MATHS TERM PAPER

Submitted to : Mr.Ranjit singh

Submitted by:Mr. Pranshu
Vashisth
Roll no. ::RD6002 A23
TOPIC:: POSITIVE DEFINITE
QUADRATIC FORMS
 • Explanation of Positivve
definite quadratic form .
• Example of positive definite
quadratic form.
• Quadratic form.
• Introduction of quadratic form
Acknowledgeme
nt
Gratitude cannot be seen or expressed. It can only be felt in
heart and is beyond description. Often words are inadequate
to serve as a model of expression of one’s feeling, specially
the sense of indebtedness and gratitude to all those who help
us in our duty.

It is of immense pleasure and profound privilege to

express my gratitude and indebtedness along with sincere
thanks to Sir RANJIT SINGH for providing me the opportunity
to work for a project on “POSITIVE DEFINITE QUADRATIC
FORMS”.

• I am beholden to my family and friends for their

blessings and encouragement.
 • Yours obediently,

• Pranshu VashisthRD6002 A23

A quadratic form q(z) is said to be positive definite if q(z)>0 for . A real quadratic form in’ n’
positive definite if its canonical form is
q(z)=z12 +z22+ z32

A binary quadratic form

F(x,y)=ax2+bxy+cy2
of two real variables is positive definite if it is >0for any(x,y)≠(0,0), therefore if a>0and the binar
form discriminant d=4ac-b2. A binary quadratic form is positive definite if there exist nonzero x a

(Ax2+bxy+cy2)2 <=4/3|4ac-b2|

The positive definite quadratic form

F=(abc)=ax2+bxy+cy2
is said to be reduced if |b|<=a<=c, c>0, and b>0if a=|b|ora=c. Under the action of the general linea
GL(2z), i.e., under the set of linear transformations of coordinates (x,y)with integer coefficients a
determinant±1, there exists a unique reduced positive definite binary quadratic form equivalent to
one.

There exists a one-to-one correspondence between the set of reduced quadratic forms with fundam
discriminant D>0and the set of classes of fractional ideals of the unique quadratic field with discr
F=(a,b,c)be a reduced positive definite binary quadratic form with fundamental discriminant D<0
the map ɸF1which maps the form F to the ideal class containing the ideal(a,(-b+D1\2)). Then this m
one and onto. Thus, the class number of the imaginary quadratic field Q(D1\2)is equal to the numb
binary quadratic forms of discriminant D, which can be easily computed by systematically constr
binary quadratic forms of discriminant D by looping over the coefficients a and b. The third coeff
determined by a, b, and d.

A quadratic form (x,Ax),is positive definite if every eigenvalue of A is positive. A quadratic form
Q=(x,Ax)with A a Hermitian matrix is positive definite if all the principal minors in the top-left c
positive, in other words

•
In mathematics, a quadratic form is a homogeneous polynomial
of degree two in a number of variables. For example,
4X²+2XY- 3Y²
is a quadratic form in the variables x and y.
Quadratic forms occupy central place in various branches of
mathematics: number theory, linear algebra, group theory
(orthogonal group), differential geometry (Riemannian metric),
differential topology (intersection forms of four-manifolds), and
Lie theory (the Killing form).
Quadratic forms are homogeneous quadratic polynomials in n variables. In the cases
of one, two, and three variables they are called unary, binary, and ternary and
have the following explicit form:

where a,…,f are the coefficients.[1] Note that general quadratic functions, such as
ax2+bx+c, are not necessarily examples of quadratic forms, as they may not be
homogeneous.
The theory of quadratic forms and methods used in their study depend in a large
measure on the nature of the coefficients, which may be real or complex numbers,
rational numbers, or integers. In linear algebra, analytic geometry, and in the
majority of applications of quadratic forms, the coefficients are real or complex
numbers. In the algebraic theory of quadratic forms, the coefficients are elements of
a certain field. In the arithmetic theory of quadratic forms, the coefficients belong to
a fixed commutative ring, frequently the integers Z or the p-adic integers Zp.[2]
Binary quadratic forms have been extensively studied in number theory, in
particular, in the theory of quadratic fields, continued fractions, and modular forms.
The theory of integral quadratic forms in n variables has important applications to
algebraic topology.

5.1 Expressing in Matrix Notation 479

then D is a symmetric matrix and Q(x) = xTDx. D is known as
the symmetric coefficient matrix defining the quadratic
form
Q(x).
Clearly for all D = (dij) satisfying the conditions stated above,
we have Q(x) = xTDx = xTDT x = xT (D+DT2 )x and D+DT2 = D, the
symmetric coefficient matrix defining the quadratic form Q(x).
As an example consider
n = 3, x = (x1, x2, x3)T,Q(x) = 81x21− 7x22+ 5x1x2 − 6x1x3
+18x2x3
Then the following square matrices satisfy the conditions stated
above for Q(x).
D1 =



It can be verified that xTD1x = xTD2x = xTD3x = xTDx = Q(x),
and that

Hence a general quadratic form in n variables x = (x1, . . . , xn)T

can be represented in matrix notation as XT MX where M = (mij) is
a square matrix of order n. If M is not symmetric, it can be replace
in the above formula by (M +MT )/2 without changing the quadratic
form, and this (M +MT)/2 is known as (x1, . . . , xn)T is a function
which is the sum of a quadratic form in x and an affine function in
x; i.e., it is of the form xTDx+cx+c0 for some square matrix D of
order n, row vector c ∈ Rn and constant term c0.