Pile Foundations

What is Pile Foundation?

 Pile foundation, a kind of deep foundation, is
actually a slender column or long cylinder
made of materials such as concrete or steel
which are used to support the structure and
transfer the load at desired depth either by
end bearing or skin friction.
 What is Pile Foundation?
 Pile foundation are deep foundations. They are
formed by long, slender, columnar elements typically
made from steel or reinforced concrete, or
sometimes timber. A foundation is described as
'piled' when its depth is more than three times its
breadth.
 When to Use Pile Foundation
 When the groundwater table is high.
 Heavy and un-uniform loads from superstructure are
imposed.
 Other type of foundations are costlier or not feasible.
 When the soil at shallow depth is compressible.
 When there is the possibility of scouring, due to its
location near the river bed or seashore, etc.
 When there is a canal or deep drainage systems near
the structure.
 When to Use Pile Foundation
 When soil excavation is not possible up to the desired
depth due to poor soil condition.
 When it becomes impossible to keep the foundation
trenches dry by pumping or by any other measure due
to heavy inflow of seepage.
 When large structures and in situations where the soil
at shallow depth is not suitable to resist excessive
settlement, resist uplift, etc.
Although the use of pile foundation cost more than
shallow foundation, it is combination of skin friction
essential to be employed for some conditions.
Such Conditions Are Enumerated

The upper Bedrock is Subjected Expansive & Foundatio

soil layer not to collapsible ns below
is too encountered horizontal soils extend to the water
at a a great depth
weak forces table are
reasonable below the subjected
ground to
Bridge abutments and surface uplifting
piers are to avoid the forces
possible loss of bearing
capacity
Types of Pile Foundation
 Types of Pile Foundation
Sheet Piles
 This type of pile is mostly used to provide
lateral support. Usually, they resist lateral
pressure from loose soil, the flow of water,
etc. They are usually used for cofferdams,
trench sheeting, shore protection, etc. They
are not used for providing vertical support
to the structure.
 Sheet Piles
They are used to serve the following purpose:
 Construction of retaining walls.
 Protection from river bank erosion.
 Retain the loose soil around foundation trenches.
 For isolation of foundation from adjacent soils.
 For confinement of soil and thus increase the
bearing capacity of the soil.
 Types of Pile Foundation
Load Bearing Piles
 This type of pile foundation is mainly used to
transfer the vertical loads from the structure to
the soil. These foundations transmit loads
through the soil with poor supporting property
onto a layer which is capable of bearing the
load. Depending on the mechanism of load
transfer from pile to the soil, load-bearing piles
can be further classified as flowed.
 Types of Pile Foundation
End Bearing Piles
 In this type of pile, the loads pass through the
lower tip of the pile. The bottom end of the pile
rests on a strong layer of soil or rock. Usually,
the pile rests at a transition layer of a weak and
strong slayer. As a result, the pile acts as a
column and safely transfers the load to the
strong layer.
 End Bearing Piles
 The total capacity of end bearing pile can be
calculated by multiplying the area of the tip of
the pile and the bearing capacity of at that
particular depth of soil at which the pile rests.
Considering a reasonable factor of safety, the
diameter of the pile is calculated.
Types of Pile Foundation
TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATION
 PREPARATION OF TIMBER PILE IN THE SITE

Timber piles cannot To avoid damage at the To avoid the damage to the
withstand hard driving bottom of timber piles, top of the piles, a metal
stress, therefore ⇒ steel shoes may be used band or a cap may be used
 1. They can easily be extracted
Advantages of 2. They are economical in cost.
Timber Piles 3. They can stay undamaged
indefinitely if they are surrounded
by saturated soil.

1. Timber pile cannot withstand hard

Disadvantages driving stress.
of Timber Piles 2. The pile capacity is generally
limited.
3. Top of timber easy to damage
during the driving operation.
4. Subject to attack by various
organisms and insects.
 STEEL PILES
are either pipe pile or rolled section steel H- section
piles.

Pipe pile can be driven into the ground with their ends open or close.

Wide-flange and I-section steel beams can also be used as piles.

H-section piles are usually preferred because their web and flange
thickness are equal.
 1) Easy to handle with respect to
cutoff and extension to the
Advantages of Steel desired length.
Piles 2) Can stand high driving stresses.
3) Can penetrate hard layers such as
dense gravel and soft rock.
4) High load-carrying capacity.

1) Steel Piles subject to corrosion.

2) They are very expensive.
Disadvantages of 3) High level of noise during pile
driving.
Steel Piles 4) H-section may be damaged or
deflected from the vertical during
driving through hard layers or past
major obstruction.
 PRECAST CONCRETE PILE

PRECAST CONCRETE PILE have their principal use in marine

and river structures, i.e. in situations where the use of driven
and cast-in-place piles is impracticable or uneconomical
 1) Can be subjected to hard driving.
Advantages of Precast 2) Corrosion resistant.
Concrete Pile 3) Can be easily combined with a concrete
superstructure.

Disadvantages of 1) Difficult to achieve proper cutoff.

Precast Concrete Piles 2) Difficult to transport.
 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE PILES
Piles are built by making a hole in the ground and then filling it with
concrete. These piles may be divided to two: (a) cased (b) uncased. Both
types may have a pedestal at the bottom
CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE PILES
 1) Relatively low cost.
2) Allow for inspection before
Advantages of Cast-In- pouring concrete.
Place Concrete Piles 3) Easy of length variation.
4) Minimal ground vibrations during
installation.

1) The uncertainty of the shape and

condition of the constructed pile.
2) The cast components may be damaged
during driving.
Disadvantages of Cast- 3) Difficult to splice after concreting.
In- Place Concrete Piles 4) Steel casings (temporary or
permanently) and reinforcing cages
may also be required.
5) Cast-in-place concrete pile lengths are
limited by the drilling equipment used.
 CHOICE OF PILE MATERIALS

Timber is cheap relative to concrete or steel. It is

light, easy to handle, and readily trimmed to the
required length. It is very durable below ground-water
level but is liable to decay above this level.

Concrete is adaptable for a wide range of pile types. It

can be used in precast form in driven piles, or as
insertion units in bored piles.

Steel is more expensive than timber or concrete but

this disadvantage may be outweighed by the ease of
handling steel piles, by their ability to withstand hard
driving, by their resilience and strength in bending,
and their capability to carry heavy loads
Case study for CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE PILES design & construction
procedure with its Load Test .

RIG(TRIPOD WITH WINCH)

CASING

BAILER
TREMIE PIPE

REINFORCEMENTS

CHISEL
 HYDROMETER
HOPPER
 COVER BLOCK

CONCRETE MIXING MECHINE

Stirrups
&
Stiffeners
BENTONITE
 STATEMENT FOR INITIAL VERTICAL LOAD TEST

DETAIL INFORMATION OF PILE

Pile No. – PCP- 6

Date of testing – 30-09-2019
Type of test – Initial Vertical Load Test
Pile dia – 550 mm
Location – RMP-III, BH-4
Pile type – Bored cast-in-situ
Method of boring – Sludge Pump
EGL – 309.00 m
COL – 306.50 m
Bored depth – 32.40 m
Shaft length - 29.90 m
Date of casting – 28-08-2019
Type of strata at pile tip – Hard rock HYDROLIC PUMP
Method of placement of concrete – Through Tremie Pipe
Grade of concrete – M-25
Concrete volume (Theoretical) – 7.5 cu.m
DETAIL INFORMATION OF PILE

Reinforcement details:
Main Bar – 20 mm TMT (1st cage) (12 m x 8 nos.)
Main Bar – 16 mm TMT (2nd cage) (12 m x 8 nos.)
Spacer ring – 12 mm TMT = 19 nos.
Helical 8 mm TMT = 165 m

Design load – 100 MT

Test load – 250 MT (2.5 times of design load)

DIAL GUAGE

TEST PILE
TESTING EQUIPMENT

Hydraulic jack – 1 no.

Make – Orient
Capacity – 300 tonne
RAM dia – 265 mm
Hydraulic pump – 1 no.
Make – Orient
Capacity – 300 tonne
Pressure gauge – 1 no.
Make - WIKA
Capacity – (0-980) kg / cm2
Least count – 20 kg / cm2
Dial gauge – 4 nos.
Make – BAKER, MITUTOYO
Capacity – 0- 25 mm, 0-20 mm
Sensitivity – 0.01 mm
Magnetic base – 4 nos.
Datum bar – 2 nos.- 4m length.
Glass – 75 mm x 75 mm – 4 nos.
Hydraulic hose – 18 m long,
1000 tonne capacity flexible
LOADING CALCULATION

RAM dia of jack – 265 mm

RAM area of jack – 551.26 cm2
Least count of pressure gauge - 20 kg / cm2
Load per division – 11.025 MT

PROPOSED LOAD INCREMENT CHART:

Sl. No. Pressure gauge Pressure gauge Actual load applied Load
reading reading required
2
per division (Kg / cm ) (in MT) (in MT)
1 2 40 22.05 20
2 4 80 44.1 40
3 6 120 66.15 60
4 8 160 88.2 80
5 9.5 190 104.737 100
6 11 220 121.275 120
7 13 260 143.325 140
8 14.5 290 159.862 160
9 17 340 187.425 180
10 18.5 370 203.962 200
11 20 400 220.5 220
12 22 440 242.5 240
13 23 460 253.575 250
DETAILS OF TEST

Type of test – Initial Vertical

Date of commencement – 30-09-2010
Date of completion – 03-10-2010
Test load – 250 tonne
 STATEMENT FOR INITIAL LATERAL LOAD TEST

DETAIL INFORMATION OF PILE

Pile No. – PCP- 4

Date of testing – 25-09-2019
Type of test – Initial Lateral Load Test
Pile dia – 550 mm
Location – RMP-III, BH-4
Pile type – Bored cast-in-situ
Method of boring – Sludge Pump
EGL – 309.00 m
COL – 306.50 m
Bored depth – 27.50 m
Shaft length - 25.50 m
Date of casting – 21-08-2019
Type of strata at pile tip – Hard rock
Method of placement of concrete – Through Tremie
Grade of concrete – M-25
Concrete volume (Theoretical) – 6.055 cu.m
DETAIL INFORMATION OF PILE

Reinforcement details:

Main Bar – 20 mm TMT (Top cage 12.0 m x 8 nos.)

Main Bar – 16 mm TMT (Middle cage 3.9 m x 8 nos.)
Main Bar – 16 mm TMT (Bottom cage 12.0 m x 8 nos.)
Spacer ring – 12 mm TMT = 14 nos.
Helical 8 mm TMT = 132 m

Design load – 1.8 MT

Test load – 4.5 MT (2.5 times of design load)

TESTING EQUIPMENT

Hydraulic jack – 1 no.

Make – Orient
Capacity – 100 tonne
RAM dia – 125 mm
Hydraulic pump – 1 no.
Make – Orient
Capacity – 300 tonne
Pressure gauge – 1 no.
Make - FIEBIG
Capacity – (0-106) kg / cm2
Least count – 2 kg / cm2
Dial gauge – 1 nos.
Make – BAKER,
Capacity – 0- 25 mm,
Sensitivity – 0.01 mm
Magnetic base – 1 nos.
Datum bar – 2 nos.- 3m length.
Glass – 75 mm x 75 mm – 1 nos.
Hydraulic hose – 18 m long,
1000 tonne capacity flexible
LOADING CALCULATION

RAM dia of jack – 125 mm

RAM area of jack – 122.65 cm2
Least count of pressure gauge - 2 kg / cm2
Load per division – 0.2453 MT
Design load – 1.8 MT
Test load – 4.5 MT
Load required (increment ) 20% of the design load i.e. 0.36 MT

PROPOSED LOAD INCREMENT CHART:

Sl. No. Pressure gauge Pressure gauge Actual load applied Load required
reading reading
2
per division (Kg / cm ) (in MT) (in MT)
1 2 4 0.49 0.4
2 3.5 7 0.857 0.8
3 5 10 1.225 1
4 6 12 1.47 1.4
5 7.5 15 1.837 1.8
6 8.5 17 2.028 2
7 10 20 2.45 2.5
8 12 24 2.94 2.9
9 14 28 3.43 3.4
10 16 32 3.92 3.9
11 18 36 4.41 4.4
12 19 38 4.655 4.5
DETAILS OF TEST

Type of test – Initial Lateral

Date of commencement – 25-09-2019
Date of completion – 27-09-2019
Test load – 4.5 tonne
Section view of Tension Test Setup View of Tension
using reaction pile and a Hydraulic jack Test Setup
system
 COMPOSITE PILE
combinations of bored piles with driven piles can be used to
overcome problems resulting from particular site or ground
conditions such as the problem of timber piles above ground-water
level

composite piles may be made of

steel and concrete or timber and
concrete.
Steel and concrete piles consist of
a lower portion of steel and an
upper portion of cast-in-place
concrete

composite piles are not

economical compared with those
of uniform section