Adelaide
Melbourne
No final dos anos 1980 e início dos anos 1990 a produtividade do país
começa ser questionada e, portanto, as barreiras tarifarias também.
Impulsionado por uma desaceleração dos níveis de prosperidade e aumento do
desemprego, a política ortodoxa ganha força no continente.
70
68
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
2010
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Fonte: Banco Mundial
A figura 7 visa ressaltar essa busca pelo equilíbrio das contas, sendo no
eixo da lateral esquerda o volume de exportação e importação e no eixo da
direita a variação das contas nacionais. Durante um largo período da história é
conquistado o equilíbrio, o que justificaria também a manutenção de uma
prosperidade de longo prazo no país. A situação muda após os anos 1970, parte
pela mudança do cenário internacional em comparação com os anos iniciais da
colônia e também as mudanças importantes na estrutura economica a partir de
1900, as oscilações assumem tendência de déficit e atinge a prior marca em
2004-2005.
Exportações, importações e resultado da balança comercial 1826-
2016
350,000.0 40,000.0
300,000.0 30,000.0
250,000.0 20,000.0
200,000.0 10,000.0
150,000.0 0.0
100,000.0 -10,000.0
50,000.0 -20,000.0
0.0 -30,000.0
1856
1946-47
1826
1832
1838
1844
1850
1862
1868
1874
1880
1886
1892
1898
1904
1910
1916-17
1922-23
1928-29
1934-35
1940-41
1952-53
1958-59
1964-65
1970-71
1976-77
1982-83
1988-89
1994-95
2000-01
2006-07
2012-13
Exports of merchandise goods - current prices (Recorded trade basis)
Imports of merchandise goods - current prices (Recorded trade basis)
Balance on merchandise goods - current prices (Recorded trade basis)
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
1900
1905
1910
1915-16
1920-21
1925-26
1930-31
1935-36
1940-41
1945-46
1950-51
1955-56
1960-61
1965-66
1970-71
1975-76
1980-81
1985-86
1990-91
1995-96
2000-01
2005-06
2010-11
2015-16
Fonte: elaboração própria a partir de dados do Banco mundial e The Treasury Austrália
1. Condutor do crescimento
Figura
10.000%
8.000%
6.000%
4.000%
2.000%
0.000%
1990
2009
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
-2.000%
Australia India
2. Indústria de Software
Measuring productivity gains from ICTs is now more challenging, as digital
technologies are no longer primarily confined to ‘connected computers’, but are
embedded in all sorts of machinery, equipment and household goods. Changes in
products and processes can be significant, but their productivity effects can be
difficult to quantify. More sophisticated data and analysis, and a multifaceted
approach, are required
That is, IT can reduce the requirements for other forms of capital in the production
of goods and services, which also means a lift in (non-IT) capital productivity.
IT use also has the potential to generate productivity-enhancing effects through
capital saving. Better coordination and information processing achieved through use
of IT enable businesses to conserve on their use of other assets, such as land and
buildings. Examples are the closure of bank branches and the transformation of the
wholesaling function from storage-based operations to minimum-handling logistics.
Vehicles and machinery can be used more sparingly. Overall, the use of information
technology is still generating productivity effects in Australia—in different ways, in
different industries. IT also complements skilled labour and saves certain forms of
capital.
It was also found that innovative use of ICTs needed other complementary
investments.3 The firms achieving success in innovative use of ICTs were also
investing in intangibles. That is, they invested in firm-specific skills; organisational
structures and means of linking closely to markets so they could better define
directions for productive change
Measuring the effect ICTs and digital technologies have on productivity has become
a lot harder as they have become more sophisticated and pervasive.
Around the late 1990s and early 2000s, analysis of digital productivity was confined
to the productivity effects of hardware and software that is computers, because it
was just after desktop computers became widely available and were connected
through the Internet.
Figure 3.1 (below) shows the very strong investment there has been in IT. Annual
investment in all three forms of technology was below $2 billion (in 2012–13 dollars)
in the early 1990s but is now at $16.9 billion for software, $12.7 billion for hardware
and $9.9 billion for E&E equipment.
Figure 3.1 shows investment in E&E equipment stalled in the mid-2000s, but then
resumed growth in the 2010s. The average rate of growth in the two periods was 15
and six per cent a year respectively. The rate of growth in hardware investment has
been variable since the mid-2000s. It slowed considerably after a brief acceleration
in 2007–08, which may have been prompted by the global financial crisis. There was
a 40 per cent rise in hardware investment in 2013–14, which could possibly be catch-
up after deferred investment
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
Jan-2005
Jan-1979
Jan-1981
Jan-1983
Jan-1985
Jan-1987
Jan-1989
Jan-1991
Jan-1993
Jan-1995
Jan-1997
Jan-1999
Jan-2001
Jan-2003
Jan-2007
Jan-2009
Jan-2011
Jan-2013
Jan-2015
Jan-2017
Figure 3.2 shows that strong growth in investment has led to strong growth in capital
stocks. Net capital stocks have grown from below $10 billion in the early 1990s (and
less than $300 million in the case of computers) to $51 billion in software, $26 billion
in hardware and $58 billion for E&E equipment.
Table 3.1 shows the rate of growth in capital stocks slowed after 2003–04 (first two
columns), and the growth in stocks of hardware and E&E equipment slowed in the
second half of the 2000s (last two columns). Growth in hardware slowed after 2007–
08 and in E&E equipment after 2008–09.
A 0.5 of a percentage point contribution to the annual rate of labour productivity
growth is still large. It represents about a quarter of labour productivity growth.
3. Qualidade
Tabela 2
Classificação Exemplos
Produtos Manufaturados
Baseado em recursos naturais
Produtos baseados em Frutas e carnes preparados, bebidas, produtos de madeira, óleo
Agro/florestais vegetal
Produtos baseados em outros Concentrados de minérios, produtos de petróleo e borracha,
recursos cimento, pedras lapidadas, vidro
Baixa tecnologia
Fábricas têxteis, produção de roupa, produção de calçados,
Têxtil e moda manufaturados de couro
Partes e estruturais simples de metal, mobília, joias, brinquedos,
Outras baixas tecnologias produtos plásticos
Média tecnologia
Produtos automotivos veículos de passeio, veículos comerciais, motocicletas
Processos industriais de média Fibras sintéticas, produtos químicos, fertilizantes, plástico, aço
tecnologia
Engenharias industriais de média
tecnologia Engrenagens, motores, maquinaria industrial, navios, relógio
Alta tecnologia
Material de escritório, equipamento de processamento e
Eletrônica e produtos elétricos telecomunicação, televisão, transmissores, turbina, equipamentos
de geração de energia
Outros alta tecnologia Farmacêutica, aeroespacial, instrumentos, câmeras
300
93
250 86 92
65 69
63 56 62 55 65 27
200 54 57 29 24
27 21 24
25 24 20 19 19 72
150 21 70 64
63 58 52 46 57 52 61
54 49 53
10
100 29
75 82 81
78 79 75 70 68 68 73 71
71 47
50
29 32 38 40 38 35 39 39 38 45 48 45
26
0
1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
https://www.policyforum.net/australian-economy-simple/