ASSIGNMENT NO: 1

Types of computing systems and operating systems

SE-4-A

Submitted By:
17221598-007
Submitted To:
Mam Sara
University of Gujrat Operating system

Types of computing environments:

o Personal computing environment
o Time sharing computing environment
o Client server computing environment
o Distributed Server computing environment
o Cloud computing environment
o Cluster computing environment

Personal computing environment:

In personal computing environment a single computer is responsible for whole progress. All
required resources are directly attached to the single computer, that single computer is used to
utilize the resources and get required services. Different devices used commonly in our daily life
like laptops, mobile phones, tablets, scanners and printers constitute personal computing
environment.

Time sharing computing environment:

As the name is self-descriptive, this type of environment allows multiple users to share the same
system. Each user has one’s own time slice in which he can use the system. It works like the
concept of multi-programming, only one person can work at a time. The processor switches
between multiple users in such a way, each user thinks that only he is using the system. The
time-period during that a user gets attention of processor is known as time slice or a quantum.
This type of environment is used in server-based systems, where many users are consuming the
resources of server and each user is provided the required resources on a time slice.

Client server computing environment:

In this environment many nodes or clients are connected to a centralized server who ask to
access different resources and services. A server may serve multiple clients at a time but a client
is in contact only with one server. The client and server both are usually connected through a
computer network or may reside in the same system. Clients need less administration and this
environment provides scalability opportunities.

Distributed computing environment:

Distributed computing environments contain many nodes that are physically separate from each
other but linked together through any communication medium. All systems that are
interconnected communicate with each other and handle process in tandem. Each of this node
contain a specific part of operating system or services that they will provide to each other or to
end users. It is generally used in a larger network of computing systems that include different
sizes of servers scattered geographically.

Cloud computing environment:

In the present world the computing has been moved away from individual computing computer
systems into cloud computing environment. In this system the computer resources are pooled
University of Gujrat Operating system

together and managed by software. It is the solution for the people, who want the services instead
of knowing how they are acquiring it. Moreover, it is cost effective specially for beginners.

Cluster computing environment:

A few individual computers are connected through each other in this environment. It looks
similar as parallel computing environment due to multiple processors, but the major difference in
cluster environment is that multiple individual systems are connected to each other and process
parallelly. The components of cluster system are usually connected through a fast LAN, with
each computer behaving as a server running its own instance of operating system.

Types of operating systems:

o Batch operating system
o Time sharing operating system
o Distributed operating system
o Network operating system
o Real time operating system

Batch operating system:

This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly. There is an operator
which takes similar jobs having same requirement and group them into batches. It is the
responsibility of operator to sort the jobs with similar needs. This system provides the process
time of an operation even when it is in queue. Multiple users can share same batch systems. It is
easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems. These are hard to debug and sometimes
costly. E-g Payroll and bank statement.

Time sharing operating system:

Each task has given some time to execute, so that all the tasks work smoothly. Each user gets
time of CPU as they use single system. These systems are also known as Multitasking Systems.
The task can be from single user or from different users also. The time that each task gets to
execute is called quantum. After this time interval is over OS switches over to next task. The
operating system provides equal opportunity to each process. One must have to take care for
proper security and integrity of user programs and data.

Distributed operating system:

These types of operating system are a recent advancement in the world of computer technology
and are being widely accepted all-over the world and, that too, with a great pace. Various
autonomous interconnected computers communicate each other using a shared communication
network. Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU. These are referred as
loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. These systems processors differ in sizes and
functions. The major benefit of working with these types of operating system is that it is always
possible that one user can access the files or software which are not actually present on his
system but on some other system connected within this network i.e., remote access is enabled
within the devices connected in that network. Failure of one will not affect the other network
University of Gujrat Operating system

communication, as all systems are independent from each other while the major disadvantage of
this system is that to establish distributed systems the language which are used are not well
defined yet. E-g LOTUS

Network operating system:

These systems run on a server and provides the capability to manage data, users, groups,
security, applications, and other networking functions. This type of operating systems allows
shared access of files, printers, security, applications, and other networking functions over a
small private network. One more important aspect of Network Operating Systems is that all the
users are aware of the underlying configuration, of all other users within the network, their
individual connections etc.
These systems are highly stable centralized servers. New technologies and hardware
upgradations are easily integrated to the system. One of the major drawbacks is that the servers
are costly, and user must depend on central computer for various processes. E-g Windows
Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD etc.

Real time operating system:

These types of operating system serve the real-time systems. The time interval required to
process and respond to inputs is very small. This time interval is called response time. System
has capability of maximum utilization of devices and system, thus more output from all the
resources. Time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems are very less. These types of systems
are error free. Very few tasks run at the same time and their concentration is very less on few
applications to avoid errors. The algorithms are very complex and difficult for the designer to
write on.
Real-time systems are used when there are time requirements are very strict. E-g Scientific
experiments, medical imaging systems and industrial control systems etc.
Two types of Real-Time Operating System which are as follows:
Hard Real-Time Systems:
These OSs are meant for the applications where time constraints are very strict and even the
shortest possible delay is not acceptable. These systems are built for saving life like automatic
parachutes or air bags which are required to be readily available in case of any accident. Virtual
memory is almost never found in these systems.
Soft Real-Time Systems:
These OSs are for applications where for time-constraint is less strict.

Which operating system is use in which computing environment?

Personal computing environments uses time sharing operating systems, because now a day’s
personal computers perform multitasking. This capability is present in this operating system.
According to user’s need we can also use real time operating systems in personal computing
environment.
University of Gujrat Operating system

Time sharing computing environments also use time sharing operating systems, because their
capabilities are almost matching. Both, operating system and computing environment support
multi-tasking. Wherever we can also use network operating systems in this environment.
Client server computing environment can use the batch operating system because in some cases
the servers must perform some specific tasks for some general purposes. Moreover, we can also
use network operating system and time-sharing operating systems for server services.
Distributed computing environment uses distributed operating system. We can also use network
operating system based on some characteristics like the systems are geographically located at
different sites and managed through software that is capable in network operating system.
Cloud computing environment can use network operating system, distributed operating system,
time sharing or batch operating system. As it is latest technology that includes from providing
services to managing the nodes connected to them along with their access.
Cluster computing environments can use batch operating system, network operating system and
distributed operating system. As it includes multiple individuals connected to each other
providing the services to nodes