Chapter 1 - Introduction

FLUID POWER SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
2019/20
BY DEMISE M.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION
UPON COMPLETION OF THIS CHAPTER, THE STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO
♥ Define hydraulics and Pneumatics.
♥ Identify application area of fluid power systems.
♥ State the basic principle of fluid power system.
♥ Explain different fluid properties.
♥ Explain the difference between gauge and absolute pressures.
♥ Explain the dependence of viscosity on temperature.
♥ State the differences between laminar and turbulent flows.
♥ Identify the difference between hydraulics and pneumatics.
INTRODUCTION
Introduction t Hydraulics and Pneumatics
INTRODUCTION
What is this? Introduction to Hydraulics and Pneumatics
Presses Construction machinery Steering system

INTRODUCTION
What is this? Introduction to Hydraulics and Pneumatics
Industrial
Hydraulics/Pneumatics
INTRODUCTION
Introduction to Hydraulics and Pneumatics
What is this?
Truck
hydraulics/
pneumatics
Lifting
devices
Bottle Jack
INTRODUCTION
⁂ The Three Methods for Transmitting Power from One Point to Another
⸸Mechanical transmission is through shafts, gears, chains, belts, etc.
⸸Electrical transmission is through wires, transformers, etc.
⸸Fluid power is through liquids or gas in a confined space.
⁂ Fluid power is the technology that deals with the generation, control and transmission of
forces and movement of mechanical element or system with the use of pressurized fluids in a
confined system.
⁂ Fluid power system includes a hydraulic system (hydra meaning water in Greek) and a
pneumatic system (pneuma meaning air in Greek).
INTRODUCTION
Advantages of Fluid Power

❑Flexibility in direction changing
❑Ease & accuracy of control : Usage ❑Removal of heat generated
of simple levers & push buttons ❑Highly responsive because of weight to power
❑Multiplication of force ratio.
❑Constant force or torque ❑Much easier to install than mechanical system

❑Readily reversible and may be operated at
❑Simplicity, Safety & Economy
either constant or variable torque in either
❑No moving parts
direction
INTRODUCTION
Disadvantages of Fluid Power
❑Hydraulic fluids are messy
❑Susceptible to damage by dirt or contamination
❑Physical injury from high speed particles
❑Fire or explosion hazard
❑Prolonged exposure to loud noise

INTRODUCTION
⁂ Applications of Hydraulics
⸸Manufacturing
⸸Industrial robots powered by hydraulics.
⸸Industrial machines use hydraulics as a power source.
⸸Plastic injection molding machines use hydraulics
⸸Lifting devices, such as fork lifts and jacks.
INTRODUCTION
⸸Transportation
⸸Airplanes use hydraulics to control landing gear
⸸Shock absorbers on cars and trucks
⸸Brakes for cars and trucks
INTRODUCTION
⸸Construction
⸸Backhoes, Bulldozers, dump trucks all
use hydraulics
INTRODUCTION
⁂ Applications of Pneumatics
⸸Construction : Such tools as air drills, hammers, wrenches, and even air cushion supported
structures, vehicles using air suspension, braking and pneumatic tires.
INTRODUCTION
⸸Transportation : Inflate tire, Pneumatic Chain Hoist,
Harvests crop.
INTRODUCTION
⸸Manufacturing: used to power high speed clamping, drilling, grinding, and assembly using
pneumatic wrenches and riveting machines.
Many recent advances in air – cushion support is used in the military and commercial marine
transport industry
INTRODUCTION
Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic Systems
⁂ Hydrostatic system uses fluid pressure to transmit power.
⸸ It deals with the mechanics of still fluids and uses the theory of equilibrium conditions in fluid.
⸸ The system creates high pressure, and through a transmission line and a control element, this pressure
drives an actuator .
⸸ The pump used in hydrostatic systems is a positive displacement pump.
⸸ The relative spatial position of this pump is arbitrary not be very large due to losses
⁂ Hydrodynamic systems use fluid motion to transmit power.

⸸ Power is transmitted by the kinetic energy of the fluid.
⸸ It deals with the mechanics of moving fluid and uses flow theory.
⸸ The pump used in hydrodynamic systems is a non-positive displacement pump.
⸸ The relative spatial position of the prime mover is fixed.
INTRODUCTION
Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic Systems
Calculation
INTRODUCTION
Principles of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems
Two postulates define the characteristics of fluid media used to transmit power and control
motion.
⁂A first postulate states “for a particular position within a fluid at rest, the pressure is
the same in all directions”. This follows directly from Pascal’s Law.
⁂A second postulate states that “fluids can support shear forces only when in motion”.
Pascal’s Law : “the pressure exerted on a

confined fluid is transmitted undiminished in all
directions and acts with equal force on equal
areas and at right angles to the containing
surfaces”.
INTRODUCTION
⁂ Multiplication of force
The pressure in the system is given by Area
Hence, the above equation can be written as
Force must be sacrificed in

piston travel displacement.
INTRODUCTION
⁂ Force - displacement relation
The volume displaced by the piston is equal to the volume displaced at the output piston
⁂ Force- power relation

A hydraulic oil is assumed to be incompressible; hence, the quantity of oil displaced by
the input piston is equal to the quantity of oil gained and displaced at the output piston
From the above equation

INTRODUCTION
⁂ Gas Laws
Boyle’s Law: If a given mass of a gas is compressed or
expanded at a constant temperature, then the absolute pressure is
inversely proportional to the volume. Temperature = Constant
Charles law: If a given mass of a gas is heated or cooled at a
constant pressure, then the volume is directly proportional to the
absolute temperature. Pressure = Constant
Gay-Lussac’s Law: At constant volume, the absolute pressure of

an ideal gas will vary directly with the absolute temperature.
Volume = Constant
General gas equation: For any given mass of gas undergoing

changes of pressure, temperature and volume. By combining
Boyle’s law and Gay-Lussac’s law
INTRODUCTION
Properties of Fluids
Fluids, both liquids and gases, are characterized by their continuous deformation when a shear force
applied. Liquids and gases may be distinguished by their relative incompressibilities and the fact that
liquid may have a free surface while a gas expands to fill its confining container.
A. Density characteristic for an ISO 32 mineral oil B. Specific Weight
⁙ The specific weight (γ), is not absolute, depends on the

value of gravity (g), which varies with location.
⁙ The densities and specific weights of fluids vary with

temperature.
⁙ The specific weight of a liquid varies only slightly with

pressure, depends on temperature and the variation may be
considerable.
INTRODUCTION
C. Specific Volume
Specific volume (SV) is the volume occupied by a unit mass of fluid. We commonly apply it to gases and
usually express it in m3/kg.
Air at 20°C and atmospheric pressure has a
density of 1.23 kg/m3. Find its specific
gravity. What is the ratio of the specific
D. Specific Gravity gravity of water to the specific gravity of air
at 20°C and atmospheric pressure? What is
the significance of the ratio?
The specific weight of oil mixture at ordinary pressure and temperature is 19.62 kN/m3.
The specific gravity of material A is 6.78. Compute the density of oil mixture and the
specific weight and density of material A.
INTRODUCTION
Pressure
⁂ Pressure is defined as force per unit area.
A . Pressure at the Bottom of a Column of Liquid
⁂ The pressure developed at the bottom of a column of

any liquid is called hydrostatic pressure .
⁂ Pressure does not depend on the cross- sectional area of the liquid column but only
on the column height and specific weight of the liquid.
INTRODUCTION
B. Atmospheric Pressure and Absolute Pressure
⁂ Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area exerted against a surface by the
weight of air above that surface in the Earth’s atmosphere. The pressure decreases
with increasing elevation. The standard atmosphere is 101325 Pa.
⁂ Absolute pressure is measured relative to a perfect vacuum such as that existing in
outer space.
C. Gauge pressure and absolute pressure

⁂ Gauge pressure is measured relative to the atmosphere, whereas absolute pressure
is measured relative to a perfect vacuum such as that existing in outer space.
INTRODUCTION
C. Gauge pressure and absolute pressure
1. Relative to a prefect vacuum:

• P1 = 0.7 bar (absolute),
pressure less than an
atmospheric pressure.
• P2 = 2 bar (absolute),
pressure greater than
atmospheric pressure.
2. Relative to atmosphere:
• P1 = −0.3 bar (gauge,
suction or vacuum).
• P2 = 1 bar (gauge).
INTRODUCTION
Compressible and Incompressible Fluids
⁂ Fluid power deals with both incompressible and compressible fluids, that is, with oil and air of either
constant or variable density. Although there is no such thing in reality as an incompressible fluid, we
use this term where the change in density with pressure is so small as to be negligible. This is usually
the case with liquids.
Bulk Modulus (Volume Modulus of Elasticity)
⁂ Bulk modulus is a measure of the compressibility of a liquid and is required when it is desired to
calculate oil volume changes for high pressure and large system volumes such as forging pressures
A 500 cm3 sample of oil is to be compressed in a cylinder until its

pressure is increased from 1 to 50 atm. If the bulk modulus of oil equals
1750 MPa, find the percentage change in its volume.
INTRODUCTION
Ideal Fluid
⁂ An ideal fluid is usually defined as a fluid in which there is no friction; it is
inviscid (its viscosity is zero). Thus, the internal forces at any section within it are
always normal to the section, even during motion. So, these forces are purely
pressure forces. Although such a fluid does not exist in reality, many fluids
approximate frictionless flow at a sufficient distance from solid boundaries, and so
we can often conveniently analyze their behaviors by assuming an ideal fluid.
⁂ In a real fluid, either liquid or gas, tangential or shearing forces always develop
whenever there is a motion relative to body, thus creating fluid friction, because these
forces oppose the motion of one particle past another. These friction forces give rise to
a fluid property called viscosity.
INTRODUCTION
Viscosity
⁂ The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its
resistance to shear or angular deformation.
⁂ The viscosities of typical fluids depend on

temperature. As the temperature increases,
the viscosities of all liquids decrease,
whereas the viscosities of all gases
increase.
INTRODUCTION
Flow in Pipes
Types of Flow
Based on the range of Reynolds number, the flow of fluid is
⁂Laminar flow: In the laminar flow region, the flow is characterized by the smooth motion of the laminae or
layers. When there is no macroscopic mixing of adjacent fluid layers for the flow in the laminar regimes, the
Reynolds number is less than 2000.
⁂Turbulent flow: In the turbulent flow region, the flow is characterized by the random motion of the fluid
particles in three dimensions in addition to mean motion. There is considerable macroscopic mixing of
adjacent fluid layers and significant velocity fluctuations. For the turbulent flow, the Reynolds number is
greater than 4000.
⁂Transition flow: In the transition flow region, the flow is in transition between laminar and turbulent flows.
The Reynolds number lies between 2000 and 4000.
INTRODUCTION
Flow in Pipes
Energy Loss in Flow
⁂Liquids such as water or petrol flow much easily than other liquids such as oil. The greater the
viscosity of a fluid, the less readily it flows and the more is the energy required to move it. This
energy is lost because it is dissipated as heat.
⁂Energy losses occur in valves and fittings. Various types of fittings, such as bends, couplings, tees,
elbows, filters, strainers, etc., are used in hydraulic systems.
⁂In many fluid power applications, energy losses due to flow in valves and fittings exceed those
due to flow in pipes. Therefore, a proper selection of fitting is essential.
⁂In general, the smaller the size of pipe and fittings, the greater the losses.
Flow Equation
❑ Bernoulli's equations
(for incompressible flow)
Head loss
Where and
k: flow minor loss coefficient for various fittings (valves, bends, Tee joints, area changes, entrance
conditions, etc..)
Laminar flow: Reynolds number is less than 2000.
⸸ Friction factor
Turbulent flow: greater than 4000.
⸸ Can also be read from the Moody chart

INTRODUCTION
COMPARISON BETWEEN HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS
Differences in Symbols
Compressor
Hydraulic Pump
Pumps and Motors differ only by
filling in the direction arrow or
leaving it white.
Supply and Pilot arrows are

also filled in or left white.
Hydraulically Actuated Pneumatically
and supplied 3/2 Pilot Actuated and supplied
Spring 3/2 Pilot Spring
INTRODUCTION
Differ by filling in the

direction arrow or leaving
it white.
Many symbols do not change, for example the Filter symbol.
Hydraulic Filter Pneumatic Filter
But the physical construction is completely different.

INTRODUCTION
Hydraulic valves have a crossover Pneumatic valves tend to have

to Tank. two Exhaust outlets to
Atmosphere.
INTRODUCTION
Differences in Medium
❑ Hydraulic Oil is Hygroscopic and can be easily Oxidised at high temperatures.
❑ Hydraulic Fluid is viscous and can be various types with varying Viscosities
including: Flame Retardant, Mineral Oil, Synthetic Oil, Water Glycol.
❑ Hydraulic fluid can have many additives including: Anti Oxidants, Lubricity
Improvement, Anti Foaming Additive, Anti Wear Additives.
❑ Air can hold Moisture which can turn into Condensation at the Dew Point.
❑ The pneumatic components must remove the Condensation from the air and provide
Lubrication.
❑ Air is safe under a wide range of operating temperatures.
INTRODUCTION
Differences in Principles and Properties
Pneumatic systems rely on a supply of Hydraulic systems rely on a supply of incompressible
Compressed air flowing through Pipes to fluid flowing through Hoses to Actuators. The Force
Actuators. The Force for work is produced due to for work is produced due to the Pressure of the Oil
the Pressure of the Air acting on the Area of the acting on the Area of the actuator.
actuator.
Air is Compressible. Oil is considered Incompressible.
Gas laws such as Boyle’s and Charles’s Laws Bernoulli’s and other Fluid Flow Laws govern medium
govern medium behaviour behaviour
Actuator demand is measured in m3 per hour or Actuator demand is measured litres per minute for a
operation specific speed
Compressor output is measured in m3 per hour Free Pump output is measured litres per minute
Air Delivery (FAD)
Both Hydraulics and Pneumatics are described with Pascal’s Law and F=PA
INTRODUCTION
Differences in Pressure and Force

Pneumatic Pressures and Forces
⸸ Produced at 10Bar Force
⸸ Used at 0~6 Bar
⸸ Forces up to 5000Kg
Hydraulic Pressures and Forces

Force Calculator
⸸ Produced at 700 bar Area
⸸ Used at 200~400Bar
⸸ Forces up to Thousands of tonnes Pressure
INTRODUCTION
Differences in Construction: Production
The hydraulic Power Pack contains the
Pump, Tank (Reservoir), Filters and
commonly a Relief Valve for protection of
the system. The unit is usually local to the
machine that is using it. Hydraulic pumps are
usually Positive Displacement devices which
means they displace all the oils they pump.
The Pneumatic Compressor installation

usually includes a Dryer and Receiver.
The unit is usually remote from the
machine that is using it.
INTRODUCTION
Differences in Construction: Valves and Actuators

Hydraulic valves and actuators are much more heavily constructed than
pneumatic components. This is because the components must deal with
pressures up to 400 Bar. Hydraulic actuators can be very large when
compared with common pneumatic actuators. Hydraulic components are
much more expensive than standard pneumatic components. A standard
hydraulic DCV is in the region of hundreds of Euro, a standard
application pneumatic valve would typically cost tens of Euro.
Pneumatic valves and actuators are generally of light construction as

they need to deal with pressure up to a maximum of 10 Bar.
The cost of these components is cheap when compared to the much
more heavily constructed hydraulic components.
INTRODUCTION
Differences in Construction: Hoses, Pipes and Connectors
Hydraulic hoses and connectors are heavily
constructed to hold the higher pressures. Rubber
hoses are steel Reinforced (Braided) to
Strengthen them.
Pneumatic Pipes and Fittings are of light construction.

Pneumatic Pipe is made from nylon and generally
connects to the fittings using ‘Push Fit’ connectors.
INTRODUCTION
Comparison Between Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems
Differences in Application
Hydraulic systems are used where
large forces are required such as in
earth moving equipment, heavy
cutting, Pressing and Clamping
Pneumatic systems are used for

relatively light moving, Clamping
and Process operations
INTRODUCTION
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
It employs a pressurized liquid as a fluid It employs a compressed gas, usually air, as a fluid
Oil hydraulic system operates at pressures up to A pneumatic system usually operates at 5–10 bar
700 bar
Generally designed as closed system Usually designed as open system
The system slows down when leakage occurs Leakage does not affect the system much
Valve operations are difficult Valve operations are easy
Heavier in weight Lighter in weight
Pumps are used to provide pressurized liquids Compressors are used to provide compressed gases
The system is unsafe to fire hazards The system is free from fire hazards
Automatic lubrication is provided Special arrangements for lubrication are needed

Chapter 1 - Introduction

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FLUID POWER SYSTEM

Presses Construction machinery Steering system

Advantages of Fluid Power

❑Constant force or torque ❑Much easier to install than mechanical system

Disadvantages of Fluid Power

❑Hydraulic fluids are messy

❑Susceptible to damage by dirt or contamination

❑Physical injury from high speed particles

❑Fire or explosion hazard

❑Prolonged exposure to loud noise

⁂ Hydrodynamic systems use fluid motion to transmit power.

Pascal’s Law : “the pressure exerted on a

Hence, the above equation can be written as

Force must be sacrificed in

⁂ Force- power relation

From the above equation

Gay-Lussac’s Law: At constant volume, the absolute pressure of

General gas equation: For any given mass of gas undergoing

A. Density characteristic for an ISO 32 mineral oil B. Specific Weight

⁙ The specific weight (γ), is not absolute, depends on the

⁙ The densities and specific weights of fluids vary with

⁙ The specific weight of a liquid varies only slightly with

A . Pressure at the Bottom of a Column of Liquid

⁂ The pressure developed at the bottom of a column of

C. Gauge pressure and absolute pressure

1. Relative to a prefect vacuum:

A 500 cm3 sample of oil is to be compressed in a cylinder until its

⁂ The viscosities of typical fluids depend on

⸸ Can also be read from the Moody chart

Supply and Pilot arrows are

Differ by filling in the

Many symbols do not change, for example the Filter symbol.

Hydraulic Filter Pneumatic Filter

But the physical construction is completely different.

Hydraulic valves have a crossover Pneumatic valves tend to have

Air is Compressible. Oil is considered Incompressible.

Differences in Pressure and Force

Hydraulic Pressures and Forces

The Pneumatic Compressor installation

Differences in Construction: Valves and Actuators

Pneumatic valves and actuators are generally of light construction as

Pneumatic Pipes and Fittings are of light construction.

Pneumatic systems are used for

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