Sample THESIS

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PERCEPTION OF JOURNALISM
PROFESSORS AND JOURNALISM STUDENTS ON THE NEWS AGAINST
JOURNALISTS UNDER THE DUTERTE ADMINISTRATION
A Thesis Proposal
Presented to the Faculty of the
Marie Eugenie School of Integrated Learning
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Communication
in Media Production
Miyu Anne P. Nagai

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PERCEPTION OF JOURNALISM PROFESSORS AND JOURNALISM 2
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
The Philippines is known as one of, if not the most, democratic countries in Asia, and
its press is touted as the freest and the most dynamic in the region (Olea, 2018, p. 3).
Journalism has remained a dangerous business in the Philippines for the past few years with
President Rodrigo Duterte vilifying journalists and threatening news agencies of closure for
criticizing harsh government policies, particularly its bloody campaign against illegal drugs.
The impact that a journalism professionals and students can bring to the society is that
it can serve all the citizens in conveying information.
Ever since President Rodrigo Duterte’s administration started in 2016, he had been
open about his judgements about the media. “Kill journalism. Stop journalism in the
country,” were the exact words of the president at a press conference in Davao (Philippine
Star, 2016). President Rodrigo Duterte had his “tense relations” with the media (National
Union of Journalists in the Philippines, 2019) publicly broadcast; his conflict with Rappler
CEO Maria Ressa being one of the highlights.
The Philippines is not averse to the consumption of media. In a study conducted by
We Are Social and Hootsuite, it revealed that 99% of Filipinos were on at least one social
media platform in 2018, and they spent an average of 10 hours on the internet a day
(Gonzales, 2019). Even the masses, primarily known to consume media on television, is
making the digital switch. More than half of Filipinos now own a digital terrestrial television
box and 16% consume television shows using new technology (PulseAsia, 2018).
Consequently, when it comes to acquiring news, more Filipinos are more reliant on
Facebook than the radio. Social Weather Stations’ March 2019 survey showed that an
estimated 13.9 million adult Filipinos consume news daily through Facebook. 9.7 million
consume news through radio while a measly one million individuals read the newspaper
(Cabico, 2019). There are both positive and negative effects with the increasing usage of new
media in our country.
Vilification of legitimate press, self-censorship, and misinformation are all problems
that the state of journalism in the country today has normalized. Because of these, Filipino
journalists continue to face violence against them and give the evolution of new media, and
the amount of online harassment and threats of journalists is higher now than ever before
(Sabillo, 2019). “Press Freedom” in this research will be based on the aforementioned three
salient points: vilification of legitimate press (i.e. abuse of the press) self-censorship, and
fake news.
The abuse of the press was brought to light when the press groups all over the country
banded together on World Press Freedom Day. Hundreds of Filipino journalists spoke about
the attacks they have been receiving ever since the start of Duterte’s administration after
news about physical attacks, online harassment and even deaths had surfaced. The National
Union of Journalists of the Philippines (NUJP) and the National Press Club of the Philippines
(NPC) were the journalism groups that rallied over freedom of the press being under siege
(Rappler, 2019). The media was under fire by critics and other entities of the like. This abuse
of the press had started a domino effect on journalists trying to adapt to one problem by
creating others.
In 2018, The Philippines was ranked 137th among 180 countries in the World Press
Freedom Index by Reporters without Borders. A higher rank represents that the country is
safer in terms of press freedom and that journalists are not pressured into subjecting to
censorship (Reporters without Borders, 2019).
In line with this, the Philippines recognizes press freedom as a part of our bill of
rights as citizens of this country. Article III, Section 7 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
states, “The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be
recognized. Access to official records and to documents and papers pertaining to official acts,
transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for policy
development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by
law.”
University of Santo Tomas and Polytechnic University of the Philippines offer a
subject solely dedicated for journalism or communication ethics (Lustre, 2015). An ethics
course is suitable for journalism majors to enhance their ability in being able to filter and be
more critical of what mass media feed them. Both schools, UST and PUP were also named as
Centers of Development in Journalism (Pazzibugan, 2013).
It is therefore relevant to know the perspective of university students of journalism
major and university journalism professors on perception on the news against journalism
under Duterte administration.

There are existing studies prior to this research that tackle some of the factors
included in this research. One study highlights the perceptions of journalists on the safety of
their profession, however, it does not include what specific point in time the study takes place
as a variable (EM News, 2017). Another study focused on the youth’s perception of Duterte
but did not focus on the treatment of journalists on his administration (Norman, 2017).
Although there are similar studies, there is none that tackles the comparison of perceptions
between the two about the news under Duterte Administration. Specifically, university
journalism students and university journalism professors.
The objective of this study is to concretize the similarities and differences between
the perceptions of the journalism students and journalism professors. The researcher feel that
this study has to be done in order for Filipinos not only to be aware of the current state of our
country through the news against journalists, but also to be aware of how people of different
ages, having been raised in different times and environments, perceive the news based on the
rights of the journalists. Perception of journalism students and professors may enrich their
existing knowledge as well, that is why they are being chosen as participants for this study.
Review of Related Literature
This chapter examined previous studies on the experiences and perception of the
generations of journalism professors and students during Pres. Duterte’s administration. This
chapter also discussed who exactly are the journalism students and journalism professors in
terms of the generation they fall under. This chapter also included violent news and headlines
against journalists and Pres. Duterte’s attacks on the media. It also provides a brief
background of the journalism schools included in this research and their importance in terms
of Center of Excellence or Development. Lastly, this chapter introduced three of the most
prevalent and inter-connected problems journalists face in the news against them, wherein
they experience abuse.
Background of Journalism Professors’ Generation. In this study, one of the chosen
participants are university journalism professors. They are defined as an opinion leader,
according to Katz and Lazarsfeld (1957), has at least one of these factors – expression of
values, professional competence and nature of social work. According to McCroskey and
Richmond (1992) all share a common root assumption: “The teacher will have sufficient
power to influence the students to engage in the behaviors necessary to achieve the desired
learning outcomes." That the professors in this case are both considered as teachers and
opinion leaders.
University of the Philippines journalism professor Danilo Arao, stated that, like
mainstream media, campus publications also help shape public opinion by providing relevant
information (Rappler, 2018, par. 2). The campus press plays a role in preserving freedom of
speech and expression which was most evident especially during Martial Law. Student
publications and and journalists also became victims of the oppressive government of then
president Ferdinand Marcos (Gavilan, 2018 par. 13).
Generation X or Gen Xers is the population born between 1965 to 1980 (Pew
Research Center). They grew up with technology in their hands, but they are not as
dependent on technology as millennials. Most of them find gadgets and internet connectivity
as a nice-to-have and not as a need (Gonzales, 2018). Since the emergence of the internet and
emailing during the young adulthood stage of the Gen Xers, they have adjusted well to the
continuous evolution of technology. In a survey by Forbes (2016), 81% of them have

Facebook accounts. The average Gen Xer spends a total of seven hours a week on social
media and about 32 hours a week consuming all media (Claveria, 2019).
When it comes to acquiring political news, Gen Xers are, once again, half-and-half
with traditional and modern, getting 51% from Facebook and 46% from local TV. This is
based on a survey by Factank (2015). In the same survey, Gen Xers said about 18% of the
posts they see on Facebook relate to government and politics. In the posts that they do see,
only 21% of these posts are in line with their own political views (Barthel & Gotfried, 2015).
Despite being able to grow along with the advancement of society, an article by The
Manila Times (2019) claims that the Gen Xers in the Philippines are the most resistant to
change, even more than Baby Boomers. The results of their survey show that 63% of Gen
Xers displayed “high resistance to change” (Lugtu, 2019) in the workplace compared to the
47% of Baby Boomers and a measly 9% of millennials. Further investigations of this study
concluded that their resistance to change in the workplace is linked to their stagnancy in the
corporate ladder. Gen Xers are more likely to be accustomed to change when they have a
better sense of their economic status workplace (Lugtu, 2019).
On the other hand, some of the Professors may fall under Generation Y, also known
as Millennials. Generation Y is the population born between 1981 and 1996 (Pew Research
Center). According to the research by Pew Research Center, the social media use of the
Millennials are 86% and has remained largely unchanged since 2012. According to Inquirer,
Filipino Millennials have little trust in political leaders and the media as sources of
information and positive social impact (Juego, 2019, par. 1). Based on an online article by
Inquirer, among traditional institutions, political leaders were the most distrusted, with a total
of 201 millennials polled in the country, only 16 percent of the young people surveyed
regarding to them as accurate sources of information.
Perception of Journalism Professors’ Generation during Duterte’s
Administration. EngageNews (2017) conducted a survey on the “Perceptions of Safety and
Security among Journalists in the Philippines,” where 14 of the respondents were full-time
and freelance journalists. The respondents talked about the safety and security issues they
faced when doing their jobs. One interviewee mentioned that “physical security was a
priority.” Other responses included news agencies being hacked and journalists being
threatened online.
The journalists, aware about the dangers of their career option in this time also talked
about the precautions they take when going on the job. For instance, when covering a high-
risk location, they do not go on their own. A “buddy” system is implemented as well as time
limits and constant text message updates about their safety and location (EM News, 2017).
The 2018 Jaime V. Ongpin Seminar held on August 30, 2018 presented a panel of
journalists. The journalists presented talked about their experiences and challenges in
covering the most coveted issues in the Philippines. These challenges included the rising
popularity of “fake news” and the abuse that comes with their career.
Valderama (2018), quoting Nestor Burgos from the event, said, “The level of
vilification of the legitimate press has been unprecedented in the past two years.” Opinions
and irrelevant information had tainted what is supposed to be viable and trusted for the
people. This resulted in editors and reporters resorting to self-censorship in order to stay in
line with their ethics as journalists.

The aim of the panel last 2018 was to give the listeners a new perspective on
journalists in the time of Pres. Duterte. Valderama (2018) pointed out that, by the end of the
panel, the audience saw the challenges that came with being a journalist in an environment
with limited access to information and the generation now of government-sponsored “news”
bloggers.
Valderama also mentioned the parallelism of this administration’s treatment of
journalism with the 2009 Maguindanao massacre which earned the Philippines’ spot on one
of the most dangerous countries for press in 2018 (World Press Freedom Index, 2018).
Danilo Arao, a professor at University of the Philippines, directly addressed
Presidential Spokesperson Harry Roque at a rally for press freedom at his university
broadcasted by Rappler last January 19, 2018. Arao called Roque to resign from his position,
saying that he, as a self-proclaimed human rights activist, must take the lead in going against
Pres. Duterte for freedom of the press. Arao also added that Roque should know the value of
“legitimate journalism” to our country which is a democracy (Rappler, 2018).
The perception of journalism professors on press freedom during Pres. Duterte’s
administration would be based on context and previous experience, like Valderama’s
coalition to the Maguindanao massacre (2018). Growing up in a different environment will
give them a point of comparison to the environment the current generation is growing up
with. Comparing the two will give an unbiased perception of the country as a whole about
press freedom which, in turn, can benefit our target audiences.
Background of students as Generation Z. In this study, another participant are
university journalism students. University students who are currently enrolled are those born
between 1997 and beyond (Pew Research Center). As of year, 2019 with the eldest of them
being 23 years old, they are now entering the workforce. They are bringing a tidal wave and
are ideal for business leaders, marketers, parents, employers and educators for creating an
impact on the economy in this generation. But regardless of how inclined they are to
technology, more so than those prior to them, their ability to evaluate information on digital
platforms is critical on how they view socio-political issues (Malasig, 2019).
They are reshaping the future of social media. In the age of the internet and mobile
phones, Gen Zers are known to be true digital natives or the “fully digital generation” (Centre
for Generational Kinetics, 2018). Twenty-nine percent of Gen Zers use their smartphones
after midnight. They have so much time to commit to interacting with a screen that they
spend more than one hour per day online on their desktops and mobile phones.
Punongbayan claimed that younger generations play an important role in the future
development of the country, and that the Filipino Generation Z is “apathetic, uncritical, social
media dependent” (Malasig, 2019 para. 1)
A recent study conducted in 2015 by the Far Eastern University’s Public Policy
Center entitled “Does Gen Z care?” was initiated to determine the students’ motivation and
their views on current social and political issues in the country. The respondents were
composed of 27,741 students in 2014 and 53,489 in 2015; they were chosen through the
‘randomized block sampling’ method. 18 universities and colleges were grouped by
academic programs and sex (Interaksyon, 2019).
The study found that Filipinos aged 17 to 24 generally rely on the internet and social
media to get news. Seventeen percent of Gen Zers do not discuss politics even though 25%
of them agree that it is important to be updated with the political affairs in the country.
A survey from Pulse Asia revealed that 51% of Filipinos allow the information they
see on their social media feeds to influence their political views and opinions about the
government. In addition, as many as 44% rely on technology to obtain knowledge and 88%
agree that social media is the ‘best’ medium for acquiring news (Interaksyon, 2019).
However, despite the amount of information they encounter daily, they do not have
definite stances on the country’s serious issues, particularly political affairs. Economist
Punongbayan of the FEU Public Policy Center stated that the youth need to be more
discerning in reading and evaluating information on the internet. Gen Zers read the news,
they accept what they read is true, and they do not bother to evaluate (Punongbayan, 2018).
Perception of students on Journalists during Duterte’s Administration. De Leon
(2016) claimed that Pres. Duterte’s handling of the “grilling” of journalists worsened the
public’s opinion of them. “Where does it leave students like me?” De Leon (2016) asked.
From the perspective of a journalism student, De Leon pointed out that she sees Pres.
Duterte’s public statements on journalists as a manipulation of the psychology of Filipinos.
He had named the press the antagonists of the Philippines. The reality of the present-day
treatment of journalists forces students like her to reevaluate their career choices.
The Journalism Department of the University of the Philippines in Diliman also
played their part in expressing their views by calling out Duterte to retract his statement
justifying the journalist killings. The school was adamant in having Duterte take back his
previous remarks and released a statement. They called his comment “unwarranted, unjust,
and irresponsible” as well as “misinformed and malicious” when he added that media killings
were a signal of impunity (Gonzales, 2016).

After the government’s stint on revoking Rappler’s license to operate, school
publications and organizations joined in the protest on the January 19, 2018 at the Mendiola
Peace Arch with their stance of “We should all help defend press freedom” (Serafica, 2018).
The College Editors Guild of the Philippines (CEGP), an alliance of students in college or
university-level that do school publications, burned pictures of Duterte during the protest.
The protesters of college students believe that the decision of the government was an attack
on press freedom and journalisms.
The point of learning about the perception of Generation Z on journalism today is
that, as de Leon so boldly said, “Press freedom is everyone’s battle” (2018). Because the
media affects everyone, everyone must be aware of its state and develop opinions about it.
Journalism students can represent the sample of Generation Z as they are already aware of
the myriad problems affecting our country. They can also be outspoken about their opinions,
as they feel it is their duty as future media practitioners to inform the public.
Press during President Duterte’s administration. Rodrigo Duterte’s presidential
administration started in 2016. President Duterte had not been shy to broadcast his opinions
on the media, along with his trademark profanity. At a press conference in Davao, Duterte so
boldly said, “Kill journalism. Stop journalism in the country” (Philippine Star, 2016).
Reporters Without Borders, also known as Reporters Sans Frontières or RSF, is as an
international non-profit organization that defends imprisoned or executed personnel as well
as provides a financial aid to those struggling journalists. On their 2018 World Press Freedom
Index, they lowered the rank of the Philippines from 133 in 2017 to 127 of 180 countries. As
of May 2018, four media groups in the Philippines recorded at least 85 cases of attacks and
threats against press freedom, a number, they said, that "far exceeds those recorded under
four presidents before him” (CMFR, 2018).
An executive order mandating the public disclosure of information in offices under
the executive branch was among the first orders signed by Pres. Rodrigo Duterte on July 23,
2016, two days before his first SONA. It states that all government offices under the
Executive branch such as Department of Finance and Department of Education are among
that information to be freely dispersed to the Filipino.
Implementing this order in the near future may not be simple as it seems. From
technical difficulties in retrieving information and the piled-up work due to the demand of
information, well-structured databases are needed as well in securing the information.
Despite of the reservations that might occur, it is a one step closer to achieving genuine
democracy. But what problem still persists?
Other government institutions such as the Legislative, Board of the Judicial Branch,
as well as the House of Representatives, which scored a -28 with a poor rating on CNN
Philippines survey of “The Most Corrupt Agencies,” has failed to pass the FOI Law.
Pres. Duterte vowed in his first SONA in 2016, “I assure you that this will be a clean
government.” (Inquirer, 2016, par. 3). However, Duterte’s Philippines is getting less corrupt,
the wrong way says Forbes Editor, Mourdoukoutas (2019). Duterte has signed the FOI Law
and has been fighting for corruption by the unleashing of death squads and the killings of
thousands of innocent people including journalists. His cruel tactics is definitely a wrong way
to fight for corruption. It has come at a too great human cost to cheer about it
(Mourdoukoutas, 2019).
Anti-corruption advocates called on lawmakers to pass the Freedom of Information
(FOI) Bill, which would enact Article III Section 7 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution (“The
right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized”) and give
journalists the freedom to access public documents. The passage of this law will benefit not
only the press but the citizens of the country and the nation’s economy as a whole as
“corruption flourishes in darkness” (Kocaoglu, Figari, & Darbishire, 2006, p. 5).
Chairman of the Volunteers Against Crime and Corruption, Jimenez (2017)
speculated that public officials are taking time in passing the FOI bill because they have their
own vested interest and business to protect.
It is argued that FOI law will increase transparency and fix accountability of the
government. It will promote government transparency in all its dealings, serve as an anti-
corruption tool, and engage its citizens in decision-making (Calleja, 2016). A Freedom of
Information Law will bring the light of truth and transparency into government transactions”
(Alvarez, 2016).
Abuse of the Press in the Country. “Never has any president, Marcos included,
openly spearheaded the attacks and vilification of media,” journalists rallied. During the
World Press Freedom Day on May 3, 2019, The National Union of Journalists of the
Philippines (NUJP) were among the Filipino journalists who gathered in Camp Aguinaldo to
rally on press freedom. “The National Union of Journalists of the Philippines (NUJP) said in
a statement "more than any administration since the unlamented Marcos dictatorship, never
have freedom of the press and of expression been under siege as during the presidency of
Rodrigo Duterte” (Rappler, 2019).

In commemoration of the same celebration, the National Press Club of the Philippines
(NPC) also released a statement to express its commitment to genuine press freedom. “For a
very long time now, the NPC has been accused and vilified by its critics and even by our
more ‘respectable’ colleagues from the profession of being corrupt’” (NPC, 2019).
To quote Nestor Burgos from the 2018 Jamie Ongpin Journalism Seminar,
“Vilification has spawned a distrust of the journalism profession and has had a chilling effect
on some editors and reporters who tend to resort to self-censorship” (2018).
As one problem leads to another, journalists are already forced to adapt to the state of
press freedom in the country for the sake of their career and their lives.
Self-Censorship in the Country. Canadian Journalists for Free Expression defines
“censorship” as “the removal or blocking of information, speech, or expression” (2014). The
association does not leave out “self-censorship” as a part of it and considers it as people who
limit what they say in fear of the consequences or what might follow because of it (CFJE,
2014). Self-censorship has been a prevalent problem amongst journalists in the Philippines
during Duterte’s administration, with cases and experiences aforementioned in this chapter.
The second on the list of rights in the Declaration of the Rights and Duties of
Journalists is “the right not to act in any way nor express any opinion that is contrary to
professional rules or personal conscience.” In addition to this, “journalists should not suffer
any prejudice” (1999).
Current state. The performance of Philippine media had faltered ever since the
popularization of “fake news.” De Jesus pointed out that self-censorship could be a factor on
their performance and stated the possibility of there being a higher number in journalism
attacks than the ones being reported because of the journalists’ fear of assault. “That’s why a
lot of important stories on corruption and illegal drugs have not been properly pursued,” De
Jesus reiterated (2019).
Media company ABS-CBN was also personally directed by President Duterte in a
press conference in Manila about the renewal of the franchise. “I will not talk to you, but I
will also never intervene. But if I had my way, I would not give it back to you," Duterte said
on August 3, 2018 and it is threats like these that give that “chilling effect” (Sabillo, 2018).
Even big media companies think twice about speaking up on certain issues because of the
power the government holds against them.
Fake news in the Country. Leinellyn Palmonique (2019) talks about the origin and
definition of fake news. For starters, Palmonique states that fake news is not an occurrence
that began recently (Allcott & Gentzkow, 2017; Haciyakupoglu, Hui, Suguna, Leong &
Rahman, 2018; Soll, 2016; Tandoc et al, 2018, Wardle & Derakhshan, 2017). Since as early
as the fifteenth century, people were already falling victim to fake news. In Soll’s “The Long
and Brutal History of Fake News,” he claims that fake news had been around since the
emergence of “real” news (2016).
There are several definitions of “fake news” going around the world of academia and
journalism. According to researchers and journalists, Claire Wardle, Ethan Zuckerman,
Danah Boyd, Caroline Jack, and Margaret Sullivan, “the term ‘fake news’ is woefully
inadequate to describe the complex phenomena of mis- and dis-information” (Wardle &
Derakhshan, 2017, p. 15). Other names for fake news given by scholars are false stories, false
news, false information and alternative facts (Allcott & Gentzkow, 2017; Chua, 2018; Curry
& Stroud, 2017; Newman & Fletcher, 2017; Waisbord, 2018). For Allcott and Gentzkow
(2017), on the other hand, the working definition of “fake news” is, “articles that are
intentionally and verifiably false, and could mislead readers” (p. 213).
The term fake news has been loosely used by media and politicians and the public are
catching on. With the 42 million people in the Philippines using Facebook, 9 out of 10 of
them are already aware of the existence of fake news online. Of the three major islands in the
country, the population of all of them agreed that social media contains mostly fake news
(PhilStar, 2018).
Rather than attempting to prevent “fake news” at its core, the Philippines had learned
to walk around it. In April 2018, Facebook admitted that they cannot “prohibit” fake news on
social media. Consequently, amid the campaign period for midterm elections, Facebook’s
Global Politics and Government Outreach Teach adapted a “fact-checking” label on posts
branded as fake news in January 2019, as to alert the netizens who might come across the
article. Facebook also collaborated with third-party fact-checking applications in identifying
said reports. Any netizen who would share this report would receive a notification of its
inaccuracy (Harbath, 2019).
The Commission on Elections joined in on the battle against fake news in May 2019,
just a few weeks before the midterm elections. A small team of ten government workers
scavenged for false or misleading posts on Facebook to take them down. In those few weeks,
hundreds of posts were taken down (Calonzo & Lopez, 2019).
In commemoration of the World Press Freedom Day on May 3, 2019, the University
of the Philippines College of Mass Communication (UP-CMC) called on the public to
safeguard their “fundamental right for information and a free press; support efforts to uphold
the rule of law and fight ‘fake news’; and continue to hold truth and justice in high value"
(Rappler, 2019 para. 12)
Altermidya People’s Media Network also fought for press freedom that day, directly
addressing the Armed Forces of the Philippines for being the propaganda of fake news. The
group described fake news as the “red tag” people attach to journalists who become targets
for arrest and, in some cases, killings (Bulatlat, 2019).
Two other journalism organizations, Foreign Correspondents Association of the
Philippines (FOCAP) and the University of the Philippines’ National Union of Journalists of
the Philippines, rallied to continue reporting “fearlessly” despite the threats and abuse they
face (Espina & Umel, 2019).
That same day, the government responded. “We will continue our campaign against
disinformation and fake news since this is the one that destroys the freedom of the Press,”
Sec. Andar, the Presidential Communications Operations Office head, said (Espina & Umel,
2019).
With this fake news is the abuse that comes with it – physically, with arrests, attacks
and killings, and verbally, with the vilification of the press.
News about and Threats to Journalists during Duterte’s Administration.
According to the latest State of Philippine Media Report, at least 99 cases of attacks and
threats online and on ground have been recorded in the first 28 months of the Duterte
Administration. Among the 12 killed nationwide between July 1, 2016 and October 31, 2018,
the first victim fell in Mindanao.

Surigao Sur board member shot, bodyguard killed, 2 others wounded in Bislig
ambush (Panganiban, 2016). Apolinario Suan Jr. was attacked by men aboard a van along the
national highway in Sitio Tandawan on July 14, 2016. He was critically wounded during the
attack, slipped into coma and died on July 28 while both his brother and his escort died on
the spot. A report of the Philippine Daily Inquirer quoted Bislig City police director Supt.
Rainier Diaz saying that Suan’s killing may be connected to his work as a broadcaster.
Publisher slain in Philippines after criticizing officials over drugs (Roberts & Kam,
2016). Larry Que, was the second journalist killed under the Duterte Administration. He was
a columnist of the community paper Catanduanes. Que was shot dead by motorcycle-riding
men as he was entering his office in Virac around 9:30 in the morning on December 19,
2016. An article linking government officials to a major drug manufacturing facility in the
province was written shortly by Que before he died (Mindanews, 2018).
Radio Announcer killed in Ilocos Sur (Rappler, 2017). A professor at the University of
the Philippines, Mario Cantaoi was also shot dead by motorcycle-riding gunmen on the
national highway in Barangay San Ramon Catholic on January 7, 2017. He worked at a
church-owned radio station DZNS. Environmental advocacy group KALIKASAN PNE
believes commentaries against the destruction of the environment and the militarization of
communities opposed to mining led to his killing (Mindanews, 2018).
Cotobato Radio Blocktimer Shot Dead (CMFR, 2017). Marlon Muyco was shot dead
by motorcycle-riding men in Barangay La Suerte. He was a blocktime program host over
DXND Radyo Bida in Kidapawan City, Cotobato province. He sustained five gunshot
wounds and died instantly. His daughter who was with him at that time was wounded in the
attack. According to the police investigating the case, suspects were already tailing the victim
and attacked when they reached the secluded area (Mindanews, 2018).
Tabloid columnist shot dead in Masbate (Arguelles, 2017). A REMATE columnist and
a commentator of station DYME, Joaquin Briones, was gunned down by motorcycle-riding
men on March 23, 2017. According to the news report of Anselmo Prima, the motive seems
to be local politics or personal grudges. Briones’ hard-hitting reports on sensitive topics like
illegal fishing, illegal gambling and the drug trade might have triggered the killing according
to REMATE managing editor Lydia Buena. Briones had also been receiving several death
threats prior to the killing (Mindanews, 2018).
2 Broadcasters shot dead in Mindanao. (Pareño & Uson, 2017). On August 6, 2017, a
host at a weekly community affairs program “Tigmo-tigmo” on radio station DXPB, Rudy
Alicaway was shot dead by motorcycle-riding men. He was the first journalist to be killed
after Martial Law has been declared in Mindanao on May 23, 2017. According to the station
manager, he never tackled any controversial issues (Mindanews, 2018). The second
Mindanao Journalist to be murdered after Duterte's declaration of Martial Law, Leodoro Diaz
a volunteer reporter of station DXMY of the radio Mindanao Network in Cotobato City and a
Columnist of Sapol tabloid published weekly. He was on his way to Tacurong City from his
home when two bikers blocked his path and shot him with pistons, killing him on the spot.
Diaz's daughter believes that he was killed because of his hard-hitting columns on corruption,
illegal gambling and the drug trade in his hometown (Mindanews, 2018).
Radio Broadcaster slain in Surigao Sur (Catoto, 2017). A program host at station
DXBF of Prime Broadcasting Network, Christopher Lozoda was killed when a gunman in a
van opened fire on his way home on October 24, 2017. His common-law wife, Honey Faith
Indog as well, was wounded in the attack. He was involved in filing charges against Bislig
City Mayor, Librado Navarro over the questionable purchase of a P14.7-million hydraulic
excavator in 2012. Before Lozada’s murder, he had been receiving series of death threats sent
from unknown number including “95 days ka na lang, umalis ka na rito sa Bislig kundi
papatayin kita (You have 95 days left. Leave Bislig or I will kill you).” Lozoda was insistent
about filing charges against Navarro, that he allegedly offered a car and a P50,000 monthly
allowance to make him withdraw the case. The family has accused the former mayor,
Navarro of ordering Lozoda’s death since he was reportedly monitoring him already
(Mindanews, 2018).
Radio Broadcaster dies after riding-in-tandem attack (Torres, 2017). Former
chairman of the National Union of Journalists of the Philippines chapter in Dumaguete City,
Edmund Sestoso was shot by motorcycle gunmen on his way home on April 30, 2018.
According to his wife, Sestoso had been receiving death threats. Sestoso had also texted a
relative hours before the incident saying that someone was out to kill him. Authorities have
yet to determine the motive behind his murder (Mindanews, 2018).
Apart from these journalists enduring direct assaults or encountering death threats,
there were also cases of journalists receiving verbal threats, harassment and assault under the
Duterte Administration (ABS-CBN News, 2017).
According to an article by ABS-CBN News (2017), Gretchen Malalad and Jamela
Alindogan-Caudron of ABS-CBN were targeted by criticisms, insults and threats by pro-
Duterte bloggers. Malalad was bashed by simply commenting on a Facebook post by the
writer of a TIME Magazine piece that had shed light on Duterte’s purported connections to
extra-judicial killings (Domingo, 2016). International and local media groups have urged
President Rodrigo Duterte to act against extreme comments directed to these two female
journalists (Mindanews, 2018).
Asia Correspondent of Channel 4 of United Kingdom was “cussed out” by President
Rodrigo Duterte after him asking about killings related to Duterte administration's drug war
on December 8, 2016, “P--ina mo (F-- you),” Duterte told Miller under his breath of
criticizing the Philippines about the matter (GMA News Online, 2016).
Maria Ressa, one of the most highly-regarded journalists in the Philippines, who
spent two decades working as an investigative reporter, foreign correspondent and both
Manila and Jakarta Bureau Chief for CNN, has also attracted the attention of President
Duterte (Petersen, 2019). Rappler, formed by Maria Ressa with a small team of 12 reporters
and developers, has grown into the fourth biggest news website in the Philippines. The online
news website began reporting critically on extra-judicial killings, human rights violation and
fast-rising death toll from Duterte’s brutal “war on drugs” (The Guardian, 2019).
Duterte supporters call for attacks on Rappler newsroom journalist (Rappler, 2019).
Two avid supporters of President Rodrigo Duterte snuck into the Rappler headquarters on
Thursday afternoon, trespassed on the company’s premises and called on them to pay taxes
instead of staging a “drama” before the international community. The online supporters of
President Duterte started their campaign against Rappler since the arrest over cyber libel last
February 13, 2019 of Rappler CEO and executive editor, Maria Ressa (Rappler, 2019).
Rappler was first targeted on July 2017, during President Duterte’s state of the Nation
address, where he declared as Rappler being “fully owned” by the Americans and therefore
in violation of the Constitution. Ressa and Rappler were hit yet another lawsuit, for an
alleged cyber libel-related story last month. As Ressa and Rappler continue to be targeted,
Ressa stated, “I actually don’t see Duterte as my enemy but I guess it was him who brought
the battle to us” (BBC News, 2018).
As the New York-based Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) previously expressed
concern about the “alarming” and “oppressive” working environment for journalists in The
Philippines, Presidential spokesman Salvador Panelo insisted that cases against Ressa have
nothing to do with free speech (Philstar, 2019). He argued that Filipino journalists who are
“similarly critical, even outrageously hostile and biased” against the administration’s policies
exist. However, as long as they do not violate the law, they will not face cases. Panelo also
denied that Filipino journalists are experiencing an oppressive working environment as the
Philippines was removed from the deadliest countries for journalists during Duterte’s term by
press freedom group Reporters Without Borders in 2018.
UST journalism head resigns as Times editor over ‘oust Duterte’ plot story
(Varsitarian, 2019). The Head of UST’s journalism program, Professor Felipe Salvosa II has
resigned as managing editor of the Manila Times after publishing a story linking media
organizations to an ouster plot against Pres. Duterte. “In UST journalism, we always tell
students that our number one obligation is the truth. I felt sincerely that I needed to uphold
that principle now more than ever” said Salvosa (Varsitarian, 2019). He was asked to resign
by the school paper owner, Dante Ang bu told him that he was about to resign anyway.
To sum up, the 99 cases of attacks and threats to journalists nationwide are: 17 cases
of online harassments, 12 reports of killings, 12 cases of libel, 11 threats by SMS, seven slay
attempts, six cases of intimidation, five cases of verbal threat or assault, mostly from public
officials, five cases of physical assault, four cases of website attack, four cases of cyber libel,
three cases of arrest, three corporation- related cases, three cases barred from coverage, three
cases of physical harassment; two cases of article takedown and two strafing or shooting
incidents occurred during the period of July 1, 2016 to October 31, 2018 (Mindanews, 2018).
There is no single explanation on why journalists are becoming victims of killings
and imprisonment. The International Federation of Journalist (IFJ) announced in their annual
report that the Philippines was the worst offender of journalist attacks within Southeast Asia,
tying for sixth worst in the world with Pakistan. One of the troubling findings is that the
response of the country to these kinds of crimes were journalists being jailed, forcing to flee
or resorting to self-censorship.
In over three years of the Duterte Administration, the press was confronted with
multiple challenges. Journalists continue to report on stories that may risk their lives. The
rights of the journalists are continually being ignored. They are facing new forms of violence
in our country, and unfortunately only a few leaders are willing to stand up and defend them.
The journalists in our country need to reach out to one another in order to build a strong
relationship to secure the channels and platforms of truth. Their rights need to be recognized
and taken into account when perceiving their actions and the news covering them.
Higher Education Institutions in the Philippines. Education is perhaps the most
important function of the state (Estrada, 2017). In the Philippines, colleges or universities are
generally classified as public or private. Based on the 2011 data by Commission on Higher
Education, to be classified as universities, state universities and colleges (SUCs), CHED-
supervised higher education institutions (CHEIs), private higher education institutions
(PHEIs), and community colleges (CCs), they must meet in operating at least eight different
degree programs. They must offer at least six undergraduate courses including a four- year
course in Liberal Arts, a four-year course in Basic Science Mathematics, a four-year course
in Liberal arts, a four-year course in Basic Sciences, a minimum of three other active and
recognized professional courses leading government licensures, and at least two graduate-
level courses leading to doctoral degrees.
The cost of delivering basic education to 27 million Filipino learners and college education to
4 million students is high that the government cannot entirely afford it. Even as the Universal
Access to Quality Tertiary bill, the reality of free education is still only up to secondary level.
Accessible education is not only a shared responsibility among the parents but as well as
government and the private sector. Which is why technical and vocational path has been
quickest path to employment, yet parents and students assume that university education is
also meant to enable graduates to obtain jobs, with a presumably higher level than those
finishers of technical and vocational courses (Teodoro, 2017).
Journalism Schools in the Philippines. According to Teodoro (2017), the journalism
programs of Philippine colleges and universities are patterned after the US model, which
journalism is an undergraduate course that not only focuses on reporting and opinion writing,
but also requires students to take subjects such as mass media law, ethics, communication
theory, and media and society in addition to minor subjects such as social science and
humanities subjects. This will assure the student to have a broader knowledge in
understanding the role of journalism in delivering messages to the audiences. Based on the
data of Find University, a directory website of colleges and universities in the Philippines,
there are 45 schools that offer Journalism courses in the Philippines and in relation, there are
245 schools that offer communication courses in the country. UST and PUP were chosen in
this study because both universities are named as Centers of Development in journalism in
the country. As Centers of Development, both schools will serve as “catalysts for world class
scholarships, best practices, innovative curriculum, research and extension, and professional
development” in journalism and broadcasting. (Inquirer, 2013, par. 3).
With the mass consumption of media, abuse of press has become a common problem
of the journalists in the country. Being that a journalist allows a person to witness a wide
range of situations as they see and experience the behind-the-scenes action before even
getting it published. Journalists are among those whose socially-mandated jobs that should be
especially responsible of their power. Journalists are upon to report, provide analysis and
comment on every human experience. From political view, up to violence against journalist,
their job of delivering a news has a power to shape opinion and move people to action.
Which explains why having a complicated relationship with the press still persists even with
the current Administration of Pres. Duterte. In this study, based on how university professors
obtain news and having been exposed to the previous Administration, they might also have a
different perception on how journalism students perceive news against journalism under the
Pres. Duterte Administration.
Many studies have explored aspects of news. They have often looked at analyzing of news
coverage and analysis of news, but they have not always sufficiently explored the perspective
of people on news against journalism Duterte Administration. For instance, is there any
differences between the perception of university professors, who has enough knowledge and
experiences with the past administration with some might include, Marcos’ and journalism
students, who are as well exposed with the current administration but a little in the past.
Theoretical Framework
This chapter discusses the framework that emphasizes how external factors affect the
different perceptions of people on the same content.
Interactionism. The original take of the interactionist perspective by Max
Weber (1905) explains that the foundation of our actions relies on our perception of the
world. In basic terms, Weber is saying that meaning precedes action (Cole, 2018).
George Herbert Mead’s further development of Interactionism is a perspective
proposing that the way someone sees society is from their accumulation of experiences.
People develop meanings and place them based on their previous interactions.
From a communications standpoint, the interactionism explains that the accumulation
of what we see on mass media is how to shape our view on society and how we define
certain objects and situations (Dean, 2010). It focuses, not on the symbols, but how we use
and process these symbols in communicating. It talks about how we develop our sense of
“self,” the way we present this “self” to society and what we make reality according to our
“self” (Cole, 2018).
This theory is ever-present in students nowadays when it comes to their use of social
media. Younger generations see a photo posted on Instagram and interpret the image and its
elements. Association with the elements of the photograph to meanings developed by their
generation and society takes place (Cole, 2018).

The research took Cole’s previous observations of Generation Z’s perception on
media-based content in line with interactionism but on a different platform.
The respondent defined an entity, namely press freedom during the administration of
Pres. Rodrigo Duterte, using their accumulated knowledge extracted from the media,
specifically, news about journalists.
Similarly, this research was able to utilize the Interactionism theory because it
emphasizes the different perceptions of media consumers based on their profiles. The
research will focus on the factors of age, namely those belonging between the Generation X
to Generation Z. All the respondents were also a Filipino currently residing in the
Philippines. The different generations, although they experience the same administration at
the same time and consume the same media, might have different perceptions based on their
past and present experiences.
Professors will have a broader point of comparison, as they were able to experience
the Dictatorship during Marcos’ Administration during the 1970’s as their students will have
a more limited point of comparison as they have not. This is based on the theory of
Interactionism which explains that how someone sees society is from their accumulation of
experiences.
Conceptual Framework
Journalism Journalism Journalism Journalism

professors of students of professors of students of
PUP PUP UST UST
Perception on the news

about journalists
a. On the Abuse of
the press
b. On Self-censorship
c. On Misinformation
Interactionism
Media Production Output
Figure 1: The model for journalism students and professors on the perception of news
against Journalists under Duterte Administration

The conceptual framework shows that the participants in this study are journalism
professors from UST and PUP, and journalism students from UST and PUP as well. The
study aims to investigate, compare the similarities and differences in the perceptions of the
two generations on the news against Journalists under Duterte Administration.
It also focuses on how Professors and students affect their interpretation and
perception of news against Journalists under Duterte Administration.
This conceptual framework will help the researcher determine on how professors and
students perceive news against Journalists under Duterte Administration differently and
similarly with what they have experienced. As the culturalist theory explains that people
draw their conclusions by interacting with the media, it could also help the researcher to
figure out on how both professors and students creates a difference or similar point of view
with what mass media shows them and how they differ in perceiving the news on media. As
future media practitioners, the result will help us grasp the idea on what media output to
create, as the researcher have the responsibility to create and disseminate news that will also
help people to educate the reality of the press in the country.

Statement of the Problem
This study seeks to compare the similarities and differences of the perception of
university journalism professors and university journalism students on news against
journalists during the administration of Duterte.
Furthermore, this study aims to answer the following questions:
1. What is the perception of university journalism professors and university journalism
students on the news about journalists:
a. On the abuse of press,
b. On self-censorship, and
c. On misinformation?
2. What are the similarities of the perceptions of university journalism professors and
university journalism students?
3. What are the differences of the perceptions of university journalism professors and
university journalism students?
4. Based on the results of the survey conducted, what media production output can best
represent results of the study that would properly educate the audience about the perception
of press freedom in the country?

Significance of the Study
Generation X and Y. As media production students and future media practitioners,
the researcher, feel the need to raise awareness about different perceptions of the two
generations. This study is not only about the Generation X who already experienced
dictatorship from Marcos’ administration. This will showcase their perception on how the
Duterte administration treat press freedom gives their points of view a platform. The views of
Generation Z can also benefit Generation X, as it helps them to become aware of the
knowledge, or lack thereof, and differences compared to their own. This study will also
benefit Generation Y, as some of the professors fall under this generation.
Generation Z. Similar to what was mentioned, the views of Generation Z can also
benefit from the views of Generation X, as it provides a guideline or framework of the
perception of those who more experienced. The generation where the researcher are a part of,
Generation Z, is the generation growing up during the administration of Duterte. As what the
researcher are experiencing his way of leading, they have the right and the responsibility to
be aware of the state of our country and government. This study brings to light just how
aware they are and how their perception aligns with the reality.
Journalists. This study can benefit journalists, writers and broadcaster as it can give
them a clear view on how the two generations perceive their experiences. The research raises
awareness about their struggles with press freedom and recognizes it as an issue that the
country is going through. The study can also benefit how they write and present information
to their audience, applying the theory of interactionism.

Media Production Students. This research can be used as a guide in further learning
and understanding topics on news against journalism that tackles abuse of press, self-
censorship and misinformation. It can also be used as a reference for future researches.
Educators. Teachers, professors and mentors can use this research in educating
people on the social issues on press freedom, especially with regards to the government.
Professors of Generation Z students will have an idea on the perceptions of their students and
can teach in line with these results.
Development Communication Practitioners. For those whose careers involve
working towards the development of society through communication, this study can benefit
them by giving them an idea on the how the different generations perceive news about
journalists. They will be able to work around this study, using forms of communication that
can work for their specific audience, for the development of society.
Scope and Limitations
This study was limited to the perception of UST and PUP professors and journalism
students. Journalism students mostly fall under Generation Z. The participant did not indicate
a specific generation for the professors, as the generations who are employed in the
educational institution varies. It might also cause complication to find a large amount of
journalism professors of respondents who are under one generation bracket.
This study includes violent news against journalists only in the Philippines and those
that happened under Duterte’s administration.

This study is also limited to Filipino citizens, hence, not covering the perceptions of
foreign citizens about the state of press freedom in the Philippines, despite being included in
the age brackets.
Since the study focused on the participants being associated with universities, future
researchers’ may want to select a specific generation, or people outside the university as
respondents.
CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the description of the research process will be presented. The
researcher will discuss the research design, participants, sampling techniques, research
instrument, data gathering procedure and method of data analysis of the research questions.
Research Design
The researcher will use a comparative quantitative design. This design is used to
generalize the garnered results from surveys given to a sample population. Quantitative
designs emphasize objective measurements from data collected through instruments used to
make statistical data such as polls, questionnaires, and surveys. It also focuses on numerical
data (Babbie, 2010).
The researcher intends to find the perceptions of journalism students’ and professors,
on news against journalists during the administration of President Duterte. The researcher
deemed that a quantitative design should be implemented in this study in order for the data of
the perceptions of the samples of each generation to be collected first-hand. This will also
allow the researcher to analyze the data more accurately.
The data of the perceptions of the samples of each generation will be collected
through the researcher’s surveys with the use of a 5-point Likert scale.
Participants and Sampling Technique
For the data gathering procedure, the participants for journalism students should be:
A. Students of University of Santo Tomas under the Faculty of Arts and Letters Bachelor
of Arts in AB Journalism;
B. Students of Polytechnic University of the Philippines under the College of
Communication in AB Journalism.
C. Those born from 1995 onwards.
D. Filipino Citizen.
According to Philippines Commission on Higher Education (CHED), the University
of Santo Tomas is located in Manila and regarded as one of the top universities in the
Philippines that has the best journalism curriculum. As indicated in their website curriculum,
Journalism in University of Santo Tomas (UST) tackles all aspect in writing for the press,
and they train students in the reporting and in-depth coverage of local and international
events.
Polytechnic University of the Philippines, also located in Manila, is the largest state
university in the country in terms of students enrolled. Their College of Communication,
which is the first communications college that received the Level III Accredited Status by the
Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities in the Philippines, offers a
Bachelor of Arts in Journalism program (Polytechnic University of the Philippines, n.d.).
The participants will be considered because the researcher have evidence to support
the belief that they will be a good source of data to the study, as the students have enough
knowledge to understand the various issues that affect the country with their background
experience and professional insights gained from their course.
The participants for journalism professors should be:
A. Professors of University of Santo Tomas under the Faculty of Arts and Letters
Bachelor of Arts in AB Journalism;
B. Professors of Polytechnic University of the Philippines under the College of
Communication in AB Journalism.
C. Those born from 1965 onwards.
D. Filipino Citizen.
The total number of respondents will be dependent on the result of the computation of
the average total population of the journalism students.
As of September 2019, there are 379 students who are enrolled under Communication
in AB Journalism in PUP. This information was gathered through email. On the other hand,
in UST, their reply is still pending.
To keep the number of participants constant, the same number will also be used with
the participants of Generation X.
Slovin’s formula will help the researcher produce a valid and reliable result to
achieve a sufficient representative of sample according to the population size (Ellen, 2018).
The computation for Slovin’s formula is n=N÷(1+Ne ), where n is the number of

2
samples, N is the total population and e is the margin of error. Targeted confidence level for
the Slovin’s formula would be 95% which would give the researcher the margin error of
0.05.
Purposive sampling technique will also be used because it can enable the researcher
to describe the major impact on the findings of the population efficiently in terms of time and
cost compared to other sampling methods (Foley, 2018). This sampling technique is often
used in situations wherein the researcher needs to acquire a targeted sample quickly and
where the demographic of the participants is more important than the proportionality of the
samples. This type of purposive sampling is the “Homogenous” type (Crossman, 2019).
Similarly, this research focuses on the age of the participants from various
establishments. The sample proportions will always be off since each establishment has a
different population.
Research Instruments
The researcher created a survey using a 5-point likert scale to measure the perception
of the respondents on the news against journalists during Duterte’s administration based on
the three major problems where journalists experience abuse. The survey consists of self-
made 20 statements and a short answer question that will measure the respondents’
perception of the news against journalists in terms of their agreement with the rights and
treatment of journalists and the Likert scale will be used in the researchers’ instrument to
measure the audience’s opinion with a greater degree rather than a “yes/no.” It is also reliable
that the researcher can measure the respondent’s extent to which they agree or disagree.
TSince there had not been a study previously conducted that fit the study’s research questions
by verbatim, the researcher extracted questions from several other surveys that applied to this
study.
The questions from the survey were selected based on their alignment with the three
key points: abuse of the press, self-censorship and misinformation.
The respondent has chosen a 5-point likert scale, rather than a 7 point likert scale
because it will be easier and less confusing to the participants to answer as the neutral will be
evident.
The researcher will seek validation from professors of the Communication
Department and General Education of Assumption College to indicate that the test is reliable
and is correlated with the topic of the researcher. The researcher will also submit a letter
coming from Assumption College to the University of Santo Tomas and Polytechnic
University of the Philippines to ask permission for the conduction of a survey.
The survey results will be used as a basis for deciphering the perception of news
about journalists for both participants of journalism students and professors of UST and PUP.
The questionnaire (see Appendix A) will be answered by a Likert scale interpretation.
The survey consists of 20 questions for the researcher to understand find out the perceptions
of the two generations on the news against journalists under the Duterte Administration.
Data Gathering Procedure
First, the researcher will create a self-made 5 point Likert scale survey questionnaire.
Second, the researcher will seek validation for the survey questionnaires from
professors of the Communication Department and General Education Department of
Assumption College to indicate that the test is validated, reliable and is correlated with the
research.
Third, the researcher will submit a letter for approval with the attached survey
questionnaires to the administration of University of Santo Tomas and Polytechnic University
of the Philippines.
Before conducting the studies, the researcher will handle letters of consent to the
Dean of Faculty of Arts and Letters of University of Santo Tomas and College of
Communication of Polytechnic University of the Philippines. Refer to appendix B for the
consent letters. Survey materials will then be handed over to the respondents. The researcher
hope that the consent will be approved on the same day for the researcher to begin with
distributing the survey questionnaires.
Method of Data Analysis
The results will be tabulated using descriptive analysis to show or summarize the
collected data for the researcher to be able to visualize it. Descriptive analysis can help the
researcher simplify large amount of data into a simpler summary and will be very useful as it
establishes associations between variables (Hopkins, 2000).

The researcher will get score of perception through T-test on data gathered from the
surveys. A t-test type allows us to assess whether the means of two groups are statistically
different from each other. This method will be used to compare the means of two groups
professors and students on their answers with their perception on the questionnaire on news
against journalism under Duterte Administration.

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Appendix A
Research Instrument: Survey Questionnaire
Good day! I am Miyu Anne Nagai, a 4th year bachelor of Communication Major in Media Production student
of Assumption College San Lorenzo, Makati City. I am conducting a research study regarding the perception
of university journalism professors and university journalism students on the news about journalists
under Duterte Administration. I humbly ask for your time in answering this survey accurately and with
pure honesty.
GENDER: _____
AGE: ______ Commented [cAMDG1]: Do you need this for the study?
SCHOOL: __________________________
Commented [cAMDG2]: If these are not need, you may
I am currently a: _____ Student remove them.
_____ Professor
Please check whether you

STRONGLY AGREE (5), AGREE (4), NEUTRAL (3), DISAGREE (2) OR STRONGLY DISAGREE (1)
on the following statements.
5 4 3 2 1
STRONGLY AGREE NEUTRAL DISAGREE STRONGLY
AGREE DISAGREE
1. I think that Philippine media
faces “oppressive, alarming” Commented [cAMDG3]: Why put these in “_____” ? Did
conditions. you get these from a literature?
2. I think that it is practical for the
government to lash out against a
media organization that reports
critical news about the
administration.
3. I think that media has become an
instrument of public
disinformation.
4. I think that the pressure on
journalists to deliver their stories
faster has squeezed the ethical
information space.
5. I think that journalists who write
against the government do not
suffer from any attacks.
6. I think that harassment in

renewal of media licenses is
being used by the government to
pressure and keep control over
the media.
7. I think there are journalists in the

country who tend to simply quote
from the source without analysis
and explanation.
8. I do not believe there are killings
of journalists backed by the
government.
9. I do not think that there were
journalists punished wrongly for
writing against the government.
10. I think that government does not
take advantage of their power to
pressure and control media
organization.
11. I think that media does not
contribute to any public
disinformation.
12. I think that there are times that
the government is associated with
the killings of journalists.
13. I think that state-owned media
rather than privately-owned
media has been a main source of
misinformation.
14. I do not think that journalists in
the country suffer under
censorship and silence.
15. I think that news is being
published without any censorship
no matter what.
16. I think that misinformation is not
a problem that we should be
concerned about in the country.
17. I think that journalists do not
limit what they publish.
18. I think that misinformation could
lead to violence towards the
government.
19. I think that good stories are
frequently not pursued to avoid
conflict.
20. I think that the laws supporting
rights of journalists are already
properly implemented.
Appendix B
Letter to Validators
1 October 2019
Prof. Marge Revilla

Faculty, Communication Department
Marie Eugenie School of Innovative Learning
Dear, Prof. Marge Revilla
The undersigned is a Fourth-Year Media Production student currently enrolled in Thesis Writing and
Defense. The title of the study is A comparative study on the perception of journalism professors
and journalism students on the news against journalists under Duterte Administration. In this
regard, she would like to seek your professional assistance in validating the data gathering tool.
Attached to this letter is the copy of the questionnaire and thesis manuscript.
Should you have any concern about the study, she is more than willing to accommodate your request
at your most convenient time. You can contact her through 0927-316-1716 or miyuannen@gmail.com.
Respectfully yours,
Miyu Anne Nagai
Researcher
Noted by:
Prof. Jeane Galero, M.A., CPT
Thesis Adviser
Appendix B (continued)
1 October 2019
Prof. Maria Eloisa Delemos

Faculty, General Education Department
Dear, Prof. Delemos

Respectfully yours,
Miyu Anne Nagai
Researcher
Noted by:
Thesis Adviser
Appendix B (continued)
1 October 2019
Prof. Christopher Alvin De Guzman

Faculty, General Education Department
Dear, Prof. Christopher Alvin De Guzman
Respectfully yours,
Miyu Anne Nagai
Researcher
Noted by:
Thesis Adviser
Appendix C
Request Letter
30 September 2019
Prof. Michael Anthony C. Vasco, PhD
Dean of Faculty of Arts and Letters
University of Sto. Tomas
Dear Prof. Vasco,
Good day!
I am a fourth-year student of Assumption College, San Lorenzo, majoring in Media Production. I would
like to request to survey and interview Students and Professors under Bachelor of Arts in Journalism at
University of Santo Tomas. This data gathering procedure is for my thesis entitled, “A Comparative
Study on the Perception of journalism professors and journalism students on the News against
Journalists under the Duterte Administration.” The thesis is a requirement for the completion of our
course.
Rest assured that all the data to be gathered will be treated utmost confidentiality.
I am hoping for your kind and positive response.
Sincerely yours,
Miyu Anne P. Nagai
Researcher
Noted by:
Thesis Adviser
Appendix C (continued)
10 September 2019
Dr. Divina T. Tormon-Pasumbal
Dean of College of Communication
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Dear Prof. Pasumbal,
Good day!
I am a fourth-year student of Assumption College, San Lorenzo, majoring in Media Production. I would
like to request to survey and interview Students and Professors under Bachelor of Arts in Journalism at
Polytechnic University of the Philippines. This data gathering procedure is for my thesis entitled, “A
Comparative Study on the Perception of journalism professors and journalism students on the News
against Journalists under the Duterte Administration.” The thesis is a requirement for the completion
of our course.
I would like to survey your students and professors on any date at your convenience.
I am hoping for your kind and positive response.
Sincerely yours,
Miyu Anne P. Nagai
Researcher
Noted by:
Thesis Adviser
Appendix C (continued)
30 September 2019
Ms. Roxanne Santos
Head of Human Resources
Assumption College, San Lorenzo
Dear Ms. Santos,
Good day!
I am a fourth-year student of Assumption College, San Lorenzo, majoring in Media Production. I
would like to request to survey Students and Professors in University of Santo Tomas and Polytechnic
University of the Philippines. This data gathering procedure is for my thesis entitled, “A Comparative
Study on the Perception of journalism professors and journalism students on the News against
Journalists under the Duterte Administration.” The thesis is a requirement for the completion of our
course.
Your immediate response on this matter is highly appreciated.
Thank you for your time.
Sincerely yours,
Miyu Anne P. Nagai
Researcher
Noted by:
Thesis Adviser

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PERCEPTION OF JOURNALISM

PROFESSORS AND JOURNALISM STUDENTS ON THE NEWS AGAINST

JOURNALISTS UNDER THE DUTERTE ADMINISTRATION

Presented to the Faculty of the

Marie Eugenie School of Integrated Learning

of the Requirements for the Degree

Miyu Anne P. Nagai

it can serve all the citizens in conveying information.

CEO Maria Ressa being one of the highlights.

The Philippines is not averse to the consumption of media. In a study conducted by

media in our country.

Vilification of legitimate press, self-censorship, and misinformation are all problems

censorship (Reporters without Borders, 2019).

University of Santo Tomas and Polytechnic University of the Philippines offer a

Centers of Development in Journalism (Pazzibugan, 2013).

It is therefore relevant to know the perspective of university students of journalism

under Duterte administration.

journalism students and university journalism professors.

Review of Related Literature

they experience abuse.

Background of Journalism Professors’ Generation. In this study, one of the chosen

president Ferdinand Marcos (Gavilan, 2018 par. 13).

continuous evolution of technology. In a survey by Forbes (2016), 81% of them have

better sense of their economic status workplace (Lugtu, 2019).

regarding to them as accurate sources of information.

Perception of Journalism Professors’ Generation during Duterte’s

Administration. EngageNews (2017) conducted a survey on the “Perceptions of Safety and

line with their ethics as journalists.

Valderama also mentioned the parallelism of this administration’s treatment of

Danilo Arao, a professor at University of the Philippines, directly addressed

“legitimate journalism” to our country which is a democracy (Rappler, 2018).

The perception of journalism professors on press freedom during Pres. Duterte’s

administration would be based on context and previous experience, like Valderama’s

coalition to the Maguindanao massacre (2018). Growing up in a different environment will

press freedom which, in turn, can benefit our target audiences.

Background of students as Generation Z. In this study, another participant are

platforms is critical on how they view socio-political issues (Malasig, 2019).

media dependent” (Malasig, 2019 para. 1)

‘randomized block sampling’ method. 18 universities and colleges were grouped by

academic programs and sex (Interaksyon, 2019).

Perception of students on Journalists during Duterte’s Administration. De Leon

Duterte’s public statements on journalists as a manipulation of the psychology of Filipinos.

The Journalism Department of the University of the Philippines in Diliman also

were a signal of impunity (Gonzales, 2016).

After the government’s stint on revoking Rappler’s license to operate, school

on press freedom and journalisms.

The point of learning about the perception of Generation Z on journalism today is

Press during President Duterte’s administration. Rodrigo Duterte’s presidential

Reporters Without Borders, also known as Reporters Sans Frontières or RSF, is as an

international non-profit organization that defends imprisoned or executed personnel as well

four presidents before him” (CMFR, 2018).

An executive order mandating the public disclosure of information in offices under

that information to be freely dispersed to the Filipino.

information, well-structured databases are needed as well in securing the information.

democracy. But what problem still persists?

Anti-corruption advocates called on lawmakers to pass the Freedom of Information

“corruption flourishes in darkness” (Kocaoglu, Figari, & Darbishire, 2006, p. 5).

Chairman of the Volunteers Against Crime and Corruption, Jimenez (2017)

own vested interest and business to protect.

Rodrigo Duterte” (Rappler, 2019).

on some editors and reporters who tend to resort to self-censorship” (2018).

Self-Censorship in the Country. Canadian Journalists for Free Expression defines