavior of concrete filled thin-walled steel tubular arches. is reached. This is achieved by imposing cross-section
In general, there is extensive research work on the behavior slenderness limits, as shown in Table 1. Moreover, The
of concrete filled steel tube members under different European seismic code, Eurocode 8 [31], makes use of this
loading conditions, notwithstanding some more complex parameter for the definition of the ductility class require-
topics that need further development, particularly in ments for dissipative elements, as shown in Table 1, where
seismic performance assessment of composite frames fv is the yield strength of the steel tube.
with CFST columns. This paper mainly focuses on: 1) the experimental
Additionally, some work has been developed in recent assessment of the influence of rubberized concrete (RuC)
years in the field of CFST members with sustainable infill in CFST members under monotonic and cyclic bending;
materials. The use of recycled rubber particles in CFST 2) the comparison of the experimental results with
concrete infill was experimentally studied by Duarte et al. expected design capacities according to Eurocode 4; 3)
[24] for stub columns under compression and by Duarte et the assessment of the influence of CFST members in the
Table 1 EC4 and EC8 d/t limits for CFSTs
Eurocode 8
cross-section type Eurocode 4 DCM DCM DCH
1:5<q£2 2<q£4 q>4
design and seismic performance of moment-resisting and a nominal thickness of 12 mm. Henceforth, the circular
frames. steel tubes will be referred to as C2193 and C2195, the
square steel tubes as S1803 and S20010, and the
rectangular tube as R25015012. All steel tubes used in
2 Description of the test campaign the test campaign were cold-formed, and, considering that
each tube of the same steel section type comes from a
2.1 Specimen definition and material properties single lot, tensile testing of steel coupons taken from a set
of specimens was performed. In Table 2, a comparison
To characterize the behavior of CFST columns under between the steel mechanical properties before and after
simple and combined bending, a comprehensive experi- the cold-forming process, namely in terms of steel yield
mental campaign was carried out. A total of 16 CFST strength, fv, and ultimate strength, fu, is shown. Addition-
members of circular cross-section type, 12 of which made ally, an assessment of the steel tube thickness was carried
with rubberized concrete (RuC) and the remaining with out. To this end, a total of 8 thickness measurements per
standard concrete (StdC), 16 CFST members of square specimen were performed. Table 2 summarizes the average
cross-section type, 12 RuCFST and 4 StdCFST, and 4 results obtained for each steel section type, in terms of
RuCFST members of rectangular cross section were mean values μ and the corresponding standard
selected and tested. For the definition of the test specimens deviation σ.
a number of parameters were considered, namely the cross- Concerning the concrete used to infill the steel tubes, a
section slenderness ratio d/t or h/t, the concrete aggregate reference concrete StdC (β = 0%) and two rubberized
replacement ratio β, the axial load level n and the lateral concrete mixtures, RuC5% (β = 5%) and RuC15% (β =
load type. The total length of each specimen was set to 2 m. 15%), were used in the test campaign. The Faury method
Regarding the parameter d/t or h/t, the former applied to was implemented to determine the concrete mixing ratio of
circular tubes and the latter to square and rectangular tubes, concrete StdC, and only two different ranges of aggregate
d and h are the maximum external dimension of the size were used, namely fine aggregate 0/4 GF85 and coarse
encasing steel tube, and t the corresponding thickness. aggregate 4/10 GC85/20. Additionally, concrete mixtures
Aiming at assessing the influence of this parameter on RuC5% and RuC15% were created by replacing only the
member ductility, both high and low values were largest range of aggregate size, 4/10 GC85/20, with a
considered for circular and square specimens, taking into percentage of the total amount of normal aggregate used
account the requirements of Eurocode 8 for high and in a given mixture. Thus, a uniformity between the
medium ductility class CFSTs. Therefore, two different granulometry of the replaced and replacement materials
circular cross-sections were adopted, both with an external was implemented. Although theoretically based on the
diameter of 219 mm but with a nominal tube thickness of 3 reference concrete by simple material quantity substitution,
mm and 5 mm, two square cross-sections, namely one with the rubberized concrete mixtures have a modified mixing
an external width of 180 mm and a nominal tube thickness ratio in order to have the same European slump class S3 of
of 3 mm and another with 200 mm of width and 10 mm of 12515mm across all concrete types. The obtained mixing
nominal thickness, and a single rectangular member with ratios for each concrete type are summarized in Table 3, as
external cross-section dimensions of 250 mm by 150 mm well as the average cube compressive strength of the three
Table 2 Steel tube material properties
steel tube thickness before cold-forming after cold-forming
steel section
μ(mm) σ fv(MPa) fu(MPa) fv(MPa) fu(MPa)
C2193 2.96 0.07 343 414 308 373
C2195 4.72 0.11 341 405 393 485
S1803 2.97 0.10 353 421 320 403
S20010 9.75 0.15 411 519 425 525
R25015012 11.93 0.09 560 581 550 585
Fig. 1 Overview of the designed steel box Fig. 2 Specimen placement in the steel box
thickness of 70 mm welded to the steel wall, to connect additional filling steel plates are placed between the bolt
with the bolt end, while another with 25 mm is placed hexagon caps and the specimen in order to provide proper
between the previous nut and the bolt hexagon cap, to basal restraint and load transfer. Due to the layout of the
prevent any movement of the bolt during the test. After the bolts, only rectangular and square specimens can be
placement of the specimen inside the box, one should installed and laterally restrained without any member
unscrew the bolts until the bolt caps are in full contact with adaptation. For circular steel tubes, additional steel plates
the specimen, and finally, move the 25 mm nut along the are welded to the bottom part of the tube in order to allow a
screw until it reaches the steel wall nut. As shown in Fig. 2, similar boundary connection to the box constraint
A. SILVA et al. Seismic performance of composite moment-resisting frames achieved with sustainable CFST members 317
Fig. 5 Experimental behavior of specimens (circular composite columns). (a) CR-RuC15%-219-3-0%; (b) CR-RuC15%-219-3-15%;
(c) CR-RuC15%-219-5-0%; (d) CR-RuC15%-219-5-15%; (e) CR-RuC5%-219-5-0%; (f) CR-RuC5%-219-5-15%; (g) CR-StdC-219-5-
0%; (h) CR-StdC-219-5-15%
A. SILVA et al. Seismic performance of composite moment-resisting frames achieved with sustainable CFST members 319
Fig. 6 Experimental behavior of specimens (square columns). (a) SR-RuC15%-180-3-0%; (b) SR-RuC15%-180-3-10%; (c) SR-
RuC15%-200-10-0%; (d) SR-RuC15%-200-10-10%; (e) SR-RuC5%-200-10-0%; (f) SR-RuC5%-200-10-10%; (g) SR-StdC-200-10-0%;
(h) SR-StdC-200-10-10%
320 Front. Struct. Civ. Eng. 2016, 10(3): 312–332
Fig. 7 Experimental behavior of specimens (rectangular elements). (a) RR-RuC15%-250-150-12-0%; (b) RR-RuC15%-250-150-12-10%
variability of the steel tube thickness along the perimeter of 150 12, did not display the same phenomenon, mainly
the cross-section, damage of the steel tube to one of the due to a much higher steel tube thickness than the
sides of the plastic hinge zone, and significant asymmetry aforementioned specimen types. Figures 8 and 9 show
of the aggregate particles (normal and rubber) in the cross some examples of the global and local deformation of the
section of the plastic hinge zone. composite members at the final stages of each cyclic
In general, all monotonically tested composite columns, bending test.
in simple bending or combined bending with compression,
developed outwards local buckling shapes at the speci- 3.2 Influence of steel section infill with concrete
men’s plastic hinge region. Nonetheless, this proved to
have a negligible influence on the overall behavior of the One key benefit of CFST members is the combination of
member, as denoted by the absence of strength degradation the advantages of both the encased and encasing materials,
in practically all specimens. However, the cyclic loaded significantly changing the overall behavior of the indivi-
specimens exhibited larger levels of local buckling, with a dual concrete and steel parts. Therefore, and with the
clear effect in the global behavior of the specimen, as objective of determining the improvement in bending
denoted by the presence of strength degradation during the behavior prompted by simple steel section concrete infill,
tests. Interestingly, the cyclic loaded thin-walled test one circular C219 3 hollow steel tube specimen was
columns, i.e., using steel tubes C219 3, C219 5 and tested under monotonic bending without axial force. Thus,
S180 3, exhibited fracture of the steel tube at the plastic a comparison of the overall behavior can be made using a
hinge region, after very pronounced local buckling. The compatible composite specimen CR-RuC15%-219-3-0%-
remaining steel tube types, i.e., S200 10 and R250 M, as shown in Fig. 10. Figure 11 shows the local buckling
properties of the steel between this and the remaining Thus, in Figs. 14 and 15, this assessment is carried out for
members. Disregarding this specimen, and for the limited both monotonic and cyclic loading cases, for the selected
range of CFST members for this assessment, it is possible circular and square test specimens, respectively. In the
to conclude that despite slight variations in terms of plots, the normalized lateral force was obtained by
member strength, the overall behavior and ductility of the dividing, for every point of the curve, the lateral force by
member is similar between specimens. This shows that the the corresponding maximum absolute value, i.e., the
bending performance of this type of composite element is maximum between the maximum positive value and
highly dependent on the steel tube, as fundamentally maximum absolute negative value of applied lateral force
different concrete cores have little to no influence on the during the test.
specimen’s behavior. This conclusion is applicable to both For circular composite specimens, the test results
circular and square cross-section type members, as indicate a slight influence of cross-section slenderness on
demonstrated by the test results. the overall behavior of the member, in addition to an
expected increase in member strength and stiffness, as the
3.4 Influence of cross-section slenderness d/t ratio decreases. The monotonic test results do not
indicate large differences between both members, in spite
Cross-section slenderness has a considerable influence on of a 40% reduction in d/t from specimen CR-219-3 to CR-
the behavior of a structural member, regardless of the type 219-5. As for the cyclically loaded specimens, the same
of loading or material. In the case of CFSTs, this parameter conclusion can be withdrawn, if the asymmetric behavior
is defined as the ratio d/t for circular specimens, or h/t for of some tests is taken into account. Conversely, the square
square and rectangular specimens, and has an influence on columns show a more noticeable influence of h/t on the
a number of behavioral characteristics such has member behavior of the member. In the monotonic tests, the
capacity, local buckling mechanism, ductility and cyclic ductility of the member is lower for the thin-walled
load degradation. In the context of the test campaign, only column, SR-180-3, as the peak bending capacity is reached
specimens of circular steel sections C2193 and C2195, and some strength degradation is observed during the test.
and square steel sections S1803 and S20010, with Moreover, in the cyclic tests, a lower value of h/t was
concrete infill RuC15%, have compatible test results. associated with lower cyclic strength degradation, as is
the case of specimen SR-200-10. Particularly, for the case applied lateral force FuTEST by the free length of the column
of combined bending with compression, significant (1.35 m), and the corresponding value calculated with EC4
differences in cyclic load degradation and member MREC4 using the yield steel strength fv and average steel
ductility can be seen between both SR-180-3 and tube thickness listed in Table 2, and the concrete
SR-200-10 specimens, with the thin-walled column compressive strength fc listed in Table 3. The calculation
exhibiting a much poor behavior. Generally, significant procedure of MREC4 for CFSTs of circular and square/
variations in member behavior and ductility are only rectangular members is provided by Silva et al. [34],
substantial for square cross-section members, possibly respectively. No material partial safety factors were
validating the considerable performance of circular CFST considered in the application of EC4, either for the steel
members in comparison with other cross-section types, in tube or for the concrete core. Table 6 shows a summary of
line with the prescriptions of Eurocode 4 and Eurocode 8 this comparison, separated between circular and square/
for composite columns. rectangular columns, where μ is the average difference of
MREC4 /MuTEST and σ the corresponding standard deviation.
3.5 Comparisons with Eurocode 4 The analysis of the obtained results reveals that EC4 is
conservative in predicting the bending capacity of the
Taking into account the procedures for the calculation of tested CFST and RuCFST specimens. Average differences
the bending capacity of CFST columns presented in of 24% and 13% between the code and the experimental
Eurocode 4, it is possible to evaluate the accuracy of the results were identified for circular and square/rectangular
code in predicting the strength of the composite specimens specimens, respectively. More importantly, one can
that were tested in the experimental campaign described conclude that no significant differences were found
before in this paper. Since no consideration is given in the between MREC4 /MuTEST for StdC and RuC type members.
code to the type of loading, i.e., monotonic or cyclic, these This confirms once again the reduced influence of concrete
comparisons can only be carried out for the monotonic type on the bending behavior of a CFST member.
cases. Therefore, in the following paragraphs a comparison As the confinement effect of the concrete core is only
is shown between the obtained peak bending moment in significant for the case of circular members under
the test MuTEST , given by the multiplication of the peak compression loading, one can disregard this concrete
A. SILVA et al. Seismic performance of composite moment-resisting frames achieved with sustainable CFST members 325
behavioral enhancement as the main reason for the 4 Seismic performance assessment of
conservativeness of EC4. However, other factors may composite moment resisting frames
justify the differences observed, namely the multiaxial
stress state in the steel tube or the fact that the EC4 4.1 Definition of the parametric study
calculations were performed based on the yield stress of
the material. According to EC4, the steel yield properties A parametric study is now described that aims at
must be used, meaning that any material hardening is not investigating the seismic performance of composite
taken into account. However, if the ultimate steel strength moment-resisting frames consisting of steel beams and
fu was used instead of fv, the average difference would CFST columns. The study focuses on the analysis and
change to a conservative 9% for circular and non- design of a 5-storey building structure with the plan layout
conservative 3% for square and rectangular specimens. and elevation shown in Fig. 16.
Finally, the high variability of the test specimen’s real steel In the longitudinal (X) direction the seismic resistance is
tube thickness, reported in Silva et al. [34] and Silva et al. provided by moment-resisting frames spaced at 6 m. In the
[35], can also play a key role in these conclusions, transverse (Y) direction the seismic resistance is assured by
particularly in the case of monotonic tests, where cross- a bracing system. The investigation will focus on the
section asymmetry can amplify the member bending central moment-resisting frame identified in Fig. 16. Four
capacity compared to a specimen with an average different frame solutions will be considered for this frame,
thickness, if the right alignment conditions are met. as listed in Table 7. In the table, both IPE and HEB are
Finally, in spite of the differences between the material designations of European standard steel open sections with
properties of the standard and rubberized concrete types, I or H shape, respectively.
the comparison of the test results with the code shows that The cases are equivalent in what concerns the building
the design assumptions of EC4 in the context of RuCFST and frame layout, gravity loads, seismic location, ductility
columns are still valid, confirming in this way the class, design criteria (e.g., P – Δ effects, capacity design,
applicability of the European code to the design of and damage limitation) and design method. In the
both CFST and RuCFST members subjected to following paragraphs, more detail is given about these
bending. aspects. It is important to note that the only difference
326 Front. Struct. Civ. Eng. 2016, 10(3): 312–332
Table 7 List of cases considered in the parametric study Table 8 Vertical distributed loads
case frame type beam type column type storey load type load (kN/m2) frame storey mass (t)
1 steel HEB gk 4.75
top storey 34.20
2 circular CFST qk 1.00
IPE
3 composite square CFST intermediate gk 5.75
45.72
4 rectangular CFST storey qk 2.00
between the cases is the type of columns (steel or CFST) specified in the Portuguese National Annex of Eurocode 8
that were used in the design of the frames. are shown in Table 9. Seismic design was performed taking
All frames were designed in accordance with Eurocode into account second-order effects (P – Δ effects), by
8 (EC8), considering the Portuguese National Annex. limiting the maximum value of the interstorey drift
Additionally, a bare steel moment-resisting frame was also sensitivity coefficient θ to 0.2. The EC8 capacity design
considered as part of the study. A dissipative structural beam-column joint requirement ΣMRc ³1:3ΣMRb was also
behavior concept was assumed in the seismic design of the taken into account in the design of all frames (for a given
frames, considering a medium ductility class as defined in joint, ΣMRc is the sum of the design values of moments of
EC8, corresponding to a behavior factor of q = 4. The resistance of the columns and ΣMRb is the sum of the
considered steel grade for all steel elements was S275, and design values of moments of resistance of the beams).
a concrete class C30/37 was assumed for the concrete infill Moreover, the damage limitation performance requirement
of the CFST members. was considered in the seismic design by limiting the inter-
A summary of the vertical distributed loading is shown storey drift to dr £0:0075h (dr is the design inter-storey
in Table 8, where gk is the permanent and qk is the imposed drift, is the reduction factor which takes into account the
load. The transmission of vertical distributed loading to the lower return period of the seismic action associated with
center frame was considered as point loads at each storey the damage limitation requirement and h is the storey
level, in accordance with the positioning of the secondary height) . All frames were designed based on the modal
beams. Additionally, in order to calculate the storey masses response spectrum analysis method.
for seismic design, load combination gk + 0.3qk was The obtained design solutions for all cases are
considered for the intermediate storey and gk + 0.0qk for summarized in Table 10. For the composite moment
the top storey, in accordance with the EC8 design resisting frames, available commercial steel tube sections
requirements. The slabs are considered to act as rigid were considered for the CFST columns. For the circular
diaphragms, thus, each storey mass can be equally
distributed by the three longitudinal frames, as shown in Table 9 Elastic response spectra parameters
Table 8. spectrum ground type aa (m/s2) S TB (s) TC (s) TD (s)
The building is considered to be located in the south of type 1 2.50 1.175 0.10 0.60 2.00
Portugal, in the city of Lagos. The parameters required for B
type 2 1.70 1.268 0.10 0.25 2.00
the definition of the elastic response spectra that are
A. SILVA et al. Seismic performance of composite moment-resisting frames achieved with sustainable CFST members 327
Table 11 Dynamic properties and steel weight sumamry (Cases 1 and 2) and the description of the developed
case T1 (s) steel weight (t) concrete volume (m3) numerical modeling framework will be conducted in the
1 1.29 11.4 -
following sections.
2 1.14 10.4 13.0
4.2 Numerical modeling
3 1.18 11.2 5.3
4 1.18 10.7 3.6 The seismic performance assessment of the frames of
Cases 1 and 2 was performed in OpenSees [35] by
adopting a simplified numerical modeling approach. Both
and square members, the tubular section designation is beam and column members were simulated with concen-
shown as d t and h t, respectively, and for rectangular trated plasticity approach at both element ends, using the
cross-sections as h b t. Moreover, d and h are the numerical parameters calibration procedure proposed by
maximum and b the minimum external dimension of the Araújo et al. [36]. This procedure makes use of advanced
steel tube cross-section, and t its thickness. Additionally, full 3D numerical models of singular elements under
Table 11 compares the corresponding design solution’s monotonic and cyclic bending loading conditions, in order
fundamental period T1, steel weight and column infill to calibrate the deterioration model parameters of the
concrete volume. concentrated plasticity springs in OpenSees. The Modified
The analysis of the obtained design solutions allows Ibarra-Medina-Krawinkler deterioration model [37] was
concluding that some reductions in steel weight can be used to simulate the nonlinear material behavior of steel
achieved with the use of CFST columns, as an alternative and CFST members. While bilinear hysteretic response
to standard steel sections such as the ones used in the steel was adopted for steel beams and columns, peak-oriented
moment-resisting frame, i.e., Case 1. Although this was hysteretic response was utilized to simulate the behavior of
attained by the introduction of some concrete in the CFST columns. The advanced numerical modeling of the
solution, the considerable difference in material cost steel beams and columns was performed in ANSYS [38],
between concrete and steel results in an almost insignif- and of the CFST elements in ABAQUS [39]. Figure 17
icant contribution of CFST infill to the overall structural shows one example of the aforementioned calibration
cost. However, it is important to note that the overall cost procedure, namely in terms of comparing the behavior of
of the structure may increase with the use of CFST both the advanced 3D model (ANSYS and ABAQUS,
columns, given that member joints, foundations and respectively) and the concentrated plasticity simplified
construction time, are aspects that will become more model in OpenSees.
complex and costly. Nonetheless, even though the overall Overall, a good correlation between both models was
cost of the composite frame is equivalent or higher than achieved with the use of a calibration procedure to
that of a steel frame, this may be justifiable if benefits are determine the deterioration model parameters, allowing
achieved from a seismic performance perspective. for a realistic simulation of the response of the moment-
The seismic performance assessment of two frames resisting frames in OpenSees.
328 Front. Struct. Civ. Eng. 2016, 10(3): 312–332
Fig. 17 Concentrated plasticity calibration procedure for (a) a steel HEB340 member and (b) a circular CFST 404.612 member
4.3 Seismic performance assessment the seismic intensity measure (IM) and the maximum inter-
storey drift as the engineering demand parameter (EDP).
The seismic performance assessment of the moment The SelEQ tool [41] was employed to define a group of 30
resisting frames was performed for Case 1, and a single ground motions from real earthquake events that were
composite frame, namely Case 2, through application of selected and scaled in order to have spectral shape
the Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) procedure compatibility with the Eurocode 8 spectrum adopted in
proposed by Vamvatsikos and Cornell [40]. The 5% the design of the two frames, as shown in Fig. 18.
damped first mode spectral acceleration was considered as The Hunt-and-fill algorithm proposed by the aforemen-
Fig. 19 IDA curves of (a) Case 1(steel frame) and (b) Case 2 (composite frame with circular CFSTs)
Fig. 20 Fractile IDA curves of (a) Case 1(steel frame) and (b) Case 2 (composite frame with circular CFSTs)
columns, it becomes evident that the formation of a plastic steel moment-resisting solutions.
hinge at the base of the structure will undoubtedly explore
the behavior of these elements. As such, the difference
between the behavior of CFST and steel members at the 5 Conclusions
base of the frames can significantly influence the behavior
of the frame, and thus the collapse fragility curves of the In this paper, an evaluation of the seismic performance and
cases. resilience of moment resisting frames with sustainable
By analyzing the obtained fragility curves, one is able to CFST members was achieved. The following conclusions
conclude that the composite moment-resisting frame can be withdrawn:
exhibits better seismic performance, in comparison with The developed box testing device performed very well
the steel frame. As an example, for a 1.0 g value of throughout the test campaign, proving to be a noteworthy
Sa ðT1 , 5%Þ, the probability of exceedance of the defined alternative to the traditional test setup;
collapse limit state is around 60% for the steel frame, Infill of the steel tube by concrete has the ability to
whereas a value of 5% value is observed for the composite significantly enhance the ductility of the member, in
frame. This conclusion can be explained by the improved addition to an expected increase in bending capacity;
ductility properties of CFST members in comparison to The tested CFST and RuCFST columns showed a very
steel only elements. A comparison of the hysteretic ductile behavior, for both monotonic and cyclic bending
behavior of the interior base column of Case 1, namely conditions;
steel section HEB340, and Case 2, namely circular CFST Concrete type effect in specimen behavior is
404.612, shows that cyclic degradation takes place at negligible, as different concrete types do not have a great
higher levels of rotation for the composite element, as influence in the member’s bending behavior;
shown in Fig. 22. Therefore, for the same level of seismic Eurocode 4 is conservative in the prediction of the
demand of a given moment-resisting frame, the improved flexural capacity of the tested specimens. Nonetheless, the
ductility properties of the CFST columns allows for lower code proves to be applicable to the design of both CFST
probability of exceedance for a specific collapse limit state and RuCFST members;
for a given IM value. This is further supported by Eurocode 8 has very restrictive cross-section slender-
analyzing the IDA curves, where the flattening of the ness requirements for dissipative elements for square and
curves in Case 2 starts to occur for higher levels of the rectangular members, in comparison to circular members;
EDP. Seismic design of moment resisting frames using
CFSTs instead of steel columns may lead to savings in the
steel weight of beams and columns;
Seismic performance assessment of Cases 1 and 2
(steel frame and composite frame with circular CFSTs,
respectively) show evidence of an increased seismic
performance of composite moment resisting frames using
CFST columns, in comparison to equivalent steel only
structural solutions.
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