Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region IV-A CALABARZON
Pinagkawitan Integrated National High School
Pinagkawitan, Lipa City
A Detailed Lesson Plan
Date: September 18, 2019

(1) Desired Outcomes:

Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate understanding of how Anglo-American literature
and other text types serve as a means of valuing other people; also, how to
use processing information strategies, different forms of adverbs and
conditionals for him/her to play an active part in a Chamber Theatre
presentation.
Performance Standard:
The learner proficiently plays an active part in a Chamber Theatre
presentation through employing effective verbal and non-verbal strategies
based on the following criteria: Focus, Voice, Delivery, Facial Expressions,
Style and Body Movements or Gestures.

Learning Competencies:
EN9LT-IIf-20: Use conditionals in expressing arguments.

Lesson objective:
At the end of the lesson, the students must be able to:
1. Determine the use of conditionals in arguments and fallacies.
2. Explain the important of using conditionals in arguments and fallacies.
3. Demonstrate the different kind of arguments and fallacies using graphic
organizer.

(2) Subject Matter:

A. Topic: Arguments and Fallacies
B. References: A Journey through Anglo-American Literature
Learner’s Materials page 179-182
https://www.slideshare.net/Carmenramirezgonzalez/conditional-
sentences-6938117
C. Materials: Visual Aids, Audio presentation
Lesson Proper:
Teacher’s Activity Student’s Activity
Daily Routine
1.Greet
Good morning, class!
Good morning, Ma’am!

2. Prayer
Let us pray.
The students pray.

3. Classroom Management
Before taking your seats, kindly
check the alignment of your chairs
and pick up the piece of papers
The students follow.
under it.

4. Checking of Attendance
The class secretary gives the list of
Is there any absentee for today?
absentees to the teacher.

Priming Motivation
Today, I want you to look at the
image on the screen.

What does the picture show?

It shows two persons arguing.

Okay, very good!
So, there is an argument between
the two persons in the picture. Later,
we will discuss what is an argument.
Activity
Today, we will play a game what
would you do.
I will show a picture with caption and
you will think what you would do if
you were in that situation.

You are alone in the forest at night

without a phone.
If I were alone in the forest, I would use
the stars as my guide.

You met a genie.

If I met the genie, I would ask him for my

three wishes.

Your favorite singer wrote a song for

you.

If my favorite singer wrote a song for me,

I’d be excited.
 Okay, very good!
This activity is related to our topic.

Analysis
For today we will discuss about a
conditional.
Any idea about conditional. Conditional Statements are statements
that express conditional relations
between two states of affairs.
Okay, very good!
Conditional composed of two parts
the if- clause and the main clause.

Example:

If I were alone in the forest, I would

use the stars as my guide

If I met the genie, I would ask him for

my three wishes

If my favorite singer wrote a song for

me, I’d be excited.
A conditional is an if-then sentence:
"If .................., (then) ...................

In a conditional the clause that

follows the "if" is the antecedent; the
other clause is the consequent.

Example: If it rains then it pours.

If someone is a mother,
then they're female

The description in the antecedent is

asserted to be a sufficient condition
on the circumstance described in the
consequent. To say that it is
sufficient it is enough, nothing more
is required to guarantee that the
description in the other clause
obtains.

If you know that someone is a mother

(not just a parent) that is enough to
show that the person is female
therefore being a mother is a
sufficient condition on being female.
It is not, however, a necessary
condition on being female since
being a mother is not a requirement
for being female: you can be female
without being a mother. On the other
hand, being female is necessary for
being a mother: if someone is not
female, they can't possibly be a
 mother. Thus, the example says that
being a mother is a sufficient
condition on being female and being
female is a necessary condition on
being a mother.

Conditionals, however, can figure as

parts of arguments--as premises,
conclusions or both. The following
are arguments, which contain
conditionals:

Example:

If you study, then you'll pass. If you

pass, then you'll graduate.
Therefore, if you study, you'll
graduate.

If a number is even, then it's divisible

by 2 without a remainder. 4 is
divisible by 2 without a remainder.
Therefore, 4 is even.

What is your idea about argument?

A group of statements, one or

Premises more of which (the premises) are
If you study, then you'll pass. If you
claimed to provide evidential
pass, then you'll graduate. reasons to believe one of the
others (the conclusion).
Conclusion
Therefore, if you study, you'll
graduate.
 Not all arguments are necessary
truth.
What do you think weakens the arguments?
Fallacies are defects that weaken
arguments.
Okay, very good!
Fallacies are defects that weaken
arguments.
There are different types of fallacies
of argument.

(1) Hasty Generalization

Definition: Making assumptions

about a whole group or range of
cases based on a sample that is
inadequate (usually because it is
atypical or just too small).

Example: "My roommate said her

philosophy class was hard, and the
one I'm in is hard, too. All philosophy
classes must be hard!"

What other example of hasty generalization

do you think?
Stereotypes about people ("frat boys are
drunkards," "grad students are nerdy,"
etc.) are a common example of the
principle underlying hasty generalization.

Okay very good!

(2) Missing the Point

Definition: The premises of an

argument do support a particular
conclusion--but not the conclusion
that the arguer draws.

Example: "The seriousness of a

punishment should match the
seriousness of the crime. Right now,
the punishment for drunk driving may
simply be a fine. But drunk driving is
a very serious crime that can kill
innocent people. So that the death
penalty should be the punishment for
drunk driving."

(3) Post Hoc (False Cause)

This fallacy gets its name from

the Latin phrase "post hoc, ergo
propter hoc," which translates as
"after this, therefore because of
this."

Definition: If because B comes

after A, A caused B. Of course,
sometimes one event really does
cause another one that comes
later--for example, if I register for
a class, and my name later
appears on the roll, it's true that
the first event caused the one that
came later. But sometimes two
 events that seem related in time
aren't really related as cause and
event. That is, correlation isn't the
same thing as causation.

Examples: "President Jones

raised taxes, and then the rate of
violent crime went up. Jones is
responsible for the rise in crime. “

The increase in taxes might or

might not be one factor in the
rising crime rates, but the
argument hasn't shown us that
one caused the other.

(4) Slippery slope

Definition: The arguer claims that

a sort of chain reaction, usually
ending in some dire
consequence, will take place, but
there's not enough evidence for
that assumption.

The arguer asserts that if we take

even one step onto the "slippery
slope," we will end up sliding all
the way to the bottom; he or she
assumes we can't stop halfway
down the hill.

Example: "Animal
experimentation reduces our
 respect for life. If we don't respect
life, we are likely to be more and
more tolerant of violent acts like
war and murder. Soon our society
will become a battlefield in which
everyone constantly fears for
their lives. It will be the end of
civilization. To prevent this
terrible consequence, we should
make animal experimentation
illegal right now."

Since animal experimentation

has been legal for some time and
civilization has not yet ended, it
seems particularly clear that this
chain of events won't necessarily
take place.

(5) Weak Analogy

Definition: Many arguments rely

on an analogy between two or
more objects, ideas, or situations.
If the two things that are being
compared aren't alike in the
relevant respects, the analogy is
a weak one, and the argument
that relies on it commits the
fallacy of weak analogy.

Example: "Guns are like

hammers--they're both tools with
metal parts that could be used to
kill someone. And yet it would be
ridiculous to restrict the purchase
of hammers--so restrictions on
purchasing guns are equally
ridiculous."

While guns and hammers do

share certain features, these
features (having metal parts,
being tools, and being potentially
useful for violence) are not the
ones at stake in deciding whether
to restrict guns. Rather, we
restrict guns because they can
easily be used to kill large
numbers of people at a distance.
This is a feature hammers do not
share--it'd be hard to kill a crowd
with a hammer. Thus, the
analogy is weak, and so is the
argument based on it.

If you think about it, you can

make an analogy of some kind
between almost any two things in
the world: "My paper is like a mud
puddle because they both get
bigger when it rains (I work more
when I'm stuck inside) and they're
both kind of murky." So, the mere
fact that you draw an analogy
between two things doesn't prove
much, by itself.
 (6) Appeal to Authority

Definition: Often we add strength

to our arguments by referring to
respected sources or authorities
and explaining their positions on
the issues we're discussing.

If, however, we try to get readers

to agree with us simply by
impressing them with a famous
name or by appealing to a
supposed authority who really
isn't much of an expert, we
commit the fallacy of appeal to
authority.

Example: "We should abolish the

death penalty. Many respected
people, such as actor Guy
Handsome, have publicly stated
their opposition to it."

While Guy Handsome may be an

authority on matters having to do
with acting, there's no particular
reason why anyone should be
moved by his political opinions--he is
probably no more of an authority on
the death penalty than the person
writing the paper.

Who can give me the 6 kind of fallacies?

 Kinds of Fallacies:
 Hasty generalization
 Missing the point
 Post Hoc (False cause)
 Slippery slope
 Weak analogy
 Appeal to authority
Okay very good!
Abstraction
What is conditional?
Conditional Statements are statements
that express conditional relations
between two states of affairs.
What about arguments? Fallacies?
A group of statements, one or more of
which (the premises) are claimed to
provide evidential reasons to believe one
of the others (the conclusion).
Fallacies are defects that weaken
arguments.

What is the important of conditionals in

arguments? Some conditional statements can be
expressed to form arguments.
Why it is important to know the different kind
of fallacies? It's not terribly important that you be able
to name and identify the specific types of
logical fallacies. What is important is that
you're able to spot and fix a flawed
argument when you've made one and,
better yet, that you avoid faulty logic in
the first place. We'll talk about a few
 common types of logical fallacies, how to
identify them, and how to avoid them in
your writing.
Application
Using a graphic organizer. Illustrate
the type of logical fallacies of
arguments and their definition. Give
example at least to two type.
You will be graded accordingly. Students presentation.

Criteria 5 3 1

Well-organized. Somewhat organized. Poorly organized.

Order and Structure allows A clear sense of
structure of reader to move direction is not
information is through some of the evident. Flow of
Organization compelling and content without information is
flows smoothly. confusion. interrupted.

Thorough and Shows some Shows no

Content insightful understanding of the understanding of
understanding of content. the content
the content.

Enthusiastically Shows some use of Shows minimal

uses materials and materials and ideas effort for
Creativity ideas for for enhancement. enhancement of
enhancement. materials and
ideas.

Insightful and well Ideas are somewhat Ideas are unclear;

considered ideas on topic; makes some few connections.
Ideas making multiple connections.
connections.
Evaluation
Direction: The following are
example of type of fallacies.
Identify what type of fallacies it
is.

Kinds of Fallacies:
 Hasty generalization
 Missing the point
 Post Hoc (False cause)
 Slippery slope
 Weak analogy
 Appeal to authority

1. My father smoked four packs of

cigarettes a day since age fourteen and
lived until age sixty-nine. Therefore,
smoking really can’t be that bad for you.
Hasty generalization
2. We cannot unlock our child from the
closet because if we do, she will want to
roam the house. If we let her roam the
house, she will want to roam the
neighborhood. If she roams the
neighborhood, she will get picked up by
a stranger in a van, who will sell her in a
sex slavery ring in some other country.
Therefore, we should keep her locked
up in the closet.
Slippery Slope
3. There has been an increase in
burglary in the area. It must be because
there are more people moving into the Missing the point
area.

4. The temperature has dropped this

morning, and I also have a headache.
The cold weather must be causing my
headache. Post hoc

5. My favorite actor, who appeared in a

movie about AIDS, has testified that the
HIV virus doesnt really cause AIDS and
that there has been a cover-up. So, I
think that AIDS must be caused by
something other than HIV and the drug
companies are hiding it so that they can
make money from expensive anti-HIV
drugs.
Appeal to authority
Assignment
Search for other tyes of fallacies and its
edxamples.

Prepared by:
Jonalyn A. Hidal.
Pre-Service Teacher

Checked by:

Venus Virrey
Cooperating Teacher