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assignment
TOPIC :
BIOMOLECULES
GLUCOSE:
GLACTOSE:
For lipids present in biological membranes, the
Lipids (oleaginous) are chiefly fatty acid esters, and
are the basic building blocks of biological membranes.
Another biological role is energy storage
(e.g., triglycerides). Most lipids consist of
a polar or hydrophilic head (typically glycerol) and
one to three nonpolar or hydrophobic fatty acid tails,
and therefore they are amphiphilic. Fatty acids consist
of unbranched chains of carbon atoms that are
connected by single bonds alone (saturated fatty
acids) or by both single and double
bonds (unsaturated fatty acids). The chains are usually
14-24 carbon groups long, but it is always an even
number.
hydrophilic head is from one of three classes:
Glycolipids, whose heads contain
STRUCTURE OF PROTEIN
The particular series of amino acids that form a
protein is known as that protein's primary structure.
This sequence is determined by the genetic makeup of
the individual. It specifies the order of side-chain
groups along the linear polypeptide "backbone".
Proteins have two types of well-classified, frequently
occurring elements of local structure defined by a
particular pattern of hydrogen bonds along the
backbone: alpha helix and beta sheet. Their number
and arrangement is called the secondary structure of
the protein. Alpha helices are regular spirals stabilized
by hydrogen bonds between the backbone CO group
(carbonyl) of one amino acid residue and the
backbone NH group (amide) of the i+4 residue. The
spiral has about 3.6 amino acids per turn, and the
amino acid side chains stick out from the cylinder of
the helix. Beta pleated sheets are formed by
backbone hydrogen bonds between individual beta
strands each of which is in an "extended", or fully
stretched-out, conformation.
Isoenzymes
Isoenzymes, or isozymes, are multiple forms of an
enzyme, with slightly different protein sequence and
closely similar but usually not identical functions. They
are either products of different genes, or else different
products of alternative splicing. They may either be
produced in different organs or cell types to perform
the same function, or several isoenzymes may be
produced in the same cell type under differential
regulation to suit the needs of changing development
or environment. The relative levels of isoenzymes in
blood can be used to diagnose problems in the organ
of secretion.
MONOMERS
A monomer is a molecule that, as a
unit, binds chemically or supramolecularly to other
molecules to form a supramolecular polymer. Large
numbers of monomer units combine to form polymers
in a process called polymerization. Molecules of a small
number of monomer units (up to a few dozen) are
called oligomers. The term "monomeric protein" may
also be used to describe one of the proteins making up
a multiprotein complex.
Biopolymer groupings, and the types of
monomers that create them.
For lipids (Diglycerides, triglycerides), the
monomers are glycerol and fatty acids.
For proteins (Polypeptides), the monomers
are amino acids.
For Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), the monomers
are nucleotides, each of which is made of a
pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base and a
phosphate group.
For carbohydrates (Polysaccharides specifically
and disaccharides—depends), the monomers
are monosaccharides.
Metabolic pathways can lead to a more complex
structure from a simpler structure (for example, acetic
acid becomes cholesterol) or lead to a simpler
structure from a complex structure (for example,
glucose becomes lactic acid in our skeletal muscle).
The former cases are called biosynthetic pathways
or anabolic pathways. The latter constitute
degradation and hence are
called catabolic pathways. Anabolic pathways, as
expected, consume energy. Assembly of a protein from
amino acids requires energy input. On the other hand,
catabolic pathways lead to the release of energy. For
example, when glucose is degraded to lactic acid in
our skeletal muscle, energy is liberated. This metabolic
pathway from glucose to lactic acid which occurs in 10
metabolic steps is called glycolysis. Living organisms
have learnt to trap this energy liberated during
degradation and store it in the form of chemical
bonds. As and when needed, this bond energy is
utilized for biosynthetic, osmotic and mechanical work
that we perform. The most important form of energy
currency in living systems is the bond energy in a
chemical called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Thousand of chemical compound in a living
organism, otherwise called metabolities or
biomolecules are present at concentration
characterstics of each of them. For example the
blood concentration of glucose in a normal
healthy individual is 4.5-5.0 mm while that
hormone would be nanograms/ml
The most important fact of biological system is
that all living organism exist in a steady-stale
characterised by concentration of each of these
molecule
These biomolecules are in metabolic flux
Any chemical or physical process move
simultaneously to equilibrium. The steady state is
non-equlibrium state . one should remember from
the physics that system at equilibrium cannot
perform work. As living organisms work
continuously ,they cannot afford to each
equilibrium. Hence the living state is the non-
equlibrium sready state to be able to perform
work; living process is a constant effort to prevent
falling into equilibrium. This is achieved by energy
input.
Metabolism provide a mechanismfor the
production of the energy. Hence the living state
and metabolism are synonomus. Without
metabolism there cannot be living state.
QUESTION 1 –
Why are biomolecules essential to life?
ANSWER-
Biomolecules are organic molecules especially
macromolecules like carbohydrates, proteins
in living organisms. All living forms bacteria, algae, plant
and animals are made of similar macromolecules that are
responsible for life. All the carbon compounds we get
from living tissues can be called biomolecules.
QUESTION 2-
What is the structure of a biomolecule?
ANSWER-
Biomolecular structure is the intricate folded, three-
dimensional shape that is formed by a molecule of
protein, DNA, or RNA, and that is important to its function.
QUESTION 3-
What is the function of a biomolecule?
ANSWER-
Proteins make up the majority of biomolecules present in
a cell. These molecules have enormous variation. Proteins
are responsible for many enzymatic functions in the cell
and play an important structural role . Proteins are
composed of subunits called amino acids .
QUESTIONS 4-
What is the purpose of biomolecules?
ANSWER
Proteins carry out specific functions inside cells, and they act
as enzymes to catalyze reactions all over the body. ...
Proteins are typically large molecules that can be built up
from chains of amino acids called polypeptides. Nucleic acids
are central to the function of living cells.
QUESTION 5-
What are the biomolecules made of?
ANSWER
Biomolecules are made of building-block monomers. A
monomer is a small molecule that can be combined
chemically with other monomers to form larger molecules.
Monomers are made up of relatively simple elements. The
most abundant elements in biological monomers
are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
QUESTION 6-
Why biological molecules are important?
ANSWER-
Most biological molecules have a core made of carbon
and hydrogen. Molecules differ in structure and function, in
part, because of different functional groups. The major
classes of biological molecules that are important for all
living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids.
QUESTION 7-
Is water a biomolecule?
ANSWER-
A biomolecule is a chemical compound that naturally
occurs in living organisms. ... As clear from above, the
essential constituent of bio-molecules are carbon and
hydrogen, and water does not contain carbon ,hence, it can
not be considered as a bio-molecule.
QUESTION 8-
What type of biomolecule is an enzyme?
ANSWER-
Enzymes are usually proteins, and they act
as catalysts for reactions. The proteins vary from enzyme
to enzyme, depending on the location and function. They
are always in globular form, to allow for easy
accommodation for the substrate and active sites.
THANK YOU