According to Dayou, Man-Sang, Dalimin& Wang (2013), petroleum is very useful

to us for being a source of electricity that we can use in different appliances and things

that need electricity. It also has high price that affects the price of other items including

food, transportation and others. It can cause a severe air pollution problem and global

warming that are bad to our health. Among other solutions that can be explored are

nuclear and hydroelectric power generator. However it requires a huge financial

capability to maintain. Besides, only few countries are allowed to use this source of

electricity. Thus, photovoltaic cells and wind turbines have been popular choices to use

According to Dikshit (2012), piezoelectric though being in use for more than a

century has still not found its use as energy source. Piezoelectric crystals produce

electricity if a mechanical stress is applied. The power that produces is a small so it is

not enough to use but when you apply a large amount of pressure, an amount of power

is produced and can be stored in battery to use later.

According to Dikshit (2012), the piezoelectric affect refers to the ability of some

objects (examples are cane, sugar, quartz, Rochelle Salt, topaz, etc.) to produce a

small amount of voltage from the application of mechanical stress.

According to Colocado (2015), piezoelectric effect is the ability of certain

materials to generate electric charge. An external electric field can be the result of

placing the piezoelectric material in a mechanical stress. It is t\very useful in an

application that needsthe production of sound and generation of small voltages,

electronic frequency generation, microbalances, and ultrafire focusing of optical

assemblies.
 According to Arnab, Ullah, Alam, A., Nondy, Alam, F., &Mishu, (2014), utilization

of piezoelectric materials have been used in the last decades as the basic materials for

sensors. This material have been considered important in the industry of transportation

and used for fuel injection systems, active noise and vibration reduction, and using

piezoelectric crystals for energy harvesting in vibration structure.

According to Tichy, Erhart, Kittinger, &Privratsky (2010).piezoelectric electricity is

a linear interaction between mechanical and electrical systems in non-centric crystals or

similar structures the direct piezoelectric effect can be observed in crystals when

applied an external mechanical stress and produces small voltage of electricity.

According to Dayou, Man-Sang, Dalimin& Wang (2013), due to being useful of

piezoelectric crystals in producing small amount of electricity, many of us are now using

this type of energy in some of applications. Because of this, the bad effects of gases

decreases such as being bad to our health and the global warming.

One of the causes of accidents is the lacking of streetlights that guide the

pedestrians and motorists that is crossing the streets. So the research entitled “ The

Use of Road Vibrations in the Operation of Piezoelectric Crystals for LED Streetlights”

was proposed to guide the motorists and pedestrians and to give importance to the

piezoelectric crystals that has still not found its use as a source of energy.

G Cheng, P Li, P Zeng, J Dong, F Sun in 2007 stated that A new piezoelectric
pump can pump liquid either forward or backward and adjust the flow rate. Thus an
object can be driven forward or backward at different speeds. The driver of the pump, a
circular piezoelectric plate, is modelled by Finite Element Method (FEM) in ANSYS and
its performance is simulated and analyzed. The pump gives the best performance when
the driving signals of the inlet and outlet valves have a bigger duty cycle and the plate
has a higher voltage applied
 According to SOR Moheimani said Piezoelectric tube scanners have
emerged asthe most widely used nanopositioning technology in modern scanning probe
microscopes. Despite their impressive properties, their fast and accurate operations are
hindered due to complications such as scan induced
mechanicalvibrations, hysteresis nonlinearity, creep, and thermal drift. This paper
presents an overview of emerging innovative solutions inspired from recent advances in
fields such as smart structures, feedback control, and advanced estimation aimed at
maximizingpositioning precision and bandwidth of piezoelectric tube scanners. The
paper presents a thorough survey of the related literature and contains suggestions for
future research prospects.

SR Anton, HA Sodano said that The field of power harvesting has

experienced significant growth over the past few years due to the ever-increasing desire
to produce portable and wireless electronics with extended lifespans. Current portable
and wireless devices must be designed to include electrochemical batteries as the
power source. The use of batteries can be troublesome due to their limited lifespan,
thus necessitating their periodic replacement. In the case of wireless sensors that are to
be placed in remote locations, the sensor must be easily accessible or of a disposable
nature to allow the device to function over extended periods of time. Energy scavenging
devices are designed to capture the ambient energy surrounding the electronics and
convert it into usable electrical energy.

According to E Hollenstein, (2005) The concept of power harvesting works

towards developing self-powered devices that do not require replaceable power
supplies. A number of sources of harvestable ambient energy exist, including waste
heat, vibration, electromagnetic waves, wind, flowing water, and solar energy. While
each of these sources of energy can be effectively used to power remote sensors, the
structural and biological communities have placed an emphasis on scavenging
vibrational energy with piezoelectric materials. This article will review recent literature in
the field of power harvesting and present the current state of power harvesting in its
drive to create completely self-powered devices.

According to IEEEA theoretical model is presented for combining

parameters of 1-3 ultrasonic composite materials in order to predict ultrasonic
characteristics such as velocity, acoustic impedance, electromechanical coupling factor,
and piezoelectric coefficients. Hence, the model allows the estimation of resonance
frequencies of 1-3 composite transducers. This model has been extended to cover more
material parameters, and they are compared to experimental results up to PZT volume
fraction nu of 0.8. The model covers calculation of piezoelectric charge constants d/sub
33/ and d/sub 31/. Values are found to be in good agreement with experimental results
obtained for PZT 7A/Araldite D 1-3 composites. The acoustic velocity, acoustic
impedance, and electromechanical coupling factor are predicted and found to be close
to the values determined experimentally.

Mohammad Arefia Ashaf said thatThe trigonometric shear and normal

deforestation plate theory is used to study the behavior. The core is integrated with two
piezoelectric face sheets to measure or control deforestations or stresses. Three-
Dimensional electric potential containing a linear term along the thickness direction
reflects applied voltage and an unknown term along the planar coordinate is employed
for this analysis.
Dae Young Park and Daniel J. Joe (October 4 2017) Keon Jae and
co-workers demonstrate a self-powered, flexible piezoelectric pressure sensor on an
ultrathin substrate via an organic-based laser lift- off process for detecting various
physiological signals is near surface arteries.The use of a piezoelectric device (PED) for
implant size preparation (ISP) has been introduced to overcome the limitations. The
limitations of using conventional drills (CDs) with little and inconsistent information in the
literature regarding their efficiency for preparing implant asteotomies. Treatment of
medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (MRONS) with ultra-sonic piezoelectric
bone surgery. The application of piezoelectric bones surgery to treat MRONS in
combination with antibiotheraphy and its possible benefit.
Han-Jun Ryu and Sang-Woo KimSang-Woo Kim and Coworkers report high

performance piezoelectric, pyroelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators based on

P(UDF-TrFE) with controlled crystallinity and dipole alignment. A high dipole moment

solvent enhances the rad to end chain length and chain orientation and leads to higher

crystallinity and better dipole alignment of P(VDF-TrFE).