 WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?

Plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing someone else's work and lying
about it afterward.

But can words and ideas really be stolen?

According to U.S. law, the answer is yes. The expression of original ideas is considered
intellectual property and is protected by copyright laws, just like original inventions.
Almost all forms of expression fall under copyright protection as long as they are
recorded in some way (such as a book or a computer file).

All of the following are considered plagiarism:

 turning in someone else's work as your own

 copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit
 failing to put a quotation in quotation marks
 giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation
 changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving
credit
 copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of
your work, whether you give credit or not (see our section on "fair use" rules)

 DIFFERENT KINDS OF PLAGIARISM

 Complete Plagiarism
Complete plagiarism is the most severe form of plagiarism where a researcher takes a
manuscript or study that someone else created, and submits it under his or her name. It
is tantamount to intellectual theft and stealing.
 Direct Plagiarism
Direct or verbatim plagiarism occurs when an author copies the text of another author,
word for word, without the use of quotation marks or attribution, thus passing it as his or
her own. In that way, it is like complete plagiarism, but it refers to sections (rather than
all) of another paper. This type of plagiarism is considered dishonest and it calls for
academic disciplinary actions. It is not as common, but it is a serious infraction of
academic rules and ethics.
 Self or Auto Plagiarism
Auto-plagiarism, also known as self-plagiarism or duplication, happens when an author
reuses significant portions of his or her previously published work without attribution.
Thus, this type of plagiarism is most likely to involve published researchers, rather than
university students. The severity of this kind of infraction is under debate, depending on
the copied content. Many academic journals, however, have strict criteria on the
percentage of author’s work that is reusable. Many journals run manuscripts through a
plagiarism-detection software before considering them for review.
 Paraphrasing plagiarism
This is, as published on Wiley, the most common type of plagiarism. It involves the use
of someone else’s writing with some minor changes in the sentences and using it as
one’s own. Even if the words differ, the original idea remains the same and plagiarism
occurs. Because students often do not have a clear understanding of what constitutes
plagiarism, there are recommendations for research and writing available to reduce the
risk of paraphrasing plagiarism.
 Inaccurate Authorship
-Inaccurate authorship or misleading attribution can happen in two ways:
-In one form, when an individual contributes to a manuscript but does not get credit for it.
-The second form is the opposite: when an individual gets credit without contributing to
the work. This type of plagiarism, whichever way it occurs, is a violation of the code of
conduct in research.
-It is also possible to commit this form of plagiarism when someone else edits a
manuscript, leading to substantive changes. In this case, the recommendation is to
acknowledge the contributors at the time of publication, even if they are not listed as
authors.
 Mosaic Plagiarism
Mosaic plagiarism may be more difficult to detect because it interlays someone else’s
phrases or text within its own research. It is also known as patchwork plagiarism and it is
intentional and dishonest.
 Accidental Plagiarism
Whether intended or unintended, there is no excuse for plagiarism and the
consequences are often the same. However, plagiarism may be accidental if it occurred
because of neglect, mistake, or unintentional paraphrasing. Students are likely to commit
accidental plagiarism, so universities should stress on the importance of education about
this form of plagiarism.

 PLAGIARISM SPECTRUM
  WHO IS MAXIMILIAN SHULMAN?
 Max Shulman, (born March 14, 1919, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.—died August 28,
1988, Los Angeles, California), American writer and humorist best known for his
mastery of satire.
 While attending the University of Minnesota, Shulman edited the
campus humour magazine and was persuaded by a talent scout to pursue a
writing career after graduation. His first novel, Barefoot Boy with Cheek (1943),
was a best seller and was regarded as a classic of campus humour. While
serving in the army during World War II, he wrote The Feather Merchants (1944)
and The Zebra Derby (1946); the latter poked fun at anxious civilians greeting
returning veterans and anxious veterans coping with anxious civilians. Shulman
scored huge popular and critical successes with such novels as The Many Loves
of Dobie Gillis (1951), which inspired a television series of the same name
(1959–63) for which Shulman served as scriptwriter, and Rally Round the Flag,
Boys! (1957), which was filmed in 1958 and featured Paul Newman, Joanne
Woodward, and Joan Collins. Shulman also wrote the Broadway play The
Tender Trap (1954), which comically portrayed the pitfalls of marriage and in
1955 was made into a motion picture starring Frank Sinatra and Debbie
Reynolds. From 1954 to 1970 the irrepressible Shulman, who considered nothing
sacred, wrote a syndicated weekly column, “On Campus.”

 DIFFERENT TYPES OF FALLACY

Appeal to Authority - These fallacies occur when someone accepts a truth on blind
faith just because someone they admire said it.
 Katherine loves Tom Cruise. One day, she meets Tom Cruise and he tells her
unicorns live in New York City. Without searching to find out if fairy tales have
sprung to life in the midtown Manhattan, she believes it to be true.
 Princess Kate wears Alexander McQueen. Are you trying to say you have better
fashion sense than a royal princess?
Appeal to Ignorance - These fallacies occur when someone asserts a claim that must
be accepted because no one else can prove otherwise.
 People have been praying to God for years. No one can prove He doesn't exist.
Therefore, He exists.
 Since the students have no questions concerning the topics discussed in class, the
students are ready for a test.
Appeal to Pity - These fallacies occur when someone seeks to gain acceptance by
pointing out an unfortunate consequence that befalls them.
 I know we don't love each other. But, if we don't get married it will crush my mother.
You know she has a weak heart. Do you really want to do that to her?
 If we don't adopt that puppy today, they might put him down. Do you want to be
responsible for that?
Begging the Question - Also called Circular Reasoning. This type of fallacy occurs
when the conclusion of an argument is assumed in the phrasing of the question itself.
 If aliens didn't steal my newspaper, who did?
 I have a right to free speech so I can say what I want and you shouldn't try to stop
me.
False Dilemma - These fallacies occur when someone is only given two choices for
possible alternatives when more than two exist.
 In Latin America, only two countries offer travel and tourism options: Mexico and
Guatemala.
 Katie is one of 16,400 students on her college campus. The only boys worth dating
are Dave and Steve.
Red Herring - These fallacies occur when someone uses irrelevant information to
distract from the argument.
 How is talking about vaccinations going to help us find a cure for cancer?
 There are starving children in Africa. Eat your carrots.
Slippery Slope - These fallacies occur when someone assumes a very small action will
lead to extreme outcomes.
 If we allow our 14 year-old to have her first date tonight, what's next? A wedding,
kids?
 If we teach Tommy how to drive the car, he'll want to learn how to fly helicopters
next!
Straw Man Fallacy - These fallacies occur when someone appears to be refuting the
original point made, but is actually arguing a point that wasn't initially made.
 President Trump doesn't have middle class Americans in mind. He's part of the
upper echelon of America.
 "We should be doing more to make cars greener and more fuel efficient." "Our cities
are built for cars, do you want to effect the economy?"
Sweeping Generalizations - These fallacies occur when a very broad application is
applied to a single premise.
 Dogs are good pets. Coyotes are dogs. Therefore, coyotes are good pets.
 Divorce is rampant in America. We only stand a 50 percent chance of survival.
Therefore, we can't get married.
Ad Hominem (Attacking the Person) - These fallacies occur when an acceptance or
rejection of a concept is rejected based on its source, not its merit.
 That face cream can't be good. Kim Kardashian is selling it.
 Don't listen to Dave's argument on gun control. He's not the brightest bulb in the
chandelier.
Band Wagon - These fallacies occur when a proposition is claimed to be true or good
solely because many people believe it to be so.
 Everyone on campus is wearing Air Jordans. I need to buy those sneakers.
 All my friends are doing a low carb diet. That must be the only way to lose weight.
Cum Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc - These fallacies occur when it is assumed that, because
two things occur together, they must be related.
 People who eat oatmeal have healthy hearts.
 Roosters crow before sunrise. Therefore, roosters cause the sun to rise.
Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc - These fallacies occur when it is assumed that, because
one thing happened after another, it must have occurred as a result of it.
 Right when I sneezed, the power went off. I must've caused the outage.
 Mary wore her favorite necklace today and aced her spelling test. That necklace
must be lucky.
 WHY LOVE IS A FALLACY?
A fallacy is a misconception resulting from incorrect reasoning. Love is a fallacy because
it is an activity when you just love because you want to and not fulfill any obligation to
love, because it promotes Contradictory Premises by confusing premises and
contradicting them all in itself, and because it poisons the well. I say that love is a fallacy
because it is an activity where you do something you want to do without feeling obligated
to do it. Humans are not on the earth to love. We are here to accomplish certain goals to
make us prosper and do better to improve the earth in my opinion. Love is a choice that
we choose to make because in most cases we feel lonely and have nothing else better
to do. People usually find comfort in someone whom they believe can provide them with
comfort to get by or to do better.