ACTIVE PRECIPITATION - THE VIEW THAT THE
SOURCE OF MANY CRIMINAL INCIDENTS IS
THE AGGRESSIVE OR PROVOCATIVE
BEHAVIOR OF VICTIMS.
ACTUAL AUTHORITY - THE AUTHORITY A
CORPORATION KNOWINGLY GIVES TO AN
EMPLOYEE.
ADJUDICATION (ADULT) - THE
DETERMINATION OF GUILT OR INNOCENCE;
A JUDGMENT CONCERNING CRIMINAL
CHARGES.
ADJUDICATION (JUVENILE) - THE JUVENILE
COURT HEARING AT WHICH THE JUVENILE IS
DECLARED A DELINQUENT OR STATUS
OFFENDER, OR NO FINDING OF FACT IS
MADE.
ADOLESCENT-LIMITED OFFENDER - THEY SEEM ROBOTIC AND EMOTIONALLY
OFFENDER WHO FOLLOWS THE MOST
COMMON CRIMINAL TRAJECTORY, IN
WHICH ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR PEAKS IN
ADOLESCENCE AND THEN DIMINISHES.
ADVERSARIAL PROCESS - THE PROCEDURE
USED TO DETERMINE TRUTH IN THE
ADJUDICATION OF GUILT OR INNOCENCE IN
WHICH THE DEFENSE (ADVOCATE FOR THE
ACCUSED) IS PITTED AGAINST THE
PROSECUTION (ADVOCATE FOR THE
STATE), WITH THE JUDGE ACTING AS
ARBITER OF THE LEGAL RULES. UNDER THE
ADVERSARIAL SYSTEM, THE BURDEN IS ON
THE STATE TO PROVE THE CHARGES
BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT. THIS
SYSTEM OF HAVING THE TWO PARTIES
PUBLICLY DEBATE HAS PROVED TO BE THE
MOST EFFECTIVE METHOD OF ACHIEVING
THE TRUTH REGARDING A SET OF
CIRCUMSTANCES. (UNDER THE
ACCUSATORY, OR INQUISITORIAL, SYSTEM,
WHICH IS USED IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE,
THE CHARGE IS EVIDENCE OF GUILT THAT
THE ACCUSED MUST DISPROVE, AND THE
JUDGE TAKES AN ACTIVE PART IN THE
PROCEEDINGS.)
AGE-GRADED THEORY - A DEVELOPMENTAL
THEORY THAT POSITS THAT (A) INDIVIDUAL
TRAITS AND CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES ARE
IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE ONSET
OF DELINQUENT AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR;
(B) EXPERIENCES IN YOUNG ADULTHOOD
AND BEYOND CAN REDIRECT CRIMINAL
TRAJECTORIES OR PATHS; (C) SERIOUS
PROBLEMS IN ADOLESCENCE UNDERMINE
LIFE CHANCES; (D) POSITIVE LIFE
EXPERIENCES AND RELATIONSHIPS CAN
HELP A PERSON KNIFE OFF FROM A
CRIMINAL CAREER PATH; (E) POSITIVE LIFE
EXPERIENCES SUCH AS GAINING
EMPLOYMENT, GETTING MARRIED, OR
JOINING THE MILITARY CREATE INFORMAL
SOCIAL CONTROL MECHANISMS THAT LIMIT
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR OPPORTUNITIES; (F)
FORMER CRIMINALS MAY CHOOSE TO
DESIST FROM CRIME BECAUSE THEY FIND
MORE CONVENTIONAL PATHS MORE
BENEFICIAL AND REWARDING.
AGGRESSIVE PREVENTIVE PATROL - A
PATROL TECHNIQUE DESIGNED TO
SUPPRESS CRIME BEFORE IT OCCURS.
AGING OUT - THE PROCESS BY WHICH
INDIVIDUALS REDUCE THE FREQUENCY OF
THEIR OFFENDING BEHAVIOR AS THEY AGE.
IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS SPONTANEOUS
REMISSION, BECAUSE PEOPLE ARE
BELIEVED TO SPONTANEOUSLY REDUCE
THE RATE OF THEIR CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR AS
THEY MATURE. AGING OUT IS THOUGHT TO
OCCUR AMONG ALL GROUPS OF
OFFENDERS.
ALEXITHYMIA - A DEFICIT IN EMOTIONAL
COGNITION THAT PREVENTS PEOPLE FROM
BEING AWARE OF THEIR FEELINGS OR
BEING ABLE TO UNDERSTAND OR TALK
ABOUT THEIR THOUGHTS AND EMOTIONS;
DEAD.
ALIEN CONSPIRACY THEORY - THE VIEW
THAT ORGANIZED CRIME WAS IMPORTED TO
THE UNITED STATES BY EUROPEANS AND
THAT CRIME CARTELS HAVE A POLICY OF
RESTRICTING THEIR MEMBERSHIP TO
PEOPLE OF THEIR OWN ETHNIC
BACKGROUND.
AL-QAEDA (ARABIC FOR “THE BASE”) - AN
INTERNATIONAL FUNDAMENTALIST
ISLAMIST ORGANIZATION COMPRISING
INDEPENDENT AND COLLABORATIVE
CELLS, WHOSE GOAL IS REDUCING
WESTERN INFLUENCE UPON ISLAMIC
AFFAIRS.
ALTERNATIVE SANCTIONS - THE GROUP OF
PUNISHMENTS FALLING BETWEEN
PROBATION AND PRISON; “PROBATION
PLUS.” COMMUNITY BASED SANCTIONS,
INCLUDING HOUSE ARREST AND INTENSIVE
SUPERVISION, SERVE AS ALTERNATIVES TO
INCARCERATION.
AMERICAN DREAM - THE GOAL OF
ACCUMULATING MATERIAL GOODS AND
WEALTH THROUGH INDIVIDUAL
COMPETITION; THE PROCESS OF BEING
SOCIALIZED TO PURSUE MATERIAL
SUCCESS AND TO BELIEVE IT IS
ACHIEVABLE.
ANDROGENS - MALE SEX HORMONES.
ANOMIE - A CONDITION PRODUCED BY
NORMLESSNESS. BECAUSE OF RAPIDLY
SHIFTING MORAL VALUES, THE INDIVIDUAL
HAS FEW GUIDES TO WHAT IS SOCIALLY
ACCEPTABLE. ACCORDING TO ROBERT
MERTON, ANOMIE IS A CONDITION THAT
OCCURS WHEN PERSONAL GOALS CANNOT
BE ACHIEVED BY AVAILABLE MEANS. IN
AGNEW’S REVISION, ANOMIE CAN OCCUR
WHEN POSITIVE OR VALUED STIMULI ARE
REMOVED OR NEGATIVE OR PAINFUL ONES
APPLIED.
ANTITHESIS - AN OPPOSING ARGUMENT.
APPARENT AUTHORITY - AUTHORITY THAT A
THIRD PARTY, SUCH AS A CUSTOMER,
REASONABLY BELIEVES THE AGENT HAS TO
PERFORM THE ACT INQUISITION.
APPEAL - TAKING A CRIMINAL CASE TO A
HIGHER COURT ON THE GROUNDS THAT
THE DEFENDANT WAS FOUND GUILTY
BECAUSE OF LEGAL ERROR OR VIOLATION
OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS; A DISORDER (ADHD) - A PSYCHOLOGICAL
SUCCESSFUL APPEAL MAY RESULT IN A
NEW TRIAL.
APPELLATE COURTS - COURTS THAT
RECONSIDER A CASE THAT HAS ALREADY
BEEN TRIED TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE
MEASURES USED COMPLIED WITH
ACCEPTED RULES OF CRIMINAL
PROCEDURE AND WERE IN LINE WITH
CONSTITUTIONAL DOCTRINES.
AROUSAL THEORY - A VIEW OF CRIME
SUGGESTING THAT PEOPLE WHO HAVE A
HIGH AROUSAL LEVEL SEEK POWERFUL
STIMULI IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT TO
MAINTAIN AN OPTIMAL LEVEL OF AROUSAL.
THESE STIMULI ARE OFTEN ASSOCIATED
WITH VIOLENCE AND AGGRESSION.
SOCIOPATHS MAY NEED GREATER THAN
AVERAGE STIMULATION TO BRING THEM UP
TO COMFORTABLE LEVELS OF LIVING; THIS
NEED EXPLAINS THEIR CRIMINAL
TENDENCIES.
ARSON - THE INTENTIONAL OR NEGLIGENT
BURNING OF A HOME, STRUCTURE, OR
VEHICLE FOR CRIMINAL PURPOSES SUCH
AS PROFIT, REVENGE, FRAUD, OR CRIME
CONCEALMENT.
ARSON FOR PROFIT - PEOPLE LOOKING TO
COLLECT INSURANCE MONEY, BUT WHO
ARE AFRAID OR UNABLE TO SET THE FIRE
THEMSELVES, HIRE PROFESSIONAL
ARSONISTS. THESE PROFESSIONALS HAVE
ACQUIRED THE SKILLS TO SET FI RES, YET
MAKE THE CAUSE SEEM ACCIDENTAL.
ARSON FRAUD - A BUSINESS OWNER BURNS
HIS OR HER PROPERTY, OR HIRES SOMEONE
TO DO IT, TO ESCAPE FINANCIAL
PROBLEMS.
ASSAULT - AN ATTACK THAT MAY NOT
INVOLVE PHYSICAL CONTACT; INCLUDES
ATTEMPTED BATTERY OR INTENTIONALLY
FRIGHTENING THE VICTIM BY WORD OR
DEED.
ASSIGNED COUNSEL SYSTEM - A LIST OF
PRIVATE BAR MEMBERS WHO ACCEPT
CASES OF INDIGENT CRIMINALS ON A
JUDGE-BY-JUDGE, COURT-BY COURT, OR
CASE-BY-CASE BASIS. THIS SYSTEM IS USED
IN LESS POPULATED AREAS, WHERE CASE
FLOW IS MINIMAL AND A FULL-TIME PUBLIC
DEFENDER IS NOT NEEDED.
ATAVISTIC ANOMALIES - ACCORDING TO
LOMBROSO, THE PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS THAT DISTINGUISH
BORN CRIMINALS FROM THE GENERAL
POPULATION AND ARE THROWBACKS TO
ANIMALS OR PRIMITIVE PEOPLE.
ATTACHMENT THEORY - THE VIEW THAT THE
ABILITY TO FORM ATTACHMENTS, AN
EMOTIONAL BOND TO ANOTHER PERSON,
CONTROLS THE DIRECTION OF HUMAN
BEHAVIOR.
ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY
DISORDER IN WHICH A CHILD SHOWS
DEVELOPMENTALLY INAPPROPRIATE
IMPULSIVITY, HYPERACTIVITY, AND LACK OF
ATTENTION.
AUBURN SYSTEM - THE PRISON SYSTEM
DEVELOPED IN NEW YORK DURING THE
NINETEENTH CENTURY THAT STRESSED
CONGREGATE WORKING CONDITIONS.
AUTHORITY CONFLICT PATHWAY - THE PATH
TO A CRIMINAL CAREER THAT BEGINS WITH
EARLY STUBBORN BEHAVIOR AND
DEFIANCE OF PARENTS.
AUTOMATIC TELLER MACHINE (ATM) - AN
AUTOMATED DEVICE THAT GIVES BANKING
CUSTOMER’S ACCESS TO THEIR
ACCOUNTS WITHOUT THE NEED FOR
HUMAN INTERVENTION.
AVERTABLE RECIDIVIST - A PERSON WHOSE
CRIME WOULD HAVE BEEN PREVENTED IF
HE OR SHE HAD NOT BEEN GIVEN
DISCRETIONARY RELEASE AND INSTEAD
BEEN KEPT BEHIND BARS.
BAIL BONDING AGENT - A PERSON WHOSE
BUSINESS IS PROVIDING BAIL TO NEEDY
OFFENDERS, USUALLY AT AN EXORBITANT
RATE OF INTEREST.
BAIL GUIDELINES - STANDARD BAIL
AMOUNTS SET BASED ON SUCH FACTORS
AS CRIMINAL HISTORY AND THE CURRENT
CHARGE.
BEHAVIOR MODELING - PROCESS OF
LEARNING BEHAVIOR (NOTABLY
AGGRESSION) BY OBSERVING OTHERS.
AGGRESSIVE MODELS MAY BE PARENTS,
CRIMINALS IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD, OR
CHARACTERS ON TELEVISION OR IN VIDEO
GAMES AND MOVIES.
BEHAVIORISM - THE BRANCH OF
PSYCHOLOGY CONCERNED WITH THE
STUDY OF OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR RATHER
THAN UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVES. IT
FOCUSES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
PARTICULAR STIMULI AND PEOPLE’S
RESPONSES TO THEM.
BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM - A BELIEF THAT
CRIMINOGENIC TRAITS CAN BE ACQUIRED
THROUGH INDIRECT HEREDITY FROM A
DEGENERATE FAMILY WHOSE MEMBERS
SUFFERED FROM SUCH ILLS AS INSANITY,
SYPHILIS, AND ALCOHOLISM, OR THROUGH
DIRECT HEREDITY—BEING RELATED TO A
FAMILY OF CRIMINALS.
BIOPHOBIA - SOCIOLOGISTS WHO HELD THE
VIEW THAT NO SERIOUS CONSIDERATION
SHOULD BE GIVEN TO BIOLOGICAL
FACTORS WHEN ATTEMPTING
UNDERSTAND HUMAN NATURE.
BIOSOCIAL THEORY - THE VIEW THAT
PHYSICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND SOCIAL
CONDITIONS WORK IN CONCERT TO
PRODUCE HUMAN BEHAVIOR.
BIPOLAR DISORDER - AN EMOTIONAL
DISTURBANCE IN WHICH MOODS
ALTERNATE BETWEEN PERIODS OF WILD
ELATION AND DEEP DEPRESSION.
TO BURGLARY - BREAKING INTO AND ENTERING
A HOME OR STRUCTURE FOR THE
PURPOSES OF COMMITTING A FELONY.
CALIFORNIA PERSONALITY INVENTORY (CPI)
- A FREQUENTLY ADMINISTERED
PERSONALITY TEST USED TO DISTINGUISH
DEVIANTS FROM NON-DEVIANT GROUPS.
CAPABLE GUARDIANS - EFFECTIVE
DETERRENTS TO CRIME, SUCH AS POLICE
OR WATCHFUL NEIGHBORS.

BLAMEWORTHY - THE PHILOSOPHY OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT - THE USE OF THE

JUSTICE AND PUNISHMENT THAT HOLDS
THAT AN OFFENDER SHOULD BE TREATED
BASED SOLELY ON THE SERIOUSNESS AND
CHARACTER OF HIS OR HER OFFENSE AND
NOT FOR THE EFFECT THE PUNISHMENT
WILL HAVE ON OTHER PEOPLE.
BLUE CURTAIN SUBCULTURE - ACCORDING
TO WILLIAM WESTLY, THE SECRETIVE,
INSULATED POLICE CULTURE THAT
ISOLATES THE OFFICER FROM THE REST OF
SOCIETY.
BOOKING - FINGERPRINTING,
PHOTOGRAPHING, AND RECORDING OF
PERSONAL INFORMATION OF A SUSPECT IN
POLICE CUSTODY.
BOOSTER - PROFESSIONAL SHOPLIFTER
WHO STEALS WITH THE INTENTION OF
RESELLING STOLEN MERCHANDISE.
BOOT CAMP - A SHORT-TERM MILITARISTIC
CORRECTIONAL FACILITY IN WHICH
INMATES UNDERGO INTENSIVE PHYSICAL
CONDITIONING AND DISCIPLINE.
DEATH PENALTY TO PUNISH
TRANSGRESSORS.
CAPITALIST BOURGEOISIE - THE OWNERS
OF THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION.
CARJACKING - THEFT OF A CAR BY FORCE
OR THREAT OF FORCE.
CARTOGRAPHIC SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY
- AN APPROACH DEVELOPED IN EUROPE IN
THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY MAKING
USE OF SOCIAL STATISTICS TO PROVIDE
IMPORTANT DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
ON THE POPULATION, INCLUDING DENSITY,
GENDER, RELIGIOUS AFFILIATIONS, AND
WEALTH. MANY OF THE RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN CRIME AND SOCIAL PHENOMENA
IDENTIFIED THEN STILL SERVE AS A BASIS
FOR CRIMINOLOGY TODAY.
CEREBRAL ALLERGIES - A PHYSICAL
CONDITION THAT CAUSES BRAIN
MALFUNCTION DUE TO EXPOSURE TO
SOME ENVIRONMENTAL OR BIOCHEMICAL
IRRITANT.

BOURGEOISIE - IN MARXIST THEORY, THE CHEMICAL RESTRAINTS - ANTIPSYCHOTIC

OWNERS OF THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION; DRUGS SUCH AS HALDOL, STELAZINE,
THE CAPITALIST RULING CLASS. PROLIXIN, AND RISPERDAL, WHICH HELP
CONTROL LEVELS OF
BROTHEL - A HOUSE OF PROSTITUTION, NEUROTRANSMITTERS (SUCH AS
TYPICALLY RUN BY A MADAM WHO SETS SEROTONIN/ DOPAMINE), THAT ARE USED
PRICES AND HANDLES “BUSINESS” TO TREAT VIOLENCE-PRONE PEOPLE; ALSO
ARRANGEMENTS. CALLED CHEMICAL STRAITJACKETS.

BRUTALIZATION EFFECT - THE BELIEF THAT CHEMICAL STRAITJACKETS - ANOTHER

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT CREATES AN TERM FOR CHEMICAL RESTRAINTS;
ATMOSPHERE OF BRUTALITY THAT ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS USED TO TREAT
ENHANCES RATHER THAN DETERS THE VIOLENCE PRONE PEOPLE.
LEVEL OF VIOLENCE IN SOCIETY. THE
DEATH PENALTY REINFORCES THE VIEW CHICAGO SCHOOL - GROUP OF URBAN
THAT VIOLENCE IS AN APPROPRIATE SOCIOLOGISTS WHO STUDIED THE
RESPONSE TO PROVOCATION. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS AND CRIME.
BUCKETING - A FORM OF STOCKBROKER
CHISELING IN WHICH BROKERS SKIM CHISELING - CRIMES THAT INVOLVE USING
CUSTOMER TRADING PROFITS BY ILLEGAL MEANS TO CHEAT AN
FALSIFYING TRADE INFORMATION. ORGANIZATION, ITS CONSUMERS, OR BOTH,
ON A REGULAR BASIS.
BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO,
FIREARMS, AND EXPLOSIVES (ATF) CHIVALRY HYPOTHESIS - THE IDEA THAT
GOVERNMENT AGENCY THAT HAS LOW FEMALE CRIME AND DELINQUENCY
JURISDICTION OVER THE SALE AND RATES ARE A REFLECTION OF THE
DISTRIBUTION OF FIREARMS, EXPLOSIVES, LENIENCY WITH WHICH POLICE TREAT
ALCOHOL, AND TOBACCO PRODUCTS. FEMALE OFFENDERS.

CHRONIC OFFENDER - ACCORDING TO

MARVIN WOLFGANG, A DELINQUENT
OFFENDER WHO IS ARRESTED FIVE OR
MORE TIMES BEFORE HE OR, SHE IS 18 AND
WHO STANDS A GOOD CHANCE OF
BECOMING AN ADULT CRIMINAL; SUCH
OFFENDERS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR MORE
THAN HALF OF ALL SERIOUS CRIMES.
CHRONIC VICTIMIZATION - THOSE WHO
HAVE BEEN CRIME VICTIMS MAINTAIN A
SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER CHANCE OF
FUTURE VICTIMIZATION THAN PEOPLE WHO
HAVE REMAINED NON VICTIMS. MOST
REPEAT VICTIMIZATIONS OCCUR SOON
AFTER A PREVIOUS CRIME HAS OCCURRED,
SUGGESTING THAT REPEAT VICTIMS SHARE
SOME PERSONAL CHARACTERISTIC THAT
MAKES THEM A MAGNET FOR PREDATORS.
CHURNING - A WHITE-COLLAR CRIME IN
WHICH A STOCKBROKER MAKES REPEATED
TRADES TO FRAUDULENTLY INCREASE
COMMISSIONS.
CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY - THE
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE SUGGESTING
THAT (1) PEOPLE HAVE FREE WILL TO
CHOOSE CRIMINAL OR CONVENTIONAL
BEHAVIORS; (2) PEOPLE CHOOSE TO
COMMIT CRIME FOR REASONS OF GREED
OR PERSONAL NEED; AND (3) CRIME CAN BE
CONTROLLED ONLY BY THE FEAR OF
CRIMINAL SANCTIONS.
CLEARED CRIMES - CRIMES ARE CLEARED IN
TWO WAYS: WHEN AT LEAST ONE PERSON
IS ARRESTED, CHARGED, AND TURNED
OVER TO THE COURT FOR PROSECUTION;
OR BY EXCEPTIONAL MEANS, WHEN SOME
ELEMENT BEYOND POLICE CONTROL
PRECLUDES THE PHYSICAL ARREST OF AN
OFFENDER (FOR EXAMPLE, THE OFFENDER
LEAVES THE COUNTRY).
CLOSURE - A TERM USED BY LEMERT TO
DESCRIBE PEOPLE FROM A MIDDLE-CLASS
BACKGROUND WHO HAVE LITTLE
IDENTIFICATION WITH A CRIMINAL
SUBCULTURE BUT CASH BAD CHECKS
BECAUSE OF A FINANCIAL CRISIS THAT
DEMANDS AN IMMEDIATE RESOLUTION.
COERCION - AN ACT BY AN INDIVIDUAL OR
INDIVIDUALS AGAINST THE WILL OR
WITHOUT THE PERMISSION OF ANOTHER
HUMAN BEING. COERCION CAN BE
PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PHYSICAL, DIRECT OR
INDIRECT, INTERPERSONAL OR
IMPERSONAL.
COERCIVE IDEATION - THE WORLD IS
CONCEIVED AS FULL OF COERCIVE
FORCES THAT CAN ONLY BE OVERCOME
THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF EQUAL OR
EVEN GREATER COERCIVE RESPONSES.
COGNITIVE THEORY - THE STUDY OF THE
PERCEPTION OF REALITY AND OF THE
MENTAL PROCESSES REQUIRED TO
UNDERSTAND THE WORLD IN WHICH WE
LIVE.
COHORT - A SAMPLE OF SUBJECTS WHOSE
BEHAVIOR IS FOLLOWED OVER A PERIOD
OF TIME.
COLLECTIVE EFFICACY - SOCIAL CONTROL
EXERTED BY COHESIVE COMMUNITIES,
BASED ON MUTUAL TRUST, INCLUDING
INTERVENTION IN THE SUPERVISION OF
CHILDREN AND MAINTENANCE OF PUBLIC
ORDER.
COLLEGE BOY - A DISADVANTAGED YOUTH
WHO EMBRACES THE CULTURAL AND
SOCIAL VALUES OF THE MIDDLE CLASS AND
ACTIVELY STRIVES TO BE SUCCESSFUL BY
THOSE STANDARDS. THIS TYPE OF YOUTH IS
EMBARKING ON AN ALMOST HOPELESS
PATH, BECAUSE HE IS ILL-EQUIPPED
ACADEMICALLY, SOCIALLY, AND
LINGUISTICALLY TO ACHIEVE THE
REWARDS OF MIDDLE-CLASS LIFE.
COMMITMENT TO CONFORMITY - A STRONG
PERSONAL INVESTMENT IN CONVENTIONAL
INSTITUTIONS, INDIVIDUALS, AND
PROCESSES THAT PREVENTS PEOPLE
FROM ENGAGING IN BEHAVIOR THAT MIGHT
JEOPARDIZE THEIR REPUTATION AND
ACHIEVEMENTS.
COMMON LAW - EARLY ENGLISH LAW,
DEVELOPED BY JUDGES THAT
INCORPORATED ANGLO-SAXON TRIBAL
CUSTOM, FEUDAL RULES AND PRACTICES,
AND THE EVERYDAY RULES OF BEHAVIOR
OF LOCAL VILLAGES. COMMON LAW
BECAME THE STANDARDIZED LAW OF THE
LAND IN ENGLAND AND EVENTUALLY
FORMED THE BASIS OF THE CRIMINAL LAW
IN THE UNITED STATES.
COMMUNIST MANIFESTO - IN THIS
DOCUMENT, MARX FOCUSED HIS
ATTENTION ON THE ECONOMIC
CONDITIONS PERPETUATED BY THE
CAPITALIST SYSTEM. HE STATED THAT ITS
DEVELOPMENT HAD TURNED WORKERS
INTO A DEHUMANIZED MASS WHO LIVED AN
EXISTENCE THAT WAS AT THE MERCY OF
THEIR CAPITALIST EMPLOYERS.
COMMUNITY-ORIENTED POLICING (COP) - A
POLICE STRATEGY THAT EMPHASIZES FEAR
REDUCTION, COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION,
AND ORDER MAINTENANCE RATHER THAN
CRIME FIGHTING.
COMMUNITY SERVICE RESTITUTION - AN
ALTERNATIVE SANCTION THAT REQUIRES
AN OFFENDER TO WORK IN THE
COMMUNITY AT SUCH TASKS AS CLEANING
PUBLIC PARKS OR HELPING HANDICAPPED
CHILDREN IN LIEU OF AN INCARCERATION
SENTENCE.
COMPLAINT - A SWORN ALLEGATION MADE
IN WRITING TO A COURT OR JUDGE THAT AN
INDIVIDUAL IS GUILTY OF SOME
DESIGNATED (COMPLAINED OF) OFFENSE.
THIS IS OFTEN THE FIRST LEGAL
DOCUMENT FILED REGARDING A CRIMINAL
OFFENSE. THE COMPLAINT CAN BE “TAKEN
OUT” BY THE VICTIM, THE POLICE OFFICER,
THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY, OR ANOTHER CONSCIENCE - ONE OF TWO PARTS OF THE
INTERESTED PARTY. ALTHOUGH THE SUPEREGO; IT DISTINGUISHES BETWEEN
COMPLAINT CHARGES AN OFFENSE, AN WHAT IS RIGHT AND WRONG.
INDICTMENT OR INFORMATION MAY BE THE
FORMAL CHARGING DOCUMENT. CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES - PRISON
SENTENCES FOR TWO OR MORE CRIMINAL
COMPURGATION - IN EARLY ENGLISH LAW, A ACTS THAT ARE SERVED ONE AFTER THE
PROCESS WHEREBY AN ACCUSED PERSON OTHER.
SWORE AN OATH OF INNOCENCE WHILE
BEING BACKED UP BY A GROUP OF 12 TO 25 CONSENSUS VIEW OF CRIME - THE BELIEF
“OATH HELPERS,” WHO WOULD ATTEST TO THAT THE MAJORITY OF CITIZENS IN A
HIS CHARACTER AND CLAIMS OF SOCIETY SHARE COMMON IDEALS AND
INNOCENCE. WORK TOWARD A COMMON GOOD AND
THAT CRIMES ARE ACTS THAT ARE
COMPUTER VIRUS - A PROGRAM THAT OUTLAWED BECAUSE THEY CONFLICT WITH
DISRUPTS OR DESTROYS EXISTING THE RULES OF THE MAJORITY AND ARE
PROGRAMS AND NETWORKS, CAUSING HARMFUL TO SOCIETY.
THEM TO PERFORM THE TASK FOR WHICH
THE VIRUS WAS DESIGNED. CONSENT - IN PROSECUTING RAPE CASES,
IT IS ESSENTIAL TO PROVE THAT THE
COMPUTER WORM - A PROGRAM THAT ATTACK WAS FORCED AND THAT THE
ATTACKS COMPUTER NETWORKS (OR THE VICTIM DID NOT GIVE VOLUNTARY CONSENT
INTERNET) BY SELF-REPLICATING AND TO HER ATTACKER. IN A SENSE, THE
SENDING ITSELF TO OTHER USERS, BURDEN OF PROOF IS ON THE VICTIM TO
GENERALLY VIA E-MAIL WITHOUT THE AID OF SHOW THAT HER CHARACTER IS BEYOND
THE OPERATOR. QUESTION AND THAT SHE IN NO WAY
ENCOURAGED, ENTICED, OR MISLED THE
CONCENTRATION EFFECT - AS WORKING- ACCUSED RAPIST. PROVING VICTIM
CLASS AND MIDDLE-CLASS FAMILIES FLEE DISSENT IS NOT A REQUIREMENT IN ANY
INNER-CITY POVERTY AREAS, THE MOST OTHER VIOLENT CRIME.
DISADVANTAGED POPULATION IS
CONSOLIDATED IN URBAN GHETTOS. CONSTABLE - THE PEACEKEEPER IN EARLY
ENGLISH TOWNS. THE CONSTABLE
CONCURRENT SENTENCES - LITERALLY, ORGANIZED CITIZENS TO PROTECT HIS
RUNNING SENTENCES TOGETHER. TERRITORY AND SUPERVISED THE NIGHT
SOMEONE WHO IS CONVICTED OF TWO OR WATCH.
MORE CHARGES MUST BE SENTENCED ON
EACH CHARGE. IF THE SENTENCES ARE CONSTRUCTIVE POSSESSION - IN THE
CONCURRENT, THEY BEGIN THE SAME DAY CRIME OF LARCENY, WILLINGLY GIVING UP
AND ARE COMPLETED AFTER THE LONGEST TEMPORARY PHYSICAL POSSESSION OF
TERM HAS BEEN SERVED. PROPERTY BUT RETAINING LEGAL
OWNERSHIP.
CONDUCT DISORDER (CD) - A
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONDITION MARKED BY CONTAGION EFFECT - GENETIC
REPEATED AND SEVERE EPISODES OF PREDISPOSITIONS AND EARLY
ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIORS. EXPERIENCES MAKE SOME PEOPLE,
INCLUDING TWINS, SUSCEPTIBLE TO
CONDUCT NORMS - BEHAVIORS EXPECTED DEVIANT BEHAVIOR, WHICH IS
OF SOCIAL GROUP MEMBERS. IF GROUP TRANSMITTED BY THE PRESENCE OF
NORMS CONFLICT WITH THOSE OF THE ANTISOCIAL SIBLINGS IN THE HOUSEHOLD.
GENERAL CULTURE, MEMBERS OF THE
GROUP MAY FIND THEMSELVES DESCRIBED CONTAINMENT THEORY - THE IDEA THAT A
AS OUTCASTS OR CRIMINALS. STRONG SELF-IMAGE INSULATES A YOUTH
FROM THE PRESSURES AND PULLS OF
CONFIDENCE GAME - A SWINDLE, USUALLY CRIMINOGENIC INFLUENCES IN THE
INVOLVING A GET-RICH-QUICK SCHEME, ENVIRONMENT.
OFTEN WITH ILLEGAL OVERTONES, SO
THAT THE VICTIM WILL BE AFRAID OR CONTEXTUAL DISCRIMINATION - A
EMBARRASSED TO CALL THE POLICE. PRACTICE IN WHICH AFRICAN AMERICANS
RECEIVE HARSHER PUNISHMENTS IN SOME
CONFLICT VIEW - THE VIEW THAT HUMAN INSTANCES (AS WHEN THEY VICTIMIZE
BEHAVIOR IS SHAPED BY INTERPERSONAL WHITES) BUT NOT IN OTHERS (AS WHEN
CONFLICT AND THAT THOSE WHO MAINTAIN THEY VICTIMIZE OTHER BLACKS).
SOCIAL POWER WILL USE IT TO FURTHER
THEIR OWN NEEDS. CONTINUITY OF CRIME - THE VIEW THAT
CRIME BEGINS EARLY IN LIFE AND
CONGREGATE SYSTEM - THIS PRISON CONTINUES THROUGHOUT THE LIFE
SYSTEM INCLUDED CONGREGATE COURSE. THUS, THE BEST PREDICTOR OF
WORKING CONDITIONS, THE USE OF FUTURE CRIMINALITY IS PAST CRIMINALITY.
SOLITARY CONFINEMENT TO PUNISH
UNRULY INMATES, MILITARY CONTRACT ATTORNEY SYSTEM - PROVIDING
REGIMENTATION, AND DISCIPLINE. COUNSEL TO INDIGENT OFFENDERS BY
HAVING ATTORNEYS UNDER CONTRACT TO
THE COUNTY HANDLE SOME OR ALL SUCH
CASES.
CONTRACT SYSTEM - A PRISON WORK
SYSTEM IN WHICH OFFICIALS SELL THE
LABOR OF INMATES TO PRIVATE
BUSINESSES.
CONTROL BALANCE THEORY - ACCORDING
TO CHARLES R. TITTLE, A DEVELOPMENTAL
THEORY THAT ATTRIBUTES DEVIANT AND
CRIMINAL BEHAVIORS TO IMBALANCES
BETWEEN THE AMOUNT OF CONTROL THAT
THE INDIVIDUAL HAS OVER OTHERS AND
THAT OTHERS HAVE OVER HIM OR HER.
CONVICT-LEASE SYSTEM - THE SYSTEM
USED EARLIER IN THE CENTURY IN WHICH
INMATES WERE LEASED OUT TO PRIVATE
INDUSTRY TO WORK.
CORNER BOY - ACCORDING TO ALBERT K.
COHEN, A ROLE IN THE LOWER-CLASS
CULTURE IN WHICH YOUNG MEN REMAIN IN
THEIR BIRTH NEIGHBORHOOD, ACQUIRE
FAMILIES AND MENIAL JOBS, AND ADJUST
TO THE DEMANDS OF THEIR ENVIRONMENT.
CORPORAL PUNISHMENT - THE USE OF
PHYSICAL CHASTISEMENT, SUCH AS
WHIPPING OR ELECTROSHOCK, TO PUNISH
CRIMINALS.
COURTROOM WORK GROUP - ALL THE
PARTIES IN THE ADVERSARIAL PROCESS
WHO WORK TOGETHER TO SETTLE CASES
WITH THE LEAST AMOUNT OF EFFORT AND
CONFLICT.
COVERT PATHWAY - A PATH TO A CRIMINAL
CAREER THAT BEGINS WITH MINOR
UNDERHANDED BEHAVIOR AND
PROGRESSES TO FIRE STARTING AND
THEFT.
CRACKDOWN - THE CONCENTRATION OF
POLICE RESOURCES ON A PARTICULAR
PROBLEM AREA, SUCH AS STREET-LEVEL
DRUG DEALING, TO ERADICATE OR
DISPLACE CRIMINAL ACTIVITY.
CRIME CONTROL MODEL - A MODEL OF
CRIMINAL JUSTICE THAT EMPHASIZES THE
CONTROL OF DANGEROUS OFFENDERS
AND THE PROTECTION OF SOCIETY. ITS
ADVOCATES CALL FOR HARSH
PUNISHMENTS, SUCH AS THE DEATH
PENALTY, AS A DETERRENT TO CRIME.
CRIME DISCOURAGERS - DISCOURAGERS
CAN BE GROUPED INTO THREE
CATEGORIES: GUARDIANS, WHO MONITOR
TARGETS (SUCH AS STORE SECURITY
GUARDS); HANDLERS, WHO MONITOR
POTENTIAL OFFENDERS (SUCH AS PAROLE
OFFICERS AND PARENTS); AND MANAGERS,
WHO MONITOR PLACES (SUCH AS
HOMEOWNERS AND DOORWAY
ATTENDANTS).
CRIME DISPLACEMENT - AN EFFECT OF
CRIME PREVENTION EFFORTS IN WHICH
EFFORTS TO CONTROL CRIME IN ONE AREA
SHIFT ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES TO ANOTHER.
CRIME TYPOLOGY - THE STUDY OF CRIMINAL
BEHAVIOR INVOLVING RESEARCH ON THE
LINKS BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF
CRIME AND CRIMINALS. BECAUSE PEOPLE
OFTEN DISAGREE ABOUT TYPES OF CRIMES
AND CRIMINAL MOTIVATION, NO STANDARD
EXISTS WITHIN THE FI ELD. SOME
TYPOLOGIES FOCUS ON THE CRIMINAL,
SUGGESTING THE EXISTENCE OF
OFFENDER GROUPS, SUCH AS
PROFESSIONAL CRIMINALS, PSYCHOTIC
CRIMINALS, OCCASIONAL CRIMINALS, AND
SO ON. OTHERS FOCUS ON THE CRIMES,
CLUSTERING THEM INTO CATEGORIES
SUCH AS PROPERTY CRIMES, SEX CRIMES,
AND SO ON.
CRIMINAL CHARGE - A FORMAL WRITTEN
DOCUMENT IDENTIFYING THE CRIMINAL
ACTIVITY, THE FACTS OF THE CASE, AND
THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE ARREST.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM - THE VARIOUS
SEQUENTIAL STAGES THROUGH WHICH
OFFENDERS PASS, FROM INITIAL CONTACT
WITH THE LAW TO FINAL DISPOSITION, AND
THE AGENCIES OF GOVERNMENT—POLICE,
COURTS, AND CORRECTIONS—
RESPONSIBLE FOR APPREHENDING,
ADJUDICATING, SANCTIONING, AND
TREATING CRIMINAL OFFENDERS.
CRIMINALITY - A PERSONAL TRAIT OF THE
INDIVIDUAL AS DISTINCT FROM A “CRIME,”
WHICH IS AN EVENT.
CRIMINAL TRIAL - A FULL-SCALE INQUIRY
INTO THE FACTS OF THE CASE BEFORE A
JUDGE, A JURY, OR BOTH.
CRIMINALISTICS - IS A PROFESSION OR A
FIELD OF FORENSIC SCIENCE THAT DEALS
WITH RECOGNITION, COLLECTION,
PRESERVATION AND EXAMINATION OF
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE
ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
CRIMINOLOGICAL ENTERPRISE - THE AREAS
OF STUDY AND RESEARCH THAT TAKEN
TOGETHER MAKE UP THE FIELD OF
CRIMINOLOGY. CRIMINOLOGISTS
TYPICALLY SPECIALIZE IN ONE OF THE
SUBAREAS OF CRIMINOLOGY, SUCH AS
VICTIMOLOGY OR THE SOCIOLOGY OF LAW.
CRIMINOLOGISTS - RESEARCHERS WHO
USE SCIENTIFIC C METHODS TO STUDY THE
NATURE, EXTENT, CAUSE, AND CONTROL
OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR.
CRIMINOLOGY - THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF
THE NATURE, EXTENT, CAUSE, AND
CONTROL OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR.
CRISIS INTERVENTION - EMERGENCY
COUNSELING FOR CRIME VICTIMS.
CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGISTS - RESEARCHERS
WHO VIEW CRIME AS A FUNCTION OF THE
CAPITALIST MODE OF PRODUCTION AND
NOT THE SOCIAL CONFLICT THAT MIGHT VALUES AND NORMS THAT ARE IN
OCCUR IN ANY SOCIETY REGARDLESS OF CONFLICT WITH CONVENTIONAL SOCIETY;
ITS ECONOMIC SYSTEM. THE CULTURE IS SELF-MAINTAINING AND
ONGOING.
CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGY - THE VIEW THAT
CAPITALISM PRODUCES HAVES AND HAVE- CUMULATIVE DISADVANTAGE - A CONDITION
NOTS, EACH ENGAGING IN A PARTICULAR IN WHICH REPEATED NEGATIVE
BRANCH OF CRIMINALITY. THE MODE OF EXPERIENCES IN ADOLESCENCE
PRODUCTION SHAPES SOCIAL LIFE. UNDERMINE LIFE CHANCES AND REDUCE
BECAUSE ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS IS EMPLOYABILITY AND SOCIAL RELATIONS.
THE ESSENCE OF CAPITALISM, CONFLICT PEOPLE WHO INCREASE THEIR
INCREASES AND EVENTUALLY CUMULATIVE DISADVANTAGE RISK
DESTABILIZES SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND CONTINUED OFFENDING.
THE INDIVIDUALS WITHIN THEM.
CYBER BULLYING - WILLFUL AND REPEATED
CRITICAL FEMINIST - SCHOLARS, BOTH HARM INFLICTED THROUGH THE MEDIUM OF
MALE AND FEMALE, WHO FOCUS ON THE ELECTRONIC TEXT.
EFFECTS OF GENDER INEQUALITY AND THE
UNEQUAL POWER OF MEN AND WOMEN IN A CYBER CRIME - THE USE OF MODERN
CAPITALIST SOCIETY. TECHNOLOGY FOR CRIMINAL PURPOSE.

CROSS-EXAMINATION - THE PROCESS IN CYBER SPYING - ILLEGALLY USING THE

WHICH THE DEFENSE AND THE INTERNET TO GATHER INFORMATION THAT
PROSECUTION INTERROGATE WITNESSES IS CONSIDERED PRIVATE AND
DURING A TRIAL. CONFIDENTIAL.

CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY - SURVEY DATA CYBER STALKING - USE OF THE INTERNET, E-

DERIVED FROM ALL AGE, RACE, GENDER, MAIL, OR OTHER ELECTRONIC
AND INCOME SEGMENTS OF THE COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES TO STALK
POPULATION MEASURED ANOTHER PERSON. SOME CYBER
SIMULTANEOUSLY. BECAUSE PEOPLE STALKERS PURSUE MINORS THROUGH
FROM EVERY AGE GROUP ARE ONLINE CHAT ROOMS; OTHERS HARASS
REPRESENTED, AGE-SPECIFIC CRIME RATES THEIR VICTIMS ELECTRONICALLY.
CAN BE DETERMINED. PROPONENTS
BELIEVE THIS IS A SUFFICIENT SUBSTITUTE CYBER TERRORISM - INTERNET ATTACKS
FOR THE MORE EXPENSIVE LONGITUDINAL AGAINST AN ENEMY NATION’S
APPROACH THAT FOLLOWS A GROUP OF TECHNOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE.
SUBJECTS OVER TIME TO MEASURE CRIME
RATE CHANGES. CYBER THEFT - USE OF COMPUTER
NETWORKS FOR CRIMINAL PROFITS.
CRUSTED OVER - CHILDREN WHO HAVE ILLEGAL COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT,
BEEN VICTIMS OF OR WITNESSES TO IDENTITY THEFT, AND INTERNET
VIOLENCE AND DO NOT LET PEOPLE INSIDE, SECURITIES FRAUD ARE EXAMPLES OF
NOR DO THEY EXPRESS THEIR FEELINGS. CYBER THEFT.
THEY EXPLOIT OTHERS AND IN TURN ARE
EXPLOITED BY THOSE OLDER AND CYBER VANDALISM - USE OF CYBERSPACE
STRONGER; AS A RESULT, THEY DEVELOP A FOR REVENGE, DESTRUCTION, AND TO
SENSE OF HOPELESSNESS. ACHIEVE A MALICIOUS INTENT. EXAMPLES
CULT TERRORISTS - CULTS THAT CAN BE INCLUDE WEBSITE DEFACEMENT, WORMS,
CLASSIFIED AS TERROR GROUPS BECAUSE VIRUSES, CYBER STALKING, AND CYBER
THEIR LEADERS DEMAND THAT BULLYING.
FOLLOWERS PROVE THEIR LOYALTY CYBER WARFARE - POLITICAL CRIME
THROUGH VIOLENCE OR INTIMIDATION. INVOLVING SPYING, ESPIONAGE, AND
MEMBERS TYPICALLY FOLLOW A TERRORISM, AIMED AT UNDERMINING THE
CHARISMATIC LEADER WHO MAY BE VIEWED SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND POLITICAL
AS HAVING GODLIKE POWERS OR EVEN SYSTEM OF AN ENEMY NATION BY
BEING THE REINCARNATION OF AN DESTROYING ITS ELECTRONIC
IMPORTANT RELIGIOUS FIGURE. THE INFRASTRUCTURE AND DISRUPTING ITS
LEADER AND HIS OR HER LIEUTENANTS ECONOMY.
COMMONLY ENFORCE LOYALTY BY SEVERE
DISCIPLINE AND BY PHYSICALLY CYCLE OF VIOLENCE - THE IDEA THAT
PREVENTING MEMBERS FROM LEAVING THE VICTIMS OF CRIME, ESPECIALLY
GROUP. THEY MAY GO THROUGH CHILDHOOD ABUSE, ARE MORE LIKELY TO
DOOMSDAY DRILLS AND MAINTAIN A SIEGE COMMIT CRIMES THEMSELVES.
MENTALITY, FEARING ATTACKS FROM THE
GOVERNMENT. THE CULT MAY OPENLY OR DATE RAPE - FORCIBLE SEX DURING A
TACITLY ENDORSE INDIVIDUAL KILLINGS OR COURTING RELATIONSHIP.
MASS MURDER, WHICH MAY BE
ACCOMPANIED BY MASS SUICIDE. DAY FINES - FINES GEARED TO THE AVERAGE
DAILY INCOME OF THE CONVICTED
CULTURE OF POVERTY THE VIEW THAT OFFENDER IN AN EFFORT TO BRING EQUITY
PEOPLE IN THE LOWER CLASS OF SOCIETY TO THE SENTENCING PROCESS.
FORM A SEPARATE CULTURE WITH ITS OWN
DEADLY FORCE - THE ABILITY OF THE RECOVERY FROM ATTACKS THAT DO
POLICE TO KILL SUSPECTS IF THEY RESIST OCCUR.
ARREST OR PRESENT A DANGER TO AN
OFFICER OR THE COMMUNITY. THE POLICE DEPOSIT BAIL SYSTEM - A SYSTEM THAT
CANNOT USE DEADLY FORCE AGAINST AN ALLOWS DEFENDANTS TO POST A
UNARMED FLEEING FELON. PERCENTAGE OF THEIR BOND (USUALLY 10
PERCENT) WITH THE COURT; THE FULL
DEATH SQUADS - GOVERNMENT TROOPS AMOUNT IS REQUIRED ONLY IF THE
USED TO DESTROY POLITICAL OPPOSITION DEFENDANT FAILS TO SHOW FOR TRIAL.
PARTIES.
DESIST - TO SPONTANEOUSLY STOP
DECADENCE - SPUR OF THE MOMENT, COMMITTING CRIME.
IRRATIONAL ACTS SUCH AS CHILD
MOLESTING. DETERMINATE SENTENCES - FIXED TERMS
OF INCARCERATION, SUCH AS THREE
DECONSTRUCTIONIST - AN APPROACH YEARS’ IMPRISONMENT. DETERMINATE
THAT FOCUSES ON THE USE OF LANGUAGE SENTENCES ARE FELT BY MANY TO BE TOO
BY THOSE IN POWER TO DEFINE CRIME RESTRICTIVE FOR REHABILITATIVE
BASED ON THEIR OWN VALUES AND BIASES; PURPOSES; THE ADVANTAGE IS THAT
ALSO CALLED POSTMODERNIST. OFFENDERS KNOW HOW MUCH TIME THEY
HAVE TO SERVE— THAT IS, WHEN THEY WILL
DECRIMINALIZED - REDUCING THE PENALTY BE RELEASED.
FOR A CRIMINAL ACT BUT NOT ACTUALLY
LEGALIZING IT. DETERRENCE THEORY - THE VIEW THAT IF
THE PROBABILITY OF ARREST, CONVICTION,
DEFECTIVE INTELLIGENCE - TRAITS SUCH AND SANCTIONING INCREASES, CRIME
AS FEEBLEMINDEDNESS, EPILEPSY, RATES SHOULD DECLINE.
INSANITY, AND DEFECTIVE SOCIAL
INSTINCT, WHICH GORING BELIEVED HAD A DETERRENT - PREVENTING CRIME BEFORE
SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP TO CRIMINAL IT OCCURS BY MEANS OF THE THREAT OF
BEHAVIOR. CRIMINAL SANCTIONS.

DEFENSE ATTORNEY - LEGAL COUNSEL FOR DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY - A BRANCH OF

THE DEFENDANT IN A CRIMINAL CASE, CRIMINOLOGY THAT EXAMINES CHANGE IN
REPRESENTING THE ACCUSED PERSON A CRIMINAL CAREER OVER THE LIFE
FROM ARREST TO FINAL APPEAL. COURSE. DEVELOPMENTAL FACTORS
INCLUDE BIOLOGICAL, SOCIAL, AND
DEFENSIBLE SPACE - THE PRINCIPLE THAT PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGE. AMONG THE
CRIME PREVENTION CAN BE ACHIEVED TOPICS OF DEVELOPMENTAL
THROUGH MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL CRIMINOLOGY ARE DESISTANCE,
ENVIRONMENT TO REDUCE THE RESISTANCE, ESCALATION, AND
OPPORTUNITY INDIVIDUALS HAVE TO SPECIALIZATION.
COMMIT CRIME. DEVIANT BEHAVIOR - BEHAVIOR THAT
DEPARTS FROM THE SOCIAL NORM.
DEFIANCE - CHALLENGING CONTROL
MECHANISMS BUT STOPPING SHORT OF DEVIANT PLACE THEORY - PEOPLE BECOME
PHYSICAL HARM: FOR EXAMPLE, VICTIMS BECAUSE THEY RESIDE IN
VANDALISM, CURFEW VIOLATIONS, AND SOCIALLY DISORGANIZED, HIGH-CRIME
UNCONVENTIONAL SEX. AREAS WHERE THEY HAVE THE GREATEST
RISK OF COMING INTO CONTACT WITH
DELIBERATION - PLANNING A HOMICIDE CRIMINAL OFFENDERS.
AFTER CAREFUL THOUGHT, HOWEVER
BRIEF, RATHER THAN ACTING ON SUDDEN DIALECTIC METHOD - FOR EVERY IDEA, OR
IMPULSE. THESIS, THERE EXISTS AN OPPOSING
ARGUMENT, OR ANTITHESIS. BECAUSE
DELINQUENT BOY - A YOUTH WHO ADOPTS A NEITHER POSITION CAN EVER BE TRULY
SET OF NORMS AND PRINCIPLES IN DIRECT ACCEPTED, THE RESULT IS A MERGER OF
OPPOSITION TO MIDDLE-CLASS VALUES, THE TWO IDEAS, A SYNTHESIS. MARX
ENGAGING IN SHORT-RUN HEDONISM, ADAPTED THIS ANALYTIC METHOD FOR HIS
LIVING FOR TODAY AND LETTING STUDY OF CLASS STRUGGLE.
TOMORROW TAKE CARE OF ITSELF.
DIFFERENTIAL SOCIAL CONTROL - A
DEMYSTIFY - TO UNMASK THE TRUE PROCESS OF LABELING THAT MAY
PURPOSE OF LAW, JUSTICE, OR OTHER PRODUCE A REEVALUATION OF THE SELF,
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS. WHICH REFLECTS ACTUAL OR PERCEIVED
APPRAISALS MADE BY OTHERS.
DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY
(DHS) - AN AGENCY OF THE FEDERAL DIFFERENTIAL SOCIAL SUPPORT AND
GOVERNMENT CHARGED WITH PREVENTING COERCION THEORY (DSSCT) -ACCORDING
TERRORIST ATTACKS WITHIN THE UNITED TO MARK COLVIN, A THEORY THAT HOLDS
STATES, REDUCING AMERICA’S THAT PERCEPTIONS OF COERCION
VULNERABILITY TO TERRORISM, AND BECOME INGRAINED AND GUIDE
MINIMIZING THE DAMAGE AND AIDING REACTIONS TO ADVERSE SITUATIONS THAT
ARISE IN BOTH FAMILY AND NONFAMILY DIVERSION PROGRAMS - PROGRAMS OF
SETTINGS. REHABILITATION THAT REMOVE
OFFENDERS FROM THE NORMAL
DIFFUSION OF BENEFITS - AN EFFECT THAT CHANNELS OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE
OCCURS WHEN AN EFFORT TO CONTROL SYSTEM, THUS AVOIDING THE STIGMA OF A
ONE TYPE OF CRIME HAS THE UNEXPECTED CRIMINAL LABEL.
BENEFIT OF REDUCING THE INCIDENCE OF
ANOTHER. DIVISION OF MARKETS - FIRMS DIVIDE A
REGION INTO TERRITORIES, AND EACH FIRM
DIRECT CONDITIONING - BEHAVIOR IS AGREES NOT TO COMPETE IN THE OTHERS’
REINFORCED BY BEING EITHER REWARDED TERRITORIES.
OR PUNISHED WHILE INTERACTING WITH
OTHERS; ALSO CALLED DIFFERENTIAL DOUBLE JEOPARDY - A DEFENDANT
REINFORCEMENT. CANNOT BE PROSECUTED BY A
JURISDICTION MORE THAN ONCE FOR A
DIRECT EXAMINATION - THE QUESTIONING SINGLE OFFENSE.
OF ONE’S OWN (PROSECUTION OR
DEFENSE) WITNESS DURING A TRIAL. DRAMATIZATION OF EVIL - AS THE NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK OF LAW ENFORCEMENT
DIRECTED VERDICT - THE RIGHT OF A JUDGE AGENCIES, PARENTS, FRIENDS, TEACHERS,
TO DIRECT A JURY TO ACQUIT A DEFENDANT AND OTHER FIGURES AMPLIFIES THE
BECAUSE THE STATE HAS NOT PROVEN THE FORCE OF THE ORIGINAL LABEL,
ELEMENTS OF THE CRIME OR OTHERWISE STIGMATIZED OFFENDERS MAY BEGIN TO
HAS NOT ESTABLISHED GUILT ACCORDING REEVALUATE THEIR OWN IDENTITIES. THE
TO LAW. PERSON BECOMES THE THING HE IS
DESCRIBED AS BEING.
DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE
(DNI) - GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL CHARGED DRIFT (NEUTRALIZATION THEORY) -
WITH COORDINATING DATA FROM THE ACCORDING TO DAVID MATZA, THE VIEW
NATION’S PRIMARY INTELLIGENCE- THAT YOUTHS MOVE IN AND OUT OF
GATHERING AGENCIES. DELINQUENCY AND THAT THEIR
LIFESTYLES CAN EMBRACE BOTH
DISCOURAGEMENT - AN EFFECT THAT CONVENTIONAL AND DEVIANT VALUES.
OCCURS WHEN AN EFFORT TO ELIMINATE
ONE TYPE OF CRIME ALSO CONTROLS DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION
OTHERS, BECAUSE IT REDUCES THE VALUE (DEA) - THE FEDERAL AGENCY THAT
OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY BY LIMITING ACCESS ENFORCES FEDERAL DRUG CONTROL
TO DESIRABLE TARGETS. LAWS.

DISCRETION - THE USE OF PERSONAL DUAL SOVEREIGNTY DOCTRINE - IF A SINGLE

DECISION MAKING BY THOSE CARRYING
OUT POLICE, JUDICIAL, AND SANCTIONING
FUNCTIONS WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE
SYSTEM.
DISORDER - ANY TYPE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL
PROBLEM (FORMERLY LABELED NEUROSES
OR PSYCHOSES), SUCH AS ANXIETY
DISORDERS, MOOD DISORDERS, AND
CONDUCT DISORDERS.
DISPOSITION - FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS,
THE EQUIVALENT OF SENTENCING FOR
ADULT OFFENDERS. THE THEORY IS THAT
DISPOSITION IS MORE REHABILITATIVE
THAN RETRIBUTIVE. POSSIBLE
DISPOSITIONS MAY BE TO DISMISS THE
CASE, RELEASE THE YOUTH TO THE
CUSTODY OF HIS OR HER PARENTS, PLACE
THE OFFENDER ON PROBATION, OR SEND
HIM OR HER TO A CORRECTIONAL
INSTITUTION. FOR ADULT DEFENDANTS
FOUND GUILTY, SENTENCING USUALLY
INVOLVES A FI NE, PROBATION, AND/OR
INCARCERATION.
DISPUTATIOUSNESS - BEHAVIOR WITHIN
CULTURALLY DEFINED CONFLICT
SITUATIONS IN WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL WHO
HAS BEEN OFFENDED BY A NEGATIVE
OUTCOME IN A DISPUTE SEEKS
REPARATIONS THROUGH VIOLENT MEANS.
ACT VIOLATES THE LAWS OF TWO STATES,
THE OFFENDER MAY BE PUNISHED FOR
EACH OFFENSE.
DUE PROCESS MODEL - VIEW THAT
FOCUSES ON PROTECTING THE CIVIL
RIGHTS OF THOSE ACCUSED OF CRIME.
EARLY ONSET - A TERM THAT REFERS TO
THE ASSUMPTION THAT A CRIMINAL
CAREER BEGINS EARLY IN LIFE AND THAT
PEOPLE WHO ARE DEVIANT AT A VERY
YOUNG AGE ARE THE ONES MOST LIKELY TO
PERSIST IN CRIME.
ECOLOGICAL VIEW - A BELIEF THAT SOCIAL
FORCES OPERATING IN URBAN AREAS
CREATE CRIMINAL INTERACTIONS; SOME
NEIGHBORHOODS BECOME NATURAL
AREAS FOR CRIME.
ECONOMIC CRIME - AN ACT IN VIOLATION OF
THE CRIMINAL LAW THAT IS DESIGNED TO
BRING FINANCIAL GAIN TO THE OFFENDER.
EDGEWORK - THE EXCITEMENT OR
EXHILARATION OF SUCCESSFULLY
EXECUTING ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES IN
DANGEROUS SITUATIONS.
EDWARD RICHARD HENRY - DEVELOPED THE
HENRY SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION AT
SCOTLAND YARD WHICH WAS ACCEPTED
BY ALMOST ALL ENGLISH-SPEAKING ENTERPRISE CRIME - THE USE OF ILLEGAL
COUNTRY. KNOWN AS FATHER OF TACTICS TO GAIN PROFIT IN THE
FINGERPRINT. MARKETPLACE. ENTERPRISE CRIMES CAN
INVOLVE BOTH THE VIOLATION OF LAW IN
EGALITARIAN FAMILIES - FAMILIES IN WHICH THE COURSE OF AN OTHERWISE
SPOUSES SHARE SIMILAR POSITIONS OF LEGITIMATE OCCUPATION OR THE SALE
POWER AT HOME AND IN THE WORKPLACE. AND DISTRIBUTION OF ILLEGAL
COMMODITIES.
EGO - THE PART OF THE PERSONALITY,
DEVELOPED IN EARLY CHILDHOOD THAT ENTERPRISE THEORY OF INVESTIGATION
HELPS CONTROL THE ID AND KEEP (ETI) - A STANDARD INVESTIGATION TOOL OF
PEOPLE’S ACTIONS WITHIN THE THE FBI THAT FOCUSES ON CRIMINAL
BOUNDARIES OF SOCIAL CONVENTION. ENTERPRISE AND INVESTIGATION ATTACKS
ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE CRIMINAL
EGO IDEAL - PART OF THE SUPEREGO; ENTERPRISE RATHER THAN ON CRIMINAL
DIRECTS THE INDIVIDUAL INTO MORALLY ACTS VIEWED AS ISOLATED INCIDENTS.
ACCEPTABLE AND RESPONSIBLE
BEHAVIORS, WHICH MAY NOT BE EQUIPOTENTIALITY - VIEW THAT ALL
PLEASURABLE. INDIVIDUALS ARE EQUAL AT BIRTH AND ARE
THEREAFTER INFLUENCED BY THEIR
ELDER ABUSE - A DISTURBING FORM OF ENVIRONMENT.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE BY CHILDREN AND
OTHER RELATIVES WITH WHOM ELDERLY EROS - THE INSTINCT TO PRESERVE AND
PEOPLE LIVE. CREATE LIFE; EROS IS EXPRESSED
SEXUALLY.
ELDERCIDE - THE MURDER OF A SENIOR
CITIZEN. ETAILING FRAUD - ILLEGALLY BUYING OR
SELLING MERCHANDISE ON THE INTERNET.
ELECTION FRAUD - ILLEGAL INTERFERENCE
WITH THE PROCESS OF AN ELECTION. ACTS EXCLUSIONARY RULE - THE PRINCIPLE THAT
OF FRAUD TEND TO INVOLVE AFFECTING PROHIBITS USING EVIDENCE ILLEGALLY
VOTE COUNTS TO BRING ABOUT A DESIRED OBTAINED IN A TRIAL. BASED ON THE
ELECTION OUTCOME, WHETHER BY FOURTH AMENDMENT “RIGHT OF THE
INCREASING THE VOTE SHARE OF THE PEOPLE TO BE SECURE IN THEIR PERSONS,
FAVORED CANDIDATE, DEPRESSING THE HOUSES, PAPERS, AND EFFECTS, AGAINST
VOTE SHARE OF THE RIVAL CANDIDATES, UNREASONABLE SEARCHES AND
OR BOTH. VARIETIES OF ELECTION FRAUD SEIZURES,” THE RULE IS NOT A BAR TO
INCLUDE INTIMIDATION, DISRUPTION OF PROSECUTION, AS LEGALLY OBTAINED
POLLING PLACES, DISTRIBUTION OF EVIDENCE MAY BE AVAILABLE THAT MAY BE
MISINFORMATION SUCH AS THE WRONG USED IN A TRIAL.
ELECTION DATE, REGISTRATION FRAUD,
AND VOTE BUYING. EXPLOITATION (OF CRIMINALS) - USING
OTHERS TO COMMIT CRIMES: FOR
ELECTRA COMPLEX - A STAGE OF EXAMPLE, AS CONTRACT KILLERS OR DRUG
DEVELOPMENT WHEN GIRLS BEGIN TO RUNNERS.
HAVE SEXUAL FEELINGS FOR THEIR
FATHERS. EXPLOITATION (OF VICTIMS) - FORCING
VICTIMS TO PAY FOR SERVICES TO WHICH
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPH (EEG) - A THEY HAVE A CLEAR RIGHT.
DEVICE THAT CAN RECORD THE
ELECTRONIC IMPULSES GIVEN OFF BY THE EXPRESSIVE CRIMES - CRIMES THAT HAVE
BRAIN, COMMONLY CALLED BRAIN WAVES. NO PURPOSE EXCEPT TO ACCOMPLISH THE
BEHAVIOR AT HAND, SUCH AS SHOOTING
ELECTRONIC MONITORING (EM) - SOMEONE.
OFFENDERS WEAR DEVICES ATTACHED TO
THEIR ANKLES, WRISTS, OR NECK THAT EXPRESSIVE VIOLENCE - VIOLENCE THAT IS
SEND SIGNALS BACK TO A CONTROL DESIGNED NOT FOR PROFIT OR GAIN BUT
OFFICE; USED TO MONITOR HOME TO VENT RAGE, ANGER, OR FRUSTRATION.
CONFINEMENTS. EXTINCTION - THE PHENOMENON IN WHICH
A CRIME PREVENTION EFFORT HAS AN
ELITE DEVIANCE - WHITE-COLLAR AND IMMEDIATE IMPACT THAT THEN DISSIPATES
ECONOMIC CRIMES. AS CRIMINALS ADJUST TO NEW
CONDITIONS.
EMBEZZLEMENT - A TYPE OF LARCENY THAT
INVOLVES TAKING THE POSSESSIONS OF FALSE PRETENSES - ILLEGALLY OBTAINING
ANOTHER (FRAUDULENT CONVERSION) MONEY, GOODS, OR MERCHANDISE FROM
THAT HAVE BEEN PLACED IN THE THIEF’S ANOTHER BY FRAUD OR
LAWFUL POSSESSION FOR SAFEKEEPING, MISREPRESENTATION.
SUCH AS A BANK TELLER
MISAPPROPRIATING DEPOSITS OR A FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION (FBI) -
STOCKBROKER MAKING OFF WITH A THE ARM OF THE U.S. JUSTICE DEPARTMENT
CUSTOMER’S ACCOUNT. THAT INVESTIGATES VIOLATIONS OF
FEDERAL LAW, GATHERS CRIME
STATISTICS, RUNS A COMPREHENSIVE
CRIME LABORATORY, AND HELPS TRAIN
LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS.
FEDERAL COURTS OF APPEAL - COURTS
THAT HEAR APPEALS FROM THE U.S.
DISTRICT COURTS.
FELONY - A SERIOUS OFFENSE THAT
CARRIES A PENALTY OF INCARCERATION IN
A STATE PRISON, USUALLY FOR ONE YEAR
OR MORE. PEOPLE CONVICTED OF FELONY
OFFENSES LOSE THE RIGHT TO VOTE, HOLD
ELECTIVE OFFICE, OR MAINTAIN CERTAIN
LICENSES.
FELONY MURDER - A HOMICIDE IN THE
CONTEXT OF ANOTHER FELONY, SUCH AS
ROBBERY OR RAPE; LEGALLY DEFINED AS
FIRST-DEGREE MURDER.
FENCE - A BUYER AND SELLER OF STOLEN
MERCHANDISE.
FETICIDE - ENDANGERING OR KILLING AN
UNBORN FETUS.
FILICIDE - MURDER OF AN OLDER CHILD.
FINE - A DOLLAR AMOUNT USUALLY
EXACTED AS PUNISHMENT FOR A MINOR
CRIME. ALTHOUGH FINES ARE MOST
COMMONLY USED IN MISDEMEANORS, THEY
ARE ALSO FREQUENTLY EMPLOYED IN
FELONIES WHERE THE OFFENDER
BENEFITED FINANCIALLY. FINES MAY ALSO
BE COMBINED WITH OTHER SENTENCING
ALTERNATIVES, SUCH AS PROBATION OR
CONFINEMENT.
FIRST-DEGREE MURDER - THE KILLING OF
ANOTHER PERSON AFTER PREMEDITATION
AND DELIBERATION.
FIXATED - AN ADULT WHO EXHIBITS
BEHAVIOR TRAITS CHARACTERISTIC OF
THOSE ENCOUNTERED DURING INFANTILE
SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT.
FLASH HOUSES - PUBLIC MEETING PLACES
IN ENGLAND, OFTEN TAVERNS THAT
SERVED AS HEADQUARTERS FOR GANGS.
FLASHOVER - AN EFFECT IN A FIRE WHEN
HEAT AND GAS AT THE CEILING OF A ROOM
REACH 2,000 DEGREES, AND CLOTHES AND
FURNITURE BURST INTO FLAME,
DUPLICATING THE EFFECTS OF ARSONISTS’
GASOLINE OR EXPLOSIVES. IT IS POSSIBLE
THAT MANY SUSPECTED ARSONS ARE
ACTUALLY THE RESULT OF FLASHOVER.
FOCAL CONCERNS - ACCORDING TO
WALTER MILLER, THE VALUE ORIENTATIONS
OF LOWER-CLASS CULTURES; FEATURES
INCLUDE THE NEEDS FOR EXCITEMENT,
TROUBLE, SMARTNESS, AND PERSONAL
AUTONOMY.
FOOT PATROLS - POLICE PATROLS THAT
TAKE OFFICERS OUT OF CARS AND PUT
THEM ON A WALKING BEAT TO
STRENGTHEN TIES WITH THE COMMUNITY.
FORFEITURE - THE SEIZURE OF PERSONAL
PROPERTY BY THE STATE AS A CIVIL OR
CRIMINAL PENALTY.
FRANCIS GALTON – DEVELOPED THE ARCH
LOOP AND WHORL PATTERNS AS GENERAL
CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFIED NINE (9)
TYPES OF PATTERN. FIRST TO ESTABLISH A
CIVIL BUREAU OF PERSONAL
IDENTIFICATION. HE SAID THAT THE
POSSIBILITY OF TWO PRINTS BEING ALIKE
WAS 1:65 BILLION (1:64 BILLION)
FRAUD - TAKING THE POSSESSIONS OF
ANOTHER THROUGH DECEPTION OR
CHEATING, SUCH AS SELLING A PERSON A
DESK THAT IS REPRESENTED AS AN
ANTIQUE BUT IS KNOWN TO BE A COPY.
FREE-VENTURE PROGRAMS - PRIVATELY
RUN INDUSTRIES IN A PRISON SETTING IN
WHICH THE INMATES WORK FOR WAGES
AND THE GOODS ARE SOLD FOR PROFIT.
FRONT RUNNING - A FORM OF
STOCKBROKER CHISELING IN WHICH
BROKERS PLACE PERSONAL ORDERS
AHEAD OF A LARGE ORDER FROM A
CUSTOMER TO PROFIT FROM THE MARKET
EFFECTS OF THE TRADE.
GANG RAPE - FORCIBLE SEX INVOLVING
MULTIPLE ATTACKERS.
GATEKEEPERS - THE POLICE, WHO INITIATE
CONTACT WITH LAW VIOLATORS AND
DECIDE WHETHER TO FORMALLY ARREST
THEM AND START THEIR JOURNEY
THROUGH THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM,
SETTLE THE ISSUE INFORMALLY (SUCH AS
BY ISSUING A WARNING), OR SIMPLY TAKE
NO ACTION AT ALL.
GATEWAY MODEL - AN EXPLANATION OF
DRUG ABUSE THAT POSITS THAT USERS
BEGIN WITH A MORE BENIGN DRUG
(ALCOHOL OR MARIJUANA) AND PROGRESS
TO MORE POTENT DRUGS.
GAY BASHING - VIOLENT HATE CRIMES
DIRECTED TOWARD PEOPLE BECAUSE OF
THEIR SEXUAL ORIENTATION.
GENERAL DETERRENCE - A CRIME CONTROL
POLICY THAT DEPENDS ON THE FEAR OF
CRIMINAL PENALTIES. GENERAL
DETERRENCE MEASURES, SUCH AS LONG
PRISON SENTENCES FOR VIOLENT CRIMES,
ARE AIMED AT CONVINCING THE POTENTIAL
LAW VIOLATOR THAT THE PAINS
ASSOCIATED WITH CRIME OUTWEIGH ITS
BENEFITS.
GENERAL STRAIN THEORY (GST) -
ACCORDING TO ROBERT AGNEW, THE VIEW
THAT MULTIPLE SOURCES OF STRAIN
INTERACT WITH AN INDIVIDUAL’S
EMOTIONAL TRAITS AND RESPONSES TO
PRODUCE CRIMINALITY.
GENERAL THEORY OF CRIME (GTC) -
ACCORDING TO GOTTFREDSON AND
HIRSCHI, A DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY THAT
MODIFIES SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY BY
INTEGRATING CONCEPTS FROM
BIOSOCIAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, ROUTINE
ACTIVITIES, AND RATIONAL CHOICE
THEORIES.
GENTRIFI CATION - A RESIDENTIAL
RENEWAL STAGE IN WHICH OBSOLETE
HOUSING IS REPLACED AND UPGRADED;
AREAS UNDERGOING SUCH CHANGE SEEM
TO EXPERIENCE AN INCREASE IN THEIR
CRIME RATES.
GOLDEN RULE OF INVESTIGATION -”DO NOT
TOUCH, MOVE ANY EVIDENCE IN THE CRIME
SCENE UNLESS PHOTOGRAPH, SKETCH,
MEASURE, AND RECORD”
GOOD BURGLAR - PROFESSIONAL
BURGLARS USE THIS TITLE TO
CHARACTERIZE COLLEAGUES WHO HAVE
DISTINGUISHED THEMSELVES AS
BURGLARS. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
GOOD BURGLAR INCLUDE TECHNICAL
COMPETENCE, MAINTENANCE OF
PERSONAL INTEGRITY, AND
SPECIALIZATION IN BURGLARY, FINANCIAL
SUCCESS, AND THE ABILITY TO AVOID
PRISON SENTENCES.
GRAND JURY - A GROUP (USUALLY
CONSISTING OF 23 CITIZENS) CHOSEN TO
HEAR TESTIMONY IN SECRET AND TO ISSUE
FORMAL CRIMINAL ACCUSATIONS
(INDICTMENTS). IT ALSO SERVES AN
INVESTIGATORY FUNCTION.
GRAND LARCENY - THEFT OF MONEY OR
PROPERTY OF SUBSTANTIAL VALUE,
PUNISHED AS A FELONY.
GROUP BOYCOTT - A COMPANY’S REFUSAL
TO DO BUSINESS WITH RETAIL STORES
THAT DO NOT COMPLY WITH ITS RULES OR
DESIRES.
GUERILLA - THE TERM MEANS “LITTLE WAR”
AND DEVELOPED OUT OF THE SPANISH
REBELLION AGAINST FRENCH TROOPS
AFTER NAPOLEON’S 1808 INVASION OF THE
IBERIAN PENINSULA. TODAY THE TERM IS
USED INTERCHANGEABLY WITH THE TERM
“TERRORIST.”
HABEAS CORPUS - PEOPLE IN CUSTODY MAY
SEEK RELEASE BY FILING A PETITION FOR A
WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS, A JUDICIAL
MANDATE TO A PRISON OFFICIAL
ORDERING THAT AN INMATE BE BROUGHT
TO THE COURT SO IT CAN BE DETERMINED
WHETHER OR NOT THAT PERSON IS
IMPRISONED LAWFULLY AND WHETHER HE
SHOULD BE RELEASED FROM CUSTODY
HANDS-OFF DOCTRINE - THE JUDICIAL
POLICY OF NOT INTERFERING IN THE
ADMINISTRATIVE AFFAIRS OF A PRISON.
HEELS - PROFESSIONAL SHOPLIFTERS WHO
STEAL WITH THE INTENTION OF RESELLING
STOLEN MERCHANDISE TO PAWNSHOPS
OR FENCES, USUALLY AT HALF THE
ORIGINAL PRICE.
HOLE “THE HOLE” - SOLITARY
CONFINEMENT USED AS PUNISHMENT FOR
PRISONERS WHO FLOUT PRISON RULES.
HOME CONFINEMENT (HC) - CONVICTED
OFFENDERS MUST SPEND EXTENDED
PERIODS IN THEIR OWN HOMES AS AN
ALTERNATIVE TO INCARCERATION; ALSO
CALLED HOUSE ARREST OR HOME
DETENTION.
HOMOPHOBIA - EXTREMELY NEGATIVE
OVERREACTION TO HOMOSEXUALS.
HOMOSEXUALITY - EROTIC INTEREST IN
MEMBERS OF ONE’S OWN SEX.
HUMAN NATURE THEORY - A BELIEF THAT
PERSONAL TRAITS, SUCH AS GENETIC
MAKEUP, INTELLIGENCE, AND BODY BUILD,
MAY OUTWEIGH THE IMPORTANCE OF
SOCIAL VARIABLES AS PREDICTORS OF
CRIMINAL ACTIVITY.
HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY - A BRANCH OF
PSYCHOLOGY THAT STRESSES SELF-
AWARENESS AND “GETTING IN TOUCH WITH
FEELINGS.”
HUNG JURY - A JURY THAT CANNOT REACH A
DECISION IN A CRIMINAL CASE. IF A JURY IS
HUNG, THE PROSECUTION CAN RETRY THE
CASE.
HYPERMASCULINE - MEN WHO TYPICALLY
HAVE A CALLOUS SEXUAL ATTITUDE AND
BELIEVE VIOLENCE IS MANLY. THEY
PERCEIVE DANGER AS EXCITING AND ARE
OVERLY SENSITIVE TO INSULT AND
RIDICULE. THEY ARE ALSO IMPULSIVE,
MORE APT TO BRAG ABOUT SEXUAL
CONQUESTS, AND MORE LIKELY TO LOSE
CONTROL, ESPECIALLY WHEN USING
ALCOHOL.
HYPOGLYCEMIA - A CONDITION THAT
OCCURS WHEN GLUCOSE (SUGAR) LEVELS
IN THE BLOOD FALL BELOW THE
NECESSARY LEVEL FOR NORMAL AND
EFFICIENT BRAIN FUNCTIONING.
ID (INSTINCTUAL DRIVE) - THE PRIMITIVE
PART OF PEOPLE’S MENTAL MAKEUP,
PRESENT AT BIRTH, THAT REPRESENTS
UNCONSCIOUS BIOLOGICAL DRIVES FOR
FOOD, SEX, AND OTHER LIFE-SUSTAINING
NECESSITIES. THE ID SEEKS INSTANT
GRATIFICATION WITHOUT CONCERN FOR
THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS.
IDENTITY CRISIS - A PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE,
IDENTIFIED BY ERIKSON, IN WHICH YOUTH
FACE INNER TURMOIL AND UNCERTAINTY
ABOUT LIFE ROLES.
IDENTITY THEFT - USING THE INTERNET TO
STEAL SOMEONE’S IDENTITY AND/OR
IMPERSONATE THE VICTIM IN ORDER TO
CONDUCT ILLICIT TRANSACTIONS SUCH AS
COMMITTING FRAUD USING THE VICTIM’S
NAME AND IDENTITY
IMPACT STATEMENT - A VICTIM’S
STATEMENT CONSIDERED AT
SENTENCING HEARING.
IMPERATIVELY COORDINATED
ASSOCIATIONS - THESE ASSOCIATIONS ARE
COMPOSED OF TWO GROUPS: THOSE WHO
POSSESS AUTHORITY AND USE IT FOR
SOCIAL DOMINATION, AND THOSE WHO
LACK AUTHORITY AND ARE DOMINATED.
IMPERSONAL COERCION - PRESSURES
BEYOND INDIVIDUAL CONTROL, SUCH AS
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PRESSURE
CAUSED BY UNEMPLOYMENT, POVERTY, OR
BUSINESS COMPETITION.
IMPORTATION MODEL - THE VIEW THAT THE
VIOLENT PRISON CULTURE REFLECTS THE
CRIMINAL CULTURE OF THE OUTSIDE
WORLD AND IS NEITHER DEVELOPED IN
NOR UNIQUE TO PRISONS.
INCAPACITATION EFFECT - THE IDEA THAT
KEEPING OFFENDERS IN CONFINEMENT
WILL ELIMINATE THE RISK OF THEIR
COMMITTING FURTHER OFFENSES.
INCARCERATION - CONFINEMENT IN JAIL OR
PRISON.
INCHOATE OFFENSES - INCOMPLETE OR
CONTEMPLATED CRIMES SUCH AS
CRIMINAL SOLICITATION OR CRIMINAL
ATTEMPTS.
INCIVILITIES - RUDE AND UNCIVIL BEHAVIOR;
BEHAVIOR THAT INDICATES LITTLE CARING
FOR THE FEELINGS OF OTHERS.
INDETERMINATE SENTENCE - A TERM OF
INCARCERATION WITH A STATED MINIMUM
AND MAXIMUM LENGTH, SUCH AS A
SENTENCE TO PRISON FOR A PERIOD OF
FROM 3 TO 10 YEARS. THE PRISONER
WOULD BE ELIGIBLE FOR PAROLE AFTER
THE MINIMUM SENTENCE HAD BEEN
SERVED. BASED ON THE BELIEF THAT
SENTENCES SHOULD FIT THE CRIMINAL,
INDETERMINATE SENTENCES ALLOW
INDIVIDUALIZED SENTENCES AND PROVIDE
FOR SENTENCING FLEXIBILITY. JUDGES
CAN SET A HIGH MINIMUM TO OVERRIDE THE
PURPOSE OF THE INDETERMINATE
SENTENCE.
INDEX CRIMES - THE EIGHT CRIMES THAT,
BECAUSE OF THEIR SERIOUSNESS AND
FREQUENCY, THE FBI REPORTS THE
INCIDENCE OF IN THE ANNUAL UNIFORM
CRIME REPORT. INDEX CRIMES INCLUDE
MURDER, RAPE, ASSAULT, ROBBERY,
BURGLARY, ARSON, LARCENY, AND MOTOR
VEHICLE THEFT.
INDICTMENT - A WRITTEN ACCUSATION
RETURNED BY A GRAND JURY CHARGING AN
INDIVIDUAL WITH A SPECIFIED CRIME,
BASED ON THE PROSECUTOR’S
PRESENTATION OF PROBABLE CAUSE.
INEVITABLE DISCOVERY RULE - A RULE OF
LAW STATING THAT EVIDENCE THAT
ALMOST ASSUREDLY WOULD BE
A INDEPENDENTLY DISCOVERED CAN BE
USED IN A COURT OF LAW, EVEN THOUGH IT
WAS OBTAINED IN VIOLATION OF LEGAL
RULES AND PRACTICES.
INFANTICIDE - THE MURDER OF A VERY
YOUNG CHILD.
INFERIORITY COMPLEX - PEOPLE WHO HAVE
FEELINGS OF INFERIORITY AND
COMPENSATE FOR THEM WITH A DRIVE FOR
SUPERIORITY.
INFLUENCE PEDDLING - USING AN
INSTITUTIONAL POSITION TO GRANT
FAVORS AND SELL INFORMATION TO
WHICH THEIR CO-CONSPIRATORS ARE NOT
ENTITLED.
INFORMAL SANCTIONS - DISAPPROVAL,
STIGMA, OR ANGER DIRECTED TOWARD AN
OFFENDER BY SIGNIFICANT OTHERS
(PARENTS, PEERS, NEIGHBORS, TEACHERS),
RESULTING IN SHAME, EMBARRASSMENT,
AND LOSS OF RESPECT.
INFORMATION - LIKE AN INDICTMENT, A
FORMAL CHARGING DOCUMENT. THE
PROSECUTING ATTORNEY MAKES OUT THE
INFORMATION AND FILES IT IN COURT.
PROBABLE CAUSE IS DETERMINED AT THE
PRELIMINARY HEARING, WHICH, UNLIKE
GRAND JURY PROCEEDINGS, IS PUBLIC AND
ATTENDED BY THE ACCUSED AND HIS OR
HER ATTORNEY.
INFORMATION PROCESSING - A BRANCH OF
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY THAT FOCUSES
ON THE WAY PEOPLE PROCESS, STORE,
ENCODE, RETRIEVE, AND MANIPULATE
INFORMATION TO MAKE DECISIONS AND
SOLVE PROBLEMS.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT) - ALL
FORMS OF AND EXCHANGE DATA IN ALL ITS
VARIOUS FORMS, INCLUDING ELECTRONIC,
VOICE, AND STILL IMAGE.
INHERITANCE SCHOOL - ADVOCATES OF
THIS VIEW TRACE THE ACTIVITIES OF
SEVERAL GENERATIONS OF FAMILIES
BELIEVED TO HAVE AN ESPECIALLY LARGE
NUMBER OF CRIMINAL MEMBERS.
INMATE SUBCULTURE - THE LOOSELY
DEFINED CULTURE THAT PERVADES
PRISONS AND HAS ITS OWN NORMS, RULES,
AND LANGUAGE.
INSIDER TRADING - ILLEGAL BUYING OF
STOCK IN A COMPANY BASED ON
INFORMATION PROVIDED BY SOMEONE
WHO HAS A FIDUCIARY INTEREST IN THE
COMPANY, SUCH AS AN EMPLOYEE OR AN
ATTORNEY OR ACCOUNTANT RETAINED BY
THE FIRM. FEDERAL LAWS AND THE RULES
OF THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE
COMMISSION REQUIRE THAT ALL PROFITS
FROM SUCH TRADING BE RETURNED AND
PROVIDE FOR BOTH FINES AND A PRISON
SENTENCE.
INSTITUTIONAL ANOMIE THEORY - THE VIEW
THAT ANOMIE PERVADES U.S. CULTURE
BECAUSE THE DRIVE FOR MATERIAL
WEALTH DOMINATES AND UNDERMINES
SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY VALUES.
INSTRUMENTAL CRIMES - OFFENSES
DESIGNED TO IMPROVE THE FINANCIAL OR
SOCIAL POSITION OF THE CRIMINAL.
INSTRUMENTAL THEORY - THE VIEW THAT
CRIMINAL LAW AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE
SYSTEM ARE CAPITALIST INSTRUMENTS
FOR CONTROLLING THE LOWER CLASS.
INSTRUMENTAL VIOLENCE - VIOLENCE
USED IN AN ATTEMPT TO IMPROVE THE
FINANCIAL OR SOCIAL POSITION OF THE
CRIMINAL.
INSURGENT - THE TYPICAL GOAL OF AN
INSURGENCY IS TO CONFRONT THE
EXISTING GOVERNMENT FOR CONTROL OF
ALL OR A PORTION OF ITS TERRITORY, OR
FORCE POLITICAL CONCESSIONS IN
SHARING POLITICAL POWER. WHILE
TERRORISTS MAY OPERATE IN SMALL
BANDS WITH A NARROW FOCUS,
INSURGENTS REPRESENT A POPULAR
MOVEMENT AND MAY ALSO SEEK EXTERNAL
SUPPORT FROM OTHER NATIONS TO BRING
PRESSURE ON THE GOVERNMENT.
INTEGRATED THEORIES - MODELS OF CRIME
CAUSATION THAT WEAVE SOCIAL AND
INDIVIDUAL VARIABLES INTO A COMPLEX
EXPLANATORY CHAIN.
INTELLIGENCE - A PERSON’S ABILITY TO
REASON, COMPREHEND IDEAS, SOLVE
PROBLEMS, THINK ABSTRACTLY,
UNDERSTAND COMPLEX IDEAS, LEARN
FROM EXPERIENCE, AND DISCOVER
SOLUTIONS TO COMPLEX PROBLEMS.
INTENSIVE PROBATION SUPERVISION (IPS) -
A TYPE OF INTERMEDIATE SANCTION
INVOLVING SMALL PROBATION
CASELOADS AND STRICT DAILY OR WEEKLY
MONITORING.
INTENSIVE SUPERVISION PAROLE (ISP) - A
TYPE OF PAROLE THAT USES CLOSE
SURVEILLANCE AND LIMITED CASELOAD
SIZES. ISP CLIENTS ARE REQUIRED TO HAVE
MORE OFFICE AND HOME VISITS THAN
ROUTINE PAROLEES. ISP MAY ALSO
REQUIRE FREQUENT DRUG TESTING, A
TERM IN A COMMUNITY CORRECTIONAL
CENTER, AND ELECTRONIC MONITORING IN
THE HOME.
INTERACTIONIST VIEW - THE VIEW THAT
ONE’S PERCEPTION OF REALITY IS
SIGNIFICANTLY INFLUENCED BY ONE’S
INTERPRETATIONS OF THE REACTIONS OF
OTHERS TO SIMILAR EVENTS AND STIMULI.
INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE - INVOLVING
TWO OR MORE ACADEMIC FIELDS.
INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS - AN
ALTERNATIVE TO PRISON; THESE
SANCTIONS INCLUDE FINES, FORFEITURE,
HOME CONFINEMENT, ELECTRONIC
MONITORING, INTENSIVE PROBATION
SUPERVISION, RESTITUTION, COMMUNITY
CORRECTIONS, AND BOOT CAMPS.
INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE (IRS) -
GOVERNMENT AGENCY THAT ENFORCES
VIOLATIONS OF INCOME, EXCISE, STAMP,
AND OTHER TAX LAWS.
INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM - TERRORISM
INVOLVING CITIZENS OR THE TERRITORY OF
MORE THAN ONE COUNTRY.
INTERPERSONAL COERCION - THE USE OF
FORCE, THREAT OF FORCE, OR
INTIMIDATION BY PARENTS, PEERS, OR
SIGNIFICANT OTHERS.
INTERROGATION - THE QUESTIONING OF A
SUSPECT IN POLICE CUSTODY.
INVOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER - A
HOMICIDE THAT OCCURS AS A RESULT OF
ACTS THAT ARE NEGLIGENT AND WITHOUT
REGARD FOR THE HARM THEY MAY CAUSE
OTHERS, SUCH AS DRIVING UNDER THE
INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL OR DRUGS.
JAIL - A PLACE TO DETAIN PEOPLE AWAITING
TRIAL, HOLD DRUNKS AND DISORDERLY
INDIVIDUALS, AND CONFINE CONVICTED
MISDEMEANANTS SERVING SENTENCES OF
LESS THAN ONE YEAR.
JUDGE - THE SENIOR OFFICER IN A COURT
OF CRIMINAL LAW.
JURY ARRAY - THE INITIAL LIST OF PERSONS
CHOSEN, WHICH PROVIDES THE STATE
WITH A GROUP OF CITIZENS POTENTIALLY
CAPABLE OF SERVING ON A JURY; ALSO
CALLED A VENIRE.
JUST DESERT - THE PHILOSOPHY OF
JUSTICE THAT ASSERTS THAT THOSE WHO
VIOLATE THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS DESERVE
TO BE PUNISHED. THE SEVERITY OF
PUNISHMENT SHOULD BE COMMENSURATE
WITH THE SERIOUSNESS OF THE CRIME.
JUSTICE MODEL - A PHILOSOPHY OF
CORRECTIONS THAT STRESSES
DETERMINATE SENTENCES, ABOLITION OF
PAROLE, AND THE VIEW THAT PRISONS ARE
PLACES OF PUNISHMENT AND NOT
REHABILITATION.
JUSTICE OF THE PEACE - ESTABLISHED IN
1326 IN ENGLAND TO ASSIST THE SHIRE
REEVE IN CONTROLLING THE COUNTY,
THESE JUSTICES EVENTUALLY TOOK ON
JUDICIAL FUNCTIONS IN ADDITION TO
BEING PEACEKEEPERS.
JUSTIFICATION - A DEFENSE TO A CRIMINAL
CHARGE IN WHICH THE ACCUSED
MAINTAINS THAT HIS OR HER ACTIONS
WERE JUSTIFIED BY THE CIRCUMSTANCES
AND THEREFORE HE OR SHE SHOULD NOT
BE HELD CRIMINALLY LIABLE.
LABELING THEORY (SOCIAL REACTION
THEORY) - THEORY THAT VIEWS SOCIETY AS
CREATING DEVIANCE THROUGH A SYSTEM
OF SOCIAL CONTROL AGENCIES THAT
DESIGNATE CERTAIN INDIVIDUALS AS
DEVIANTS. THE STIGMATIZED INDIVIDUAL IS
MADE TO FEEL UNWANTED IN THE NORMAL
SOCIAL ORDER. EVENTUALLY, THE
INDIVIDUAL BEGINS TO BELIEVE THAT THE
LABEL IS ACCURATE, ASSUMES IT AS A
PERSONAL IDENTITY, AND ENTERS INTO A
DEVIANT OR CRIMINAL CAREER.
LANDMARK DECISION - A DECISION HANDED
DOWN BY THE SUPREME COURT THAT
BECOMES THE LAW OF THE LAND AND
SERVES AS A PRECEDENT FOR SIMILAR
LEGAL ISSUES.
LARCENY - TAKING FOR ONE’S OWN USE
THE PROPERTY OF ANOTHER, BY MEANS
OTHER THAN FORCE OR THREATS ON THE
VICTIM OR FORCIBLY BREAKING INTO A
PERSON’S HOME OR WORKPLACE; THEFT.
LATENCY - A DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE THAT
BEGINS AT AGE 6. DURING THIS PERIOD,
FEELINGS OF SEXUALITY ARE REPRESSED
UNTIL THE GENITAL STAGE BEGINS AT
PUBERTY; THIS MARKS THE BEGINNING OF
ADULT SEXUALITY.
LATENT DELINQUENCY - A PSYCHOLOGICAL
PREDISPOSITION TO COMMIT ANTISOCIAL
ACTS BECAUSE OF AN ID-DOMINATED
PERSONALITY THAT RENDERS AN
INDIVIDUAL INCAPABLE OF CONTROLLING
IMPULSIVE, PLEASURE-SEEKING DRIVES.
LATENT TRAIT - A STABLE FEATURE,
CHARACTERISTIC, PROPERTY, OR
CONDITION, PRESENT AT BIRTH OR SOON
AFTER, THAT MAKES SOME PEOPLE CRIME
PRONE OVER THE LIFE COURSE.
LATENT TRAIT THEORIES - THEORETICAL
VIEWS THAT CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR IS
CONTROLLED BY A MASTER TRAIT,
PRESENT AT BIRTH OR SOON AFTER, THAT
REMAINS STABLE AND UNCHANGING
THROUGHOUT A PERSON’S LIFETIME.
LAW OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE - JUDICIAL
PRECEDENTS THAT DEFINE AND
GUARANTEE THE RIGHTS OF CRIMINAL
DEFENDANTS AND CONTROL THE VARIOUS
COMPONENTS OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE
SYSTEM.
LAW OF MULTIPLICITY OF EVIDENCE” THE
GREATER NUMBER OF SIMILARITIES OR
DISSIMILARITIES; THE GREATER IS THE
PROBABILITY FOR THE CONCLUSION TO BE
CORRECT.
LEFT REALISM - AN APPROACH THAT VIEWS
CRIME AS A FUNCTION OF RELATIVE
DEPRIVATION UNDER CAPITALISM AND
THAT FAVORS PRAGMATIC, COMMUNITY-
BASED CRIME PREVENTION AND CONTROL.
LEGAL CODE - THE SPECIFIC LAWS THAT
FALL WITHIN THE SCOPE OF CRIMINAL LAW.
LIBERAL FEMINIST THEORY - THEORY
SUGGESTING THAT THE TRADITIONALLY
LOWER CRIME RATE FOR WOMEN CAN BE
EXPLAINED BY THEIR SECOND-CLASS
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL POSITION. AS
WOMEN’S SOCIAL ROLES HAVE CHANGED
AND THEIR LIFESTYLES HAVE BECOME
MORE LIKE THOSE OF MEN, IT IS BELIEVED
THAT THEIR CRIME RATES WILL CONVERGE.
LIFE COURSE PERSISTER - ONE OF THE
SMALL GROUP OF OFFENDERS WHOSE
CRIMINAL CAREER CONTINUES WELL INTO
ADULTHOOD.
LIFE COURSE THEORIES - THEORETICAL
VIEWS STUDYING CHANGES IN CRIMINAL
OFFENDING PATTERNS OVER A PERSON’S
ENTIRE LIFE.
LIFE DOMAINS - ACCORDING TO ROBERT
AGNEW, THE FIVE KEY ELEMENTS THAT
INFLUENCE HUMAN BEHAVIOR INVOLVING
SELF, EDUCATION, WORK, PEERS, AND
FAMILY RELATIONS.
LIFESTYLE THEORY - PEOPLE MAY BECOME
CRIME VICTIMS BECAUSE THEIR LIFESTYLE
INCREASES THEIR EXPOSURE TO CRIMINAL
OFFENDERS.
LINEUP - WITNESSES MAY BE BROUGHT IN
TO VIEW THE SUSPECT IN A GROUP OF
PEOPLE WITH SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS
AND ASKED TO PICK OUT THE SUSPECT.
LUMPEN PROLETARIAT - THE FRINGE
MEMBERS AT THE BOTTOM OF SOCIETY
WHO PRODUCE NOTHING AND LIVE,
PARASITICALLY, OFF THE WORK OF
OTHERS.
MACHIAVELLIAN - MAINTAINING A
PERSONALITY THAT IS CLEVERLY
DECEITFUL AND UNSCRUPULOUS,
CHARACTERIZED BY EXPEDIENCY, DECEIT,
AND CUNNING.
MADAM - A WOMAN WHO EMPLOYS
PROSTITUTES, SUPERVISES THEIR
BEHAVIOR, AND RECEIVES A FEE FOR HER
SERVICES.
MAFIA - A CRIMINAL SOCIETY THAT
ORIGINATED IN SICILY AND IS BELIEVED TO
CONTROL RACKETEERING IN THE UNITED
STATES.
MALA IN SE - ACTS THAT ARE OUTLAWED
BECAUSE THEY VIOLATE BASIC MORAL
VALUES, SUCH AS RAPE, MURDER, ASSAULT,
AND ROBBERY.
MALA PROHIBITUM (MALA PROHIBITA) - ACTS
THAT ARE OUTLAWED BECAUSE THEY
CLASH WITH CURRENT NORMS AND PUBLIC
OPINION, SUCH AS TAX, TRAFFIC, AND DRUG
LAWS.
MALWARE - A MALICIOUS SOFTWARE
PROGRAM.
MANDATORY PRISON TERM - A STATUTORY
REQUIREMENT THAT A CERTAIN PENALTY
SHALL BE SET AND CARRIED OUT IN ALL
CASES ON CONVICTION FOR A SPECIFIED
OFFENSE OR SERIES OF OFFENSES.
MANSLAUGHTER - A HOMICIDE WITHOUT
MALICE.
MARGINAL DETERRENCE - THE CONCEPT
THAT A PENALTY FOR A CRIME MAY PROMPT
COMMISSION OF A MARGINALLY MORE
SEVERE CRIME BECAUSE THAT CRIME
RECEIVES THE SAME MAGNITUDE OF
PUNISHMENT AS THE ORIGINAL ONE.
MARGINALIZATION - DISPLACEMENT OF
WORKERS, PUSHING THEM OUTSIDE THE
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL MAINSTREAM.
MARITAL EXEMPTION - THE PRACTICE IN
SOME STATES OF PROHIBITING THE
PROSECUTION OF HUSBANDS FOR THE
RAPE OF THEIR WIVES.
MARITAL RAPE - FORCIBLE SEX BETWEEN
PEOPLE WHO ARE LEGALLY MARRIED TO
EACH OTHER.
MARK - THE TARGET OF A CON MAN OR
WOMAN.
MARXIST CRIMINOLOGISTS - THAT THE STATE WILL PAY FOR AN
CRIMINOLOGISTS WHO VIEW CRIME AS A
PRODUCT OF THE CAPITALIST SYSTEM.
MARXIST CRIMINOLOGY - THE VIEW THAT
CRIME IS A PRODUCT OF THE CAPITALIST
SYSTEM; ALSO KNOWN AS CRITICAL
CRIMINOLOGY OR RADICAL CRIMINOLOGY.
MARXIST FEMINISM - THE APPROACH THAT
EXPLAINS BOTH VICTIMIZATION AND
CRIMINALITY AMONG WOMEN IN TERMS OF
GENDER INEQUALITY, PATRIARCHY, AND
THE EXPLOITATION OF WOMEN UNDER
CAPITALISM.
MASCULINITY HYPOTHESIS - THE VIEW THAT
WOMEN WHO COMMIT CRIMES HAVE
BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAITS
SIMILAR TO THOSE OF MEN.
MASS MURDER - THE KILLING OF A LARGE
NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN A SINGLE INCIDENT
BY AN OFFENDER WHO TYPICALLY DOES
NOT SEEK CONCEALMENT OR ESCAPE.
MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY - A
CHARACTERISTIC OF A PRE-INDUSTRIAL
SOCIETY, WHICH IS HELD TOGETHER BY
TRADITIONS, SHARED VALUES, AND
UNQUESTIONED BELIEFS.
MENS REA - “GUILTY MIND.” THE MENTAL
ELEMENT OF A CRIME OR THE INTENT TO
COMMIT A CRIMINAL ACT.
META-ANALYSIS - A RESEARCH TECHNIQUE
THAT USES THE GROUPED DATA FROM
SEVERAL DIFFERENT STUDIES.
MIDDLE-CLASS MEASURING RODS -
ACCORDING TO ALBERT COHEN, THE
STANDARDS BY WHICH TEACHERS AND
OTHER REPRESENTATIVES OF STATE
AUTHORITY EVALUATE LOWER-CLASS
YOUTHS. BECAUSE THEY CANNOT LIVE UP
TO MIDDLE-CLASS STANDARDS, LOWER-
CLASS YOUTHS ARE BOUND FOR FAILURE,
WHICH GIVES RISE TO FRUSTRATION AND
ANGER AT CONVENTIONAL SOCIETY.
MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY
INVENTORY (MMPI) - A WIDELY USED
PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST THAT HAS
SUBSCALES DESIGNED TO MEASURE MANY
DIFFERENT PERSONALITY TRAITS,
INCLUDING PSYCHOPATHIC DEVIATION (PD
SCALE), SCHIZOPHRENIA (SC SCALE), AND
HYPOMANIA (MA SCALE).
MIRANDA WARNING - THE RESULT OF TWO
U.S. SUPREME COURT DECISIONS
(ESCOBEDO VS. ILLINOIS [378 U.S. 478] AND
MIRANDA V. ARIZONA [384 U.S. 436]) THAT
REQUIRE POLICE OFFICERS TO INFORM
INDIVIDUALS UNDER ARREST OF THEIR
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO REMAIN SILENT
AND TO KNOW THAT THEIR STATEMENTS
CAN LATER BE USED AGAINST THEM IN
COURT, THAT THEY CAN HAVE AN
ATTORNEY PRESENT TO HELP THEM, AND
ATTORNEY IF THEY CANNOT AFFORD TO
HIRE ONE. ALTHOUGH AIMED AT
PROTECTING AN INDIVIDUAL DURING IN-
CUSTODY INTERROGATION, THE WARNING
MUST ALSO BE GIVEN WHEN THE
INVESTIGATION SHIFTS FROM THE
INVESTIGATORY TO THE ACCUSATORY
STAGE—THAT IS, WHEN SUSPICION BEGINS
TO FOCUS ON AN INDIVIDUAL.
MISSION HATE CRIMES - VIOLENT CRIMES
COMMITTED BY DISTURBED INDIVIDUALS
WHO SEE IT AS THEIR DUTY TO RID THE
WORLD OF EVIL.
MISSOURI PLAN - A WAY OF PICKING JUDGES
THROUGH NONPARTISAN ELECTIONS AS A
MEANS OF ENSURING JUDICIAL
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS.
MODUS OPERANDI (MO) - THE WORKING
METHODS OF PARTICULAR OFFENDERS.
MONETARY RESTITUTION - A SANCTION
REQUIRING THAT CONVICTED OFFENDERS
COMPENSATE CRIME VICTIMS BY
REIMBURSING THEM FOR OUT-OF POCKET
LOSSES CAUSED BY THE CRIME. LOSSES
CAN INCLUDE PROPERTY DAMAGE, LOST
WAGES, AND MEDICAL COSTS.
MORAL CRUSADERS - PEOPLE WHO STRIVE
TO STAMP OUT BEHAVIOR THEY FIND
OBJECTIONABLE. TYPICALLY, MORAL
CRUSADERS ARE DIRECTED AT PUBLIC
ORDER CRIMES, SUCH AS DRUG ABUSE OR
PORNOGRAPHY.
MORAL DEVELOPMENT - THE WAY PEOPLE NATIONAL INCIDENT-BASED REPORTING
MORALLY REPRESENT AND REASON ABOUT SYSTEM (NIBRS) - A PROGRAM THAT
THE WORLD. REQUIRES LOCAL POLICE AGENCIES TO
PROVIDE A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF EACH
MORAL ENTREPRENEURS - INTEREST INCIDENT AND ARREST WITHIN 22 CRIME
GROUPS THAT ATTEMPT TO CONTROL PATTERNS, INCLUDING INCIDENT, VICTIM,
SOCIAL LIFE AND THE LEGAL ORDER IN AND OFFENDER INFORMATION.
SUCH A WAY AS TO PROMOTE THEIR OWN
PERSONAL SET OF MORAL VALUES. PEOPLE NATURE THEORY - THE VIEW THAT
WHO USE THEIR INFLUENCE TO SHAPE THE INTELLIGENCE IS LARGELY DETERMINED
LEGAL PROCESS IN WAYS THEY SEE FIT. GENETICALLY AND THAT LOW
INTELLIGENCE IS LINKED TO CRIMINAL
MORALS SQUAD - PLAINCLOTHES POLICE BEHAVIOR.
OFFICERS OR DETECTIVES SPECIALIZING IN
VICTIMLESS CRIMES SUCH AS NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE STATES - ACCORDING
PROSTITUTION OR GAMBLING. TO ROBERT AGNEW, ANGER, DEPRESSION,
DISAPPOINTMENT, FEAR, AND OTHER
MOSAIC CODE - THE LAWS OF THE ANCIENT ADVERSE EMOTIONS THAT DERIVE FROM
ISRAELITES, FOUND IN THE OLD STRAIN.
TESTAMENT OF THE JUDEO-CHRISTIAN
BIBLE. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT - USING EITHER
NEGATIVE STIMULI (PUNISHMENT) OR LOSS
MOTIVATED OFFENDERS - THE POTENTIAL OF REWARD (NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT) TO
OFFENDERS IN A POPULATION. CURTAIL UNWANTED BEHAVIORS.
ACCORDING TO RATIONAL CHOICE
THEORY, CRIME RATES WILL VARY NEGLECT - NOT PROVIDING A CHILD WITH
ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF THE CARE AND SHELTER TO WHICH HE OR
MOTIVATED OFFENDERS. SHE IS ENTITLED.

MUG SHOTS (MUGGING) - PICTURES OF NEGLIGENT MANSLAUGHTER - A HOMICIDE

OFFENDERS THAT CAN BE VIEWED BY
VICTIMS IN AN ATTEMPT TO IDENTIFY THE
PERPETRATOR.
MULTIDIMENSIONAL PERSONALITY
QUESTIONNAIRE (MPQ) - A TEST THAT
ALLOWS RESEARCHERS TO ASSESS SUCH
PERSONALITY TRAITS AS CONTROL,
AGGRESSION, ALIENATION, AND
WELLBEING. EVALUATIONS USING THIS
SCALE INDICATE THAT ADOLESCENT
OFFENDERS WHO ARE CRIME PRONE
MAINTAIN NEGATIVE EMOTIONALITY, A
TENDENCY TO EXPERIENCE AVERSIVE
AFFECTIVE STATES SUCH AS ANGER,
ANXIETY, AND IRRITABILITY.
MURDER - THE UNLAWFUL KILLING OF A
HUMAN BEING (HOMICIDE) WITH MALICIOUS
INTENT.
NAIVE CHECK FORGERS - AMATEURS WHO
CASH BAD CHECKS BECAUSE OF SOME
FINANCIAL CRISIS BUT HAVE LITTLE
IDENTIFICATION WITH A CRIMINAL
SUBCULTURE.
NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY DISORDER - A
CONDITION MARKED BY A PERSISTENT
PATTERN OF SELF-IMPORTANCE, NEED FOR
ADMIRATION, LACK OF EMPATHY, AND
PREOCCUPATION WITH FANTASIES OF
UNLIMITED SUCCESS, POWER, BRILLIANCE,
BEAUTY, OR IDEAL LOVE.
THAT OCCURS AS A RESULT OF ACTS THAT
ARE NEGLIGENT AND WITHOUT REGARD
FOR THE HARM THEY MAY CAUSE OTHERS,
SUCH AS DRIVING UNDER THE, INFLUENCE
OF ALCOHOL OR DRUGS; ALSO CALLED
INVOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER.
NEO CORTEX - A PART OF THE HUMAN
BRAIN; THE LEFT SIDE OF THE NEO CORTEX
CONTROLS SYMPATHETIC FEELINGS
TOWARD OTHERS.
NETWORKS - WHEN REFERRING TO
TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS, NETWORKS
ARE LOOSELY ORGANIZED GROUPS
LOCATED IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE
CITY, STATE, OR COUNTRY (OR WORLD)
THAT SHARE A COMMON THEME OR
PURPOSE, BUT HAVE A DIVERSE
LEADERSHIP AND COMMAND STRUCTURE
AND ARE ONLY IN INTERMITTENT
COMMUNICATION WITH ONE ANOTHER.
NEUROALLERGIES - ALLERGIES THAT
AFFECT THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND CAUSE
THE ALLERGIC PERSON TO PRODUCE
ENZYMES THAT ATTACK WHOLESOME
FOODS AS IF THEY WERE DANGEROUS TO
THE BODY. THEY MAY ALSO CAUSE
SWELLING OF THE BRAIN AND PRODUCE
SENSITIVITY IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM—CONDITIONS THAT ARE LINKED TO
MENTAL, EMOTIONAL, AND BEHAVIORAL
PROBLEMS.

NATIONAL CRIME VICTIMIZATION SURVEY NEUROPHYSIOLOGY - THE STUDY OF BRAIN

(NCVS) - THE ONGOING VICTIMIZATION ACTIVITY.
STUDY CONDUCTED JOINTLY BY THE
JUSTICE DEPARTMENT AND THE U.S. NEUTRALIZATION THEORY -
CENSUS BUREAU THAT SURVEYS VICTIMS NEUTRALIZATION THEORY HOLDS THAT
ABOUT THEIR EXPERIENCES WITH LAW OFFENDERS ADHERE TO CONVENTIONAL
VIOLATION. VALUES WHILE “DRIFTING” INTO PERIODS
OF ILLEGAL BEHAVIOR. IN ORDER TO DRIFT,
PEOPLE MUST FIRST OVERCOME
(NEUTRALIZE) LEGAL AND MORAL VALUES.
NEW GENERATION JAILS - JAILS THAT
ALLOW FOR CONTINUOUS OBSERVATION
OF RESIDENTS. THERE ARE TWO TYPES:
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SUPERVISION.
NOLLE PROSEQUI - THE TERM USED WHEN A
PROSECUTOR DECIDES TO DROP A CASE
AFTER A COMPLAINT HAS BEEN FORMALLY
MADE. REASONS FOR A NOLLE PROSEQUI
INCLUDE INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE,
RELUCTANCE OF WITNESSES TO TESTIFY,
POLICE ERROR, AND OFFICE POLICY.
NONINTERVENTION MODEL - THE VIEW THAT
ARRESTING AND LABELING OFFENDERS
DOES MORE HARM THAN GOOD THAT
YOUTHFUL OFFENDERS IN PARTICULAR
SHOULD BE DIVERTED INTO INFORMAL
TREATMENT PROGRAMS, AND THAT MINOR
OFFENSES SHOULD BE DECRIMINALIZED.
NON-NEGLIGENT MANSLAUGHTER - A
HOMICIDE COMMITTED IN THE HEAT OF
PASSION OR DURING A SUDDEN QUARREL;
ALTHOUGH INTENT MAY BE PRESENT,
MALICE IS NOT; ALSO CALLED VOLUNTARY
MANSLAUGHTER.
NORMATIVE GROUPS - GROUPS, SUCH AS
THE HIGH SCHOOL IN-CROWD, THAT
CONFORM TO THE SOCIAL RULES OF
SOCIETY.
NURTURE THEORY - THE VIEW THAT
INTELLIGENCE IS NOT INHERITED BUT IS
LARGELY A PRODUCT OF ENVIRONMENT.
LOW IQ SCORES DO NOT CAUSE CRIME BUT
MAY RESULT FROM THE SAME
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.
OBSCENITY - ACCORDING TO CURRENT
LEGAL THEORY, SEXUALLY EXPLICIT
MATERIAL THAT LACKS A SERIOUS
PURPOSE AND APPEALS SOLELY TO THE
PRURIENT INTEREST OF THE VIEWER. WHILE
NUDITY PER SE IS NOT USUALLY
CONSIDERED OBSCENE, OPEN SEXUAL
BEHAVIOR, MASTURBATION, AND
EXHIBITION OF THE GENITALS IS BANNED IN
MOST COMMUNITIES.
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER - AN
EXTREME PREOCCUPATION WITH CERTAIN
THOUGHTS AND COMPULSIVE
PERFORMANCE OF CERTAIN BEHAVIORS.
OCCASIONAL CRIMINALS - OFFENDERS
WHO DO NOT DEFINE THEMSELVES BY A
CRIMINAL ROLE OR VIEW THEMSELVES AS
COMMITTED CAREER CRIMINALS.
OEDIPUS COMPLEX - A STAGE OF
DEVELOPMENT WHEN MALES BEGIN TO
HAVE SEXUAL FEELINGS FOR THEIR
MOTHERS.
OFFENDER CLASSIFICATION - IF THE
OFFENDER IS PLACED ON PROBATION, THE
DEPARTMENT DIAGNOSES HIS OR HER
PERSONALITY AND TREATMENT NEEDS;
OFFENDERS CLASSIFIED AS MINIMAL RISKS
WILL BE GIVEN LITTLE SUPERVISION,
PERHAPS A MONTHLY PHONE CALL OR
VISIT, WHEREAS THOSE CLASSIFIED AS
HIGH RISK WILL RECEIVE CLOSE
SUPERVISION AND INTENSIVE CARE AND
TREATMENT.
OFFENDER-SPECIFIC CRIME - THE IDEA THAT
OFFENDERS EVALUATE THEIR SKILLS,
MOTIVES, NEEDS, AND FEARS BEFORE
DECIDING TO COMMIT CRIME.
OFFENSE-SPECIFIC CRIME - THE IDEA THAT
OFFENDERS REACT SELECTIVELY TO THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICULAR
CRIMES.
ORAL STAGE - IN FREUD’S SCHEMA, THE
FIRST YEAR OF LIFE, WHEN A CHILD ATTAINS
PLEASURE BY SUCKING AND BITING.
ORDEAL - BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF
DIVINE INTERVENTION AND THE THEN-
PREVALENT BELIEF THAT DIVINE FORCES
WOULD NOT ALLOW AN INNOCENT PERSON
TO BE HARMED, THIS WAS A WAY OF
DETERMINING GUILT INVOLVING SUCH
MEASURES AS HAVING THE ACCUSED
PLACE HIS OR HER HAND IN BOILING WATER
OR HOLD A HOT IRON TO SEE IF GOD
WOULD INTERVENE AND HEAL THE
WOUNDS. IF THE WOUND HEALED, THE
PERSON WAS FOUND NOT GUILTY;
CONVERSELY, IF THE WOUND DID NOT
HEAL, THE ACCUSED WAS DEEMED GUILTY
OF THE CRIME FOR WHICH HE OR SHE WAS
BEING PUNISHED.
ORGANIC SOLIDARITY - POSTINDUSTRIAL
SOCIAL SYSTEMS, WHICH ARE HIGHLY
DEVELOPED AND DEPENDENT UPON THE
DIVISION OF LABOR; PEOPLE ARE
CONNECTED BY THEIR INTERDEPENDENT
NEEDS FOR ONE ANOTHER’S SERVICES
AND PRODUCTION.
ORGANIZATIONAL CRIME - CRIME THAT
INVOLVES LARGE CORPORATIONS AND
THEIR EFFORTS TO CONTROL THE
MARKETPLACE AND EARN HUGE PROFITS
THROUGH UNLAWFUL BIDDING, UNFAIR
ADVERTISING, MONOPOLISTIC PRACTICES,
OR OTHER ILLEGAL MEANS.
OVERT PATHWAY - PATHWAY TO A CRIMINAL
CAREER THAT BEGINS WITH MINOR
AGGRESSION, LEADS TO PHYSICAL
FIGHTING, AND EVENTUALLY ESCALATES
TO VIOLENT CRIME.
PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENICS - INDIVIDUALS
WHO SUFFER COMPLEX BEHAVIOR
DELUSIONS INVOLVING WRONGDOING OR
PERSECUTION—THEY THINK EVERYONE IS
OUT TO GET THEM.
PARAPHILIAS - BIZARRE OR ABNORMAL
SEXUAL PRACTICES THAT MAY INVOLVE
RECURRENT SEXUAL URGES FOCUSED ON
OBJECTS, HUMILIATION, OR CHILDREN.
PARENTAL EFFICACY - PARENTING THAT IS PROMOTION OF A PRODUCT OR SERVICE,
SUPPORTIVE, EFFECTIVE, AND NON SUCH GIVING RADIO DISC JOCKEYS
COERCIVE. PAYMENTS TO PLAY SONGS.

PAROLE - THE EARLY RELEASE OF A PEACEMAKING - AN APPROACH THAT

PRISONER SUBJECT TO CONDITIONS SET CONSIDERS PUNITIVE CRIME CONTROL
BY A PAROLE BOARD. DEPENDING ON THE STRATEGIES TO BE COUNTERPRODUCTIVE
JURISDICTION, INMATES MUST SERVE A AND FAVORS THE USE OF HUMANISTIC
CERTAIN PROPORTION OF THEIR CONFLICT RESOLUTION TO PREVENT AND
SENTENCES BEFORE BECOMING ELIGIBLE CONTROL CRIME.
FOR PAROLE. IF AN INMATE IS GRANTED
PAROLE, THE CONDITIONS MAY REQUIRE PEDOPHILES - SEXUAL OFFENDERS WHO
HIM OR HER TO REPORT REGULARLY TO A TARGET CHILDREN.
PAROLE OFFICER, REFRAIN FROM
CRIMINAL CONDUCT, MAINTAIN AND PENITENTIARY - STATE OR FEDERALLY
SUPPORT HIS OR HER FAMILY, AVOID OPERATED FACILITY FOR THE
CONTACT WITH OTHER CONVICTED INCARCERATION OF FELONY OFFENDERS
CRIMINALS, ABSTAIN FROM USING SENTENCED BY THE CRIMINAL COURTS;
ALCOHOL AND DRUGS, REMAIN WITHIN THE PRISON.
JURISDICTION, AND SO ON. VIOLATIONS OF
THE CONDITIONS OF PAROLE MAY RESULT PENOLOGY - AN ASPECT OF CRIMINOLOGY
IN REVOCATION OF PAROLE, IN WHICH THAT OVERLAPS WITH CRIMINAL JUSTICE;
CASE THE INDIVIDUAL WILL BE RETURNED PENOLOGY INVOLVES THE CORRECTION
TO PRISON. THE CONCEPT BEHIND PAROLE AND CONTROL OF KNOWN CRIMINAL
IS TO ALLOW THE RELEASE OF THE OFFENDERS.
OFFENDER TO COMMUNITY SUPERVISION,
WHERE REHABILITATION AND PEREMPTORY CHALLENGE - THE DISMISSAL
READJUSTMENT WILL BE FACILITATED. OF A POTENTIAL JUROR BY EITHER THE
PROSECUTION OR THE DEFENSE FOR
PAROLE GRANT HEARING - A MEETING OF UNEXPLAINED, DISCRETIONARY REASONS.
THE FULL PAROLE BOARD OR A
SUBCOMMITTEE THAT REVIEWS PERMEABLE NEIGHBORHOOD - AREAS WITH
INFORMATION, MAY MEET WITH THE A GREATER THAN USUAL NUMBER OF
OFFENDER, AND THEN DECIDES WHETHER ACCESS STREETS FROM TRAFFIC ARTERIES
THE PAROLE APPLICANT HAS A INTO THE NEIGHBORHOOD.
REASONABLE CHANCE OF SUCCEEDING
OUTSIDE PRISON. GOOD TIME CREDITS PERSISTENCE - THE IDEA THAT THOSE WHO
REDUCE THE MINIMUM SENTENCE AND STARTED THEIR DELINQUENT CAREERS
HASTEN ELIGIBILITY FOR PAROLE. IN EARLY AND WHO COMMITTED SERIOUS
MAKING ITS DECISION, THE BOARD VIOLENT CRIMES THROUGHOUT
CONSIDERS THE INMATE’S OFFENSE, TIME ADOLESCENCE WERE THE MOST LIKELY TO
SERVED, EVIDENCE OF ADJUSTMENT, AND PERSIST AS ADULTS.
OPPORTUNITIES ON THE OUTSIDE.
PERSONALITY - THE REASONABLY STABLE
PART I CRIMES - ANOTHER TERM FOR INDEX PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR, INCLUDING
CRIMES; EIGHT CATEGORIES OF SERIOUS, THOUGHTS AND EMOTIONS THAT
FREQUENT CRIMES. DISTINGUISH ONE PERSON FROM
ANOTHER.
PART II CRIMES - ALL CRIMES OTHER THAN
INDEX AND MINOR TRAFFIC OFFENSES. THE PETIT (PETTY) LARCENY - THEFT OF A SMALL
FBI RECORDS ANNUAL ARREST AMOUNT OF MONEY OR PROPERTY,
INFORMATION FOR PART II OFFENSES. PUNISHED AS A MISDEMEANOR.

PASSIVE PRECIPITATION - THE VIEW THAT
SOME PEOPLE BECOME VICTIMS BECAUSE
OF PERSONAL AND SOCIAL
CHARACTERISTICS THAT MAKE THEM
ATTRACTIVE TARGETS FOR PREDATORY
CRIMINALS.
PATERNALISTIC FAMILIES - TRADITIONAL
FAMILY MODEL IN WHICH FATHERS ASSUME
THE ROLE OF BREADWINNERS, WHILE
MOTHERS TEND TO HAVE MENIAL JOBS OR
REMAIN AT HOME TO SUPERVISE DOMESTIC
MATTERS.
PHALLIC STAGE - IN FREUD’S SCHEMA, THE
THIRD YEAR, WHEN CHILDREN FOCUS THEIR
ATTENTION ON THEIR GENITALS.
PHISHING - SOMETIMES CALLED CARDING
OR BRAND SPOOFING, PHISHING IS A SCAM
WHERE THE PERPETRATOR SENDS OUT E-
MAILS APPEARING TO COME FROM
LEGITIMATE WEB ENTERPRISES SUCH AS
EBAY, AMAZON, PAYPAL, AND AMERICA
ONLINE IN AN EFFORT TO GET THE
RECIPIENT TO REVEAL PERSONAL AND
FINANCIAL INFORMATION.

PATRIARCHY - A SOCIETY IN WHICH MEN PHRENOLOGIST - A SCIENTIST WHO

DOMINATE PUBLIC, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, STUDIED THE SHAPE OF THE SKULL AND
AND POLITICAL AFFAIRS. BUMPS ON THE HEAD TO DETERMINE
WHETHER THESE PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES
PAYOLA - BRIBERY OF AN INFLUENTIAL ARE LINKED TO CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR;
PERSON IN EXCHANGE FOR THE PHRENOLOGISTS BELIEVED THAT
EXTERNAL CRANIAL CHARACTERISTICS SUPPLEMENTED THEIR DIET AND INCOME
DICTATE WHICH AREAS OF THE BRAIN WITH GAME THAT BELONGED TO A
CONTROL PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. LANDLORD.

PHYSIOGNOMIST - A SCIENTIST WHO POLITICAL CRIME - ILLEGAL ACTS THAT ARE

STUDIED THE FACIAL FEATURES OF DESIGNED TO UNDERMINE AN EXISTING
CRIMINALS TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE GOVERNMENT AND THREATEN ITS
SHAPE OF EARS, NOSE, AND EYES AND THE SURVIVAL. POLITICAL CRIMES CAN INCLUDE
DISTANCE BETWEEN THEM ARE BOTH VIOLENT AND NONVIOLENT ACTS
ASSOCIATED WITH ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR. AND RANGE IN SERIOUSNESS FROM
DISSENT, TREASON, AND ESPIONAGE TO
PIGEON DROP - A CON GAME IN WHICH A VIOLENT ACTS SUCH AS TERRORISM OR
PACKAGE OR WALLET CONTAINING MONEY ASSASSINATION.
IS “FOUND” BY A CON MAN OR WOMAN. A
PASSING VICTIM IS STOPPED AND ASKED POOR LAWS - LAWS FIRST APPEARING IN
FOR ADVICE ABOUT WHAT TO DO, AND ENGLAND DURING THE EARLY
SOON ANOTHER “STRANGER,” WHO IS PART SEVENTEENTH CENTURY THAT REQUIRED
OF THE CON, APPROACHES AND ENTERS THAT THE POOR, VAGRANTS, AND
THE DISCUSSION. THE THREE DECIDE TO VAGABONDS BE PUT TO WORK IN PUBLIC
SPLIT THE MONEY; BUT FIRST, ONE OF THE OR PRIVATE ENTERPRISE UNDER
SWINDLERS GOES OFF TO CONSULT A SUPERVISION OF A STATE APPOINTED
LAWYER. THE LAWYER CLAIMS THE MONEY MASTER.
CAN BE SPLIT UP, BUT EACH PARTY MUST
PROVE HE OR SHE HAS THE MEANS TO POPULATION - ALL PEOPLE WHO SHARE A
REIMBURSE THE ORIGINAL OWNER, PARTICULAR PERSONAL CHARACTERISTIC,
SHOULD ONE SHOW UP. THE VICTIM THEN IS SUCH AS ALL HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OR
ASKED TO GIVE SOME GOOD-FAITH MONEY ALL POLICE OFFICERS.
FOR THE LAWYER TO HOLD. WHEN THE
VICTIM GOES TO THE LAWYER’S OFFICE TO PORNOGRAPHY - SEXUALLY EXPLICIT
PICK UP A SHARE OF THE LOOT, HE OR SHE BOOKS, MAGAZINES, FILMS, OR TAPES
FINDS THE ADDRESS BOGUS AND THE INTENDED TO PROVIDE SEXUAL
MONEY GONE. IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM, TITILLATION AND EXCITEMENT FOR PAYING
THE PIGEON DROP HAS BEEN CUSTOMERS.
APPROPRIATED BY CORRUPT
TELEMARKETERS, WHO CONTACT POSITIVISM - THE BRANCH OF SOCIAL
TYPICALLY ELDERLY VICTIMS OVER THE SCIENCE THAT USES THE SCIENTIFIC
PHONE TO BILK THEM OUT OF THEIR METHOD OF THE NATURAL SCIENCES AND
SAVINGS. SUGGESTS THAT HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS A
PRODUCT OF SOCIAL, BIOLOGICAL,
PILFERAGE - THEFT BY EMPLOYEES PSYCHOLOGICAL, OR ECONOMIC FORCES.
THROUGH STEALTH OR DECEPTION.
POST-MODERNIST - APPROACH THAT
PLEA BARGAINING - THE DISCUSSION FOCUSES ON THE USE OF LANGUAGE BY
BETWEEN THE DEFENSE COUNSEL AND THOSE IN POWER TO DEFINE CRIME BASED
THE PROSECUTION BY WHICH THE ON THEIR OWN VALUES AND BIASES; ALSO
ACCUSED AGREES TO PLEAD GUILTY FOR CALLED DECONSTRUCTIONIST.
CERTAIN CONSIDERATIONS. THE
ADVANTAGE TO THE DEFENDANT MAY BE A POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
REDUCTION OF THE CHARGES, A LENIENT (PTSD) - PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTION TO A
SENTENCE, OR (IN THE CASE OF MULTIPLE HIGHLY STRESSFUL EVENT; SYMPTOMS MAY
CHARGES) DROPPED CHARGES. THE INCLUDE DEPRESSION, ANXIETY,
ADVANTAGE TO THE PROSECUTION IS THAT FLASHBACKS, AND RECURRING
A CONVICTION IS OBTAINED WITHOUT THE NIGHTMARES.
TIME AND EXPENSE OF LENGTHY TRIAL
PROCEEDINGS. POWER - THE ABILITY OF PEOPLE AND
GROUPS TO CONTROL THE BEHAVIOR OF
PLEASURE PRINCIPLE - ACCORDING TO OTHERS, TO SHAPE PUBLIC OPINION, AND
FREUD, A THEORY IN WHICH ID-DOMINATED TO DEFINE DEVIANCE.
PEOPLE ARE DRIVEN TO INCREASE THEIR
PERSONAL PLEASURE WITHOUT REGARD POWER–CONTROL THEORY - THE VIEW
TO CONSEQUENCES. THAT GENDER DIFFERENCES IN CRIME ARE
A FUNCTION OF ECONOMIC POWER (CLASS
PLEDGE SYSTEM - AN EARLY METHOD OF POSITION, ONE-EARNER CONTROL
LAW ENFORCEMENT THAT RELIED ON SELF- (PATERNALISTIC VERSUS EGALITARIAN
HELP AND MUTUAL AID. FAMILIES).

PLUNDER - USING POWER WITHOUT PRECEDENT - A RULE DERIVED FROM

REGARD FOR OTHERS, SUCH AS PREVIOUS JUDICIAL DECISIONS AND
COMMITTING A HATE CRIME OR POLLUTING APPLIED TO FUTURE CASES; THE BASIS OF
THE ENVIRONMENT. COMMON LAW.

POACHERS - EARLY ENGLISH THIEVES WHO PREDATION - DIRECT FORMS OF PHYSICAL

TYPICALLY LIVED IN THE COUNTRY AND VIOLENCE, SUCH AS ROBBERY, SEXUAL
ASSAULT, OR OTHER FORMS OF PHYSICAL
VIOLENCE.
PRE-EMPTIVE DETERRENCE - EFFORTS TO
PREVENT CRIME THROUGH COMMUNITY
ORGANIZATION AND YOUTH INVOLVEMENT.
PRELIMINARY HEARINGS - THE STEP AT
WHICH CRIMINAL CHARGES INITIATED BY AN
INFORMATION ARE TESTED FOR PROBABLE
CAUSE; THE PROSECUTION PRESENTS
ENOUGH EVIDENCE TO ESTABLISH
PROBABLE CAUSE—THAT IS, A PRIMA FACIE
CASE. THE HEARING IS PUBLIC AND MAY BE
ATTENDED BY THE ACCUSED AND HIS OR
HER ATTORNEY.
PREMEDITATION - CONSIDERATION OF A
HOMICIDE BEFORE IT OCCURS.
PRE-MENSTRUAL SYNDROME (PMS) - THE
STEREOTYPE THAT SEVERAL DAYS PRIOR
TO AND DURING MENSTRUATION FEMALES
ARE BESET BY IRRITABILITY AND POOR
JUDGMENT AS A RESULT OF HORMONAL
CHANGES.
PRE-SENTENCING INVESTIGATION - AN
INVESTIGATION PERFORMED BY A
PROBATION OFFICER ATTACHED TO A TRIAL
COURT AFTER THE CONVICTION OF A
DEFENDANT. THE REPORT CONTAINS
INFORMATION ABOUT THE DEFENDANT’S
BACKGROUND, EDUCATION, PREVIOUS
EMPLOYMENT, AND FAMILY; HIS OR HER
OWN STATEMENT CONCERNING THE
OFFENSE; THE PERSON’S PRIOR CRIMINAL
RECORD; INTERVIEWS WITH NEIGHBORS OR
ACQUAINTANCES; AND HIS OR HER MENTAL
AND PHYSICAL CONDITION (THAT IS,
INFORMATION THAT WOULD NOT BE MADE
PART OF THE RECORD IN THE CASE OF A
GUILTY PLEA OR THAT WOULD BE
INADMISSIBLE AS EVIDENCE AT A TRIAL BUT
COULD BE INFLUENTIAL AND IMPORTANT
AT THE SENTENCING STAGE). AFTER
CONVICTION, A JUDGE SETS A DATE FOR
SENTENCING (USUALLY 10 DAYS TO TWO
WEEKS FROM THE DATE OF CONVICTION),
DURING WHICH TIME THE PRESENTENCE
REPORT IS MADE. THE REPORT IS REQUIRED
IN FELONY CASES IN FEDERAL COURTS AND
IN MANY STATES, IS OPTIONAL WITH THE
JUDGE IN SOME STATES, AND IN OTHERS IS
MANDATORY BEFORE CONVICTED
OFFENDERS CAN BE PLACED ON
PROBATION. IN THE CASE OF JUVENILE
OFFENDERS, THE PRESENTENCE REPORT
IS ALSO KNOWN AS A SOCIAL HISTORY
REPORT.
PREVENTIVE DETENTION - THE PRACTICE OF
HOLDING DANGEROUS SUSPECTS BEFORE
TRIAL WITHOUT BAIL.
PRICE FIXING - A CONSPIRACY TO SET AND
CONTROL THE PRICE OF A NECESSARY
COMMODITY.
PRIMARY DEVIANCE - ACCORDING TO EDWIN
M. LEMERT, DEVIANT ACTS THAT DO NOT
HELP REDEFINE THE SELF-IMAGE AND
PUBLIC IMAGE OF THE OFFENDER.
PRIMARY PREVENTION PROGRAMS -
TREATMENT PROGRAMS THAT SEEK TO
CORRECT OR REMEDY PERSONAL
PROBLEMS BEFORE THEY MANIFEST
THEMSELVES AS CRIME.
PRISON - A STATE OR FEDERAL
CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION FOR
INCARCERATION OF FELONY OFFENDERS
FOR TERMS OF ONE YEAR OR MORE.
PRISONIZATION PROCESS - THE INMATE’S
ASSIMILATION INTO THE PRISON CULTURE
THROUGH ACCEPTANCE OF ITS LANGUAGE,
SEXUAL CODE, AND NORMS OF BEHAVIOR.
THOSE WHO BECOME THE MOST
PRISONIZED WILL BE THE LEAST LIKELY TO
REFORM ON THE OUTSIDE.
PRO-ACTIVE POLICING - AN AGGRESSIVE
LAW ENFORCEMENT STYLE IN WHICH
PATROL OFFICERS TAKE THE INITIATIVE
AGAINST CRIME INSTEAD OF WAITING FOR
CRIMINAL ACTS TO OCCUR. FOR EXAMPLE,
THEY STOP MOTOR VEHICLES TO ISSUE
CITATIONS AND AGGRESSIVELY ARREST
AND DETAIN SUSPICIOUS PERSONS.
PROBABLE CAUSE - THE EVIDENTIARY
CRITERION NECESSARY TO SUSTAIN AN
ARREST OR THE ISSUANCE OF AN ARREST
OR SEARCH WARRANT; LESS THAN
ABSOLUTE CERTAINTY OR “BEYOND A
REASONABLE DOUBT” BUT GREATER THAN
MERE SUSPICION OR HUNCH. A SET OF
FACTS, INFORMATION, CIRCUMSTANCES,
OR CONDITIONS THAT WOULD LEAD A
REASONABLE PERSON TO BELIEVE THAT AN
OFFENSE WAS COMMITTED AND THAT THE
ACCUSED COMMITTED THAT OFFENSE. AN
ARREST MADE WITHOUT PROBABLE CAUSE
MAY BE SUSCEPTIBLE TO PROSECUTION AS
AN ILLEGAL ARREST UNDER FALSE
IMPRISONMENT STATUTES.
PROBABLE CAUSE HEARING - A HEARING TO
DETERMINE IF THERE IS SUFFICIENT
EVIDENCE TO WARRANT A TRIAL; ALSO
CALLED A PRELIMINARY HEARING.
PROBATION - A SENTENCE ENTAILING THE
CONDITIONAL RELEASE OF A CONVICTED
OFFENDER INTO THE COMMUNITY UNDER
THE SUPERVISION OF THE COURT (IN THE
FORM OF A PROBATION OFFICER), SUBJECT
TO CERTAIN CONDITIONS FOR A SPECIFIED
TIME. THE CONDITIONS ARE USUALLY
SIMILAR TO THOSE OF PAROLE.
(PROBATION IS A SENTENCE, AN
ALTERNATIVE TO INCARCERATION; PAROLE
IS ADMINISTRATIVE RELEASE FROM
INCARCERATION.) VIOLATION OF THE
CONDITIONS OF PROBATION MAY RESULT
IN REVOCATION OF PROBATION.
PROBLEM BEHAVIOR SYNDROME (PBS) - A
CLUSTER OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIORS THAT
MAY INCLUDE FAMILY DYSFUNCTION,
SUBSTANCE ABUSE, SMOKING,
PRECOCIOUS SEXUALITY AND EARLY
PREGNANCY, EDUCATIONAL
UNDERACHIEVEMENT, SUICIDE ATTEMPTS,
SENSATION SEEKING, AND
UNEMPLOYMENT, AS WELL AS CRIME. PSYCHOPATHIC PERSONALITY - A
PERSONALITY CHARACTERIZED BY A LACK
PROBLEM-ORIENTED POLICING (POP) - A OF WARMTH AND FEELING, INAPPROPRIATE
STYLE OF POLICE MANAGEMENT THAT BEHAVIOR RESPONSES, AND AN INABILITY
STRESSES PROACTIVE PROBLEM SOLVING TO LEARN FROM EXPERIENCE. SOME
RATHER THAN REACTIVE CRIME FIGHTING. PSYCHOLOGISTS VIEW PSYCHOPATHY AS A
RESULT OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA; OTHERS
PRODUCTIVE FORCES - TECHNOLOGY, SEE IT AS A RESULT OF BIOLOGICAL
ENERGY SOURCES, AND MATERIAL ABNORMALITY.
RESOURCES.
PSYCHOSIS - A MENTAL STATE IN WHICH THE
PRODUCTIVE RELATIONS - THE GENERAL WELL-BEING OF SOCIETY AND
RELATIONSHIPS THAT EXIST AMONG THE CHALLENGE ITS ACCEPTED MORAL
PEOPLE PRODUCING GOODS AND PRINCIPLES. PROSTITUTION, DRUG USE,
SERVICES. AND THE SALE OF PORNOGRAPHY ARE
CONSIDERED PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES.
PROFESSIONAL CRIMINALS - OFFENDERS
WHO MAKE A SIGNIFICANT PORTION OF PUBLIC SAFETY DOCTRINE - EVIDENCE CAN
THEIR INCOME FROM CRIME. BE OBTAINED WITHOUT A MIRANDA
WARNING IF THE INFORMATION THE POLICE
PROFESSIONAL FENCE - AN INDIVIDUAL SEEK IS NEEDED TO PROTECT PUBLIC
WHO EARNS HIS OR HER LIVING SOLELY BY SAFETY.
BUYING AND RESELLING STOLEN
MERCHANDISE. QUESTIONED DOCUMENT - SCIENTIFIC
ANALYSIS OF DOCUMENTS WHICH IS
PROLETARIAT - A TERM USED BY MARX TO UNDER SCRUTINY.
REFER TO THE WORKING CLASS MEMBERS
OF SOCIETY WHO PRODUCE GOODS AND RACIAL PROFILING - SELECTING SUSPECTS
SERVICES BUT WHO DO NOT OWN THE ON THE BASIS OF THEIR ETHNIC OR RACIAL
MEANS OF PRODUCTION. BACKGROUND.

PROSECUTOR - REPRESENTATIVE OF THE RACIAL THREAT THEORY - THE THEORY THAT

STATE (EXECUTIVE BRANCH) IN CRIMINAL AS THE PERCENTAGE OF AFRICAN
PROCEEDINGS; ADVOCATE FOR THE AMERICANS IN THE POPULATION
STATE’S CASE—THE CHARGE— IN THE INCREASES SO TOO DOES WHITE FEAR AND
ADVERSARY TRIAL; FOR EXAMPLE, THE DEMAND FOR INCREASED SOCIAL
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED CONTROL BY LAW ENFORCEMENT
STATES, U.S. ATTORNEYS, ATTORNEYS AGENCIES
GENERAL OF THE STATES DISTRICT
ATTORNEYS, AND POLICE PROSECUTORS. RACKETEER INFLUENCED AND CORRUPT
THE PROSECUTOR PARTICIPATES IN ORGANIZATIONS (RICO) ACT - FEDERAL
INVESTIGATIONS BOTH BEFORE AND AFTER LEGISLATION THAT ENABLES
ARREST, PREPARES LEGAL DOCUMENTS, PROSECUTORS TO BRING ADDITIONAL
PARTICIPATES IN OBTAINING ARREST OR CRIMINAL OR CIVIL CHARGES AGAINST
SEARCH WARRANTS, AND DECIDES PEOPLE WHOSE MULTIPLE CRIMINAL ACTS
WHETHER TO CHARGE A SUSPECT AND, IF CONSTITUTE A CONSPIRACY. RICO
SO, WITH WHICH OFFENSE. THE FEATURES MONETARY PENALTIES THAT
PROSECUTOR ARGUES THE STATE’S CASE ALLOW THE GOVERNMENT TO CONFISCATE
AT TRIAL, ADVISES THE POLICE, ALL PROFITS DERIVED FROM CRIMINAL
PARTICIPATES IN PLEA NEGOTIATIONS, AND ACTIVITIES. ORIGINALLY INTENDED TO BE
MAKES SENTENCING RECOMMENDATIONS. USED AGAINST ORGANIZED CRIMINALS,
RICO HAS ALSO BEEN USED AGAINST
PROSOCIAL BONDS - SOCIALIZED WHITE-COLLAR CRIMINALS.
ATTACHMENT TO CONVENTIONAL
INSTITUTIONS, ACTIVITIES, AND BELIEFS. RACKETEERING - USING AN ORGANIZATION
TO OPERATE OR COMMIT ONGOING
PROSTITUTION - THE GRANTING OF NON- CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES, TYPICALLY
MARITAL SEXUAL ACCESS FOR EXTORTION, BUT ALSO OTHER CRIMES
REMUNERATION. SUCH AS DRUG TRAFFICKING AND LOAN
SHARKING COMMITTED IN AN ORGANIZED
PSYCHOANALYTIC (PSYCHODYNAMIC) MANNER.
PERSPECTIVE - BRANCH OF PSYCHOLOGY
HOLDING THAT THE HUMAN PERSONALITY RADICAL CRIMINOLOGISTS -
IS CONTROLLED BY UNCONSCIOUS CRIMINOLOGISTS WHO VIEW CRIME AS A
MENTAL PROCESSES DEVELOPED EARLY IN PRODUCT OF THE CAPITALIST SYSTEM.
CHILDHOOD.
RADICAL CRIMINOLOGY - THE VIEW THAT
PSYCHOPATH - A PERSON WITH AN CRIME IS A PRODUCT OF THE CAPITALIST
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER, WHO SYSTEM; ALSO KNOWN AS MARXIST
IS AGGRESSIVE, VIOLENT, CRIMINAL, CRIMINOLOGY OR CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGY.
AMORAL, AND WHO LACKS EMPATHY WITH
OTHER PEOPLE.
RAJADHAR KONAI - THE FIRST PERSON
HERSCHEL PRINTED THE PALM.
RAPE - UNLAWFUL SEXUAL INTERCOURSE
WITH A FEMALE WITHOUT HER CONSENT.
RATIONAL CHOICE - THE VIEW THAT CRIME
IS A FUNCTION OF A DECISION-MAKING
PROCESS IN WHICH THE POTENTIAL
OFFENDER WEIGHS THE POTENTIAL COSTS
AND BENEFITS OF AN ILLEGAL ACT.
REACTION FORMATION - ACCORDING TO
ALBERT K. COHEN, REJECTING GOALS AND
STANDARDS THAT SEEM IMPOSSIBLE TO
ACHIEVE. BECAUSE A BOY CANNOT HOPE
TO GET INTO COLLEGE, FOR EXAMPLE, HE
CONSIDERS HIGHER EDUCATION A WASTE
OF TIME.
REACTIVE (DEFENSIVE) HATE CRIMES -
PERPETRATORS BELIEVE THEY ARE TAKING
A DEFENSIVE STAND AGAINST OUTSIDERS
WHOM THEY BELIEVE THREATEN THEIR
COMMUNITY OR WAY OF LIFE.
REACTIVE POLICING - POLICE OFFICERS
RESPONDING ONLY TO CALLS FOR HELP.
REALITY PRINCIPLE - ACCORDING TO
FREUD, THE ABILITY TO LEARN ABOUT THE
CONSEQUENCES OF ONE’S ACTIONS
THROUGH EXPERIENCE.
REASONING CRIMINAL - ACCORDING TO THE
RATIONAL CHOICE APPROACH, LAW-
VIOLATING BEHAVIOR OCCURS WHEN AN
OFFENDER DECIDES TO RISK BREAKING
THE LAW AFTER CONSIDERING BOTH
PERSONAL FACTORS (SUCH AS THE NEED
FOR MONEY, REVENGE, THRILLS, AND
ENTERTAINMENT) AND SITUATIONAL
FACTORS (HOW WELL A TARGET IS
PROTECTED AND THE EFFICIENCY OF THE
LOCAL POLICE FORCE).
REBUTTAL EVIDENCE - EVIDENCE THAT WAS
NOT USED WHEN THE PROSECUTION
INITIALLY PRESENTED ITS CASE.
RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM - ACCORDING TO
SOCIOBIOLOGY, ACTS THAT ARE
OUTWARDLY DESIGNED TO HELP OTHERS
BUT THAT HAVE AT THEIR CORE BENEFITS
TO THE SELF.
RECOGNIZANCE - PLEDGE BY THE ACCUSED
TO RETURN FOR TRIAL, WHICH MAY BE
ACCEPTED IN LIEU OF BAIL.
RECOVERY AGENT - AN INDIVIDUAL HIRED BY
THE BONDING AGENT TO TRACK DOWN A
FUGITIVE IN ORDER TO RECOVER THE LOST
BOND. THESE MODERN BOUNTY HUNTERS
RECEIVE A SHARE OF THE RECOVERY, AND
UNLIKE POLICE, BOUNTY HUNTERS CAN
ENTER A SUSPECT’S HOME WITHOUT A
WARRANT IN MOST STATES; ALSO CALLED A
SKIP TRACER.
REDIRECT EXAMINATION - QUESTIONS
ASKED BY THE PROSECUTOR ABOUT
INFORMATION BROUGHT OUT DURING
CROSS-EXAMINATION.
REEVE - IN EARLY ENGLAND, THE SENIOR
LAW ENFORCEMENT FIGURE IN A COUNTY,
THE FORERUNNER OF TODAY’S SHERIFF.
REFLECTED APPRAISALS - WHEN PARENTS
ARE ALIENATED FROM THEIR CHILDREN,
THEIR NEGATIVE LABELING REDUCES THEIR
CHILDREN’S SELF-IMAGE AND INCREASES
DELINQUENCY.
REFLECTIVE ROLE TAKING - ACCORDING TO
ROSS L. MATSUEDA AND KAREN HEIMER,
THE PHENOMENON THAT OCCURS WHEN
YOUTHS WHO VIEW THEMSELVES AS
DELINQUENTS GIVE AN INNER VOICE TO
THEIR PERCEPTIONS OF HOW SIGNIFICANT
OTHERS FEEL ABOUT THEM.
REHABILITATION MODEL - VIEW THAT SEES
CRIMINALS AS VICTIMS OF SOCIAL
INJUSTICE, POVERTY, AND RACISM AND
SUGGESTS THAT APPROPRIATE TREATMENT
CAN CHANGE THEM INTO PRODUCTIVE,
LAW-ABIDING CITIZENS.
REIGN OF TERROR - THE ORIGIN OF THE
TERM “TERRORISM,” THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION’S REIGN OF TERROR BEGAN IN
1795 AND WAS INITIATED BY THE
REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT DURING
WHICH AGENTS OF THE COMMITTEE OF
PUBLIC SAFETY AND THE NATIONAL
CONVENTION WERE REFERRED TO AS
TERRORISTS.
REINTEGRATIVE SHAMING - A METHOD OF
CORRECTION THAT ENCOURAGES
OFFENDERS TO CONFRONT THEIR
MISDEEDS, EXPERIENCE SHAME BECAUSE
OF THE HARM THEY CAUSED, AND THEN BE
RE INCLUDED IN SOCIETY.
RELATIVE DEPRIVATION - THE CONDITION
THAT EXISTS WHEN PEOPLE OF WEALTH
AND POVERTY LIVE IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO
ONE ANOTHER. SOME CRIMINOLOGISTS
ATTRIBUTE CRIME RATE DIFFERENTIALS TO
RELATIVE DEPRIVATION.
RELEASE ON RECOGNIZANCE (ROR) - A
NONMONETARY CONDITION FOR THE
PRETRIAL RELEASE OF AN ACCUSED
INDIVIDUAL; AN ALTERNATIVE TO
MONETARY BAIL THAT IS GRANTED AFTER
THE COURT DETERMINES THAT THE
ACCUSED HAS TIES IN THE COMMUNITY,
HAS NO PRIOR RECORD OF DEFAULT, AND
IS LIKELY TO APPEAR AT SUBSEQUENT
PROCEEDINGS.
REMOVED FOR CAUSE - REMOVING A JUROR
BECAUSE HE OR SHE IS BIASED, HAS PRIOR
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT A CASE, OR
OTHERWISE IS UNABLE TO RENDER A FAIR
AND IMPARTIAL JUDGMENT IN A CASE.
RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS
(RCC) - A FREESTANDING NON SECURE
BUILDING THAT IS NOT PART OF A PRISON
OR JAIL AND HOUSES PRETRIAL AND
ADJUDICATED ADULTS. THE RESIDENTS
REGULARLY DEPART TO WORK, ATTEND
SCHOOL, AND/OR PARTICIPATE IN
COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS ACTIVITIES
AND PROGRAMS.
RESTITUTION AGREEMENT - A CONDITION
OF PROBATION IN WHICH THE OFFENDER
REPAYS SOCIETY OR THE VICTIM OF CRIME
FOR THE TROUBLE THE OFFENDER
CAUSED. MONETARY RESTITUTION
INVOLVES A DIRECT PAYMENT TO THE
VICTIM AS A FORM OF COMPENSATION.
COMMUNITY SERVICE RESTITUTION MAY BE
USED IN VICTIMLESS CRIMES AND
INVOLVES WORK IN THE COMMUNITY IN LIEU
OF MORE SEVERE CRIMINAL PENALTIES.
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE - USING
HUMANISTIC, NON-PUNITIVE STRATEGIES
TO RIGHT WRONGS AND RESTORE SOCIAL
HARMONY.
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE MODEL - VIEW THAT
EMPHASIZES THE PROMOTION OF A
PEACEFUL, JUST SOCIETY THROUGH
RECONCILIATION AND REINTEGRATION OF
THE OFFENDER INTO SOCIETY.
RETALIATORY HATE CRIMES - A HATE CRIME
MOTIVATED BY REVENGE FOR ANOTHER
HATE CRIME, EITHER REAL OR IMAGINARY,
WHICH MAY SPARK FURTHER RETALIATION.
RETRIBUTIVE TERROR - TERROR GROUPS
WHO REFRAIN FROM TYING SPECIFIC ACTS
TO DIRECT DEMANDS FOR CHANGE. THEY
WANT TO INSTEAD REDIRECT THE BALANCE
BETWEEN WHAT THEY BELIEVE IS GOOD
AND EVIL. THEY SEE THEIR REVOLUTION AS
EXISTING ON A SPIRITUAL PLANE; THEIR
MISSION IS TO EXACT RETRIBUTION
AGAINST SINNERS.
RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY - A STUDY
THAT USES AN INTACT COHORT OF KNOWN
OFFENDERS AND LOOKS BACK INTO THEIR
EARLY LIFE EXPERIENCES BY CHECKING
THEIR EDUCATIONAL, FAMILY, POLICE, AND
HOSPITAL RECORDS.
RETROSPECTIVE READING - THE
REASSESSMENT OF A PERSON’S PAST TO
FIT A CURRENT GENERALIZED LABEL.
REVOCATION - AN ADMINISTRATIVE ACT
PERFORMED BY A PAROLE AUTHORITY THAT
REMOVES A PERSON FROM PAROLE, OR A
JUDICIAL ORDER BY A COURT REMOVING A
PERSON FROM PAROLE OR PROBATION, IN
RESPONSE TO A VIOLATION ON THE PART
OF THE PAROLEE OR PROBATIONER.
PERCEPTION OF REALITY IS DISTORTED.
PEOPLE EXPERIENCING PSYCHOSIS
HALLUCINATE, HAVE PARANOID OR
DELUSIONAL BELIEFS, CHANGE
PERSONALITY, EXHIBIT DISORGANIZED
THINKING, AND ENGAGE IN UNUSUAL OR
BIZARRE BEHAVIOR.
PUBLIC DEFENDER SYSTEM - AN ATTORNEY
EMPLOYED BY THE STATE WHOSE JOB IS TO
PROVIDE FREE LEGAL COUNSEL TO
INDIGENT DEFENDANTS.
PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - ACTS THAT ARE
CONSIDERED ILLEGAL BECAUSE THEY
THREATEN THE
RIGHT TO COUNSEL - THE RIGHT OF A
PERSON ACCUSED OF CRIME TO HAVE THE
ASSISTANCE OF A DEFENSE ATTORNEY IN
ALL CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS.
ROAD RAGE - A TERM USED TO DESCRIBE
MOTORISTS WHO ASSAULT EACH OTHER.
ROBBERY - TAKING OR ATTEMPTING TO TAKE
SOMETHING OF VALUE BY FORCE OR
THREAT OF FORCE AND/OR BY PUTTING
THE VICTIM IN FEAR.
ROLE EXIT BEHAVIORS - IN ORDER TO
ESCAPE FROM A STIFLING LIFE IN MALE-
DOMINATED FAMILIES, GIRLS MAY TRY TO
BREAK AWAY BY RUNNING AWAY AND OR
EVEN ATTEMPTING SUICIDE.
ROUTINE ACTIVITIES THEORY - THE VIEW
THAT THE VOLUME AND DISTRIBUTION OF
PREDATORY CRIME ARE CLOSELY RELATED
TO THE INTERACTION OF SUITABLE
TARGETS, MOTIVATED OFFENDERS, AND
CAPABLE GUARDIANS.
SAMPLING - SELECTING A LIMITED NUMBER
OF PEOPLE FOR STUDY AS
REPRESENTATIVE OF A LARGER GROUP.
SCHIZOPHRENIA - A TYPE OF PSYCHOSIS
OFTEN MARKED BY BIZARRE BEHAVIOR,
HALLUCINATIONS, LOSS OF THOUGHT
CONTROL, AND INAPPROPRIATE
EMOTIONAL RESPONSES. SCHIZOPHRENIC
TYPES INCLUDE CATATONIC, WHICH
CHARACTERISTICALLY INVOLVES
IMPAIRMENT OF MOTOR ACTIVITY;
PARANOID, WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED BY
DELUSIONS OF PERSECUTION; AND
HEBEPHRENIC, WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED
BY IMMATURE BEHAVIOR AND GIDDINESS.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD - USING VERIFIABLE
PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES FOR THE
SYSTEMATIC ACQUISITION OF
KNOWLEDGE; TYPICALLY INVOLVES
FORMULATING A PROBLEM, CREATING A
HYPOTHESIS, AND COLLECTING DATA
THROUGH OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENT
TO VERIFY THE HYPOTHESIS.
SEARCH WARRANT - A JUDICIAL ORDER,
BASED ON PROBABLE CAUSE, ALLOWING
POLICE OFFICERS TO SEARCH FOR
EVIDENCE IN A PARTICULAR PLACE, SEIZE
THAT EVIDENCE, AND CARRY IT AWAY.
SECONDARY DEVIANCE - ACCORDING TO
EDWIN M. LEMERT, ACCEPTING DEVIANT
LABELS AS A PERSONAL IDENTITY. ACTS
BECOME SECONDARY WHEN THEY FORM A
BASIS FOR SELF-CONCEPT, AS WHEN A
DRUG EXPERIMENTER BECOMES AN
ADDICT.
SECONDARY PREVENTION PROGRAMS -
TREATMENT PROGRAMS AIMED AT HELPING
OFFENDERS AFTER THEY HAVE BEEN
IDENTIFIED.
SECOND-DEGREE MURDER - A HOMICIDE
WITH MALICE BUT NOT PREMEDITATION OR
DELIBERATION, AS WHEN A DESIRE TO
INFLICT SERIOUS BODILY HARM AND A
WANTON DISREGARD FOR LIFE RESULT IN
THE VICTIM’S DEATH.
SELECTIVE INCAPACITATION - THE POLICY
OF CREATING ENHANCED PRISON
SENTENCES FOR THE RELATIVELY SMALL
GROUP OF DANGEROUS CHRONIC
OFFENDERS.
SELF-CONTROL - A STRONG MORAL SENSE
THAT RENDERS A PERSON INCAPABLE OF
HURTING OTHERS OR VIOLATING SOCIAL
NORMS.
SELF-CONTROL THEORY - ACCORDING TO
GOTTFREDSON AND HIRSCHI, THE VIEW
THAT THE CAUSE OF DELINQUENT
BEHAVIOR IS AN IMPULSIVE PERSONALITY.
KIDS WHO ARE IMPULSIVE MAY FIND THAT
THEIR BOND TO SOCIETY IS WEAK.
SELF-REPORT SURVEY - A RESEARCH
APPROACH THAT REQUIRES SUBJECTS TO
REVEAL THEIR OWN PARTICIPATION IN
DELINQUENT OR CRIMINAL ACTS.
SEMIOTICS - THE USE OF LANGUAGE
ELEMENTS AS SIGNS OR SYMBOLS BEYOND
THEIR LITERAL MEANING.
SENTENCING CIRCLE - A PEACEMAKING
TECHNIQUE IN WHICH OFFENDERS,
VICTIMS, AND OTHER COMMUNITY
MEMBERS ARE BROUGHT TOGETHER IN AN
EFFORT TO FORMULATE A SANCTION THAT
ADDRESSES THE NEEDS OF ALL.
SENTENCING DISPARITY - PEOPLE
CONVICTED OF SIMILAR CRIMINAL ACTS
MAY RECEIVE WIDELY DIFFERENT
SENTENCES.
SENTENCING GUIDELINES - GUIDELINES TO
CONTROL AND STRUCTURE THE
SENTENCING PROCESS AND MAKE IT MORE
RATIONAL; THE MORE SERIOUS THE CRIME
AND THE MORE EXTENSIVE THE
OFFENDER’S CRIMINAL BACKGROUND, THE
LONGER THE PRISON TERM
RECOMMENDED BY THE GUIDELINES.
SERIAL MURDER - THE KILLING OF A LARGE
NUMBER OF PEOPLE OVER TIME BY AN
OFFENDER WHO SEEKS TO ESCAPE
DETECTION.
SERIAL RAPE - MULTIPLE RAPES COMMITTED
BY ONE PERSON OVER TIME.
SEXUAL ABUSE - EXPLOITATION OF A CHILD
THROUGH RAPE, INCEST, OR MOLESTATION
BY A PARENT OR OTHER ADULT.
SEXUAL PREDATOR LAW - LAW THAT
ALLOWS AUTHORITIES TO KEEP SOME
CRIMINALS CONVICTED OF SEXUALLY
VIOLENT CRIMES IN CUSTODY EVEN AFTER
THEIR SENTENCES ARE SERVED.
SHAME - THE FEELING WE GET WHEN WE
DON’T MEET THE STANDARDS WE HAVE SET
FOR OURSELVES OR THAT SIGNIFICANT
OTHERS HAVE SET FOR US.
SHERIFF - THE CHIEF LAW ENFORCEMENT
OFFICER IN A COUNTY.
SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT - LAW THAT
SUBJECTS TO CRIMINAL OR CIVIL
SANCTIONS ANY PERSON “WHO SHALL
MAKE ANY CONTRACT OR ENGAGE IN ANY
COMBINATION OR CONSPIRACY” IN
RESTRAINT OF INTERSTATE COMMERCE.
SHIELD LAWS - LAWS DESIGNED TO
PROTECT RAPE VICTIMS BY PROHIBITING
THE DEFENSE ATTORNEY FROM INQUIRING
ABOUT THEIR PREVIOUS SEXUAL
RELATIONSHIPS.
SHIRE - COUNTIES IN ENGLAND AND MUCH
OF EUROPE IN THE ELEVENTH CENTURY.
SHOCK INCARCERATION - A SHORT PRISON
SENTENCE SERVED IN BOOT CAMP–TYPE
FACILITIES.
SHOCK PROBATION - A SENTENCE IN WHICH
OFFENDERS SERVE A SHORT PRISON TERM
TO IMPRESS THEM WITH THE PAINS OF
IMPRISONMENT BEFORE THEY BEGIN
PROBATION.
SHOPLIFTING - THE TAKING OF GOODS
FROM RETAIL STORES.
SIBLICIDE - SIBLING HOMICIDE. THE MEDIAN
AGE OF SIBLING HOMICIDE OFFENDERS IS
23, AND THE MEDIAN AGE OF THEIR VICTIMS
IS 25. THE VAST MAJORITY OF SIBLING
HOMICIDE OFFENDERS ARE MALES (87
PERCENT), AND THEY ARE MOST LIKELY TO
KILL THEIR BROTHERS. WHEN LETHAL
VIOLENCE BY BROTHERS AGAINST THEIR
SISTERS OCCURS, IT IS MORE LIKELY IN
JUVENILE SIBLING RELATIONSHIPS RATHER
THAN ADULT SIBLING RELATIONSHIPS (31
PERCENT VERSUS 14 PERCENT). SISTERS
KILLING THEIR BROTHERS OR SISTERS ARE
RELATIVELY RARE EVENTS.
SIEGE MENTALITY - RESIDENTS WHO
BECOME SO SUSPICIOUS OF AUTHORITY
THAT THEY CONSIDER THE OUTSIDE WORLD
TO BE THE ENEMY OUT TO DESTROY THE
NEIGHBORHOOD.
SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION - A
METHOD OF CRIME PREVENTION THAT
STRESSES TACTICS AND STRATEGIES TO
ELIMINATE OR REDUCE PARTICULAR
CRIMES IN NARROW SETTINGS, SUCH AS
REDUCING BURGLARIES IN A HOUSING
PROJECT BY INCREASING LIGHTING AND
INSTALLING SECURITY ALARMS.
SITUATIONAL INDUCEMENT - SHORT-TERM
INFLUENCE ON A PERSON’S BEHAVIOR,
SUCH AS FINANCIAL PROBLEMS OR PEER SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY - THE VIEW THAT
PRESSURE THAT INCREASES RISK TAKING. PEOPLE COMMIT CRIME WHEN THE FORCES
THAT BIND THEM TO SOCIETY ARE
SKEEZERS - PROSTITUTES WHO TRADE SEX WEAKENED OR BROKEN.
FOR DRUGS, USUALLY CRACK.
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT MODEL (SDM) - A
SKILLED THIEVES - THIEVES WHO TYPICALLY DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY THAT
WORK IN THE LARGER CITIES, SUCH AS ATTRIBUTES CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
LONDON AND PARIS. THIS GROUP PATTERNS TO CHILDHOOD SOCIALIZATION
INCLUDES PICKPOCKETS, FORGERS, AND AND PRO- OR ANTISOCIAL ATTACHMENTS
COUNTERFEITERS, WHO OPERATED OVER THE LIFE COURSE.
FREELY.
SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY -
SKIP TRACER - AN INDIVIDUAL HIRED BY THE BRANCH OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORY
BONDING AGENT TO TRACK DOWN A THAT FOCUSES ON THE BREAKDOWN OF
FUGITIVE IN ORDER TO RECOVER THE LOST INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS THE FAMILY,
BOND. THESE MODERN BOUNTY HUNTERS SCHOOL, AND EMPLOYMENT IN INNER-CITY
RECEIVE A SHARE OF THE RECOVERY, AND NEIGHBORHOODS.
UNLIKE POLICE, BOUNTY HUNTERS CAN
ENTER A SUSPECT’S HOME WITHOUT A SOCIAL ECOLOGISTS - CRIMINOLOGISTS
WARRANT IN MOST STATES; ALSO CALLED A WHO STUDY THE ECOLOGICAL
RECOVERY AGENT. CONDITIONS THAT SUPPORT CRIMINALITY.

SMUGGLERS - THIEVES WHO MOVE FREELY SOCIAL ECOLOGY - ENVIRONMENTAL

IN SPARSELY POPULATED AREAS AND FORCES THAT HAVE A DIRECT INFLUENCE
TRANSPORT GOODS, SUCH AS SPIRITS, ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR.
GEMS, GOLD, AND SPICES, WITHOUT
BOTHERING TO PAY TAX OR DUTY. SOCIAL HARM - A VIEW THAT BEHAVIORS
HARMFUL TO OTHER PEOPLE AND SOCIETY
SNITCHES - AMATEUR SHOPLIFTERS WHO IN GENERAL MUST BE CONTROLLED. THESE
DO NOT SELF-IDENTIFY AS THIEVES BUT ACTS ARE USUALLY OUTLAWED, BUT SOME
WHO SYSTEMATICALLY STEAL ACTS THAT CAUSE ENORMOUS AMOUNTS
MERCHANDISE FOR PERSONAL USE. OF SOCIAL HARM ARE PERFECTLY LEGAL,
SUCH AS THE CONSUMPTION OF TOBACCO
SOCIAL ALTRUISM - VOLUNTARY MUTUAL AND ALCOHOL.
SUPPORT SYSTEMS, SUCH AS
NEIGHBORHOOD ASSOCIATIONS AND SELF- SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY - THE VIEW THAT
HELP GROUPS THAT REINFORCE MORAL HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS MODELED THROUGH
AND SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS. OBSERVATION OF HUMAN SOCIAL
INTERACTIONS, EITHER DIRECTLY FROM
SOCIAL BOND - TIES A PERSON HAS TO THE OBSERVING THOSE WHO ARE CLOSE AND
INSTITUTIONS AND PROCESSES OF FROM INTIMATE CONTACT, OR INDIRECTLY
SOCIETY. ACCORDING TO HIRSCHI, THROUGH THE MEDIA. INTERACTIONS THAT
ELEMENTS OF THE SOCIAL BOND INCLUDE ARE REWARDED ARE COPIED, WHILE THOSE
COMMITMENT, ATTACHMENT, THAT ARE PUNISHED ARE AVOIDED.
INVOLVEMENT, AND BELIEF.
SOCIAL PROCESS THEORY - THE VIEW THAT
SOCIAL CAPITAL - POSITIVE RELATIONS CRIMINALITY IS A FUNCTION OF PEOPLE’S
WITH INDIVIDUALS AND INSTITUTIONS THAT INTERACTIONS WITH VARIOUS
ARE LIFE SUSTAINING. ORGANIZATIONS, INSTITUTIONS, AND
PROCESSES IN SOCIETY.
SOCIAL CODE - THE UNWRITTEN PRISON
GUIDELINES THAT EXPRESS THE VALUES, SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - THE STUDY OF
ATTITUDES, AND TYPES OF BEHAVIOR HUMAN INTERACTIONS AND
OLDER INMATES DEMAND OF YOUNGER RELATIONSHIPS, EMPHASIZING SUCH
INMATES. PASSED ON FROM ONE ISSUES AS GROUP DYNAMICS AND
GENERATION OF INMATES TO ANOTHER, SOCIALIZATION.
THE INMATE SOCIAL CODE REPRESENTS
THE VALUES OF INTERPERSONAL SOCIAL REACTION THEORY - THE VIEW THAT
RELATIONS WITHIN THE PRISON. PEOPLE BECOME CRIMINALS WHEN
SIGNIFICANT MEMBERS OF SOCIETY LABEL
SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORY - THE VIEW THAT THEM AS SUCH AND THEY ACCEPT THOSE
CRIME IS A FUNCTION OF CLASS CONFLICT LABELS AS A PERSONAL IDENTITY. ALSO
AND POWER RELATIONS. LAWS ARE KNOWN AS LABELING THEORY.
CREATED AND ENFORCED BY THOSE IN
POWER TO PROTECT THEIR OWN SOCIAL REALITY OF CRIME - THE VIEW THAT
INTERESTS. THE MAIN PURPOSE OF CRIMINOLOGY IS TO
PROMOTE A PEACEFUL, JUST SOCIETY.
SOCIAL CONTROL FUNCTION - THE ABILITY
OF SOCIETY AND ITS INSTITUTIONS TO SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORY - THE VIEW
CONTROL, MANAGE, RESTRAIN, OR DIRECT THAT DISADVANTAGED ECONOMIC CLASS
HUMAN BEHAVIOR. POSITION IS A PRIMARY CAUSE OF CRIME.
SOCIALIZATION - PROCESS OF HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT AND ENCULTURATION.
SOCIALIZATION IS INFLUENCED BY KEY
SOCIAL PROCESSES AND INSTITUTIONS.
SOCIALIZATION VIEW - ONE VIEW IS THAT
PEOPLE LEARN CRIMINAL ATTITUDES FROM
OLDER, MORE EXPERIENCED LAW
VIOLATORS. ANOTHER VIEW IS THAT CRIME
OCCURS WHEN CHILDREN DEVELOP AN
INADEQUATE SELF-IMAGE, WHICH RENDERS
THEM INCAPABLE OF CONTROLLING THEIR
OWN MISBEHAVIOR. BOTH OF THESE VIEWS
LINK CRIMINALITY TO THE FAILURE OF
SOCIALIZATION, THE INTERACTIONS
PEOPLE HAVE WITH THE VARIOUS
INDIVIDUALS, ORGANIZATIONS,
INSTITUTIONS, AND PROCESSES OF
SOCIETY THAT HELP THEM MATURE AND
DEVELOP.
SOCIOPATH - USED INTERCHANGEABLY
WITH PSYCHOPATH, THE TERM REFERS TO
SOMEONE WHO IS SELF-SERVING, HOSTILE,
AND DOMINEERING, THOUGH THEY HAVE
SUPERFICIAL CHARM WHICH THEY USE TO
DOMINATE AND HUMILIATE THEIR VICTIMS.
SODOMY - ILLEGAL SEXUAL INTERCOURSE.
SODOMY HAS NO SINGLE DEFINITION, AND
ACTS INCLUDED WITHIN ITS SCOPE ARE
USUALLY DEFINED BY STATE STATUTE.
SOMATOTYPE - A SYSTEM DEVELOPED FOR
CATEGORIZING PEOPLE ON THE BASIS OF
THEIR BODY BUILD.
SPECIFIC DETERRENCE - A CRIME CONTROL
POLICY SUGGESTING THAT PUNISHMENT BE
SEVERE ENOUGH TO CONVINCE
CONVICTED OFFENDERS NEVER TO
REPEAT THEIR CRIMINAL ACTIVITY.
SPAM - AN UNSOLICITED ADVERTISEMENT
OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIAL, TYPICALLY IN
THE FORM OF AN UNWANTED E-MAIL
MESSAGE. WHILE E-MAIL IS THE MOST
COMMON FORM OF SPAM, IT CAN ALSO BE
SENT VIA INSTANT MESSAGING, USENET
NEWSGROUP, AND MOBILE PHONE
MESSAGING, AMONG OTHER MEDIA.
SPLIT SENTENCING - A JAIL TERM IS PART OF
THE SENTENCE AND IS A CONDITION OF
PROBATION.
STALKING - A PATTERN OF BEHAVIOR
DIRECTED AT A SPECIFIC PERSON THAT
INCLUDES REPEATED PHYSICAL OR VISUAL
PROXIMITY, UNWANTED COMMUNICATIONS,
AND/OR THREATS SUFFICIENT TO CAUSE
FEAR IN A REASONABLE PERSON.
STALKING STATUTES - LAWS THAT PROHIBIT
“THE WILLFUL, MALICIOUS, AND REPEATED
FOLLOWING AND HARASSING OF ANOTHER
PERSON.”
STATE ACCOUNT SYSTEM - PRISONERS
PRODUCE GOODS IN PRISON FOR STATE
USE.
STATE POLICE - A LAW ENFORCEMENT
AGENCY WITH STATEWIDE JURISDICTION;
THE MAJOR ROLE OF STATE POLICE IS
CONTROLLING TRAFFIC ON THE HIGHWAY
SYSTEM, TRACING STOLEN AUTOMOBILES,
AND AIDING IN DISTURBANCES AND CROWD
CONTROL.
STATE POLITICAL CRIME - POLITICAL CRIME
THAT ARISES FROM THE EFFORTS OF THE
STATE TO EITHER MAINTAIN
GOVERNMENTAL POWER OR TO UPHOLD
THE RACE, CLASS, AND GENDER
ADVANTAGES OF THOSE WHO SUPPORT
THE GOVERNMENT. IT IS POSSIBLE TO
DIVIDE STATE POLITICAL CRIMES INTO FIVE
VARIETIES: (1) POLITICAL CORRUPTION, (2)
ILLEGAL DOMESTIC SURVEILLANCE, (3)
HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS, (4) STATE
VIOLENCE SUCH AS TORTURE, ILLEGAL
IMPRISONMENT, POLICE VIOLENCE AND
USE OF DEADLY FORCE, AND (5) STATE
CORPORATE CRIME COMMITTED BY
INDIVIDUALS WHO ABUSE THEIR STATE
AUTHORITY OR WHO FAIL TO EXERCISE IT
WHEN WORKING WITH PEOPLE AND
ORGANIZATIONS IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR.
STATE-SPONSORED TERROR - TERRORISM
THAT OCCURS WHEN A REPRESSIVE
GOVERNMENT REGIME FORCES ITS
CITIZENS INTO OBEDIENCE, OPPRESSES
MINORITIES, AND STIFLES POLITICAL
DISSENT.
STATUS FRUSTRATION - A FORM OF
CULTURE CONFLICT EXPERIENCED BY
LOWER-CLASS YOUTHS BECAUSE SOCIAL
CONDITIONS PREVENT THEM FROM
ACHIEVING SUCCESS AS DEFINED BY THE
LARGER SOCIETY.
STATUTORY CRIMES - CRIMES DEFINED BY
LEGISLATIVE BODIES IN RESPONSE TO
CHANGING SOCIAL CONDITIONS, PUBLIC
OPINION, AND CUSTOM.
STATUTORY RAPE - SEXUAL RELATIONS
BETWEEN UNDERAGE INDIVIDUAL AND AN
ADULT; THOUGH NOT COERCED, AN
UNDERAGE PARTNER IS CONSIDERED
INCAPABLE OF GIVING INFORMED
CONSENT.
STIGMA - AN ENDURING LABEL THAT TAINTS
A PERSON’S IDENTITY AND CHANGES HIM
OR HER IN THE EYES OF OTHERS.
STIGMATIZE - TO APPLY NEGATIVE LABELING
WITH ENDURING EFFECTS ON A PERSON’S
SELF-IMAGE AND SOCIAL INTERACTIONS.
STING - AN UNDERCOVER POLICE
OPERATION IN WHICH POLICE POSE AS
CRIMINALS TO TRAP LAW VIOLATORS.
STING OR SWINDLE - A WHITE-COLLAR
CRIME IN WHICH PEOPLE USE THEIR
INSTITUTIONAL OR BUSINESS POSITION TO
TRICK OTHERS OUT OF THEIR MONEY.
STRAIN - THE EMOTIONAL TURMOIL AND
CONFLICT CAUSED WHEN PEOPLE BELIEVE
THEY CANNOT ACHIEVE THEIR DESIRES AND
GOALS THROUGH LEGITIMATE MEANS.
MEMBERS OF THE LOWER CLASS MIGHT
FEEL STRAIN BECAUSE THEY ARE DENIED
ACCESS TO ADEQUATE EDUCATIONAL
OPPORTUNITIES AND SOCIAL SUPPORT.
STRAIN THEORISTS - CRIMINOLOGISTS WHO
VIEW CRIME AS A DIRECT RESULT OF
LOWER-CLASS FRUSTRATION AND ANGER.
STRAIN THEORY - BRANCH OF SOCIAL
STRUCTURE THEORY THAT SEES CRIME AS A
FUNCTION OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN
PEOPLE’S GOALS AND THE MEANS
AVAILABLE TO OBTAIN THEM.
STRATIFIED SOCIETY - GROUPING
ACCORDING TO SOCIAL STRATA OR
LEVELS. AMERICAN SOCIETY IS
CONSIDERED STRATIFIED ON THE BASIS OF
ECONOMIC CLASS AND WEALTH.
STREET CRIME - COMMON THEFT-RELATED
OFFENSES SUCH AS LARCENIES AND
BURGLARIES, EMBEZZLEMENT, AND THEFT
BY FALSE PRETENSES.
STREET EFFICACY - A CONCEPT IN WHICH
MORE COHESIVE COMMUNITIES WITH HIGH
LEVELS OF SOCIAL CONTROL AND SOCIAL
INTEGRATION FOSTER THE ABILITY FOR
KIDS TO USE THEIR WITS TO AVOID VIOLENT
CONFRONTATIONS AND TO FEEL SAFE IN
THEIR OWN NEIGHBORHOOD.
ADOLESCENTS WITH HIGH LEVELS OF
STREET EFFICACY ARE LESS LIKELY TO
RESORT TO VIOLENCE THEMSELVES OR TO
ASSOCIATE WITH DELINQUENT PEERS
STRICT-LIABILITY CRIMES - ILLEGAL ACTS
WHOSE ELEMENTS DO NOT CONTAIN THE
NEED FOR INTENT, OR MENS REA; THEY ARE
USUALLY ACTS THAT ENDANGER THE
PUBLIC WELFARE, SUCH AS ILLEGAL
DUMPING OF TOXIC WASTES.
STRUCTURAL THEORY - THE VIEW THAT
CRIMINAL LAW AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE
SYSTEM ARE MEANS OF DEFENDING AND
PRESERVING THE CAPITALIST SYSTEM.
SUB-CULTURE - A GROUP THAT IS LOOSELY
PART OF THE DOMINANT CULTURE BUT
MAINTAINS A UNIQUE SET OF VALUES,
BELIEFS, AND TRADITIONS.
SUB-CULTURE OF VIOLENCE - NORMS AND
CUSTOMS THAT, IN CONTRAST TO
SOCIETY’S DOMINANT VALUE SYSTEM,
LEGITIMIZE AND EXPECT THE USE OF
VIOLENCE TO RESOLVE SOCIAL
CONFLICTS.
SUBMISSION - PASSIVE OBEDIENCE TO THE
DEMANDS OF OTHERS, SUCH AS
SUBMITTING TO PHYSICAL OR SEXUAL
ABUSE WITHOUT RESPONSE.
SUBSTANTIVE CRIMINAL LAW - A BODY OF
SPECIFIC RULES THAT DECLARE WHAT
CONDUCT IS CRIMINAL AND PRESCRIBE
THE PUNISHMENT TO BE IMPOSED FOR
SUCH CONDUCT.
SUBTERRANEAN VALUES - MORALLY TINGED
INFLUENCES THAT HAVE BECOME
ENTRENCHED IN THE CULTURE BUT ARE
PUBLICLY CONDEMNED. THEY EXIST SIDE
BY SIDE WITH CONVENTIONAL VALUES AND
WHILE CONDEMNED IN PUBLIC MAY BE
ADMIRED OR PRACTICED IN PRIVATE.
SUFFERANCE - THE AGGRIEVED PARTY
DOES NOTHING TO RECTIFY A CONFLICT
SITUATION; OVER TIME, THE UNRESOLVED
CONFLICT MAY BE COMPOUNDED BY
OTHER EVENTS THAT CAUSE AN EVENTUAL
ERUPTION.
SUITABLE TARGET - ACCORDING TO
ROUTINE ACTIVITIES THEORY, A TARGET
FOR CRIME THAT IS RELATIVELY VALUABLE,
EASILY TRANSPORTABLE, AND NOT
CAPABLY GUARDED.
SUPEREGO - INCORPORATION WITHIN THE
PERSONALITY OF THE MORAL STANDARDS
AND VALUES OF PARENTS, COMMUNITY,
AND SIGNIFICANT OTHERS.
SUPERMAX PRISON - AN ENHANCED HIGH
SECURITY FACILITY THAT HOUSES THE
MOST DANGEROUS FELONS IN ALMOST
TOTAL ISOLATION. ALSO CALLED ULTRA-
MAX PRISON.
SURETY BOND - THE 10 PERCENT THE
DEFENDANT PAYS TO THE BONDING AGENT,
WHICH SERVES AS THE BONDING AGENT’S
COMMISSION.
SURPLUS VALUE - THE MARXIST VIEW THAT
THE LABORING CLASSES PRODUCE
WEALTH THAT FAR EXCEEDS THEIR WAGES
AND GOES TO THE CAPITALIST CLASS AS
PROFITS.
SURROGATE FAMILY - A COMMON FORM OF
ADAPTATION TO PRISON EMPLOYED BY
WOMEN, THIS GROUP CONTAINS
MASCULINE AND FEMININE FIGURES
ACTING AS FATHERS AND MOTHERS; SOME
EVEN ACT AS CHILDREN AND TAKE ON THE
ROLE OF EITHER BROTHER OR SISTER.
FORMALIZED MARRIAGES AND DIVORCES
MAY BE CONDUCTED. SOMETIMES
MULTIPLE ROLES ARE HELD BY ONE
INMATE, SO THAT A “SISTER” IN ONE FAMILY
MAY “MARRY” AND BECOME THE “WIFE” IN
ANOTHER.
SYMBOLIC INTERACTION THEORY - THE
SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW THAT PEOPLE
COMMUNICATE THROUGH SYMBOLS.
PEOPLE INTERPRET SYMBOLIC
COMMUNICATION AND INCORPORATE IT
WITHIN THEIR PERSONALITY. A PERSON’S
VIEW OF REALITY, THEN, DEPENDS ON HIS
OR HER INTERPRETATION OF SYMBOLIC
GESTURES.
SYNTHESIS - A MERGER OF TWO OPPOSING
IDEAS.
SYSTEMATIC FORGERS - PROFESSIONALS
WHO MAKE A LIVING BY PASSING BAD
CHECKS.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW - A RESEARCH
TECHNIQUE THAT INVOLVES COLLECTING
THE FINDINGS FROM PREVIOUSLY
CONDUCTED STUDIES, APPRAISING AND
SYNTHESIZING THE EVIDENCE, AND USING
THE COLLECTIVE EVIDENCE TO ADDRESS A
PARTICULAR SCIENTIFIC QUESTION.
TARGET-HARDENING STRATEGIES - MAKING
ONE’S HOME OR BUSINESS CRIME PROOF
THROUGH THE USE OF LOCKS, BARS,
ALARMS, AND OTHER DEVICES.
TARGET-REMOVAL STRATEGIES - SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT.
DISPLAYING DUMMY OR DISABLED GOODS
AS A MEANS OF PREVENTING SHOPLIFTING.
TECHNICAL VIOLATION - REVOCATION OF
PAROLE BECAUSE CONDITIONS SET BY
CORRECTIONAL AUTHORITIES HAVE BEEN
VIOLATED.
TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT - AN EFFORT TO
PROHIBIT THE SALE OF LIQUOR IN THE
UNITED STATES THAT RESULTED IN THE
PASSAGE OF THE EIGHTEENTH
AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION IN
1919, WHICH PROHIBITED THE SALE OF
ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.
TERROR CELLS - DIVISIONS OF TERRORIST
GROUP AFFILIATES, EACH OF WHICH MAY
BE FUNCTIONALLY INDEPENDENT SO THAT
EACH MEMBER HAS LITTLE KNOWLEDGE OF
OTHER CELLS, THEIR MEMBERS,
LOCATIONS, AND SO ON. THE NUMBER OF
CELLS AND THEIR COMPOSITION DEPEND
ON THE SIZE OF THE TERRORIST GROUP.
LOCAL OR NATIONAL GROUPS WILL HAVE
FEWER CELLS THAN INTERNATIONAL
TERRORIST GROUPS THAT MAY OPERATE IN
SEVERAL COUNTRIES, SUCH AS THE AL-
QAEDA GROUP.
TERRORISM - THE ILLEGAL USE OF FORCE
AGAINST INNOCENT PEOPLE TO ACHIEVE A
POLITICAL OBJECTIVE.
TERRORIST GROUP - ANY GROUP
PRACTICING, OR THAT HAS SIGNIFICANT
SUBGROUPS THAT PRACTICE,
INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM.
TERTIARY PREVENTION PROGRAMS - CRIME
CONTROL AND PREVENTION PROGRAMS
THAT MAY BE A REQUIREMENT OF A
PROBATION ORDER, PART OF A PUNISHING THEM FOR A CRIME THEY MAY
DIVERSIONARY SENTENCE, OR AFTERCARE
AT THE END OF A PRISON SENTENCE.
TESTOSTERONE - THE PRINCIPAL MALE
STEROID HORMONE. TESTOSTERONE
LEVELS DECLINE DURING THE LIFE CYCLE
AND MAY EXPLAIN WHY VIOLENCE RATES
DIMINISH OVER TIME.
THANATOS - ACCORDING TO FREUD, THE
INSTINCTUAL DRIVE TOWARD AGGRESSION
AND VIOLENCE.
THEORY OF ANOMIE - A MODIFIED VERSION
OF THE CONCEPT OF ANOMIE DEVELOPED
BY MERTON TO FIT SOCIAL, ECONOMIC,
AND CULTURAL CONDITIONS FOUND IN
MODERN U.S. SOCIETY. HE FOUND THAT
TWO ELEMENTS OF CULTURE INTERACT TO
PRODUCE POTENTIALLY ANOMIC
CONDITIONS: CULTURALLY DEFINED
GOALS AND SOCIALLY APPROVED MEANS
FOR OBTAINING THEM.
THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITIES (TCS) - A
TREATMENT APPROACH USING A
PSYCHOSOCIAL, EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING
PROCESS THAT RELIES ON POSITIVE PEER
PRESSURE WITHIN A HIGHLY STRUCTURED
THESIS - IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF HEGEL, AN
ORIGINAL IDEA OR THOUGHT.
THREE STRIKES - POLICIES WHEREBY
PEOPLE CONVICTED OF THREE FELONY
OFFENSES RECEIVE A MANDATORY LIFE
SENTENCE.
THRILL-SEEKING HATE CRIMES - ACTS BY
HATE MONGERS WHO JOIN FORCES TO
HAVE FUN BY BASHING MINORITIES OR
DESTROYING PROPERTY; INFLICTING PAIN
ON OTHERS GIVES THEM A SADISTIC THRILL.
TICKING BOMB SCENARIO - A SCENARIO
THAT SOME EXPERTS ARGUE IN WHICH
TORTURE CAN PERHAPS BE JUSTIFIED IF
THE GOVERNMENT DISCOVERS THAT A
CAPTURED TERRORIST KNOWS THE
WHEREABOUTS OF A DANGEROUS
EXPLOSIVE DEVICE THAT IS SET TO GO OFF
AND KILL THOUSANDS OF INNOCENT
PEOPLE.
TIPPING POINT - THE LEVEL AT WHICH
DETERRENCE MEASURES BEGIN TO HAVE
AN APPRECIABLE EFFECT ON THE CRIME
RATE.
TITHING - DURING THE MIDDLE AGES,
GROUPS OF ABOUT TEN FAMILIES WHO
WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING
ORDER AMONG THEMSELVES AND DEALING
WITH DISTURBANCES, FI RES, WILD
ANIMALS, AND SO ON.
TORTURE - AN ACT THAT CAUSES SEVERE
PAIN OR SUFFERING, WHETHER PHYSICAL
OR MENTAL, THAT IS INTENTIONALLY
INFLICTED ON A PERSON FOR SUCH
PURPOSES AS OBTAINING A CONFESSION,
HAVE COMMITTED, OR INTIMIDATING OR
COERCING THEM INTO A DESIRED ACTION.
TRAIT THEORY - THE VIEW THAT CRIMINALITY
IS A PRODUCT OF ABNORMAL BIOLOGICAL
AND/OR PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAITS.
TRANSITIONAL NEIGHBORHOOD - AN AREA
UNDERGOING A SHIFT IN POPULATION AND
STRUCTURE, USUALLY FROM MIDDLE-
CLASS RESIDENTIAL TO LOWER-CLASS
MIXED USE.
TREASON - AN ACT OF DISLOYALTY TO
ONE’S NATION OR STATE.
TROJAN HORSE - A COMPUTER PROGRAM
THAT LOOKS LIKE A BENIGN APPLICATION
BUT CONTAINS ILLICIT CODES THAT CAN
DAMAGE THE SYSTEM OPERATIONS.
THOUGH TROJAN HORSES DO NOT
REPLICATE THEMSELVES LIKE VIRUSES,
THEY CAN BE JUST AS DESTRUCTIVE.
TRULY DISADVANTAGED - WILSON’S TERM
FOR THE LOWEST LEVEL OF THE
UNDERCLASS; URBAN, INNER-CITY,
SOCIALLY ISOLATED PEOPLE WHO OCCUPY
THE BOTTOM RUNG OF THE SOCIAL LADDER
AND ARE THE VICTIMS OF DISCRIMINATION.
TRUTH-IN-SENTENCING LAWS - LAWS THAT
REQUIRE OFFENDERS TO SERVE A
SUBSTANTIAL PORTION OF THEIR PRISON
SENTENCE BEHIND BARS.
TURNING POINTS - ACCORDING TO LAUB
AND SAMPSON, THE LIFE EVENTS THAT
ALTER THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CRIMINAL
CAREER.
TYING ARRANGEMENT - A CORPORATION
REQUIRES CUSTOMERS OF ONE OF ITS
SERVICES TO USE OTHER SERVICES IT
OFFERS.
UNDERCLASS - THE LOWEST SOCIAL
STRATUM IN ANY COUNTRY, WHOSE
MEMBERS LACK THE EDUCATION AND
SKILLS NEEDED TO FUNCTION
SUCCESSFULLY IN MODERN SOCIETY.
UNIFORM CRIME REPORT (UCR) - LARGE
DATABASE, COMPILED BY THE FEDERAL
BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION, OF CRIMES
REPORTED AND ARRESTS MADE EACH YEAR
THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES.
USA PATRIOT ACT (USAPA) - LEGISLATION
GIVING U.S. LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
A FREER HAND TO INVESTIGATE AND
APPREHEND SUSPECTED TERRORISTS.
U.S. DISTRICT COURTS - TRIAL COURTS THAT
HAVE JURISDICTION OVER CASES
INVOLVING VIOLATIONS OF FEDERAL LAW,
SUCH AS INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION
OF STOLEN VEHICLES AND RACKETEERING.
U.S. MARSHALS - COURT OFFICERS WHO
HELP IMPLEMENT FEDERAL COURT
RULINGS, TRANSPORT PRISONERS, AND
ENFORCE COURT ORDERS.
U.S. SUPREME COURT THE COURT OF LAST
RESORT FOR ALL CASES TRIED IN THE
VARIOUS FEDERAL AND STATE COURTS.
UTILITARIANISM - THE VIEW THAT PEOPLE’S
BEHAVIOR IS MOTIVATED BY THE PURSUIT
OF PLEASURE AND THE AVOIDANCE OF
PAIN.
VENIRE - THE GROUP CALLED FOR JURY
DUTY FROM WHICH JURY PANELS ARE
SELECTED.
VIATICAL INVESTMENTS - THE SELLING OF A
DEATH BENEFIT POLICY, AT LESS THAN
FACE VALUE, BY A TERMINALLY ILL PERSON
TO A THIRD PARTY.
VICE SQUAD - POLICE OFFICERS ASSIGNED
TO ENFORCE MORALLY TINGED LAWS,
SUCH AS THOSE GOVERNING
PROSTITUTION, GAMBLING, AND
PORNOGRAPHY.
VICTIM COMPENSATION - THE VICTIM
ORDINARILY RECEIVES COMPENSATION
FROM THE STATE TO PAY FOR DAMAGES
ASSOCIATED WITH THE CRIME. RARELY ARE
TWO COMPENSATION SCHEMES ALIKE,
HOWEVER, AND MANY STATE PROGRAMS
SUFFER FROM LACK OF BOTH ADEQUATE
FUNDING AND PROPER ORGANIZATION
WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM.
COMPENSATION MAY BE MADE FOR
MEDICAL BILLS, LOSS OF WAGES, LOSS OF
FUTURE EARNINGS, AND COUNSELING. IN
THE CASE OF DEATH, THE VICTIM’S
SURVIVORS CAN RECEIVE BURIAL
EXPENSES AND AID FOR LOSS OF SUPPORT.
VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY - THE IDEA
THAT THE VICTIM’S BEHAVIOR WAS THE
SPARK THAT IGNITED THE SUBSEQUENT
OFFENSE, AS WHEN THE VICTIM ABUSED
THE OFFENDER VERBALLY OR PHYSICALLY.
VICTIMIZATION (BY THE JUSTICE SYSTEM) -
WHILE THE CRIME IS STILL FRESH IN THEIR
MINDS, VICTIMS MAY FIND THAT THE POLICE
INTERROGATION FOLLOWING THE CRIME IS
HANDLED CALLOUSLY, WITH INNUENDOS
OR INSINUATIONS THAT THEY WERE
SOMEHOW AT FAULT. VICTIMS HAVE
DIFFICULTY LEARNING WHAT IS GOING ON
IN THE CASE; PROPERTY IS OFTEN KEPT
FOR A LONG TIME AS EVIDENCE AND MAY
NEVER BE RETURNED. SOME RAPE VICTIMS
REPORT THAT THE TREATMENT THEY
RECEIVE FROM LEGAL, MEDICAL, AND
MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES IS SO
DESTRUCTIVE THAT THEY CANNOT HELP
BUT FEEL “RE-RAPED.”
VICTIMIZATION SURVEY - A STATISTICAL
SURVEY (SUCH AS THE NCVS) THAT
MEASURES THE AMOUNT, NATURE, AND
PATTERNS OF VICTIMIZATION IN THE
POPULATION.
VICTIMLESS CRIMES - CRIMES THAT VIOLATE
THE MORAL ORDER BUT IN WHICH THERE IS
NO ACTUAL VICTIM OR TARGET. IN THESE
CRIMES, WHICH INCLUDE DRUG ABUSE AND
SEX OFFENSES, IT IS SOCIETY AS A WHOLE
AND NOT AN INDIVIDUAL WHO IS
CONSIDERED THE VICTIM.
VICTIMOLOGIST - A PERSON WHO STUDIES
THE VICTIM’S ROLE IN CRIMINAL
TRANSACTIONS.
VICTIM-WITNESS ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS -
GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS THAT HELP
CRIME VICTIMS AND WITNESSES; MAY
INCLUDE COMPENSATION, COURT
SERVICES, AND/OR CRISIS INTERVENTION.
VIGILANTES - INDIVIDUALS WHO GO ON MARKETPLACE. WHITE-COLLAR CRIMES
MORAL CRUSADES WITHOUT ANY CAN INVOLVE THEFT, EMBEZZLEMENT,
AUTHORIZATION FROM LEGAL FRAUD, MARKET MANIPULATION,
AUTHORITIES. THE ASSUMPTION IS THAT IT
IS OKAY TO TAKE MATTERS INTO YOUR OWN WICKERSHAM COMMISSION - CREATED IN
HANDS IF THE CAUSE IS RIGHT AND THE 1931 BY PRESIDENT HERBERT HOOVER TO
TARGET IS IMMORAL. INVESTIGATE THE STATE OF THE NATION’S
POLICE FORCES, A COMMISSION THAT
VIOLENTIZATION PROCESS - ACCORDING FOUND POLICE TRAINING TO BE
TO LONNIE ATHENS, THE PROCESS BY INADEQUATE AND THE AVERAGE OFFICER
WHICH ABUSED CHILDREN ARE TURNED INCAPABLE OF EFFECTIVELY CARRYING
INTO AGGRESSIVE ADULTS. THIS PROCESS OUT HIS DUTIES.
TAKES VIOLENT YOUTHS FULL CIRCLE
FROM BEING THE VICTIMS OF AGGRESSION WORKPLACE VIOLENCE - IRATE EMPLOYEES
TO ITS INITIATORS; THEY ARE NOW THE OR FORMER EMPLOYEES ATTACK
SAME PERSON THEY GREW UP DESPISING, COWORKERS OR SABOTAGE MACHINERY
READY TO BEGIN THE PROCESS WITH THEIR AND PRODUCTION LINES; NOW
OWN CHILDREN. CONSIDERED THE THIRD LEADING CAUSE
OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURY OR DEATH.
VIRILITY MYSTIQUE - THE BELIEF THAT
MALES MUST SEPARATE THEIR SEXUAL WRIT OF CERTIORARI - AN ORDER OF A
FEELINGS FROM NEEDS FOR LOVE, SUPERIOR COURT REQUESTING THAT THE
RESPECT, AND AFFECTION. RECORD OF AN INFERIOR COURT (OR
ADMINISTRATIVE BODY) BE BROUGHT
VOIR DIRE - THE PROCESS IN WHICH A FORWARD FOR REVIEW OR INSPECTION.
POTENTIAL JURY PANEL IS QUESTIONED BY
THE PROSECUTION AND THE DEFENSE TO ZEALOT - THE ORIGINAL ZEALOTS WERE
SELECT JURORS WHO ARE UNBIASED AND HEBREW WARRIOR GROUPS ACTIVE
OBJECTIVE. DURING THE ROMAN OCCUPATION OF
PALESTINE DURING THE FIRST CENTURY CE.
VOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER A HOMICIDE TODAY THE TERM COMMONLY REFERS TO A
COMMITTED IN THE HEAT OF PASSION OR FANATICAL OR OVER IDEALISTIC
DURING A SUDDEN QUARREL; ALTHOUGH FOLLOWER OF A POLITICAL OR RELIGIOUS
INTENT MAY BE PRESENT, MALICE IS NOT. CAUSE.

WALNUT STREET JAIL - AT THIS INSTITUTION,

MOST PRISONERS WERE PLACED IN
SOLITARY CELLS, WHERE THEY REMAINED
IN ISOLATION AND DID NOT HAVE THE RIGHT
TO WORK.

WAREZ - A TERM COMPUTER HACKERS AND

SOFTWARE PIRATES USE TO DESCRIBE A
GAME OR APPLICATION THAT IS MADE
AVAILABLE FOR USE ON THE INTERNET IN
VIOLATION OF ITS COPYRIGHT
PROTECTION.

WATCH SYSTEM - IN MEDIEVAL ENGLAND,

MEN ORGANIZED IN CHURCH PARISHES TO
GUARD AGAINST DISTURBANCES AND
BREACHES OF THE PEACE AT NIGHT; THEY
WERE UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE
LOCAL CONSTABLE.

WEBSITE DEFACEMENT - A TYPE OF CYBER

VANDALISM THAT OCCURS WHEN A
COMPUTER HACKER INTRUDES ON
ANOTHER PERSON’S WEBSITE BY
INSERTING OR SUBSTITUTING CODES THAT
EXPOSE VISITORS TO THE SITE TO
MISLEADING OR PROVOCATIVE
INFORMATION. DEFACEMENT CAN RANGE
FROM INSTALLING HUMOROUS GRAFFITI TO
SABOTAGING OR CORRUPTING THE SITE.

WECHSLER ADULT INTELLIGENCE SCALE -

ONE OF THE STANDARD IQ TESTS.

WERNICKE-KORSAKOFF DISEASE - A
DEADLY NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER.
WHITE-COLLAR CRIME - ILLEGAL ACTS THAT
CAPITALIZE ON A PERSON’S STATUS IN THE

CRIMINAL
LAW AND
JURISPRUDE
NCE
(CLJ)
CRIMINAL LAW
(BOOK 1)
ABERRATIO ICTUS – MISTAKE IN BLOW
ACCESSORIES — ACCESSORIES ARE THOSE
WHO, HAVING KNOWLEDGE OF THE
COMMISSION OF THE CRIME, AND WITHOUT
HAVING PARTICIPATED THEREIN, EITHER AS
PRINCIPALS OR ACCOMPLICES, TAKE PART
SUBSEQUENT TO ITS COMMISSION IN ANY
OF THE FOLLOWING MANNERS: BY
PROFITING THEMSELVES OR ASSISTING
THE OFFENDER TO PROFIT BY THE EFFECTS
OF THE CRIME. BY CONCEALING OR
DESTROYING THE BODY OF THE CRIME, OR
THE EFFECTS OR INSTRUMENTS THEREOF,
IN ORDER TO PREVENT ITS DISCOVERY. BY
HARBORING, CONCEALING, OR ASSISTING
IN THE ESCAPE OF THE PRINCIPALS OF THE
CRIME, PROVIDED THE ACCESSORY ACTS
WITH ABUSE OF HIS PUBLIC FUNCTIONS OR
WHENEVER THE AUTHOR OF THE CRIME IS
GUILTY OF TREASON, PARRICIDE, MURDER,
OR AN ATTEMPT TO TAKE THE LIFE OF THE
CHIEF EXECUTIVE, OR IS KNOWN TO BE
HABITUALLY GUILTY OF SOME OTHER
CRIME.
ACCOMPLICES — ACCOMPLICES ARE THOSE
PERSONS WHO, NOT BEING INCLUDED IN
ART. 17, COOPERATE IN THE EXECUTION OF
THE OFFENSE BY PREVIOUS OR
SIMULTANEOUS ACTS.
ACT- IS ANY BODILY MOVEMENT TENDING TO
PRODUCE SOME EFFECTS IN THE
EXTERNAL WORLD.
ACTUS ME INVITO FACTUS NONEST MEUS
ACTUS- AN ACT DONE BY ME AGAINST MY
WILL IS NOT MY ACT.
ACTUS NON FACIT REUM NISI MENS SIT REA-
THE ACT ITSELF DOES NOT MAKE A MAN
GUILTY UNLESS HIS INTENTION WAS SO.
ACUTE BATTERING INCIDENT - CHILD IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAW- A CHILD
CHARACTERIZED BY BRUTALITY,
DESTRUCTIVENESS AND DEATH.
AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES- ARE
THOSE WHICH IF ATTENDANT IN THE
COMMISSION OF THE OFFENSE, WOULD
SERVE TO INCREASE THE PENALTY.
ALTERNATIVE CIRCUMSTANCE - THOSE
WHICH MUST BE TAKEN INTO
CONSIDERATION AS AGGRAVATING OR
MITIGATING ACCORDING TO THE NATURE
AND EFFECTS OF THE CRIME AND THE
OTHER CONDITIONS
COMMISSION.
ATTENDING ITS
ARRESTO MENOR — THE PENALTY OF
ARRESTO MENOR SHALL BE SERVED IN THE
MUNICIPAL JAIL, OR IN THE HOUSE OF THE
DEFENDANT HIMSELF UNDER THE
SURVEILLANCE OF AN OFFICER OF THE
LAW, WHEN THE COURT SO PROVIDES IN ITS
DECISION, TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION
THE HEALTH OF THE OFFENDER AND
OTHER REASONS WHICH MAY SEEM
SATISFACTORY TO IT.
ATTEMPTED – WHEN THE OFFENDER
COMMENCES THE COMMISSION OF A
FELONY DIRECTLY BY OVERT ACTS, AND
DOES NOT PERFORM ALL THE ACTS OF
EXECUTION WHICH SHOULD PRODUCE THE
FELONY BY REASON OF SOME CAUSE OR
ACCIDENT OTHER THAN HIS OWN
SPONTANEOUS DESISTANCE.
BAND – WHENEVER MORE THAN THREE
ARMED MALEFACTORS SHALL HAVE ACTED
TOGETHER IN THE COMMISSION OF AN
OFFENSE, IT SHALL BE DEEMED TO HAVE
BEEN COMMITTED BY A BAND.
BATTERED WIFE - A WOMAN WHO IS
REPEATEDLY SUBJECTED TO ANY
FORCEFUL PHYSICAL OR PSYCHOLOGICAL
BEHAVIOR BY A MAN IN ORDER TO DO
SOMETHING HE WANTS HER TO DO
WITHOUT CONCERN FOR HER RIGHTS. IT
INCLUDES WIVES OR WOMAN IN ANY FORM
OF INTIMATE RELATIONSHIP WITH A MAN.
THE COUPLE MUST GO THROUGH THE
BATTERING CYCLE AT LEAST TWICE.
BILL OF ATTAINDER – A BILL OF ATTAINDER
IS A LAW WHICH INFLICTS PUNISHMENT
WITHOUT TRIAL.
BOND TO KEEP THE PEACE - IT IS AN
ACCESSORY PENALTY WHICH HAS THE
EFFECT OF REQUIRING THE PERSON
SENTENCED TO IT TO PRESENT TWO
SURETIES WHO SHALL UNDERTAKE THAT
SUCH PERSON WILL NOT COMMIT THE
OFFENSE SOUGHT TO BE PREVENTED, AND
IN CASE SUCH OFFENSE BE COMMITTED
THEY WILL PAY THE AMOUNT DETERMINED
BY THE COURT IN ITS JUDGMENT, OR
OTHERWISE TO DEPOSIT SUCH AMOUNT IN
THE OFFICE OF THE CLERK OF COURT TO
GUARANTEE SAID UNDERTAKING.
WHO IS ACCUSED OR ADJUDGED OF
HAVING COMMITTED AN OFFENSE.
CIVIL INTERDICTION - IT IS AN ACCESSORY
PENALTY WHICH HAS THE EFFECTS OF
DEPRIVING THE OFFENDER DURING THE
TIME OF HIS SENTENCE OF THE RIGHTS OF
PARENTAL AUTHORITY, OR GUARDIANSHIP,
EITHER AS TO THE PERSON OR PROPERTY
OF ANY WARD, OF MARITAL AUTHORITY, OF
THE RIGHT TO MANAGE HIS PROPERTY, AND
OF THE RIGHT TO DISPOSE OF SUCH
PROPERTY BY ANY ACT OR ANY
CONVEYANCE INTER VIVOS.
CLASSICAL (JURISTIC) THEORY - THE BASIS
OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY IS HUMAN FREE WILL
AND THE PURPOSE OF PENALTY IS
RETRIBUTION. MAN IS A MORAL CREATURE
WITH AN ABSOLUTE FREE WILL TO CHOOSE
BETWEEN GOOD AND EVIL.
COMMON LAW CRIMES - THE BODY OF
PRINCIPLES, USAGES AND RULES OF
ACTIONS WHICH DO NOT RESULT FROM
THE EXPRESS ACT OF THE LEGISLATURE.
THERE IS NO SUCH CRIME IN THE
PHILIPPINES.
COMPLEX CRIME - WHEN A SINGLE ACT
CONSTITUTES TWO OR MORE GRAVE OR
LESS GRAVE FELONIES, OR WHEN AN
OFFENSE IS A NECESSARY MEANS FOR
COMMITTING THE OTHER.
COMPLEX CRIME PROPER OR DELITO
COMPLEJO - AN OFFENSE IS A NECESSARY
MEANS OF COMMITTING THE OTHER
COMPOUND CRIME OR DELITO
COMPUESTO - WHEN A SINGLE ACT
CONSTITUTES TWO OR MORE GRAVE OR
LESS GRAVE FELONIES
COMPLEX PENALTY - IT IS A PENALTY
PRESCRIBED BY LAW COMPOSED OF THREE
DISTINCT PENALTIES, EACH FORMING A
PERIOD, THE LIGHTEST OF THEM SHALL BE
THE MINIMUM, THE NEXT THE MEDIUM, AND
THE MOST SEVERE THE MAXIMUM PERIOD.
COMPUTATION OF PRESCRIPTION OF
OFFENSES — THE PERIOD OF PRESCRIPTION
SHALL COMMENCE TO RUN FROM THE DAY
ON WHICH THE CRIME IS DISCOVERED BY
THE OFFENDED PARTY, THE AUTHORITIES,
OR THEIR AGENTS, AND SHALL BE
INTERRUPTED BY THE FILING OF THE
COMPLAINT OR INFORMATION, AND SHALL
COMMENCE TO RUN AGAIN WHEN SUCH
PROCEEDINGS TERMINATE WITHOUT THE
ACCUSED BEING CONVICTED OR
ACQUITTED, OR ARE UNJUSTIFIABLY
STOPPED FOR ANY REASON NOT
IMPUTABLE TO HIM.
CONSPIRACY - EXISTS WHEN TWO OR MORE
PERSONS COME TO AN AGREEMENT
CONCERNING THE COMMISSION OF A
FELONY AND DECIDE TO COMMIT IT.
CONSUMMATED- WHEN ALL THE ELEMENTS
NECESSARY FOR ITS ACCOMPLISHMENT
AND EXECUTION ARE PRESENT
CONTINUING/CONTINUED/CONTINUOUS
CRIME - IT IS A SINGLE CRIME, CONSISTING
OF A SERIES OF ACTS ALL ARISING FROM
ONE CRIMINAL RESOLUTION. IT IS A
CONTINUOUS, UNLAWFUL ACT OR SERIES
OF ACT SET ON FOOT BY A SINGLE IMPULSE
AND OPERATED BY AN UNINTERMITTENT
FORCE,
CRAFT - IS A CIRCUMSTANCE
CHARACTERIZED BY TRICKERY OR CUNNING
RESORTED TO BY THE ACCUSED, TO CARRY
OUT HIS DESIGN. IT IS THE USE OF
INTELLECTUAL TRICKERY AND CUNNING ON
THE PART OF THE ACCUSED.
CRIME - IS AN ACT COMMITTED OR OMITTED
IN VIOLATION OF A PUBLIC LAW
FORBIDDING OR COMMANDING IT
CRIMINAL LAW - THAT BRANCH OF PUBLIC
LAW WHICH DEFINES CRIMES TREATS OF
THEIR NATURE AND PROVIDES FOR THEIR
PUNISHMENT.
CRUELTY - A CIRCUMSTANCE WHEREBY THE
OFFENDER ENJOYS AND DELIGHTS IN
MAKING HIS VICTIM SUFFER SLOWLY AND
GRADUALLY, CAUSING HIM UNNECESSARY
PHYSICAL PAIN IN THE CONSUMMATION OF
HIS CRIMINAL ACT.
DESTIERRO - ANY PERSON SENTENCED TO
DESTIERRO SHALL NOT BE PERMITTED TO
ENTER THE PLACES DESIGNATED IN THE
SENTENCE, NOR WITHIN THE RADIUS
THEREIN SPECIFIED, WHICH SHALL NOT BE
MORE THAN 250 AND NOT LESS THAN 25
KILOMETERS FROM THE PLACE
DESIGNATED. IF HE DOES HE MAY BE HELD
LIABLE FOR EVASION OF SERVICE OF
SENTENCE UNDER ARTICLE 157 RPC.
DISCERNMENT - THE MENTAL CAPACITY OF
A MINOR TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN RIGHTS
FROM WRONG AND TO FULLY APPRECIATE
THE CONSEQUENCES OF HIS FELONIOUS
ACTS.
DISGUISE- IT INVOLVES THE DELIBERATE
EFFORT OF THE ACCUSED TO CONCEAL HIS
IDENTITY IN THE COMMISSION OF THE
CRIME.
DOCTRINE OF SELF HELP - STATES THAT
THE OWNER OR THE LAWFUL POSSESSOR
OF A THING HAS THE RIGHT TO EXCLUDE
ANY PERSON FROM THE ENJOYMENT AND
DISPOSAL THEREOF. THUS HE MAY USE
SUCH FORCE AS MAY BE REASONABLY
NECESSARY TO REPEL OR PREVENT AN
ACTUAL OR THREATENED UNLAWFUL
PHYSICAL INVASION OR USURPATION OF
HIS PROPERTY. (ART. 429 CIVIL CODE)
EL QUE ES CAUSA DE LA CAUSA ES CAUSA
DEL MAL CAUSADO - HE WHO IS THE CAUSE
OF THE CAUSE IS THE CAUSE OF THE EVIL
CAUSED.
ENGLISH RULE - THE CRIME IS PUNISHABLE
IN THE PHILIPPINES, UNLESS THE CRIME
MERELY AFFECTS THINGS WITHIN THE PUNISHMENT OR PENALTIES WHICH IN ANY
VESSEL. OF THEIR PERIOD ARE AFFLICTIVE.

ENTRAPMENT - WAYS AND MEANS ARE HABITUAL DELINQUENT - A PERSON SHALL

RESORTED TO FOR THE PURPOSE OF
TRAPPING AND CAPTURING THE
LAWBREAKER IN THE EXECUTION OF HIS
PLANS
ERROR IN PERSONAE - MISTAKE IN IDENTITY
OF VICTIM
EVIDENT PREMEDITATION - IT INVOLVES A
DETERMINATION TO COMMIT THE CRIME
PRIOR TO THE MOMENT OF ITS EXECUTION
AND ALSO TO CARRY OUT THE CRIMINAL
INTENT WHICH MUST BE THE RESULT OF
DELIBERATE,
EXEMPLARITY - TO SERVE AS AN EXAMPLE
TO OTHERS AND DETER THEM FROM
EMULATING THE CRIMINAL.
EXEMPTING CIRCUMSTANCES - ARE THOSE
GROUNDS FOR EXEMPTION FROM
PUNISHMENT BECAUSE THERE IS WANTING
IN THE AGENT OF THE CRIME ANY OF THE
CONDITIONS WHICH MAKE THE ACT
VOLUNTARY OR NEGLIGENT.
EX POST FACTO LAW - IS A LAW THAT MAKES
CRIMINAL AN ACT DONE BEFORE THE
PASSAGE OF THE LAW AND WHICH WAS
INNOCENT WHEN DONE, AND PUNISHES
SUCH AN ACT.
FELONY - IS AN ACT OR OMISSION
PUNISHABLE BY THE REVISED PENAL CODE
BE DEEMED A HABITUAL DELINQUENT IF
WITHIN A PERIOD OF TEN YEARS FROM THE
DATE OF HIS RELEASE OR LAST
CONVICTION OF THE CRIMES OF SERIOUS
OR LESS SERIOUS PHYSICAL INJURIES,
ROBO, HURTO, ESTAFA, OR FALSIFICATION,
HE IS FOUND GUILTY OF ANY OF SAID
CRIMES A THIRD TIME OR OFTENER
IGNOMINY - IS A CIRCUMSTANCE
PERTAINING TO THE MORAL ORDER, WHICH
ADDS DISGRACE AND OBLOQUY TO THE
MATERIAL INJURY CAUSED BY THE CRIME.
IGNORANTIA FACTI EXCUSAT - MISTAKE OF
FACT IS AN EXCUSE.
IGNORANTIA LEGIS NON EXCUSAT -
IGNORANCE OF THE LAW EXCUSES NO ONE.
IMBECILE - ONE WHO IS OLD BUT HAS A
MENTAL DEVELOPMENT SIMILAR TO
CHILDREN BETWEEN THE AGES 2-7 YEARS.
IMPOSSIBLE CRIMES - THOSE CRIMES
WHICH WOULD HAVE BEEN COMMITTED
AGAINST PERSON OR PROPERTY WERE IT
NOT FOR THE INHERENT IMPOSSIBILITY OF
ITS ACCOMPLISHMENT OR ON ACCOUNT OF
THE EMPLOYMENT OF INADEQUATE OR
INEFFECTUAL MEANS. THE PURPOSE OF
THE LAW IN PUNISHING IMPOSSIBLE CRIME
IS TO SUPPRESS CRIMINAL PROPENSITIES
OR TENDENCIES.

FORMAL CRIMES - ARE CRIMES IMPUTABILITY - THE QUALITY BY WHICH A

CONSUMMATED IN ONE INSTANT. THERE IS CRIMINAL ACT MAYBE PINPOINTED TO
ONLY ONE STAGE AND THAT IS ANOTHER AS ITS DOER OR AUTHOR.
CONSUMMATED STAGE.
INDEMNIFICATION - INDEMNIFICATION OF
FRAUD - INSIDIOUS WORDS OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES SHALL
MACHINATIONS USED TO INDUCE THE INCLUDE NOT ONLY THOSE CAUSED THE
VICTIM TO ACT IN A MANNER WHICH WOULD INJURED PARTY, BUT ALSO THOSE
ENABLE THE OFFENDER TO CARRY OUT HIS SUFFERED BY HIS FAMILY OR BY THIRD
DESIGN. PERSON BY REASON OF THE CRIME.

FRENCH RULE - THE CRIME IS NOT TRIABLE INDETERMINATE OFFENSE - IT IS ONE

IN THE COURTS OF THAT COUNTRY, UNLESS WHERE THE PURPOSE OF THE OFFENDER IN
THEIR COMMISSION UNLESS THEIR PERFORMING AN ACT IS NOT CERTAIN
COMMISSION HAS EFFECTS ON THE SAFETY
OF THE COASTAL STATE. INFRACTION - VIOLATION OF CITY OR
MUNICIPAL ORDINANCES
FRUSTRATED - WHEN THE OFFENDER
PERFORMS ALL THE ACTS OF EXECUTION INHERENT - THAT MUST NECESSARILY
WHICH WOULD PRODUCE THE FELONY AS A ACCOMPANY THE COMMISSION OF A CRIME
CONSEQUENCE BUT WHICH,
NEVERTHELESS DO NOT PRODUCE IT BY INITIAL CONTACT WITH THE CHILD - THE
REASON OF CAUSES INDEPENDENT OF THE APPREHENSION OF A CHILD IN CONFLICT
WILL OF THE PERPETRATOR. WITH THE LAW BY OFFICERS OR PRIVATE
CITIZENS.
GENERAL - CRIMINAL LAW IS BINDING ON
ALL PERSONS WHO LIVE OR SOJOURN IN INSANITY - ONE WHICH EXISTS WHEN THERE
THE PHILIPPINES. IS A COMPLETE DEPRIVATION OF
INTELLIGENCE IN COMMITTING THE
GENERIC - GENERALLY APPLIES TO ALL CRIMINAL ACT THAT IS THE ACCUSED IS
CRIMES. DEPRIVED OF REASON AND ACTS WITHOUT
THE LEAST DISCERNMENT.
GRAVE FELONIES - ARE THOSE TO WHICH INTENT - PURPOSE TO USE A PARTICULAR
THE LAW ATTACHES THE CAPITAL MANES TO AFFECT SUCH RESULT. MOTIVE
IS NOT AN ELEMENT OF A CRIME AND NEED
NOT BE PROVED. INTENT IS AN ELEMENT
AND MUST BE PROVED.
INTERVENING CAUSE - ARE THOSE THAT
BREAK THE RELATION OF CAUSE AND
EFFECT. THE FELONY COMMITTED IS NOT
THE PROXIMATE CAUSE OF THE RESULTING
INJURY WHEN:
INSTIGATION – ONE WHICH TAKES PLACE
WHEN A PEACE OFFICER INDUCES A
PERSON TO COMMIT A CRIME. WITHOUT THE
INDUCEMENT, THE CRIME WOULD NOT BE
COMMITTED. IT EXEMPTS ONE FROM
CRIMINAL LIABILITY.
INSULT OR DISRESPECT OF THE RANK, AGE
OR SEX - THIS AGGRAVATING
CIRCUMSTANCE IS APPLICABLE ONLY IN
CRIMES AGAINST HONOR OR PERSONS
IRRESISTIBLE FORCE- A FORCE WHICH
PRODUCES SUCH AN EFFECT UPON AN
INDIVIDUAL THAT, IN SPITE OF ALL
RESISTANCE, IT REDUCES HIM TO A MERE
INSTRUMENT AND AS SUCH INCAPABLE OF
COMMITTING A CRIME
JUSTICE - CRIMINAL IS PUNISHED AS AN ACT
OF RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE.
JUSTIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES - THOSE
WHERE THE ACT OF A PERSON IS SAID TO BE
IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW. AS A
CONSEQUENCE HE IS FREED FROM
CRIMINAL AND CIVIL LIABILITY.
LESS GRAVE FELONIES - ARE THOSE WHICH
THE LAW PUNISHES WITH PENALTIES
WHICH IN THEIR MAXIMUM PERIOD ARE
CORRECTIONAL.
LIFE IMPRISONMENT - DOES NOT HAVE
SPECIFIC DURATION, IMPOSED FOR
VIOLATIONS OF SPECIAL LAWS, AND DOES
NOT HAVE ACCESSORY PENALTIES.
LIGHT FELONIES - ARE INFRACTION OF
LAWS FOR THE COMMISSION OF WHICH
THE PENALTY OF ARRESTO MENOR OR A
FINE NOT EXCEEDING 200 PESOS OR BOTH
IS PROVIDED.
MALA IN SE - THOSE SO SERIOUS AS TO
CALL FOR UNANIMOUS CONDEMNATION,
WRONGFUL IN NATURE, GENERALLY
PUNISHED BY THE RPC
MALA PROHIBITA - VIOLATIONS OF MERE
RULES OF CONVENIENCE DESIGNED TO
SECURE A MORE ORDERLY REGULATION OF
SOCIETY’S AFFAIRS, MADE WRONGFUL
ONLY BY STATUTE, PUNISHED BY SPECIAL
LAW
MATERIAL CRIMES - HAVE THREE STAGES OF
EXECUTION, ATTEMPTED, FRUSTRATED
AND CONSUMMATED.
MISTAKE OF FACT - IS A MISAPPREHENSION
OF FACT ON THE PART OF THE PERSON
WHO CAUSED INJURY TO ANOTHER. HE IS
NOT LIABLE FOR ABSENCE OF CRIMINAL
INTENT.
MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCES - THOSE
WHICH IF PRESENT IN THE COMMISSION OF
A CRIME, DO NOT ENTIRELY FREE THE
ACTOR FROM CRIMINAL LIABILITY BUT
REDUCES ONLY THE PENALTY.
MOTIVE- THE MOVING POWER WHICH
IMPELS ONE TO ACTION FOR A DEFINITE
RESULT.
NIGHTIME- THAT PERIOD OF DARKNESS
BEGINNING AT END OF DUSK AND ENDING
AT DAWN.
OFFENSE - THOSE PUNISHABLE BY SPECIAL
LAWS. AN ILLEGAL ACT WHICH DOES NOT
AMOUNT TO A CRIME AS DEFINED IN THE
PENAL CODE.
OMISSION - INACTION, THE FAILURE TO
PERFORM AN ACT ONE IS BOUND TO DO.
OVERT ACT - SOME PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OR
DEED MORE THAN A MERE PLANNING OR
PREPARATION, WHICH IF CARRIED OUT TO
ITS COMPLETE TERMINATION FOLLOWING
ITS NATURAL COURSE. WITHOUT BEING
FRUSTRATED BY EXTERNAL OBSTACLES
NOR BY THE VOLUNTARY DESISTANCE OF
THE PERPETRATOR, WILL LOGICALLY AND
NATURALLY RIPEN IN A CONCRETE
OFFENSE.
PARDON - IS AN ACT OF GRACE
PROCEEDING FROM THE POWER
ENTRUSTED WITH THE EXECUTION OF THE
LAWS WHICH EXEMPTS THE INDIVIDUAL ON
WHOM IT IS BESTOWED FROM THE
PUNISHMENT THE LAW INFLICTS FOR THE
CRIME HE HAS COMMITTED. A PARDON MAY
EITHER BE A CONDITIONAL OR ABSOLUTE.
PARTIAL EXTINCTION OF CRIMINAL
LIABILITY - BY CONDITIONAL PARDON- A
CONTRACT BETWEEN THE PRESIDENT AND
THE CONVICT THE FORMER WILL RELEASE
THE LATTER UPON COMPLIANCE WITH
CERTAIN CONDITIONS; BY COMMUTATION
OF SENTENCE- IT IS THE REDUCTION OF THE
PERIOD OF IMPRISONMENT OF THE
OFFENDER OR THE AMOUNT OF THE FINE;
FOR GOOD CONDUCT TIME ALLOWANCE-
ARE DEDUCTIONS FROM THE TERM OF THE
SENTENCE FOR GOOD BEHAVIOR OF THE
CONVICTED PRISONER; PAROLE- CONSISTS
OF THE SUSPENSION OF THE SENTENCE OF
A CONVICT AFTER SERVING THE MINIMUM
TERM OF THE INDETERMINATE PENALTY.
PENALTY - IS THE SUFFERING INFLICTED BY
THE STATE FOR THE TRANSGRESSION OF
THE LAW.
PLURALITY OF CRIMES - CONSIST IN THE
SUCCESSIVE EXECUTION BY ONE
INDIVIDUAL OF DIFFERENT CRIMINAL ACTS
UPON WHICH NO CONVICTION IS YET
DECLARED. IT COULD EITHER BE FORMAL
OR IDEAL PLURALITY OF WHICH ART. 48 IS
THE BEST EXAMPLE, THAT IS THERE IS ONLY
ONE CRIMINAL LIABILITY OR REAL OR
MATERIAL PLURALITY WHERE THERE ARE
DIFFERENT CRIMES IN THE EYES OF THE
LAW AND IN THE CONSCIENCE OF THE
OFFENDER. HENCE IN REAL OR MATERIAL
PLURALITY THE OFFENDER IS PUNISHED
FOR EACH AND EVERY OFFENSE THAT HE
COMMITTED.
POSITIVIST (REALISTIC) THEORY - MAN IS
SUBDUED OCCASIONALLY BY A STRANGE
AND MORBID PHENOMENON WHICH
CONSTRAIN HIM TO DO WRONG. CRIME IS A
SOCIAL AND NATURAL PHENOMENON; IT
CANNOT BE TREATED THEREFORE BY THE
APPLICATION OF ABSTRACT PRINCIPLES OF
LAW OR BY THE IMPOSITION OF
PUNISHMENT.
PRAETER INTENTIONEM - RESULT DONE IS
GREATER THAN THAT ORIGINALLY
INTENDED.
PREVENTION - TO SUPPRESS OR PREVENT
THE DANGER TO THE STATE OF THE ACTS
OF THE CRIMINAL.
PREVENTIVE IMPRISONMENT - OFFENDERS
OR ACCUSED WHO HAVE UNDERGONE
PREVENTIVE IMPRISONMENT SHALL BE
CREDITED IN THE SERVICE OF THEIR
SENTENCE CONSISTING OF DEPRIVATION
OF LIBERTY, WITH THE FULL TIME DURING
WHICH THEY HAVE UNDERGONE
PREVENTIVE IMPRISONMENT IF THE
DETENTION PRISONER AGREES
VOLUNTARILY IN WRITING TO ABIDE BY THE
SAME DISCIPLINARY RULES IMPOSED UPON
CONVICTED PRISONERS. EXCEPT: WHEN
THEY ARE RECIDIVIST, OR HAVE BEEN
CONVICTED PREVIOUSLY TWICE OR MORE
TIMES OF ANY CRIME; WHEN UPON BEING
SUMMONED FOR THE EXECUTION OF THEIR
SENTENCE THEY FAILED TO SURRENDER
VOLUNTARILY.
PRINCIPALS — THE FOLLOWING ARE
CONSIDERED PRINCIPALS: THOSE WHO
TAKE A DIRECT PART IN THE EXECUTION OF
THE ACT; THOSE WHO DIRECTLY FORCE OR
INDUCE OTHERS TO COMMIT IT; THOSE
WHO COOPERATE IN THE COMMISSION OF
THE OFFENSE BY ANOTHER ACT WITHOUT
WHICH IT WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN
ACCOMPLISHED.
PROPOSAL - WHEN THE PERSON WHO HAS
DECIDED TO COMMIT A FELONY PROPOSES
ITS EXECUTION TO SOME OTHER PERSON
OR PERSONS.
PROVOCATION - ANY UNJUST OR IMPROPER
CONDUCT ON THE PART OF THE OFFENDED
PARTY CAPABLE OF INCITING OR
IRRITATING ANY ONE.
PROSPECTIVE - CRIMINAL LAW CANNOT
MAKE AN ACT PUNISHABLE IN A MANNER IN
WHICH IT WAS NOT PUNISHABLE WHEN
COMMITTED.
PROXIMATE CAUSE - IS THAT CAUSE WHICH
IN THE ORDINARY AND CONTINUOUS
SEQUENCE, UNBROKEN BY ANY EFFICIENT
INTERVENING CAUSE PRODUCES THE
INJURY
QUALIFYING - THAT WHICH CHANGES THE
NATURE OF THE CRIME
RECIDIVIST - ONE WHO AT THE TIME OF HIS
TRIAL FOR ONE CRIME, SHALL HAVE BEEN
PREVIOUSLY CONVICTED BY FINAL
JUDGMENT OF ANOTHER CRIME EMBRACED
IN THE SAME TITLE OF THE REVISED PENAL
CODE.
RECLUSION PERPETUA - HAS DURATION OF
30 YEARS AFTER WHICH CONVICT
BECOMES PARDONABLE BUT THE MAXIMUM
PERIOD SHALL NOT EXCEED 40 YEARS.
IMPOSED FOR VIOLATIONS OF FELONIES
PUNISHABLE UNDER THE REVISED PENAL
CODE. HAS ACCESSORY PENALTIES.
REFORMATION - UNDER THE MODERN
CONCEPT OF CORRECTION THE CRIMINAL
IS PUNISHED IN ORDER TO REHABILITATE
OR REFORM HIM.
REPARATION - THE COURT SHALL
DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF DAMAGE,
TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION THE PRICE
OF THE THING, AND ITS SPECIAL
SENTIMENTAL VALUE TO THE INJURED
PARTY.
RESPONSIBILITY - IS THE OBLIGATION OF AN
OFFENDER IN SUFFERING THE
CONSEQUENCES OF A CRIME.
RESTITUTION - THE RESTITUTION OF THE
THING ITSELF MUST BE MADE WHENEVER
POSSIBLE, WITH ALLOWANCE FOR ANY
DETERIORATION OR DIMINUTION OF VALUE.
RULE ON SUCCESSIVE SERVICE OF
SENTENCE - WHEN THE CULPRIT HAS TO
SERVE TWO OR MORE PENALTIES, HE
SHALL SERVE THEM SIMULTANEOUSLY IF
THE NATURE OF THE PENALTIES WILL
PERMIT SO, OTHERWISE THE ORDER OF
THEIR RESPECTIVE SEVERITY SHALL BE
FOLLOWED SO THAT THEY MAY BE
EXECUTED SUCCESSIVELY OR AS NEARLY
AS MAY BE POSSIBLE, SHOULD A PARDON
HAVE BEEN GRANTED AS TO THE PENALTY
FIRST IMPOSED OR SHOULD THEY HAVE
BEEN CARRIED OUT (ART. 70).
SELF DEFENSE- TO PROTECT THE SOCIETY
AGAINST THE THREATS AND ACTIONS OF
THE CRIMINALS.
SPECIAL LAW- A LAW WHICH DEFINES AND
PUNISHES ACT NOT FOUND IN THE RPC
SPECIAL TIME ALLOWANCE FOR LOYALTY -
IT IS A DEDUCTION OF 1/5 OF THE PERIOD
OF SENTENCE TO ANY PRISONER WHO,
HAVING EVADED THE SERVICE OF HIS
SENTENCE UNDER THE CIRCUMSTANCES IN
ART. 158 RPC, GIVES HIMSELF UP TO THE
AUTHORITY WITHIN 48 HOURS FOLLOWING
THE ISSUANCE OF A PROCLAMATION
ANNOUNCING THE PASSING AWAY OF THE
CALAMITY. AS AMENDED BY RA 10592 – 2/5
FOR THOSE WHO WILL STAY IN PRISON
COMPOUND.
SPECIFIC- THOSE THAT APPLY ONLY TO A
PARTICULAR CRIME.
STATUS OFFENSE- OFFENSES WHICH
DISCRIMINATE ONLY AGAINST A CHILD
WHILE AN ADULT DOES NOT SUFFER ANY
PENALTY FOR COMMITTING SIMILAR ACTS.
EXAMPLES ARE: CURFEW VIOLATIONS,
TRUANCY, AND PARENTAL DISOBEDIENCE.
SUBSIDIARY IMPRISONMENT/PENALTY - IT IS
A PERSONAL LIABILITY TO BE SUFFERED BY
THE CONVICT WHO HAS NO PROPERTY TO
PAY THE FINE AT THE RATE OF ONE DAY FOR
EACH EIGHT PESOS. (ART. 39)
TENSION BUILDING STAGE - WHERE MINOR
BATTERING OCCURS
TERRITORIAL- CRIMINAL LAWS ARE
APPLICABLE ONLY IF THE CRIME IS
COMMITTED WITHIN PHILIPPINE TERRITORY.
EXECUTION, WITHOUT RISK TO HIMSELF
ARISING FROM THE DEFENSE WHICH THE
OFFENDED PARTY MIGHT MAKE.
UNCONTROLLABLE FEAR - THE EXEMPTING
CIRCUMSTANCE OF UNCONTROLLABLE
FEAR PRESUPPOSES THAT THE ACCUSED IS
COMPELLED BY MEANS OF THREAT OR
INTIMIDATION BY A THIRD PERSON TO
COMMIT A CRIME.
UNINHABITED PLACE- ONE WHERE THERE
ARE NO HOUSES OR WHERE THE HOUSES
ARE SCATTERED AT A GREAT DISTANCE
FROM EACH OTHER
UNLAWFUL AGGRESSION- IS ASSAULT OR
AT LEAST THREATENED ASSAULT OF AN
IMMEDIATE AND IMMINENT KIND.
UNLAWFUL ENTRY- THERE IS UNLAWFUL
ENTRY WHEN AN ENTRANCE IS AFFECTED
BY A WAY NOT INTENDED FOR THE
PURPOSE.

THREE FOLD RULE IN THE SERVICE OF

SENTENCE - ACCORDING TO THIS RULE, THE
MAXIMUM DURATION OF THE CONVICT’S
SENTENCE SHALL NOT BE MORE THAN
THREEFOLD THE LENGTH OF TIME
CORRESPONDING TO THE MOST SEVERE OF
THE PENALTIES IMPOSED UPON HIM. NO
OTHER PENALTY TO WHICH HE MAY BE HELD
LIABLE SHALL BE INFLICTED AFTER THE
SUM OF THOSE IMPOSED EQUALS THE SAID
MAXIMUM PERIOD. SUCH MAXIMUM PERIOD
SHALL IN NO CASE EXCEED FORTY YEARS.

TOTAL EXTINCTION OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY -

BY THE DEATH OF THE CONVICT, AS TO THE
PERSONAL PENALTIES; AS TO PECUNIARY
LIABILITIES, IT IS EXTINGUISHED ONLY
WHEN THE DEATH OF THE OFFENDER
OCCURS BEFORE FINAL JUDGMENT, BY
SERVICE OF SENTENCE, BY AMNESTY-AN
ACT OF THE SOVEREIGN POWER GRANTING
OBLIVION OR A GENERAL PARDON FOR
PAST OFFENSE, AND IS RARELY EXERCISED
IN FAVOR OF A SINGLE INDIVIDUAL, AND IS
CRIMINAL LAW
(BOOK 2)
USUALLY EXERTED IN BEHALF OF CERTAIN
CLASSES OF PERSONS WHO ARE SUBJECT
TO TRAIL BUT NOT YET CONVICTED, BY
ABSOLUTE PARDON, PRESCRIPTION OF
CRIME- THE FORFEITURE OR THE LOSS OF ABANDONING A MINOR- COMMITTED BY
THE RIGHT OF THE STATE TO PROSECUTE ANYONE WHO SHALL ABANDON A CHILD
THE OFFENDER AFTER THE LAPSE OF A UNDER 7 YEARS OF AGE, THE CUSTODY OF
CERTAIN TIME., PRESCRIPTION OF PENALTY- WHICH IS INCUMBENT UPON HIM.
THE LOSS OR FORFEITURE OF THE RIGHT
OF THE GOVERNMENT TO EXECUTE THE ABANDONMENT OF PERSONS IN DANGER
FINAL SENTENCE AFTER THE LAPSE OF A AND ABANDONMENT OF ONE’S OWN
CERTAIN TIME, MARRIAGE OF THE VICTIM- COMMITTED BY ANYONE WHO
OFFENDED PARTY UNDER ARTICLE 344 RPC SHALL FAIL: TO RENDER ASSISTANCE TO
TRANQUIL OR LOVING PHASE - THE PERSON WHOM HE SHALL FIND IN AN
BATTERER SHOWS LOVING CARING UNINHABITED PLACE WOUNDED OR IN
NURTURE TO THE VICTIM. DANGER OF DYING, TO RENDER
ASSISTANCE TO ANOTHER WHOM HE HAS
TREACHERY- THERE IS TREACHERY WHEN ACCIDENTALLY WOUNDED OR INJURED,
THE OFFENDER COMMITS ANY OF THE FAIL TO DELIVER AN ABANDONED CHILD
CRIMES AGAINST THE PERSON, EMPLOYING UNDER 7 WHOM HE FOUND TO HIS PARENTS
MEANS, METHODS OR FORMS IN THE OR AUTHORITIES.
EXECUTION THEREOF WHICH TEND
DIRECTLY AND SPECIALLY TO INSURE ITS
ABDUCTION - TAKING AWAY OF A WOMAN
FOR THE PURPOSE OF MARRYING OR
CORRUPTING HER.
ABORTION PRACTICED BY A PHYSICIAN OR
MIDWIFE AND DISPENSING OF ABORTIVE. - IS
COMMITTED BY A DOCTOR OR PHYSICIAN
WHO SHALL CAUSE AN ABORTION OR
ASSIST IN CAUSING THE SAME. ALSO A
PHARMACIST WHO WITHOUT PROPER
PRESCRIPTION FROM A PHYSICIAN SHALL
DISPENSE ANY ABORTIVE.
ABORTION PRACTICED BY WOMAN
HERSELF OR BY HER PARENTS- THIS IS
COMMITTED BY A WOMAN WHO SHALL
PRACTICE AN ABORTION UPON HERSELF
OR SHALL CONSENT THAT ANY OTHER
PERSON SHOULD DO SO.
ABUSES AGAINST CHASTITY - COMMITTED
BY: PUBLIC OFFICER WHO SHALL SOLICIT
OR MAKE IMMORAL OR INDECENT
ADVANCES TO A WOMAN INTERESTED IN
MATTERS PENDING BEFORE SUCH OFFICER
FOR DECISION, OR WITH RESPECT TO
WHICH HE IS REQUIRED TO SUBMIT A
REPORT TO, OR CONSULT WITH A SUPERIOR
OFFICER. ANY WARDEN OR PUBLIC
OFFICER CHARGED WITH THE CARE AND
CUSTODY OF PRISONERS OR PERSONS
UNDER ARREST WHO SHALL MAKE OR
SOLICIT IMMORAL OR INDECENT ADVANCES
TO A WOMAN UNDER HIS CUSTODY.
ABANDONMENT OF OFFICE OR POSITION. -
COMMITTED BY ANY PUBLIC OFFICER WHO,
BEFORE, THE ACCEPTANCE OF HIS
RESIGNATION, SHALL ABANDON HIS
OFFICE TO THE DETRIMENT OF THE PUBLIC
SERVICE.
ACCESS DEVICE — MEANS ANY CARD, PLATE,
CODE, ACCOUNT NUMBER, ELECTRONIC
SERIAL NUMBER, PERSONAL
IDENTIFICATION NUMBER, OR OTHER
TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICE,
EQUIPMENT, OR INSTRUMENTAL
IDENTIFIER, OR OTHER MEANS OF
ACCOUNT ACCESS THAT CAN BE USED TO
OBTAIN MONEY, GOOD, SERVICES, OR ANY
OTHER THING OF VALUE OR TO INITIATE A
TRANSFER OF FUNDS (OTHER THAN A
TRANSFER ORIGINATED SOLELY BY PAPER
INSTRUMENT).
ACCIDENTAL HOMICIDE - THIS IS A
HOMICIDE THAT RESULTS WHEN THE DEATH
OF A PERSON IS BROUGHT ABOUT BY A
LAWFUL ACT PERFORMED WITH PROPER
CARE AND SKILL AND ABSENCE OF
CRIMINAL INTENT.
ACTS OF LASCIVIOUSNESS - COMMITTED BY
ANY PERSON WHO SHALL COMMIT ANY ACT
OF LASCIVIOUSNESS UPON OTHER
PERSONS OF EITHER SEX, UNDER THE
CIRCUMSTANCES MENTIONED IN THE
CRIME OF RAPE.
ACTS TENDING TO PREVENT THE MEETING
OF NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND SIMILAR
BODIES - COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON WHO
BY FORCE OR FRAUD PREVENTS THE
MEETING OF THE FOLLOWING: NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY, ANY OF ITS COMMITTEES OR
SUB COMMITTEES, CONSTITUTIONAL
COMMISSIONS OR ITS COMMITTEES,
PROVINCIAL BOARD AND CITY OR
MUNICIPAL COUNCIL
ADHERENCE TO ENEMY, DEFINED- IT TAKES
PLACE WHEN ONE INTELLECTUALLY OR
EMOTIONALLY FAVORS THE ENEMY AND
HARBORS SYMPATHIES OR CONVICTIONS
DISLOYAL TO HIS COUNTRY’S INTEREST.
ADMINISTERING INJURIOUS SUBSTANCES
OR BEVERAGES - COMMITTED BY ANY
PERSON WHO WITHOUT INTENT TO KILL,
SHALL INFLICT UPON ANOTHER ANY
SERIOUS PHYSICAL INJURY, BY KNOWINGLY
ADMINISTERING TO HIM ANY INJURIOUS
SUBSTANCES OR BEVERAGES OR BY
TAKING ADVANTAGE OF HIS WEAKNESS OF
MIND OR CREDULITY.
ADULTERY- COMMITTED BY ANY MARRIED
WOMAN WHO SHALL HAVE SEXUAL
INTERCOURSE WITH A MAN NOT HER
HUSBAND AND BY THE MAN WHO HAS
CARNAL KNOWLEDGE OF HER, KNOWING
HER TO BE MARRIED.
AGENT OF A PERSON IN AUTHORITY- IS ANY
PERSON WHO, BY DIRECT PROVISION OF
LAW OR BY ELECTION OR BY APPOINTMENT
BY COMPETENT AUTHORITY, IS CHARGED
WITH THE MAINTENANCE OF PUBLIC ORDER
AND THE PROTECTION AND SECURITY OF
LIFE AND PROPERTY, SUCH AS BARRIO
COUNCILMAN, BARRIO POLICEMAN AND
BARANGAY LEADER.
AID AND COMFORT - AN ACT WHICH
STRENGTHENS THE ENEMY IN THE
CONDUCT OF WAR AGAINST THE TRAITOR’S
COUNTRY OR WEAKENS THE POWER OF
THE LATTER TO ATTACK OR RESIST THE
ENEMY.
ALARMS AND SCANDALS. - COMMITTED BY
ANY PERSON WHO SHALL: WITHIN ANY
TOWN OR PUBLIC PLACE, SHALL
DISCHARGE ANY FIREARM, ROCKET,
FIRECRACKER, OR OTHER EXPLOSIVE
CALCULATED TO CAUSE ALARM OR
DANGER; INSTIGATE OR TAKE AN ACTIVE
PART IN ANY CHARIVARIOR OTHER
DISORDERLY MEETING OFFENSIVE TO
ANOTHER OR PREJUDICIAL TO PUBLIC
TRANQUILITY, WHILE WANDERING ABOUT
AT NIGHT OR WHILE ENGAGED IN ANY
NOCTURNAL AMUSEMENTS, SHALL
DISTURB THE PUBLIC PEACE; OR WHO
WHILE INTOXICATED OR OTHERWISE,
SHALL CAUSE ANY DISTURBANCE OR
SCANDAL IN PUBLIC PLACES, AS LONG AS
ARTICLE 153 IS NOT APPLICABLE.
ALLEGIANCE - THE OBLIGATION OF FIDELITY
AND OBEDIENCE WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL
OWES TOM HIS GOVERNMENT, IN RETURN
FOR THE PROTECTION HE RECEIVES.
ALTERING BOUNDARIES OR LANDMARKS -
COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON WHO SHALL
ALTER THE BOUNDARY MARKS OR
MONUMENTS OF TOWNS, PROVINCES, OR
ESTATES, OR ANY OTHER MARKS INTENDED
TO DESIGNATE THE BOUNDARIES OF THE
SAME
ANIMUS LUCRAND - IS INTENT TO GAIN OF
THE ACCUSED
ANTICIPATION OF DUTIES OF A PUBLIC
OFFICE- COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON WHO
SHALL ASSUME THE PERFORMANCE OF THE
DUTIES AND POWERS OF ANY PUBLIC
OFFICE OR EMPLOYMENT WITHOUT FIRST
BEING SWORN IN OR HAVING GIVEN THE
BOND REQUIRED BY LAW.
ASPORTATION - THE CARRYING AWAY OR
THE FELONIOUS REMOVAL OF GOODS.
BIGAMY - COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON WHO
SHALL CONTRACT A SECOND OR
SUBSEQUENT MARRIAGE BEFORE THE
FORMER MARRIAGE HAS BEEN LEGALLY
DISSOLVED, OR BEFORE THE ABSENT
SPOUSE HAS BEEN DECLARED
PRESUMPTIVELY DEAD.
BOND FOR GOOD BEHAVIOR- THE PERSON
MAKING THE THREATS MAY BE REQUIRED TO
GIVE BAIL NOT TO MOLEST THE PERSON
THREATENED, IF HE SHALL FAIL TO GIVE
SUCH BAIL, HE SHALL BE SENTENCED TO
DESTIERRO.
BRIGANDS - WHEN MORE THAN THREE
ARMED PERSONS FORM A BAND OF
ROBBERS FOR THE PURPOSE OF
EXTORTION OR TO OBTAIN RANSOM OR
FOR ANY OTHER PURPOSE TO BE ATTAINED
BY MEANS OF FORCE AND VIOLENCE THEY
SHALL BE DEEMED TO BE HIGHWAY
ROBBERS OR BRIGANDS.
CHALLENGING TO A DUEL- COMMITTED BY
ANY PERSON WHO SHALL CHALLENGE
ANOTHER, OR INCITE ANOTHER TO GIVE OR
ACCEPT A CHALLENGE TO A DUEL, OR
SHALL SCOFF AT OR DECRY ANOTHER
PUBLICLY FOR REFUSING TO ACCEPT A
CHALLENGE TO FIGHT A DUEL.
CHARIVARI - MEANS A MEDLEY OF
DISCORDANT VOICES, A MOCK SERENADE
OF DISCORDANT NOISES MADE ON
KETTLES, HORNS ETC DESIGNED ONLY TO
ANNOY.
CHILD PORNOGRAPHY - REFERS TO ANY
PUBLIC OR PRIVATE REPRESENTATION, BY
WHATEVER MEANS, OF A CHILD ENGAGED
IN REAL OR SIMULATED EXPLICIT SEXUAL
ACTIVITIES OR ANY REPRESENTATION OF
THE SEXUAL PARTS OF A CHILD FOR
PRIMARILY SEXUAL PURPOSES.
CHILD PORNOGRAPHY MATERIALS - REFERS
TO THE MEANS AND METHODS BY WHICH
CHILD PORNOGRAPHY IS CARRIED OUT:
CHILDREN - REFERS TO PERSONS BELOW
EIGHTEEN (18) YEARS OF AGE OR THOSE
OVER BUT ARE UNABLE TO FULLY TAKE
CARE OF THEMSELVES OR PROTECT
THEMSELVES FROM ABUSE,
NEGLECT, CRUELTY, EXPLOITATION OR
DISCRIMINATION BECAUSE OF A
PHYSICAL OR MENTAL DISABILITY OR
CONDITION.
COMMERCIAL DOCUMENT- A DOCUMENT
OR INSTRUMENT USED BY MERCHANTS OR
BUSINESSMAN TO FACILITATE OR
PROMOTE TRADE OR CREDIT
TRANSACTIONS.
COMMISSION OF ANOTHER CRIME DURING
SERVICE OF PENALTY IMPOSED FOR
ANOTHER PREVIOUS OFFENSE. - ANY
PERSON WHO SHALL COMMIT A FELONY
AFTER HAVING BEEN CONVICTED BY FINAL
JUDGMENT, BEFORE BEGINNING TO SERVE
SUCH SENTENCE, OR WHILE SERVING THE
SAME, SHALL BE PUNISHED BY THE
MAXIMUM PERIOD OF THE PENALTY
PRESCRIBED BY LAW FOR THE NEW FELONY
(THIS IS KNOWN AS QUASI RECIDIVISM)
CONCUBINAGE - COMMITTED BY A
HUSBAND WHO SHALL KEEP A MISTRESS IN
THE CONJUGAL DWELLING, OR, SHALL
HAVE SEXUAL INTERCOURSE UNDER
SCANDALOUS CIRCUMSTANCES WITH A
WOMAN NOT HIS WIFE, OR SHALL COHABIT
WITH HER IN ANY OTHER PLACE.
CONNIVING WITH OR CONSENTING TO
EVASION. - COMMITTED BY ANY PUBLIC
OFFICER WHO SHALL CONSENT TO THE
ESCAPE OF A PRISONER IN HIS CUSTODY
CONSENTED ABDUCTION - THE ABDUCTION
OF A VIRGIN OVER 12 AND UNDER 18 YEARS
OF AGE, CARRIED OUT WITH HER CONSENT
AND WITH LEWD DESIGN.
CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT TERRORISM -
PERSONS WHO CONSPIRE TO COMMIT THE
CRIME OF TERRORISM SHALL SUFFER THE
PENALTY OF FORTY (40) YEARS OF
IMPRISONMENT. THERE IS CONSPIRACY
WHEN TWO OR MORE PERSONS COME TO
AN AGREEMENT CONCERNING THE
COMMISSION OF THE CRIME OF TERRORISM
AS DEFINED IN SECTION 3 HEREOF AND
DECIDE TO COMMIT THE SAME.
CORRESPONDENCE WITH HOSTILE
COUNTRY. - COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON
WHO IN TIME OF WAR, SHALL HAVE
CORRESPONDENCE WITH AN ENEMY
COUNTRY OR TERRITORY OCCUPIED BY
ENEMY TROOPS
CORRUPTION OF MINORS- COMMITTED BY
ANY PERSON WHO SHALL PROMOTE OR
FACILITATE THE PROSTITUTION OR
CORRUPTION OF PERSONS UNDER AGE TO
SATISFY THE LUST OF ANOTHER.
CORRUPTION OF PUBLIC OFFICIALS-
COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON WHO SHALL
HAVE MADE THE OFFERS OR PROMISES OR
GIVEN THE GIFTS OR PRESENT AS
DESCRIBED IN THE PRECEDING ARTICLES.
COUNTERFEITING, IMPORTING AND
UTTERING INSTRUMENTS NOT PAYABLE TO
BEARER. - COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON
WHO SHALL FORGE, IMPORT OR UTTER, IN
CONNIVANCE WITH THE IMPORTER OR
FORGERS, ANY INSTRUMENT PAYABLE TO
ORDER OR OTHER DOCUMENT OF CREDIT
NOT PAYABLE TO BEARER.
COUP D’ETAT - IS A SWIFT ATTACK,
ACCOMPANIED BY VIOLENCE, INTIMIDATION
OR THREAT, OR STRATEGY, DIRECTED
AGAINST DULY CONSTITUTED AUTHORITIES
OF THE RP OR ANY MILITARY CAMP OR
INSTALLATION, COMMUNICATIONS
NETWORK OR PUBLIC UTILITIES, SINGLY OR
SIMULTANEOUSLY CARRIED OUT
ANYWHERE IN THE PHILIPPINES BY ANY
PERSON OR PERSONS BELONGING TO THE
MILITARY OR POLICE OR HOLDING PUBLIC
OFFICE OR EMPLOYMENT FOR THE
PURPOSE OF SEIZING OR DIMINISHING
STATE POWER.
DEATH OR PHYSICAL INJURIES INFLICTED
UNDER EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES. -
ANY LEGALLY MARRIED PERSON WHO,
HAVING SURPRISED HIS SPOUSE IN THE ACT
OF COMMITTING SEXUAL INTERCOURSE
WITH ANOTHER PERSON, SHALL KILL ANY
OF THEM OR BOTH OF THEM IN THE ACT OR
IMMEDIATELY THEREAFTER, SHALL INFLICT
UPON THEM ANY SERIOUS PHYSICAL INJURY
SHALL SUFFER THE PENALTY OF
DESTIERRO. IF HE SHALL INFLICT UPON
THEM PHYSICAL INJURIES OF ANY OTHER
KIND HE SHALL BE EXEMPTED FROM
PUNISHMENT. THESE RULES SHALL BE
APPLICABLE, UNDER THE SAME
CIRCUMSTANCE, TO PARENTS, WITH
RESPECT TO THEIR DAUGHTERS UNDER 18
YEARS OF AGE, AND THEIR SEDUCER, WHILE
THE DAUGHTERS ARE LIVING WITH THEIR
PARENTS. ANY PERSON WHO SHALL
PROMOTE OR FACILITATE THE
PROSTITUTION OF HIS WIFE OR DAUGHTER,
OR SHALL OTHERWISE HAVE CONSENTED
TO THE INFIDELITY OF THE OTHER SPOUSE
SHALL NOT BE ENTITLED TO THE BENEFITS
OF THIS ARTICLE.
DELAY IN THE DELIVERY OF DETAINED
PERSONS TO THE PROPER JUDICIAL
AUTHORITIES. - COMMITTED BY ANY PUBLIC
OFFICER OR EMPLOYEE WHO SHALL
DETAIN ANY PERSON FOR SOME LEGAL
GROUND AND SHALL FAIL TO DELIVER
SUCH PERSON TO THE PROPER JUDICIAL
AUTHORITIES WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED
PERIOD OF:
DELAYING RELEASE- COMMITTED BY ANY
PUBLIC OFFICER OR EMPLOYEE WHO:
DELAYS THE PERFORMANCE OF A JUDICIAL
OR EXECUTIVE ORDER FOR THE RELEASE
OF A PRISONER. DELAYS THE SERVICE OF
THE NOTICE OF SUCH ORDER TO SAID
PRISONER. DELAYS THE PROCEEDINGS
UPON ANY PETITION FOR THE LIBERATION
OF SUCH PERSON.
DELIVERING PRISONERS FROM JAIL-
COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON WHO SHALL
REMOVE FROM ANY JAIL OR PENAL
ESTABLISHMENT ANY PERSON CONFINED
THEREIN OR SHALL HELP THE ESCAPE OF
SUCH PERSON, BY MEANS OF VIOLENCE,
INTIMIDATION OR BRIBERY.
DETENTION - ONE IS DETAINED WHEN HE IS
PLACED IN CONFINEMENT OR THERE IS
RESTRAINT ON HIS PERSON.
DIRECT ASSAULT - COMMITTED BY ANY
PERSON WHO: WITHOUT PUBLIC UPRISING,
SHALL EMPLOY FORCE OR INTIMIDATION
FOR THE ATTAINMENT OF ANY OF THE
PURPOSES ENUMERATED IN DEFINING THE
CRIMES OF REBELLION AND SEDITION.
WITHOUT PUBLIC UPRISING, BY ATTACKING,
BY EMPLOYING FORCE OR BY SERIOUSLY
INTIMIDATING OR BY SERIOUSLY RESISTING
ANY PERSON IN AUTHORITY OR ANY OF HIS
AGENTS, WHILE ENGAGED IN THE
PERFORMANCE OF OFFICIAL DUTIES, OR
ON THE OCCASION OF SUCH
PERFORMANCE.
DIRECT BRIBERY - COMMITTED BY A PUBLIC
OFFICER WHO: AGREES TO PERFORM, OR
BY PERFORMING, IN CONSIDERATION OF
ANY OFFER, PROMISE, GIFT OR PRESENT-AN
ACT CONSTITUTING A CRIME, IN
CONNECTION WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF
HIS OFFICIAL DUTY. ACCEPTS A GIFT IN
CONSIDERATION OF THE EXECUTION OF AN
ACT WHICH DOES NOT CONSTITUTE A
CRIME, IN CONNECTION WITH THE
PERFORMANCE OF HIS OFFICIAL DUTY.
AGREEING TO REFRAIN, OR BY REFRAINING,
FROM DOING SOMETHING WHICH IT IS HIS
OFFICIAL DUTY TO DO SO, IN
CONSIDERATION OF A GIFT OR PROMISE.
DISOBEDIENCE TO ORDER OF SUPERIOR
OFFICER WHEN SAID ORDER WAS
SUSPENDED BY INFERIOR OFFICER-
COMMITTED BY A PUBLIC OFFICER, WHO
HAS SUSPENDED THE EXECUTION OF THE
ORDERS OF HIS SUPERIOR, SHALL DISOBEY
SUCH SUPERIORS AFTER THE LATTER HAVE
DISAPPROVED THE SUSPENSION.
DISOBEYING REQUEST FOR
DISQUALIFICATION- COMMITTED BY ANY
PUBLIC OFFICER, WHO BEFORE THE
QUESTION OF JURISDICTION IS DECIDED,
SHALL CONTINUE ANY PROCEEDING AFTER
HAVING BEEN LAWFULLY REQUIRED TO
REFRAIN FROM SO DOING.
DISTURBANCE OF PROCEEDINGS –
COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON WHO
DISTURBS THE MEETINGS OF LETTERS A
TOE ABOVE, OR WHILE IN THE PRESENCE
OF ANY SUCH BODIES SHOULD BEHAVE IN
SUCH A MANNER AS TO INTERRUPT ITS
PROCEEDINGS OR TO IMPAIR THE RESPECT
DUE IT.
DISLOYALTY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS OR
EMPLOYEES - COMMITTED BY PUBLIC
OFFICERS OR EMPLOYEES WHO: FAILED TO
RESIST A REBELLION BY ALL THE MEANS OF
THEIR POWER; CONTINUING TO DISCHARGE
THE DUTIES OF THEIR OFFICES UNDER THE
CONTROL OF THE REBELS; OR ACCEPTING
APPOINTMENTS TO OFFICE UNDER THE
REBELS.
DUEL - A COMBAT AGREED BETWEEN TWO
PARTIES IN THE PRESENCE OF SECONDS
WHO MAKES THE SELECTION OF ARMS.
DWELLING- IS THE PLACE OF ABODE WHERE
ONE RESIDES AND WHICH SATISFIES THE
REQUIREMENTS OF DOMESTIC LIFE. IT IS
ANY BUILDING OR STRUCTURE
EXCLUSIVELY USED FOR REST AND
COMFORT.
ESCAPE OF PRISONER UNDER THE
CUSTODY OF A PERSON NOT A PUBLIC
OFFICER - COMMITTED BY ANY PRIVATE
PERSON TO WHOM THE CONVEYANCE OR
CUSTODY OF A PRISONER OR PERSON
UNDER ARREST SHALL HAVE BEEN
CONFIDE4D, WHO SHALL COMMIT ANY OF
THE OFFENSES MENTIONED IN THE TWO
PRECEDING ARTICLES.
ESPIONAGE- COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON
WHO: WITHOUT AUTHORITY SHALL ENTER A
WARSHIP, FORT, OR NAVAL OR MILITARY
RESERVATION TO OBTAIN ANY
INFORMATION, PLANS, PHOTOGRAPH, OR
OTHER DATA OF A CONFIDENTIAL NATURE
RELATIVE TO THE DEFENSE OF THE
PHILIPPINES; A PUBLIC OFFICER WHO IS IN
POSSESSION OF THE ARTICLES, DATA, OR
INFORMATION REFERRED TO IN
PARAGRAPH ONE SHALL DISCLOSE THEIR
CONTENTS TO A REPRESENTATIVE OF A
FOREIGN NATION.
EVASION OF SERVICE OF SENTENCE-
COMMITTED BY ANY CONVICT WHO SHALL
EVADE SERVICE OF HIS SENTENCE BY
ESCAPING DURING THE TERM OF HIS
IMPRISONMENT BY REASON OF FINAL
JUDGMENT
EVASION OF SERVICE OF SENTENCE ON
THE OCCASION OF DISORDERS,
CONFLAGRATIONS, EARTHQUAKES, OR
OTHER CALAMITIES. - COMMITTED BY A
CONVICT, WHO SHALL EVADE THE SERVICE
OF HIS SENTENCE BY LEAVING THE PENAL
INSTITUTION ON THE OCCASION OF THE
ABOVE MENTIONED EVENTS, OR DURING A
MUTINY IN WHICH HE HAS NOT
PARTICIPATED, WHO SHALL FAIL TO GIVE
HIMSELF UP TO THE AUTHORITIES WITHIN
48 HOURS FOLLOWING THE ISSUANCE OF A
PROCLAMATION BY THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE
ANNOUNCING THE PASSING AWAY OF SUCH
CALAMITY.
EVASION THROUGH NEGLIGENCE-
COMMITTED BY A PUBLIC OFFICER WHO IS
CHARGED WITH THE CUSTODY OR
CONVEYANCE OF A PRISONER AND THE
PRISONER ESCAPED THROUGH HIS
NEGLIGENCE.
EXPLICIT SEXUAL ACTIVITY - REFERS TO
ACTUAL OR SIMULATED – SEXUAL
INTERCOURSE OR LASCIVIOUS ACT
INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, CONTACT
INVOLVING GENITAL TO GENITAL, ORAL TO
GENITAL, ANAL TO GENITAL OR ORAL TO
ANAL, WHETHER BETWEEN PERSONS OF
THE SAME OR OPPOSITE SEX; BESTIALITY;
MASTURBATION; SADISTIC OR
MASOCHISTIC ABUSE; EXHIBITION OF THE
GENITALS, BUTTOCKS, BREAST, PUBIC
AREA AND/OR ANUS; OR USE OF ANY
OBJECT OR INSTRUMENT FOR LASCIVIOUS
ACTS.
EXPLOITATION OF CHILD LABOR -
COMMITTED BY ANYONE WHO UNDER THE
PRETEXT OF REIMBURSING HIMSELF OF A
DEBT INCURRED BY AN ASCENDANT,
GUARDIAN, OR PERSON ENTRUSTED WITH
THE CUSTODY OF A MINOR SHALL AGAINST
THE LATTER WILL RETAIN HIM IN HIS
SERVICE.
EXPULSION - COMMITTED BY A PUBLIC
OFFICER OR EMPLOYEE WHO WITHOUT
BEING AUTHORIZED BY LAW: EXPELS ANY
PERSON FROM THE PHILIPPINES; OR
COMPELS A PERSON TO CHANGE HIS
RESIDENCE
FALSIFICATION BY PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS
AND USE OF FALSIFIED DOCUMENTS -
COMMITTED BY PRIVATE INDIVIDUAL WHO
SHALL COMMIT ANY OF THE
FALSIFICATIONS MENTIONED IN THE
PRECEDING ARTICLE IN ANY PUBLIC OR
OFFICIAL DOCUMENT OR LETTER OF
EXCHANGE OR ANY KIND OF COMMERCIAL
DOCUMENT; AND ANY PERSON WHO, TO
THE DAMAGE OF ANOTHER, OR WITH INTENT
TO CAUSE SUCH DAMAGE, SHALL IN ANY
PRIVATE DOCUMENT SHALL COMMIT ANY
OF THE ACTS OF FALSIFICATIONS THEREIN;
ANY PERSON WHO SHALL KNOWINGLY
INTRODUCE IN EVIDENCE IN ANY JUDICIAL
PROCEEDING TO THE DAMAGE OF
ANOTHER OR WHO, WITH INTENT TO CAUSE
SUCH DAMAGE, SHALL USE ANY OF THE
FALSE DOCUMENTS EMBRACED IN THE
PRECEDING ARTICLE OR IN ANY OF THE
SUBDIVISION OF THIS ARTICLE.
FALSIFICATION BY PUBLIC OFFICER,
EMPLOYEE OR NOTARY OR
ECCLESIASTICAL MINISTER- COMMITTED BY
THESE PEOPLE WHO, TAKING ADVANTAGE
OF THEIR PUBLIC POSITION, SHALL FALSIFY
A DOCUMENT BY COMMITTING ANY OF
THESE: COUNTERFEITING OR IMITATING
ANY HANDWRITING, SIGNATURE OR RUBRIC;
CAUSING IT TO APPEAR THAT PERSONS
HAVE PARTICIPATED IN ANY ACT OR
PROCEEDING WHEN THEY DID NOT IN FACT
SO PARTICIPATE; ATTRIBUTING TO
PERSONS WHO HAVE PARTICIPATED IN AN
ACT OR PROCEEDING STATEMENTS OTHER
THAN THOSE IN FACT MADE BY THEM;
MAKING UNTRUTHFUL STATEMENTS IN A
NARRATION OF FACTS; ALTERING TRUE
DATES; MAKING ANY ALTERATION OR
INTERCALATION IN A GENUINE DOCUMENT
WHICH CHANGES ITS MEANING; ISSUING IN
AN AUTHENTICATED FORM A DOCUMENT
PURPORTING TO BE A COPY OF AN
ORIGINAL DOCUMENT WHEN NO SUCH
ORIGINAL EXISTS, OR INCLUDING IN SUCH
COPY A STATEMENT CONTRARY TO, OR
DIFFERENT FROM, THAT OF THE GENUINE
ORIGINAL; OR INTERCALATING ANY
INSTRUMENT OR NOTE RELATIVE TO THE
ISSUANCE THEREOF IN A PROTOCOL,
REGISTRY OR OFFICIAL BOOK.
FALSIFICATION OF LEGISLATIVE
DOCUMENTS- COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON
WHO, WITHOUT PROPER AUTHORITY SHALL
ALTER ANY BILL, RESOLUTION OR
ORDINANCE ENACTED OR APPROVED OR
PENDING APPROVAL BY EITHER HOUSE OR
ANY PROVINCIAL OR MUNICIPAL BOARD OR
COUNCIL
FALSE TESTIMONY AGAINST A DEFENDANT-
COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON WHO SHALL
GIVE FALSE TESTIMONY AGAINST THE
DEFENDANT IN ANY CRIMINAL CASE.
FALSE TESTIMONY FAVORABLE TO THE
DEFENDANT- COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON
WHO SHALL GIVE FALSE TESTIMONY IN
FAVOR OF THE DEFENDANT.
FALSE TESTIMONY IN OTHER CASES AND
PERJURY IN SOLEMN AFFIRMATION-
COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON WHO SHALL
KNOWINGLY MAKE UNTRUTHFUL
STATEMENTS AND NOT BEING INCLUDED IN
THE PROVISIONS OF THE NEXT PRECEDING
ARTICLES, SHALL TESTIFY UNDER OATH, OR
MAKE AN AFFIDAVIT, UPON ANY MATERIAL
MATTER BEFORE A COMPETENT PERSON
AUTHORIZED TO ADMINISTER AN OATH IN
CASES IN WHICH THE LAW SO REQUIRES.
FAILURE OF ACCOUNTABLE OFFICER TO
RENDER ACCOUNT- COMMITTED BY ANY
PUBLIC OFFICER WHO IS REQUIRED BY LAW
OR REGULATION TO RENDER ACCOUNTS
TO THE COMMISSION ON AUDIT, OR TO A
PROVINCIAL AUDITOR AND WHO FAILS TO
DO SO FOR A PERIOD OF TWO MONTHS
AFTER SUCH ACCOUNTS SHOULD BE
RENDERED.
FAILURE OF RESPONSIBLE PUBLIC
OFFICER TO RENDER ACCOUNTS BEFORE
LEAVING THE COUNTRY - COMMITTED BY A
PUBLIC OFFICER WHO UNLAWFULLY
LEAVES OR ATTEMPTS TO LEAVE THE
COUNTRY WITHOUT SECURING A HIGHLY SCANDALOUS CONDUCT NOT
CERTIFICATE FROM THE COA SHOWING
THAT HIS ACCOUNTS HAVE BEEN FINALLY
SETTLED.
FAILURE TO MAKE DELIVERY OF PUBLIC
FUNDS OR PROPERTY- COMMITTED BY ANY
PUBLIC OFFICER WHO IS UNDER
OBLIGATION TO MAKE PAYMENT FROM
GOVERNMENT FUNDS IN HIS POSSESSION,
WHO SHALL FAIL TO MAKE SUCH PAYMENT.
FENCE - INCLUDES ANY PERSON, FIRM,
ASSOCIATION CORPORATION OR
PARTNERSHIP OR OTHER ORGANIZATION
WHO/WHICH COMMITS THE ACT OF
FENCING.
FENCING - IS THE ACT OF ANY PERSON WHO,
WITH INTENT TO GAIN FOR HIMSELF OR FOR
ANOTHER, SHALL BUY, RECEIVE, POSSESS,
KEEP, ACQUIRE, CONCEAL, SELL OR
DISPOSE OF, OR SHALL BUY AND SELL, OR
IN ANY OTHER MANNER DEAL IN ANY
ARTICLE, ITEM, OBJECT OR ANYTHING OF
VALUE WHICH HE KNOWS, OR SHOULD BE
KNOWN TO HIM, TO HAVE BEEN DERIVED
FROM THE PROCEEDS OF THE CRIME OF
ROBBERY OR THEFT.
FLIGHT TO ENEMY’S COUNTRY - COMMITTED
BY ANY PERSON WHO OWING ALLEGIANCE
TO THE GOVERNMENT, ATTEMPTS TO FLEE
OR GO TO AN ENEMY COUNTRY WHEN
PROHIBITED BY COMPETENT AUTHORITY.
FORCIBLE ABDUCTION - THE ABDUCTION
OF ANY WOMAN AGAINST HER WILL AND
WITH LEWD DESIGNS.
FRAUDULENT INSOLVENCY- COMMITTED BY
ANY PERSON WHO SHALL ABSCOND WITH
HIS PROPERTY TO THE PREJUDICE OF HIS
CREDITORS
GAMBLING - A GAME OR SCHEME THE
RESULT OF WHICH DEPENDS WHOLLY
UPON CHANCE OR HAZARD. ITS ELEMENTS
ARE: MONEY OR OTHER CONSIDERATION
OF VALUE; THE RESULT OF THE GAME
DEPENDS WHOLLY OR CHIEFLY UPON
CHANCE OR HAZARD.
GIVING ASSISTANCE TO SUICIDE- IS
COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON WHO SHALL
ASSIST ANOTHER TO COMMIT SUICIDE, OR
LENDING HIS ASSISTANCE TO ANOTHER TO
THE EXTENT OF DOING THE KILLING
HIMSELF.
GRAVE COERCION – COMMITTED BY ANY
PERSON WHO WITHOUT AUTHORITY OF
LAW SHALL BY MEANS OF VIOLENCE,
THREATS OR INTIMIDATION, PREVENT
ANOTHER FROM DOING SOMETHING NOT
PROHIBITED BY LAW, OR COMPELS HIM TO
DO SOMETHING AGAINST HIS WILL,
WHETHER IT BE RIGHT OR WRONG.
GRAVE SCANDAL - COMMITTED BY ANY
PERSON WHO SHALL OFFEND AGAINST
DECENCY OR GOOD CUSTOMS BY ANY
EXPRESSLY FALLING WITHIN ANY ARTICLE
OF THE RPC.
GRAVE THREATS - COMMITTED BY ANY
PERSON WHO SHALL, THREATEN ANOTHER
WITH THE INFLICTION UPON THE PERSON,
HONOR, OR PROPERTY OF THE LATTER OR
OF HIS FAMILY OF ANY WRONG AMOUNTING
TO A CRIME.
HIGH SEAS - PARTS OF THE SEAS THAT ARE
NOT INCLUDED IN THE EXCLUSIVE
ECONOMIC ZONE, TERRITORIAL SEA, OR IN
THE INTERNAL WATERS OF THE STATE, OR
ARCHIPELAGIC WATERS OF AN
ARCHIPELAGIC STATE.
ILL GOTTEN WEALTH - MEANS ANY ASSET,
PROPERTY, BUSINESS ENTERPRISE OR
MATERIAL POSSESSION OF ANY PERSON
WITHIN THE PURVIEW OF SECTION TWO (2)
HEREOF, ACQUIRED BY HIM DIRECTLY OR
INDIRECTLY THROUGH DUMMIES,
NOMINEES, AGENTS, SUBORDINATES
AND/OR BUSINESS ASSOCIATES BY ANY
COMBINATION OR SERIES OF THE
FOLLOWING MEANS OR SIMILAR SCHEMES:
ILLEGAL ASSEMBLIES -THE ACTS
PUNISHABLE ARE: STAGING A MEETING
ATTENDED BY ARMED PERSONS FOR THE
PURPOSE OF COMMITTING ANY OF THE
CRIMES PUNISHABLE BY THE RPC. STAGING
A MEETING IN WHICH THE AUDIENCE
WHETHER ARMED OR NOT IS INCITED TO
THE COMMISSION OF TREASON,
REBELLION, SEDITION OR ASSAULT UPON A
PERSON IN AUTHORITY OR HIS AGENTS
ILLEGAL DISCHARGE OF FIREARM - IS
COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON WHO SHALL
SHOOT AT ANOTHER WITH ANY FIREARM.
ILLEGAL POSSESSION AND USE OF FALSE
TREASURY OR BANK NOTES AND OTHER
INSTRUMENTS OF CREDIT –COMMITTED BY
ANY PERSON WHO SHALL KNOWINGLY USE
OR HAVE IN HIS POSSESSION, WITH INTENT
TO USE ANY OF THE FALSE OR FALSIFIED
INSTRUMENTS.
ILLEGAL USE OF PUBLIC FUNDS OR
PROPERTY - COMMITTED BY A PUBLIC
OFFICER WHO SHALL APPLY ANY PUBLIC
FUNDS OR PROPERTY UNDER HIS
ADMINISTRATION TO ANY PUBLIC USE
OTHER THAN THAT FOR WHICH SUCH
FUNDS OR PROPERTY WERE
APPROPRIATED BY LAW OR ORDINANCE.
ILLEGAL USE OF UNIFORMS AND INSIGNIA -
COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON WHO SHALL
PUBLICLY AND IMPROPERLY MAKE USE OF
INSIGNIA, UNIFORMS, OR DRESS
PERTAINING TO AN OFFICE NOT HELD BY
SUCH PERSON OR TO CLASS OF PERSONS
OF WHICH HE IS NOT A MEMBER.
IMMORAL DOCTRINES. OBSCENE
PUBLICATIONS AND EXHIBITIONS, AND
INDECENT SHOWS- COMMITTED BY ANY
PERSON WHO: SHALL PUBLICLY EXPOUND
OR PROCLAIM DOCTRINES OPENLY
CONTRARY TO PUBLIC MORALS; THE
AUTHORS OF OBSCENE LITERATURE,
PUBLISHED WITH THEIR KNOWLEDGE IN
ANY FORM. THE EDITORS PUBLISHING SUCH
LITERATURE, OWNERS OR OPERATORS OF
ESTABLISHMENT SELLING THEM, THOSE
WHO IN THEATERS, FAIRS,
CINEMATOGRAPHS, OR ANY OTHER PLACE,
EXHIBIT INDECENT OR IMMORAL PLAYS,
SCENES, ACTS OR SHOWS. THOSE WHO
SHALL SELL, GIVE AWAY, OR EXHIBIT FILMS,
PRINTS, ENGRAVINGS, SCULPTURES, OR
LITERATURES WHICH ARE OFFENSIVE TO
MORALS.
INCITING TO REBELLION OR INSURRECTION
- COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON WHO
WITHOUT TAKING ARMS OR IN OPEN
HOSTILITY AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT,
SHALL INCITE OTHERS TO THE EXECUTION
OF ANY OF THE ACTS SPECIFIED IN ARTICLE
134, BY MEANS OF SPEECHES,
PROCLAMATIONS, WRITINGS, BANNERS OR
THEIR REPRESENTATIONS TENDING TO THE
SAME END.
INCITING TO SEDITION - COMMITTED BY ANY
PERSON WHO SHALL: INCITE OTHERS TO
THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF ANY OF THE
ACTS WHICH CONSTITUTE SEDITION BY
MEANS OF WRITING, SPEECHES,
PROCLAMATIONS, EMBLEMS ETC.
UTTERING SEDITIOUS WORDS OR
SPEECHES WHICH TEND TO DISTURB THE
PUBLIC PEACE. WRITING, PUBLISHING,
CIRCULATING SCURRILOUS LIBELS
AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT OR ANY OF ITS
DULY CONSTITUTED AUTHORITIES WHICH
TEND TO DISTURB THE PUBLIC PEACE.
INCITING TO WAR OR GIVING MOTIVES FOR
REPRISALS. - COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON
WHO, BY UNLAWFUL OR UNAUTHORIZED
ACTS, PROVOKES OR GIVES OCCASION FOR
A WAR INVOLVING OR LIABLE TO INVOLVE
THE PHILIPPINES, OR EXPOSES THE
FILIPINOS TO REPRISALS ON THEIR
PERSONS OR PROPERTY.
INTRIGUING AGAINST HONOR - COMMITTED
BY ANY PERSON WHO SHALL CAST
INTRIGUE WHICH HAS FOR ITS PRINCIPAL
PURPOSE TO BLEMISH THE HONOR OR
REPUTATION OF A PERSON.
INCRIMINATING INNOCENT PERSON -
COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON WHO BY ANY
ACT NOT CONSTITUTING PERJURY, SHALL
DIRECTLY INCRIMINATE OR IMPUTE TO AN
INNOCENT PERSON THE COMMISSION OF A
CRIME
INDIRECT ASSAULTS- COMMITTED BY ANY
PERSON WHO SHALL MAKE USE OF FORCE
OR INTIMIDATION UPON ANY PERSON
COMING TO THE AID OF THE AUTHORITIES
OR THEIR AGENTS ON OCCASION OF THE
COMMISSION OF ANY OF THE CRIMES
DEFINED IN THE PRECEDING PARAGRAPH.
INDIFFERENCE OF PARENTS- COMMITTED
BY THE PARENTS WHO SHALL NEGLECT
THEIR CHILDREN BY NOT GIVING THEM THE
EDUCATION WHICH THEIR STATION IN LIFE
REQUIRES AND FINANCIAL CONDITIONS
PERMIT.
INDIRECT BRIBERY- COMMITTED BY ANY
PUBLIC OFFICER WHO SHALL ACCEPT
GIFTS OFFERED TO HIM BY REASON OF HIS
OFFICE.
INDUCING A MINOR TO ABANDON HOME-
COMMITTED BY ANYONE WHO SHALL
INDUCE A MINOR TO ABANDON THE HOME
OF HIS PARENTS OR GUARDIANS OR THE
PERSONS ENTRUSTED WITH HIS CUSTODY.
MERE INDUCEMENT CONSUMMATES THIS
CRIME. BUT IF A MINOR LEAVES BECAUSE
OF HIS OWN FREE WILL NO CRIME OF
ARTICLE 271 IS COMMITTED. A PARENT MAY
BECOME THE OFFENDER IN ART. 271 AS
WHEN THE CUSTODY OF THE CHILD IS
GRANTED TO EITHER OF THEM.
INFANTICIDE- IS THE KILLING OF A CHILD
LESS THAN THREE (3) DAYS OLD.
INTENTIONAL ABORTION - IS COMMITTED BY
ANY PERSON WHO SHALL INTENTIONALLY
CAUSE AN ABORTION BY: USING VIOLENCE
UPON THE PERSON OF THE PREGNANT
WOMAN; OR ACTING WITHOUT THE
CONSENT OF THE WOMAN BUT WITHOUT
USING VIOLENCE; ACTING WITH THE
CONSENT OF THE WOMAN
INTERLOCUTORY ORDER - IS A DECISION
WHICH DOES NOT DISPOSE OF THE ACTION
IN ITS ENTIRETY AND LEAVES SOMETHING
TO BE DONE TO COMPLETE THE RELIEF
SOUGHT.
INTERRUPTION OF RELIGIOUS WORSHIP. -
COMMITTED BY A PUBLIC OFFICER OR
EMPLOYEE WHO SHALL PREVENT OR
DISTURB THE CEREMONIES OR
MANIFESTATIONS OF ANY RELIGION.
HAZING - IS AN INITIATION RITE OR PRACTICE
AS A PREREQUISITE FOR ADMISSION INTO
MEMBERSHIP IN A FRATERNITY, SORORITY
OR ORGANIZATION BY PLACING THE
RECRUIT, NEOPHYTE OR APPLICANT IN
SOME EMBARRASSING OR HUMILIATING
SITUATIONS SUCH AS FORCING HIM/HER
TO DO MENIAL, SILLY, FOOLISH AND
SIMILAR TASKS OR ACTIVITIES OR
OTHERWISE SUBJECTING HIM/HER TO
PHYSICAL OR PSYCHOLOGICAL SUFFERING
OR INJURY.
HOMICIDE- IS A CRIME COMMITTED BY ANY
PERSON WHO SHALL KILL ANOTHER
WITHOUT THE ATTENDANCE OF ANY OF THE
CIRCUMSTANCES MENTIONED IN ARTICLE
248.
JUDGMENT RENDERED THROUGH
NEGLIGENCE- COMMITTED BY ANY JUDGE
WHO, BY REASON OF INEXCUSABLE
NEGLIGENCE OR IGNORANCE, SHALL
RENDER A MANIFESTLY UNJUST JUDGMENT
IN ANY CASE SUBMITTED TO HIM FOR
DECISION.
KIDNAPPING AND FAILURE TO RETURN A
MINOR- COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON WHO,
BEING ENTRUSTED WITH THE CUSTODY OF
A MINOR, SHALL DELIBERATELY FAIL TO
RESTORE THE LATTER TO HIS PARENTS OR
GUARDIANS.
KIDNAPPING AND SERIOUS ILLEGAL
DETENTION- COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON
WHO SHALL KIDNAP OR DETAIN ANOTHER,
OR IN ANY OTHER MANNER SHALL DEPRIVE
HIM OF HIS LIBERTY. IN ORDER THAT THIS
ARTICLE MAY APPLY THERE MUST BE
ACTUAL DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY OR
LOCKING UP WITH MOTIVE TO RESORT TO
KIDNAPPING OR DETENTION.
KNOWINGLY RENDERING UNJUST
JUDGMENT - COMMITTED BY ANY JUDGE
WHO SHALL KNOWINGLY RENDER AN
UNJUST JUDGMENT IN ANY CASE
SUBMITTED TO HIM FOR DECISION.
LAST CLEAR CHANCE DOCTRINE - A
DOCTRINE WHICH SAYS THAT THE
CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE OF ONE
PARTY INJURED, WILL NOT PREVENT.
LESS SERIOUS PHYSICAL INJURIES-
COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON WHO SHALL
INFLICT INJURIES UPON ANOTHER WHICH
SHALL INCAPACITATE THE OFFENDED
PARTY FOR LABOR FOR 10 DAYS OR MORE,
OR SHALL REQUIRE MEDICAL ATTENDANCE
FOR THE SAME PERIOD.
LEVYING OF WAR - IT MEANS: 1. THERE MUST
BE AN ACTUAL ASSEMBLAGE OF MEN. 2.
FOR THE PURPOSE OF FORCEFULLY
EXECUTING A TREASONABLE DESIGN
LIGHT COERCION- COMMITTED BY ANY
PERSON WHO BY MEANS OF VIOLENCE,
SHALL SEIZE ANYTHING BELONGING TO HIS
DEBTOR FOR THE PURPOSE OF APPLYING
THE SAME TO THE PAYMENT OF DEBT. ANY
OTHER COERCION OR UNJUST VEXATION IS
ALSO PUNISHED.
LIGHT THREATS- IS THREAT TO COMMIT A
WRONG NOT CONSTITUTING A CRIME, A
CRIME MADE IN THE MANNER EXPRESSED IN
SUBDIVISION ONE OF ARTICLE 282.
MACHINATIONS IN PUBLIC AUCTION-
COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON WHO SHALL:
SOLICIT ANY GIFT OR PROMISE AS A
CONSIDERATION FOR REFRAINING FROM
TAKING PART IN ANY PUBLIC AUCTION;
ATTEMPT TO CAUSE BIDDERS TO STAY
AWAY FROM AN AUCTION BY THREATS,
GIFTS, PROMISES OR ANY OTHER ARTIFICE.
MAKING AND IMPORTING AND UTTERING
FALSE COINS-COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON
WHO SHALL MAKE, IMPORT OR UTTER
FALSE COINS IN CONNIVANCE WITH
COUNTERFEITERS OR IMPORTERS.
MALFEASANCE- THE PERFORMANCE OF
SOME ACT WHICH SHOULD NOT BE DONE.
MALICIOUS DELAY IN THE ADMINISTRATION
OF JUSTICE- COMMITTED BY A JUDGE WHO
IS GUILTY OF MALICIOUS DELAY IN THE
ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.
MALICIOUS MISCHIEF - COMMITTED BY ANY
PERSON WHO SHALL DELIBERATELY CAUSE
TO THE PROPERTY OF ANOTHER DAMAGE
NOT FALLING WITHIN THE TERMS OF THE
PRECEDING CHAPTER.
MALTREATMENT OF PRISONERS -
COMMITTED BY ANY PUBLIC OFFICER OR
EMPLOYEE WHO SHALL: OVERDO HIMSELF
IN THE CORRECTION OR HANDLING OF A
PRISONER OR DETENTION PRISONER
UNDER HIS CHARGE BY: IMPOSING
PUNISHMENT NOT AUTHORIZED BY
REGULATIONS OR INFLICTING AUTHORIZED
PUNISHMENT IN A CRUEL AND HUMILIATING
MANNER. MALTREAT A PRISONER TO
EXTORT A CONFESSION OR TO OBTAIN
SOME INFORMATION.
MALVERSATION OF PUBLIC FUNDS OR
PROPERTY - COMMITTED BY A PUBLIC
OFFICER WHO BY REASON OF THE DUTIES
OF HIS OFFICE IS ACCOUNTABLE FOR
PUBLIC FUNDS OR PROPERTY WHO SHALL:
APPROPRIATE PUBLIC FUNDS OR
PROPERTY, TAKE OR MISAPPROPRIATE
PUBLIC FUNDS OR PROPERTY. CONSENT,
OR THROUGH ABANDONMENT OR
NEGLIGENCE, PERMIT ANY OTHER PERSON
TO TAKE SUCH PUBLIC FUNDS OR
PROPERTY.
MANUFACTURING AND POSSESSION OF
INSTRUMENTS OR IMPLEMENTS FOR
FALSIFICATION. - COMMITTED BY ANY
PERSON WHO SHALL: MAKE OR INTRODUCE
INTO THE PHILIPPINES ANY STAMPS, DIES,
MARKS, OR OTHER INSTRUMENTS OR
IMPLEMENTS FOR COUNTERFEITING OR
FALSIFICATION; POSSESS WITH INTENT TO
USE THE INSTRUMENTS OR IMPLEMENTS
FOR COUNTERFEITING OR FALSIFICATION
MADE IN OR INTRODUCED INTO THE
PHILIPPINES BY ANOTHER PERSON.
MISFEASANCE- THE IMPROPER
PERFORMANCE OF SOME ACT WHICH
SHOULD HAVE BEEN LAWFULLY BE DONE
MISPRISION OF TREASON - COMMITTED BY
EVERY PERSON OWING ALLEGIANCE TO
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES
AND NOT BEING A FOREIGNER, AND HAVING
KNOWLEDGE OF ANY CONSPIRACY
AGAINST IT, CONCEALS OR DOES NOT
DISCLOSE AND MAKE KNOWN THE SAME, TO
THE GOVERNOR OR FISCAL OF THE
PROVINCE WHERE HE RESIDES.
MONOPOLIES AND COMBINATIONS IN
RESTRAINT OF TRADE - COMMITTED BY ANY
PERSON WHO SHALL: ENTER INTO ANY
CONTRACT OR AGREEMENT OR SHALL
TAKE PART IN ANY CONSPIRACY OR
COMBINATION, IN RESTRAINT OF TRADE OR
COMMERCE OR TO PREVENT BY ARTIFICIAL
MEANS FREE COMPETITION IN THE MARKET.
MONOPOLIZE ANY MERCHANDISE OR
OBJECT OF TRADE OR COMMERCE, OR
SHALL COMBINE WITH ANY PERSON/S TO
MONOPOLIZE SAID MERCHANDISE OR
OBJECT IN ORDER TO ALTER THE PRICE
THEREOF BY SPREADING FALSE RUMORS
OR MAKING USE OF ANY ARTIFICE TO
RESTRAIN FREE COMPETITION IN THE
MARKET. BEING A MANUFACTURER,
PRODUCER, OR PROCESSOR OF ANY
MERCHANDISE OR OBJECT OF COMMERCE
OR AN IMPORTER OF ANY MERCHANDISE,
EITHER AS WHOLESALER OR RETAILER,
SHALL COMBINE, CONSPIRE OR AGREE IN
ANY MANNER WITH ANY PERSON LIKE WISE
ENGAGED IN THE MANUFACTURE,
PRODUCTION, PROCESSING, ASSEMBLING
OR IMPORTATION OF SUCH MERCHANDISE
OR OBJECT OF COMMERCE FOR THE
PURPOSE OF MAKING TRANSACTION
PREJUDICIAL TO LAWFUL COMMERCE, OR
OF INCREASING THE MARKET PRICE.
MULTIPLE PUBLICATION RULE- A SINGLE
DEFAMATORY STATEMENT, IF PUBLISHED
SEVERAL TIMES, GIVES RISE TO AS MANY
OFFENSES AS THERE ARE PUBLICATIONS.
MURDER - ANY PERSON, WHO, NOT FALLING
WITHIN THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 246,
SHALL KILL ANOTHER, SHALL BE GUILTY OF
MURDER AND SHALL BE PUNISHED BY
RECLUSION PERPETUA TO DEATH IF
COMMITTED WITH ANY OF THE FOLLOWING
ATTENDANT CIRCUMSTANCES.
MUTILATION - COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON
WHO SHALL INTENTIONALLY MUTILATE
ANOTHER BY DEPRIVING HIM, EITHER
TOTALLY OR PARTIALLY, OF SOME
ESSENTIAL ORGAN OF REPRODUCTION.
ANY OTHER INTENTIONAL MUTILATION IS
ALSO PUNISHED (KNOWN AS MAYHEM)
MUTILATION OF COINS- COMMITTED BY ANY
PERSON WHO SHALL MUTILATE COINS OF
THE LEGAL CURRENCY OF THE PHILIPPINES
OR IMPORT OR UTTER MUTILATED CURRENT
COIN IN CONNIVANCE WITH MUTILATOR OR
IMPORTER.
MUTINY - THE UNLAWFUL RESISTANCE TO A
SUPERIOR OFFICER OR THE RAISING OF
COMMOTIONS ON BOARD A SHIP AGAINST
THE AUTHORITY OF ITS COMMANDERS.
NEUTRALITY - A NATION WHICH DOES NOT
TAKE PART IN THE CONTEST OF ARMS (WAR)
AMONG OTHER NATIONS IS PRACTICING
NEUTRALITY.
NON-FEASANCE- THE OMISSION OF SOME
ACT WHICH OUGHT TO BE PERFORMED.
OCCUPATION OF REAL PROPERTY OR
USURPATION OF REAL RIGHTS IN PROPERTY
- COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON WHO BY
MEANS OF VIOLENCE AGAINST OR
INTIMIDATION OF PERSONS, SHALL TAKE
POSSESSION OF ANY REAL PROPERTY OR
SHALL USURP ANY REAL RIGHTS IN
PROPERTY BELONGING TO ANOTHER.
OFFENDING THE RELIGIOUS FEELINGS. -
COMMITTED BY ANYONE WHO, IN A PLACE
DEVOTED TO RELIGIOUS WORSHIP OR
DURING THE CELEBRATION OF A RELIGIOUS
CEREMONY, SHALL PERFORM ACTS
NOTORIOUSLY OFFENSIVE TO THE
FEELINGS OF THE FAITHFUL.
OFFERING FALSE TESTIMONY IN EVIDENCE-
COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON WHO SHALL
KNOWINGLY OFFER IN EVIDENCE A FALSE
WITNESS OR TESTIMONY IN ANY JUDICIAL
OR OFFICIAL PROCEEDING.
OFFICIAL DOCUMENT- A DOCUMENT
ISSUED BY A PUBLIC OFFICIAL IN THE
EXERCISE OF THE FUNCTIONS OF HIS
OFFICE.
OFFICER BREAKING SEAL- COMMITTED BY
ANY PUBLIC OFFICER CHARGED WITH THE
CUSTODY OF PAPERS OR PROPERTY
SEALED BY PROPER AUTHORITY, WHICH
SHALL BREAK THE SEALS OR PERMIT THEM
TO BE BROKEN.
OPENING OF CLOSED DOCUMENTS-
COMMITTED BY ANY PUBLIC OFFICER WHO
WITHOUT PROPER AUTHORITY, SHALL OPEN
OR SHALL PERMIT TO BE OPENED ANY
CLOSED PAPERS, DOCUMENTS, OR
OBJECTS ENTRUSTED TO HIS CUSTODY.
OPEN DISOBEDIENCE- COMMITTED BY ANY
JUDICIAL OR EXECUTIVE OFFICER WHO
SHALL OPENLY REFUSE TO EXECUTE THE
JUDGMENT, DECISION OR ORDER OF ANY
SUPERIOR AUTHORITY MADE WITHIN THE
SCOPE OF JURISDICTION OF THE LATTER
AND ISSUED WITH ALL LEGAL FORMALITIES.
ORDER OF BATTLE - REFERS TO A
DOCUMENT MADE BY THE MILITARY,
POLICE OR ANY LAW ENFORCEMENT
AGENCY OF THE GOVERNMENT, LISTING
THE NAMES OF PERSONS AND
ORGANIZATIONS THAT IT PERCEIVES TO BE
ENEMIES OF THE STATE AND THAT IT
CONSIDERS AS LEGITIMATE TARGETS AS
COMBATANTS THAT IT COULD DEAL WITH,
THROUGH THE USE OF MEANS ALLOWED BY
DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL LAW.
ORDERS OR REQUESTS BY EXECUTIVE
OFFICERS UPON JUDICIAL AUTHORITY-
COMMITTED BY ANY EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
WHO SHALL ADDRESS ANY ORDER OR
SUGGESTION TO ANY JUDICIAL AUTHORITY
WITH RESPECT TO ANY CASE OR BUSINESS
COMING WITHIN THE EXCLUSIVE
JURISDICTION OF COURTS.
PARRICIDE. – ANY PERSON WHO SHALL KILL
HIS FATHER, MOTHER OR CHILD, WHETHER
LEGITIMATE OR ILLEGITIMATE, OR ANY OF
HIS ASCENDANTS, OR DESCENDANTS, OR
HIS SPOUSE, SHALL BE GUILTY OF
PARRICIDE AND SHALL BE PUNISHED BY
THE PENALTY OF RECLUSION PERPETUA TO
DEATH.
PERJURY - IS THE WILLFUL AND CORRUPT
ASSERTION OF A FALSEHOOD UNDER OATH
OR AFFIRMATION ADMINISTERED BY
AUTHORITY OF LAW ON A MATERIAL
MATTER.
PERSONS IN AUTHORITY - ANY PERSON
DIRECTLY VESTED WITH JURISDICTION,
WHETHER AS AN INDIVIDUAL OR AS A
MEMBER OF SOME COURT OR
GOVERNMENT CORPORATION, BOARD, OR
COMMISSION. (TEACHERS, PROFESSORS,
AND PERSONS CHARGED WITH THE
SUPERVISION OF PUBLIC OR DULY
RECOGNIZED PRIVATE SCHOOLS,
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES, AND
LAWYERS IN THE ACTUAL PERFORMANCE
OF THEIR PROFESSIONAL DUTIES OR ON
THE OCCASION OF SUCH PERFORMANCE
SHALL BE DEEMED PERSONS IN
AUTHORITY)
PIRACY IN GENERAL AND MUTINY ON THE
HIGH SEAS OR IN PHILIPPINE WATERS-
COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON WHO:
ATTACKS OR SEIZES A VESSEL ON THE HIGH
SEAS OR IN PHILIPPINE WATERS; NOT BEING
A MEMBER OF ITS COMPLEMENT OR A
PASSENGER, SHALL SEIZE THE WHOLE OR
PART OF THE CARGO OF SAID VESSEL, ITS
EQUIPMENT, OR PERSONAL BELONGINGS
OF ITS COMPLEMENT OR PASSENGER.
STAGES A MUTINY ON THE HIGH SEAS OR
PHILIPPINE WATERS
POSSESSION OF PROHIBITED INTEREST BY
A PUBLIC OFFICER.-COMMITTED BY A
PUBLIC OFFICER WHO SHALL BECOME
INTERESTED IN ANY CONTRACT OR
BUSINESS IN WHICH IT IS HIS OFFICIAL DUTY
TO INTERVENE.
PREMATURE MARRIAGE - COMMITTED BY
ANY WIDOW WHO SHALL MARRY WITHIN 301
DAYS FROM THE DATE OF THE DEATH OF
HER HUSBAND, OR BEFORE HAVING
DELIVERED IF SHE SHALL HAVE BEEN
PREGNANT AT THE TIME OF HIS DEATH.
PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF MALVERSATION:
THE FAILURE OF A PUBLIC OFFICER TO
HAVE DULY FORTHCOMING ANY PUBLIC
FUNDS OR PROPERTY WITH WHICH HE IS
CHARGEABLE, UPON DEMAND BY ANY DULY
AUTHORIZED OFFICER, SHALL BE PRIMA
FACIE EVIDENCE THAT HE HAS PUT SUCH
MISSING FUNDS OR PROPERTY TO
PERSONAL USE.
PRIVATE DOCUMENT- A DEED OR
INSTRUMENT EXECUTED BY A PRIVATE
PERSON WITHOUT THE INTERVENTION OF A
NOTARY PUBLIC OR PERSONS LEGALLY
AUTHORIZED, BY WHICH DOCUMENT SOME
DISPOSITION OR AGREEMENT IS PROVED,
EVIDENCED OR SET FORTH.
PROOF OF TRUTH- IN PROSECUTIONS FOR
LIBEL PROOF OF TRUTH MAY BE GIVEN IN
EVIDENCE AND IF IT APPEARS THAT THE
MATTER CHARGED AS LIBELOUS IS TRUE
AND THAT IT WAS PUBLISHED WITH GOOD
MOTIVES AND FOR JUSTIFIABLE ENDS, THE
DEFENDANT SHALL BE ACQUITTED.
PROHIBITED TRANSACTIONS - COMMITTED
BY APPOINTIVE PUBLIC OFFICER, WHO,
DURING HIS INCUMBENCY, SHALL BECOME
INTERESTED IN ANY TRANSACTION OF
EXCHANGE OR SPECULATION WITHIN THE
TERRITORY SUBJECT OF HIS JURISDICTION.
PROHIBITION, INTERRUPTION, AND
DISSOLUTION OF PEACEFUL MEETINGS-
COMMITTED BY ANY PUBLIC OFFICER OR
EMPLOYEE WHO WITHOUT LEGAL GROUND
SHALL: PROHIBIT OR INTERRUPT THE
HOLDING OF A PEACEFUL MEETING,
DISSOLVE A PEACEFUL MEETING; HINDER
ANY PERSON FROM JOINING ANY LAWFUL
ASSOCIATION, HINDER ANY PERSON FROM
ATTENDING ANY OF ITS LAWFUL MEETINGS,
PROHIBIT OR HINDER ANY PERSON FROM
ADDRESSING ALONE OR OTHERWISE, ANY
PETITION TO THE AUTHORITIES FOR THE
CORRECTION OF ABUSES OR REDRESS OF
GRIEVANCES.
PROLONGING PERFORMANCE OF DUTIES
AND POWERS.- COMMITTED BY A PUBLIC
OFFICER WHO SHALL CONTINUE TO
EXERCISE THE DUTIES AND POWERS OF HIS
OFFICE, EMPLOYMENT OR COMMISSION
BEYOND THE PERIOD PROVIDED BY LAW OR
REGULATIONS.
PROSECUTION OF OFFENSES;
NEGLIGENCE AND TOLERANCE - ENTRUSTED
COMMITTED BY PUBLIC OFFICERS OR
OFFICERS OF THE LAW, WHO, IN
DERELICTION OF THE DUTIES OF HIS
OFFICE, SHALL MALICIOUSLY REFRAIN
FROM INSTITUTING PROSECUTION FOR THE
PUNISHMENT OF VIOLATORS OF THE LAW,
OR SHALL TOLERATE THE COMMISSION OF
OFFENSE.
PROSTITUTES- ANY WOMAN WHO FOR
MONEY OR PROFIT, HABITUALLY INDULGE IN
SEXUAL INTERCOURSE OR LASCIVIOUS
CONDUCT.
PUBLIC DOCUMENT - IS ANY INSTRUMENT
EXECUTED BY A NOTARY PUBLIC OR BY
PUBLIC OR A COMPETENT PUBLIC
AUTHORITY, WITH THE SOLEMNITIES
REQUIRED BY LAW;
PUBLIC OFFICERS - ANY PERSON WHO, BY
DIRECT PROVISION OF THE LAW, POPULAR
ELECTION OR APPOINTMENT BY
COMPETENT AUTHORITY, SHALL TAKE PART
IN THE PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC
FUNCTIONS IN THE GOVERNMENT, OR
SHALL PERFORM IN SAID GOVERNMENT OR
IN ANY OF ITS BRANCHES PUBLIC DUTIES AS
AN EMPLOYEE, AGENT, OR SUBORDINATE
OFFICIAL, OF ANY RANK OR CLASS.
PUBLIC OFFICER REVEALING SECRETS OF
PRIVATE INDIVIDUAL- COMMITTED BY ANY
PUBLIC OFFICER TO WHOM THE SECRETS
OF PRIVATE INDIVIDUAL SHALL BECOME
KNOWN BY REASON OF HIS OFFICE WHO
SHALL REVEAL SUCH SECRETS.
QUALIFIED BRIBERY- COMMITTED BY A
PUBLIC OFFICER WHO IS ENTRUSTED WITH
LAW ENFORCEMENT AND WHO REFRAINS
FROM ARRESTING OR PROSECUTING AN
OFFENDER WHO HAS COMMITTED A CRIME
PUNISHABLE BY RECLUSION PERPETUA
AND/OR DEATH IN CONSIDERATION OF ANY
OFFER, PROMISE, AND GIFT OR PRESENT.
THE DEATH PENALTY SHALL BE IMPOSED IF
IT IS THE PUBLIC OFFICER WHO ASKS OR
DEMANDS SUCH GIFT OR PRESENT.
QUALIFIED DIRECT ASSAULT - THE ASSAULT
IS COMMITTED WITH A WEAPON, THE
OFFENDER IS A PUBLIC OFFICER OR
EMPLOYEE & THE OFFENDER LAYS HANDS
UPON A PERSON IN AUTHORITY
QUALIFIED PIRACY- PIRACY OR MUTINY
BECOMES QUALIFIED WHEN: WHENEVER
THE PIRATES HAVE SEIZED A VESSEL BY
BOARDING OR FIRING UPON THE SAME;
WHENEVER THE PIRATES HAVE
ABANDONED THEIR VICTIMS WITHOUT
MEANS OF SAVING THEMSELVES; OR
WHENEVER THE CRIME IS ACCOMPANIED BY
MURDER, HOMICIDE, PHYSICAL INJURIES,
OR RAPE.
QUALIFIED SEDUCTION - COMMITTED BY
ANY PERSON IN PUBLIC AUTHORITY, OR
PRIEST, HOME SERVANT, DOMESTIC
GUARDIAN, TEACHER, OR ANY PERSON
WHO, IN ANY CAPACITY, SHALL BE
WITH THE EDUCATION OR
CUSTODY OF A VIRGIN OVER 12 BUT UNDER
18 YEARS OF AGE WHO SHALL HAVE
CARNAL KNOWLEDGE WITH HER.
QUALIFIED THEFT.- THEFT IS QUALIFIED IF
COMMITTED BY A DOMESTIC SERVANT, OR
WITH GRAVE ABUSE OF CONFIDENCE, OR IF
THE STOLEN PROPERTY IS MAIL MATTER OR
COCONUT TAKEN FROM COCONUT
PLANTATION, OR FISH TAKEN FROM
FISHPOND OR FISHERY, OR IF PROPERTY IS
TAKEN ON THE OCCASION OF FIRE,
EARTHQUAKE, TYPHOON, VOLCANIC
ERUPTION, OR ANY OTHER CALAMITY OR
CIVIL DISTURBANCE
QUALIFIED TRESPASS TO DWELLING -
COMMITTED BY PRIVATE INDIVIDUAL WHO
SHALL ENTER THE DWELLING OF ANOTHER
AGAINST THE LATTER’S WILL.
RANSOM- IS ANY MONEY PRICE OR
CONSIDERATION PAID OR DEMANDED FOR
REDEMPTION OF A CAPTURED PERSON OR
A PAYMENT THAT RELEASES ONE FROM
CAPTIVITY
RAPE - IS COMMITTED BY A MAN WHO SHALL
HAVE CARNAL KNOWLEDGE OF A WOMAN
UNDER ANY OF THE FOLLOWING
CIRCUMSTANCES: THROUGH FORCE OR
INTIMIDATION; WOMAN IS DEPRIVED OF
REASON OR UNCONSCIOUS; FRAUDULENT
MACHINATION OR GRAVE ABUSE OF
AUTHORITY; OFFENDED PARTY IS UNDER 12
OR IS DEMENTED. BY ANY PERSON WHO,
UNDER ANY OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES
MENTIONED IN PAR. 1 SHALL COMMIT AN
ACT OF SEXUAL ASSAULT BY INSERTING HIS
PENIS INTO ANOTHER PERSON’S MOUTH OR
ANAL ORIFICE, OR ANY INSTRUMENT OR
OBJECT, INTO THE GENITAL OR ANAL
ORIFICE OF ANOTHER PERSON. RA 8353-
OCTOBER 22, 1997
RAPE SHIELD - IT MEANS, IN A PROSECUTION
FOR RAPE, EVIDENCE OF COMPLAINANTS
PAST SEXUAL CONDUCT, OPINIONS, AND
HIS OR HER REPUTATION SHALL NOT BE
ADMITTED, UNLESS THE COURT FINDS IT
MATERIAL.
REBELLION OR INSURRECTION -
COMMITTED BY RISING PUBLICLY AND
TAKING ARMS AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT
FOR THE PURPOSE OF: REMOVING FROM
THE ALLEGIANCE TO SAID GOVERNMENT
OR ITS LAWS, THE TERRITORY OF THE RP OR
ANY PART THEREOF, OR ANY BODY OF
LAND, NAVAL, OR OTHER ARMED FORCES,
OR DEPRIVING THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OR
CONGRESS, WHOLLY OR PARTIALLY, OF
ANY OF ITS POWERS OR PREROGATIVES.
RECKLESS IMPRUDENCE - CONSISTS IN
VOLUNTARILY, BUT WITHOUT MALICE,
DOING OR FAILING TO DO AN ACT FROM
WHICH MATERIAL DAMAGE RESULTS BY
REASON OF INEXCUSABLE LACK OF
PRECAUTION OF THE PERSON
PERFORMING OR FAILING TO PERFORM
SUCH ACT, TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION
HIS EMPLOYMENT OR OCCUPATION,
DEGREE OF INTELLIGENCE, PHYSICAL
CONDITION AND OTHER CIRCUMSTANCES
REGARDING PERSONS, TIME AND PLACE.
REFUSAL OF ASSISTANCE- COMMITTED BY A
PUBLIC OFFICER, WHO TO THE DAMAGE OF
THE PUBLIC INTEREST OR TO A THIRD
PERSON, UPON DEMAND FROM
COMPETENT AUTHORITY, SHALL FAIL TO
LEND HIS COOPERATION TOWARDS THE
ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE OR OTHER
PUBLIC SERVICE.
REFUSAL TO DISCHARGE ELECTIVE OFFICE.
- COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON WHO HAVING
BEEN ELECTED BY ELECTION, SHALL
REFUSE WITHOUT LEGAL MOTIVE TO BE
SWORN IN OR TO DISCHARGE THE DUTIES
OF SAID OFFICE.
RESISTANCE AND DISOBEDIENCE TO A
PERSON IN AUTHORITY OR THE AGENTS OF
SUCH PERSON.- COMMITTED BY ANY
PERSON WHO SHALL RESIST OR
SERIOUSLY DISOBEY ANY PERSON IN
AUTHORITY, OR THE AGENTS OF SUCH
PERSON , WHILE ENGAGED IN THE
PERFORMANCE OF OFFICIAL FUNCTIONS.
REMOVAL, CONCEALMENT OR
DESTRUCTION OF DOCUMENTS.-
COMMITTED BY A PUBLIC OFFICER WHO TO
THE DAMAGE OF A THIRD PARTY OR THE
PUBLIC INTEREST SHALL REMOVE,
DESTROY OR CONCEAL DOCUMENTS OR
PAPERS OFFICIALLY ENTRUSTED TO HIM.
RIGHT OF WAY- A RULE WHICH DETERMINES
PRECEDENCE BETWEEN TWO MOTOR
VEHICLES APPROACHING AN
INTERSECTION, THE RIGHT OF WAY BEING
GIVEN TO THE MV ON THE RIGHT
OTHERWISE STATED, WHEN TWO MV
APPROACH AN INTERSECTION AT
APPROXIMATELY THE SAME TIME, THE MV
ON THE LEFT SHOULD YIELD TO THE MV ON
THE RIGHT.
ROBBERY - IS A CRIME COMMITTED BY ANY
PERSON WHO, WITH INTENT TO GAIN, SHALL
TAKE THE PERSONAL PROPERTY
BELONGING TO ANOTHER, BY MEANS OF
VIOLENCE AGAINST OR INTIMIDATION OF
ANY PERSON, OR USING FORCE UPON
ANYTHING.
SEARCHING DOMICILE WITHOUT
WITNESSES. – COMMITTED BY ANY PUBLIC
OFFICER OR EMPLOYEE WHO IN CASES
WHERE SEARCH IS PROPER, SHALL SEARCH
THE DOMICILE, PAPERS OR OTHER
BELONGINGS OF ANY PERSON, IN THE
ABSENCE OF THE LATTER, ANY MEMBER OF
HIS FAMILY, OR IN THEIR DEFAULT, WITHOUT
THE PRESENCE OF TWO WITNESSES
RESIDING IN THE SAME LOCALITY.
SEDITION - COMMITTED BY PERSONS WHO
RISE PUBLICLY AND TUMULTUOUSLY IN
ORDER TO ATTAIN BY FORCE, INTIMIDATION
OR OTHER MEANS OUTSIDE OF LEGAL
METHODS ANY OF THE FOLLOWING: TO
PREVENT THE PROMULGATION OR
EXECUTION OF ANY LAW OR THE HOLDING
OF ANY POPULAR ELECTION; TO PREVENT
THE GOVERNMENT OR ANY PUBLIC
OFFICER FROM FREELY EXERCISING ITS OR
HIS FUNCTIONS, OR PREVENT THE
EXECUTION OF ANY ADMINISTRATIVE
ORDER. TO INFLICT ANY ACT OF HATE OR
REVENGE UPON THE PERSON OR
PROPERTY OF ANY PUBLIC OFFICER OR
EMPLOYEE; TO COMMIT FOR ANY POLITICAL
OR SOCIAL END, ANY ACT OF HATE OR
REVENGE AGAINST PRIVATE PERSONS OR
ANY SOCIAL CLASS. TO DESPOIL FOR ANY
POLITICAL OR SOCIAL END, ANY PERSON,
MUNICIPAL, PROVINCIAL OR NATIONAL
GOVERNMENT OF ALL ITS PROPERTY OR
ANY PART THEREOF.
SEDUCTION - IT IS ENTICING A WOMAN TO
UNLAWFUL SEXUAL INTERCOURSE BY
PROMISE OF MARRIAGE OR OTHER MEANS
OF USE OR PERSUASION.
SERIOUS PHYSICAL INJURIES- COMMITTED
BY ANY PERSON WHO SHALL WOUND, BEAT
OR ASSAULT ANOTHER CAUSING THE
OFFENDED PARTY TO BECOME: INSANE,
IMBECILE, IMPOTENT OR BLIND; THE
PERSON INJURED HAS LOST THE USE OF
SPEECH, OR THE POWER TO HEAR OR
SMELL, OR LOSSES AN EYE, A HAND, A
FOOT, AN ARM, OR A LEG OR SHALL HAVE
LOST THE USE OF SUCH MEMBER, OR
SHALL HAVE BECOME INCAPACITATED FOR
WORK WHICH HE WAS HABITUALLY
ENGAGED. DEFORMED, LOST ANY PART OF
HIS BODY, OR USE THEREOF, OR ILL OR
INCAPACITATED FOR WORK HE WAS
HABITUALLY ENGAGED FOR 90 DAYS; ILL OR
INCAPACITATED FOR LABOR FOR MORE
THAN 30 DAYS.
SERVICES RENDERED UNDER COMPULSION
IN PAYMENT OF DEBT.-COMMITTED BY ANY
PERSON WHO, IN ORDER TO REQUIRE OR
ENFORCE THE PAYMENT OF A DEBT, SHALL
COMPEL THE DEBTOR TO WORK FOR HIM,
AGAINST HIS WILL, AS HOUSEHOLD
SERVANT OR FARM LABORER.
SIMPLE IMPRUDENCE - CONSISTS IN THE
LACK OF PRECAUTION DISPLAYED IN
THOSE CASES IN WHICH THE DAMAGE
IMPENDING TO BE CAUSED IS NOT
IMMEDIATE NOR THE DANGER CLEARLY
MANIFEST.

SIMPLE SEDUCTION - COMMITTED BY
SEDUCING A WOMAN WHO IS SINGLE OR A
WIDOW OF GOOD REPUTATION, OVER 12
BUT UNDER 18 YEARS OLD, COMMITTED BY
MEANS OF DECEIT.
SLANDER BY DEED - COMMITTED BY ANY
PERSON WHO SHALL PERFORM ANY ACT
NOT INCLUDED IN TITLE 13, WHICH SHALL
CAST DISHONOR, DISCREDIT, OR
CONTEMPT UPON ANOTHER PERSON
SLAVERY - COMMITTED BY ANYONE WHO
SHALL PURCHASE, SELL, KIDNAP OR
DETAIN A HUMAN BEING FOR THE PURPOSE
OF ENSLAVING HIM.
SLIGHT ILLEGAL DETENTION- COMMITTED
BY ANY PRIVATE INDIVIDUAL WHO SHALL
COMMIT THE CRIMES DESCRIBED IN
ARTICLE 267 WITHOUT THE ATTENDANCE
OF ANY OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES THEREIN
MENTIONED.
SLIGHT PHYSICAL INJURIES- COMMITTED BY
ANY PERSON WHO SHALL INFLICT
PHYSICAL INJURY UPON ANOTHER WHICH
SHALL INCAPACITATE ANOTHER FOR
LABOR FROM 1-9 DAYS OR SHALL REQUIRE
MEDICAL ATTENDANCE FOR THE SAME
PERIOD OR ANY INJURY WHICH DOES NOT
PREVENT THE OFFENDED PARTY FROM
ENGAGING IN HIS HABITUAL WORK NOR
REQUIRE MEDICAL ATTENDANCE, OR SHALL
ILL-TREAT ANOTHER BY DEED WITHOUT
CAUSING ANY INJURY.
TORTURE - AN ACT BY WHICH SEVERE PAIN
OR SUFFERING, WHETHER PHYSICAL OR
MENTAL, IS INTENTIONALLY INFLICTED ON A
PERSON FOR SUCH PURPOSES AS
OBTAINING FROM HIM/HER OR A THIRD
PERSON INFORMATION OR A CONFESSION;
PUNISHING HIM/HER FOR AN ACT HE/SHE
OR A THIRD PERSON HAS COMMITTED OR IS
SUSPECTED OF HAVING COMMITTED; OR
INTIMIDATING OR COERCING HIM/HER OR A
THIRD PERSON; OR FOR ANY REASON
BASED ON DISCRIMINATION OF ANY KIND,
WHEN SUCH PAIN OR SUFFERING IS
INFLICTED BY OR AT THE INSTIGATION OF
OR WITH THE CONSENT OR ACQUIESCENCE
OF A PERSON IN AUTHORITY OR AGENT OF A
PERSON IN AUTHORITY. IT DOES NOT
INCLUDE PAIN OR SUFFERING ARISING
ONLY FROM, INHERENT IN OR INCIDENTAL
TO LAWFUL SANCTIONS.
TREASON - A BREACH OF ALLEGIANCE TO A
GOVERNMENT, COMMITTED BY A PERSON
WHO OWES ALLEGIANCE TO IT.
TREASON - COMMITTED BY ANY FILIPINO
CITIZEN OR A RESIDENT ALIEN WHO LEVIES
WAR AGAINST THE PHILIPPINES OR
ADHERES TO HER ENEMIES, GIVING THEM
AID OR COMFORT WITHIN THE PHILIPPINES
OR ELSEWHERE. NO PERSON SHALL BE
CONVICTED OF TREASON UNLESS ON THE
TESTIMONY OF TWO WITNESSES AT LEAST
TO THE SAME OVERT ACT OR ON
CONFESSION OF THE ACCUSED IN OPEN
COURT.
TUMULTUOUS AFFRAY - IT IS ONE WHICH
TAKES PLACE WHEN A QUARREL OCCURS
AMONG SEVERAL PERSONS NOT
COMPOSING OF ORGANIZED GROUPS, AND
THESE PERSONS ASSAULTED EACH OTHER
IN A CONFUSED AND TUMULTUOUS
MANNER. IT TAKES PLACE WHEN A
QUARREL OCCURS BETWEEN SEVERAL
PERSONS WHO ENGAGED IN A CONFUSED
AND TUMULTUOUS MANNER, IN THE
COURSE OF WHICH A PERSON IS KILLED OR
WOUNDED AND THE AUTHOR THEREOF
CANNOT BE ASCERTAINED.
UNINTENTIONAL ABORTION- COMMITTED BY
ANY PERSON WHO SHALL CAUSE AN
ABORTION BY VIOLENCE, BUT
UNINTENTIONALLY.
UNJUST JUDGMENT - IS A JUDGMENT THAT IS
CONTRARY TO LAW, OR NOT SUPPORTED
BY EVIDENCE OR BOTH.
UNJUST INTERLOCUTORY ORDER -
COMMITTED BY ANY JUDGE WHO SHALL
KNOWINGLY OR BY REASON OF
INEXCUSABLE NEGLIGENCE OR
IGNORANCE SHALL RENDER AN UNJUST
INTERLOCUTORY ORDER OR DECREE.
UNJUST VEXATION - ANY HUMAN CONDUCT
WHICH, ALTHOUGH NOT PRODUCTIVE OF
SOME PHYSICAL OR MATERIAL HARM,
WOULD UNJUSTLY ANNOY OR VEX AN
INNOCENT PERSON.
UNLAWFUL APPOINTMENTS- COMMITTED
BY ANY PUBLIC OFFICER WHO SHALL
KNOWINGLY NOMINATE OR APPOINT TO
ANY PUBLIC OFFICE ANY PERSON LACKING
THE LEGAL QUALIFICATIONS THEREFORE.
UNLAWFUL ARREST- COMMITTED BY ANY
PERSON WITHOUT BEING AUTHORIZED BY
LAW, OR WITHOUT REASONABLE GROUND
SHALL ARREST OR DETAIN ANOTHER FOR
THE PURPOSE OF DELIVERING HIM TO THE
PROPER AUTHORITIES.
USING FICTITIOUS NAME AND CONCEALING
TRUE NAME- COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON
WHO SHALL: PUBLICLY USE A FICTITIOUS
NAME FOR THE PURPOSE OF CONCEALING
A CRIME, EVADING THE EXECUTION OF A
JUDGMENT, OR CAUSING DAMAGE.
CONCEAL HIS TRUE NAME AND OTHER
PERSONAL CIRCUMSTANCES.
USURPATION OF AUTHORITY OR OFFICIAL
FUNCTIONS: - COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON
WHO SHALL- KNOWINGLY AND FALSELY
REPRESENT HIMSELF TO BE AN OFFICER,
AGENT OR REPRESENTATIVE OF ANY
DEPARTMENT OR AGENCY OF THE
PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT OR ANY FOREIGN
GOVERNMENT (USURPATION OF
AUTHORITY). PERFORM ANY ACT
PERTAINING TO ANY PERSON IN AUTHORITY
OR PUBLIC OFFICER OF THE PHILIPPINE
GOVERNMENT OR OF A FOREIGN
GOVERNMENT OR ANY AGENCY THEREOF,
UNDER PRETENSE OF OFFICIAL POSITION,
AND WITHOUT BEING LAWFULLY ENTITLED
TO DO SO (USURPATION OF OFFICIAL
FUNCTION).
USURPATION OF CIVIL STATUS - COMMITTED
BY ANY PERSON WHO SHALL USURP THE
CIVIL STATUS OF ANOTHER.
USURPATION OF EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS-
COMMITTED BY ANY JUDGE WHO SHALL
ASSUME ANY POWER PERTAINING TO THE
EXECUTIVE AUTHORITIES, OR SHALL
OBSTRUCT THE LATTER IN THE EXERCISE
OF THEIR POWERS.
VIOLATION OF PARLIAMENTARY IMMUNITY. -
COMMITTED BY ANY PERSON WHO: SHALL
USE FORCE, VIOLENCE, INTIMIDATION
THREATS OR FRAUD TO PREVENT ANY
MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY TO
ATTEND ITS MEETINGS OR COMMITTEES OR
SUB COMMITTEES, CONSTITUTIONAL
COMMISSIONS OR COMMITTEES THEREOF,
OR FROM EXPRESSING HIS OPINION OR
CASTING HIS VOTE. SHALL ARREST OR
SEARCH ANY MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY WHILE IT IS IN REGULAR OR
SPECIAL SESSION, EXCEPT IN CASE WHERE
SUCH MEMBER HAS COMMITTED A CRIME
PUNISHABLE UNDER THE CODE BY A
PENALTY HIGHER THAN PRISION MAYOR.

USURPATION OF JUDICIAL FUNCTIONS- WHITE SLAVE TRADE - COMMITTED BY ANY

COMMITTED BY ANY OFFICERS OF THE PERSON WHO, IN ANY MANNER, OR UNDER
EXECUTIVE BRANCH WHO SHALL ASSUME ANY PRETEXT, SHALL ENGAGE IN THE
JUDICIAL POWERS OR SHALL OBSTRUCT BUSINESS OR SHALL PROFIT BY
THE EXECUTION OF ANY ORDER OR PROSTITUTION OR SHALL ENLIST THE
DECISION RENDERED B7Y ANY JUDGE SERVICES OF ANY OTHER FOR THE
WITHIN HIS JURISDICTION. PURPOSE OF PROSTITUTION.

USURPATION OF LEGISLATIVE POWERS-

COMMITTED BY A PUBLIC OFFICER WHO
SHALL ENCROACH THE POWERS OF THE
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH OF THE
GOVERNMENT BY MAKING RULES AND
REGULATIONS BEYOND THE SCOPE OF HIS
AUTHORITY, OR BY ATTEMPTING TO REPEAL
A LAW OR SUSPENDING IT’S EXECUTION.

VAGRANTS AND PROSTITUTES - ANY

PERSON HAVING NO APPARENT MEANS OF
SUBSISTENCE, WHO HAS THE PHYSICAL
ABILITY TO WORK AND WHO NEGLECTS TO
APPLY HIMSELF TO SOME LAWFUL
CALLING. ANY PERSON FOUND LOITERING
ABOUT PUBLIC OR SEMIPUBLIC BUILDING
OR PLACES, OR TRAMPING OR WANDERING
ABOUT THE COUNTRY OR THE STREETS
WITHOUT VISIBLE MEANS OF SUPPORT; ANY
IDLE OR DISSOLUTE PERSON WHO LODGES
IN HOUSES OF ILL FAME; RUFFIANS OR
PIMPS AND THOSE WHO HABITUALLY
ASSOCIATE WITH PROSTITUTES. ANY
PERSON FOUND LOITERING IN ANY
INHABITED OR UNINHABITED PLACE
BELONGING TO ANOTHER WITHOUT ANY
LAWFUL OR JUSTIFIABLE PURPOSE CRIMINAL
VIOLATION OF DOMICILE - COMMITTED BY A
PUBLIC OFFICER OR EMPLOYEE WHO, NOT
BEING AUTHORIZED BY JUDICIAL ORDER
PROCEDURE
SHALL: ENTER ANY DWELLING AGAINST THE ACCUSATORIAL. – THE ACCUSATION IS
WILL OF THE OWNER THEREOF; SEARCH EXERCISED BY EVERY CITIZEN OR BY A
ANY PAPERS OR OTHER EFFECTS FOUND MEMBER OF THE GROUP TO WHICH THE
THEREIN WITHOUT THE PREVIOUS INJURED PARTY BELONGS. AS THE ACTION
CONSENT OF THE OWNER; OR REFUSE TO IS A COMBAT BETWEEN THE PARTIES, THE
LEAVE THE PREMISES, AFTER HAVING SUPPOSED OFFENDER HAS THE RIGHT TO
SURREPTITIOUSLY ENTERED SAID BE CONFRONTED BY HIS ACCUSER. THE
DWELLING AND AFTER HAVING BEEN BATTLE IN THE FORM OF A PUBLIC TRIAL IS
REQUIRED TO LEAVE THE PREMISES. JUDGED BY A MAGISTRATE WHO RENDERS
THE VERDICT.
VIOLATION OF NEUTRALITY- COMMITTED BY
ANY PERSON WHO ON THE OCCASION OF A AMENDMENT - IS THE ACT OF CHANGING,
WAR IN WHICH THE PHILIPPINES IS NOT CORRECTING, IMPROVING OR ADDING TO
INVOLVED, VIOLATES ANY REGULATION THE COMPLAINT OR INFORMATION FILED IN
ISSUED BY COMPETENT AUTHORITY FOR COURT WHICH MAY EITHER BE
THE PURPOSE OF ENFORCING NEUTRALITY SUBSTANTIAL OR FORMAL AMENDMENT.
APPEAL - A LEGAL REMEDY WHEREBY A
PARTY SEEKS FOR A REVIEW BY A SUPERIOR
COURT THE JUDGMENT RENDERED BY THE
TRIAL COURT? IT IS DONE BY THE ACCUSED
IF CONVICTED. IF ACQUITTED, THE STATE
CANNOT APPEAL ON THE GROUND OF
DOUBLE JEOPARDY. OR IS IN LIEU OF
MOVING FOR NEW TRIAL OR
RECONSIDERATION- OR AFTER DENIAL OF
SUCH A MOTION- THE CONVICTED ACCUSED
MAY APPEAL TO THE COURTS OF HIGHER
LEVEL.
ARRAIGNMENT - IS THE FIRST STAGE IN A
CRIMINAL ACTION PROPER. IT SHALL BE
HELD WITHIN THIRTY (30) DAYS FROM THE
DATE THE COURT ACQUIRES JURISDICTION
OVER THE PERSON OF THE ACCUSED OR
AFTER THE ACCUSED HAS BEEN ARRESTED.
IN CASE THE ACCUSED IS DETAINED
(BECAUSE HE CANNOT AFFORD BAIL OR HIS
OFFENSE IS NON-BAILABLE), HIS CASE IS
GIVEN PREFERENCE IN THE SCHEDULING
OF THE ARRAIGNMENT WHICH SHALL BE
HELD WITHIN TEN (10) DAYS FROM THE
DATE OF THE RAFFLE, PRE-TRIAL WHICH
SHALL BE HELD WITHIN TEN (10) DAYS
AFTER ARRAIGNMENT AND TRIAL WHICH
SHALL COMMENCE WITHIN 30 DAYS FROM
RECEIPT OF THE PRE-TRIAL ORDER.
ARREST - IS DEFINED AS THE TAKING OF A
PERSON INTO CUSTODY IN ORDER THAT HE
MAY BE BOUND TO ANSWER FOR THE
COMMISSION OF AN OFFENSE.
AUTOMATIC APPEAL - WHEN DEATH
PENALTY HAS BEEN IMPOSED
BAIL - IS DEFINED AS THE SECURITY GIVEN
FOR THE RELEASE OF A PERSON IN
CUSTODY OF THE LAW, FURNISHED BY HIM
OR A BONDSMAN, TO GUARANTEE HIS
APPEARANCE BEFORE ANY COURT.
(SECTION 13, 1987 PHILIPPINE
CONSTITUTION)
BILL OF PARTICULARS - IS A MANIFESTATION
BY WHICH A PARTY ASKS FOR A MORE
DEFINITE STATEMENT OF ANY MATTER
WHICH IS NOT AVERRED WITH
DEFINITENESS OR PARTICULARITY TO
ENABLE A PARTY TO PREPARE HIS
RESPONSIVE PLEADING AND TO PREPARE
FOR TRIAL. THIS IS MADE BEFORE
ARRAIGNMENT.
CASH BOND- CASH IS DEPOSITED WITH THE
CLERK OF COURT EQUIVALENT TO THE
AMOUNT OF BAIL FIXED BY THE COURT OR
RECOMMENDED BY THE PROSECUTOR.
CAPITAL OFFENSE - IS DEFINED AS AN
OFFENSE WHICH, UNDER THE LAW
EXISTING AT THE TIME OF ITS COMMISSION
AND OF THE APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION
TO BAIL, MAY BE PUNISHED WITH DEATH.
COMPLAINT - IS A SWORN STATEMENT
CHARGING A PERSON WITH AN OFFENSE,
SUBSCRIBED BY THE OFFENDED PARTY,
ANY PEACE OFFICER, AND OFFICER IN
CHARGE OF THE LAW VIOLATED;
CORPORATE SURETY BOND- IT IS A BAIL
BOND SUBSCRIBED JOINTLY BY THE
ACCUSED AND THE OFFICER DULY
AUTHORIZED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS
OF THE CORPORATION LICENSED AS
SURETY IN ACCORDANCE WITH LAW.
CONSOLIDATED TRIAL - IS THE TRIAL OF 2
OR MORE ACTIONS INVOLVING OFFENSES
FOUNDED ON THE SAME FACTS OR
INVOLVING COMMON QUESTIONS OF
FACTS OR LAW OR FORMING PART OF
SERIES OF OFFENSES OF SIMILAR
CHARACTER CONDUCTED WITHIN THE
FRAMEWORK OF ONE PROCEEDING.
COURT OF TAX APPEALS - KNOWN AS THE
TAX COURT, IT IS ALSO A COLLEGIATE
SPECIAL COURT VESTED WITH
JURISDICTION TO REVIEW DECISIONS OF
THE COMMISSIONER OF CUSTOMS AND
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE.
ITS DECISIONS ARE APPEALABLE TO THE
COURT OF APPEALS.
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE - IS THE METHOD
PRESCRIBED BY LAW FOR THE
APPREHENSION AND PROSECUTION OF
PERSONS ACCUSED OF ANY CRIMINAL
OFFENSE, AND FOR THEIR PUNISHMENT, IN
CASE OF CONVICTION.
DEMURRER TO EVIDENCE - IS A MOTION TO
DISMISS A CRIMINAL CASE AFTER THE
PROSECUTION HAS RESTED ITS CASE ON
THE GROUND OF INSUFFICIENCY OF
EVIDENCE. IF THE MOTION WAS WITHOUT
LEAVE OF COURT, THE ACCUSED CAN NO
LONGER PRESENT EVIDENCE IN CASE OF
DENIAL OF THE COURT, IN WHICH CASE, THE
CASE IS SUBMITTED FOR DECISION ON THE
STRENGTH OF THE EVIDENCE OF THE
PROSECUTION.
DISCHARGE OF ACCUSED TO BE STATE
WITNESS - WHEN TWO OR MORE PERSONS
ARE JOINTLY CHARGED WITH THE
COMMISSION OF ANY OFFENSE, ONE OR
MORE OF THEM, WITH THEIR CONSENT, MAY
BE DISCHARGED FROM THE CHARGE AND
BE A STATE WITNESS. DISCHARGE OF
ACCUSED TO BE STATE WITNESS IS
TANTAMOUNT TO ACQUITTAL.
DOUBLE JEOPARDY - MEANS THAT WHEN A
PERSON IS CHARGED WITH AN OFFENSE
AND THE CASE IS TERMINATED EITHER BY
ACQUITTAL OR CONVICTION OF THE
ACCUSED OR DISMISSAL OF THE CASE
WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF THE ACCUSED,
THE LATTER CANNOT AGAIN BE CHARGED
WITH THE SAME IDENTICAL OFFENSE.
ENTRY OF JUDGMENT - MEANS THE
RECORDING OF THE JUDGMENT OR ORDER
IN THE BOOK OF ENTRIES OF JUDGMENT BY
THE CLERK OF COURT CONTAINING THE
DISPOSITIVE PART OF THE JUDGMENT
WHEN NO APPEAL OR MOTION FOR NEW
TRIAL IS MADE.
FIRST LEVEL COURTS - METROPOLITAN
TRIAL COURTS, THE MUNICIPAL TRIAL
COURTS IN CITIES (OR MUNICIPALITIES) AND
MUNICIPAL CIRCUIT TRIAL COURTS - THEY
ARE ESSENTIALLY TRIAL COURTS.
FORMAL AMENDMENT - CONSISTS OF
CHANGING ALL OTHER MATTERS.
FOURTH LEVEL COURT - THE SUPREME
COURTS - IT IS THE HIGHEST COURT OF THE
LAND. LIKE COURT OF APPEALS, THE
SUPREME COURT IS A REVIEW COURT BUT A
COURT OF LAST RESORT, FOR NO APPEAL
LIES FROM ITS JUDGMENTS AND FINAL
ORDERS.
INFORMATION - IS ALSO AN ACCUSATION IN
WRITING CHARGING A PERSON WITH AN
OFFENSE SUBSCRIBED BY THE
PROSECUTOR AND FILED WITH THE COURT.
INQUISITORIAL. – THE PROTECTION AND
PROSECUTION OF OFFENDERS ARE NOT
LEFT TO THE INITIATIVE OF PRIVATE
PARTIES BUT TO THE OFFICIALS AND
AGENTS OF THE LAW.
JOINT TRIAL - IS THE TRIAL OF 2 OR MORE
PERSONS FOR THE SAME OR SIMILAR
OFFENSES CONDUCTED WITHIN THE
FRAMEWORK OF ONE TRIAL.
JUDGMENT - IS DEFINED AS THE
ADJUDICATION BY THE COURT THAT THE
ACCUSED IS GUILTY OR NOT GUILTY OF THE
OFFENSE CHARGED AND THE IMPOSITION
ON HIM OF THE PROPER PENALTY AND CIVIL
LIABILITY, IF ANY. AND SHALL BE RENDERED
WITHIN NINETY (90) DAYS AFTER THE CASE
IS SUBMITTED FOR DECISION. UNLIKE IN
CIVIL CASE- WHERE THE JUDGMENT IS
PROMULGATED BY ITS DELIVERY BY THE
JUDGE TO THE CLERK OF COURT, WHO
THEREAFTER SENDS COPIES TO THE
PARTIES- THE JUDGMENT IN CRIMINAL
ACTIONS IS PROMULGATED BY READING IT
TO THE ACCUSED IN OPEN COURT. THIS IS
DONE ON A DATE AND TIME SCHEDULED BY
THE COURT OF WHICH THE ACCUSED
SHALL HAVE REASONABLE NOTICE.
JURISDICTION - IS THE AUTHORITY TO HEAR
AND TRY A PARTICULAR OFFENSE AND
IMPOSE THE PUNISHMENT FOR IT. THE
GENERAL RULE IS THAT THE JURISDICTION
OF A COURT IS DETERMINED BY (1) THE
GEOGRAPHICAL LIMITS OF THE TERRITORY
OVER WHICH IT PRESIDES, AND (2) THE
ACTIONS (CIVIL AND CRIMINAL) IT IS
EMPOWERED TO HEAR AND DECIDE.
JURISDICTION IS CONFERRED BY LAW (BP
129, AS AMENDED).
MIXED SYSTEM. – THIS IS A COMBINATION
OF THE INQUISITORIAL AND THE
ACCUSATORIAL SYSTEMS. THE
EXAMINATION OF DEFENDANTS AND OTHER
PERSONS BEFORE THE FILING OF THE
COMPLAINT OR INFORMATION MAY BE
INQUISITORIAL. AS A GENERAL RULE, A
COURT PROCEEDING IN OUR JUDICIAL SET-
UP IS ACCUSATORIAL OR ADVERSARY AND
NOT INQUISITORIAL IN NATURE AS IT
CONTEMPLATES TWO CONTENDING
PARTIES BEFORE THE COURT WHICH HEARS
THEM IMPARTIALLY AND RENDERS
JUDGMENT ONLY AFTER TRIAL.
MODIFICATION OF JUDGMENT - A
JUDGMENT OF CONVICTION MAY, UPON
MOTION OF THE ACCUSED, BE MODIFIED OR
SET ASIDE BEFORE IT BECOMES FINAL OR
BEFORE APPEAL IS PERFECTED.
MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL OR
RECONSIDERATION – IS ONE FILED WITH
THE COURT BY THE ACCUSED AT ANY TIME
BEFORE JUDGMENT OF CONVICTION
BECOMES FINAL. OR, ON ITS OWN
INITIATIVE, WITH THE CONSENT OF THE
ACCUSED, THE COURT MAY ORDER NEW
TRIAL OR RECONSIDERATION.
MOTION TO QUASH – IS A MOTION FILED
WITH THE TRIAL COURT BEFORE
ARRAIGNMENT OR WITH THE PROSECUTOR
DURING PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION. THE
GRANTING OF A MOTION TO QUASH,
EXCEPT ON GROUNDS OF PRESCRIPTION
AND DOUBLE JEOPARDY, MAY RESULT IN
THE COURT ORDERING THE AMENDMENT
OF THE COMPLAINT OR INFORMATION, OR
THE DISMISSAL OF THE CASE AND THE
FILING OF A NEW ONE, OR IF NEW
INFORMATION IS FILED WITHIN THE
SPECIFIED PERIOD, THE DISCHARGE OF THE
ACCUSED FROM CUSTODY IF DETAINED.
NEW TRIAL OR RECONSIDERATION - IS
AVAILABLE AFTER PROMULGATION OF
JUDGMENT OF CONVICTION BUT BEFORE
THE LAPSE OF 15 DAYS THEREFROM. IF THE
COURT GRANTS THE MOTION FOR NEW
TRIAL, IT MAY ORDER THE TRIAL ANEW OF
THE CASE BY RECEIVING EVIDENCE NOT
DISCOVERED AND PRODUCED AT THE
TRIAL. IF THE COURT GRANTS THE MOTION
FOR RECONSIDERATION, IT MAY ACQUIT
THE ACCUSED OR MODIFY THE DECISION.
ORDINARY APPEAL - IS A MATTER OF RIGHT
AND IS NORMALLY MADE SIMPLY BY FILING
OF A NOTICE OF APPEAL WITH THE COURT
WHOSE JUDGMENT IS SOUGHT TO BE
REVIEWED.
PETITION FOR REVIEW ON CERTIORARI - IS
NOT A MATTER OF RIGHT. THE SC WILL
EXERCISE APPELLATE JURISDICTION ONLY
IF IT DEEMS IT PROPER, IN ITS DISCRETION.
ONLY PURE QUESTIONS OF LAW MAY BE
RAISED.
PETITION FOR REVIEW - LIKE ORDINARY
APPEALS, MAY RAISE BOTH QUESTIONS OF
FACT AS WELL AS OF LAW. BUT UNLIKE
ORDINARY APPEALS, APPEALS BY PETITION
FOR REVIEW ARE NOT A MATTER OF RIGHT,
BUT OF DISCRETION.
POLICE INVESTIGATION - IS THE FIRST
PREFATORY STAGE IN CRIMINAL ACTION.
INCIDENCE OF CRIMES ARE REPORTED TO
OR DISCOVERED BY POLICE AUTHORITIES.
PREJUDICIAL QUESTION - IS DEFINED AS TO
BE THAT WHICH ARISES IN A CASE THE
RESOLUTION OF WHICH IS A LOGICAL
ANTECEDENT OF THE ISSUE INVOLVED IN
SAID CASE AND THE COGNIZANCE OF
WHICH PERTAINS TO ANOTHER TRIBUNAL.
THE MOTION TO SUSPEND CRIMINAL
PROCEEDING BASED ON PREJUDICIAL
QUESTION MAY BE RAISED IN PRELIMINARY
INVESTIGATION OR TRIAL WHICH, IF
GRANTED, WILL SUSPEND THE CRIMINAL
PROCEEDING.
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION - IS DEFINED
AS AN INQUIRY OR PROCEEDING TO
DETERMINE WHETHER THERE IS
SUFFICIENT GROUND TO ENGENDER A
WELL-FOUNDED BELIEF THAT A CRIME HAS
BEEN COMMITTED AND THE RESPONDENT
IS PROBABLY GUILTY THEREOF, AND
SHOULD BE HELD FOR TRIAL. THE SECOND
PREFATORY STAGE IN CRIMINAL ACTION. IT
IS THE STAGE AT WHICH THE PUBLIC
PROSECUTOR EVALUATES THE FINDINGS
OF THE POLICE TO DETERMINE IF
PROSECUTION OF THE SUSPECT IN COURT
IS WARRANTED.
PRELIMINARY CONFERENCE – IS A
PROCEEDING CONDUCTED BY THE CLERK
OF COURT WHICH CONSISTS, AMONG
OTHERS, MARKING OF EXHIBITS, NUMBER
AND NAMES OF WITNESSES TO BE
PRESENTED AND ASKING THE PARTIES
WHETHER THERE IS POSSIBILITY OF
AMICABLE SETTLEMENT. THEREAFTER, THE
CLERK OF COURT SHALL PREPARE
MINUTES OF THE PROCEEDINGS TO BE
SIGNED BY THE COUNSEL AND THE PARTIES
AND SUBMITTED TO THE COURT.
PRE-TRIAL - AS IN CIVIL ACTIONS, THERE IS A
PRE-TRIAL IN CRIMINAL ACTIONS. THE
PURPOSE IS THE SAME: TO EXPLORE WAYS
OF QUICKLY ENDING THE CASE (AS BY A
CHANGE OF A NOT-GUILTY PLEA TO ONE OF
GUILTY OR PLEA BARGAINING) OR
OTHERWISE EXPEDITING THE TRIAL.
PRE-TRIAL AGREEMENT - IS ONE WHERE ALL
AGREEMENTS OR ADMISSIONS MADE OR
ENTERED DURING THE PRE-TRIAL
CONFERENCE SHALL BE REDUCED IN
WRITING AND SIGNED BY THE ACCUSED
AND COUNSEL, OTHERWISE, THEY CANNOT
BE USED AGAINST THE ACCUSED.
PRE-TRIAL CONFERENCE – IS CONDUCTED
BY THE JUDGE OF THE COURT WHERE THE
CASE HAS BEEN FILED
PROBABLE CAUSE - IS DEFINED AS SUCH
FACTS AND CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH LED A
REASONABLE, DISCREET AND PRUDENT
MIND OR MAN TO BELIEVE THAT THE
OFFENSE HAS BEEN COMMITTED AND THAT
THE OBJECTS SOUGHT IN CONNECTION
WITH THE OFFENSE ARE IN THE PLACE
SOUGHT TO BE SEARCHED.
PROMULGATION OF JUDGMENT - IT IS
PROMULGATED BY READING THE SAME IN
THE PRESENCE OF THE ACCUSED AND THE
JUDGE OF THE COURT IN WHICH IT WAS
RENDERED. HOWEVER, IF CONVICTION IS
FOR LIGHT OFFENSE, THE JUDGMENT MAY
BE PRONOUNCED IN THE PRESENCE OF HIS
COUNSEL OR REPRESENTATIVES.
PROPERTY BOND- IT IS A BOND
CONSTITUTED AS LIEN ON THE REAL
PROPERTY GIVEN AS SECURITY FOR THE
AMOUNT OF THE BAIL.
RECOGNIZANCE- IT IS AN OBLIGATION OF
RECORD ENTERED INTO BY THE ACCUSED
OR THAT OF A RESPONSIBLE PERSON
BEFORE THE COURT IN ORDER THAT THE
COURT MAY RELEASE A PERSON IN
CUSTODY FOR THE CRIME CHARGED (R.A
6036)
REOPENING OF THE CASE - AT ANY TIME
BEFORE FINALITY OF THE JUDGMENT OF
CONVICTION, THE JUDGE MAY MOTU
PROPRIO OR UPON MOTION, WITH HEARING
IN EITHER CASE, REOPEN THE
PROCEEDINGS TO AVOID MISCARRIAGE OF
JUSTICE. THE PROCEEDINGS SHALL BE
TERMINATED WITHIN 30 DAYS FROM THE
ORDER GRANTING IT.
RULES ON SUMMARY PROCEDURE – IS ONE
WHICH COVERS CASES UNDER THE
EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF MTC, MTCC
AND MCTC.
SANDIGANBAYAN - KNOWN AS THE GRAFT
COURT, IT IS A COLLEGIATE SPECIAL COURT
WITH LIMITED JURISDICTION.
SEARCH WARRANT - IS DEFINED AS AN
ORDER IN WRITING ISSUED IN THE NAME OF
THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, SIGNED
BY A JUDGE AND DIRECTED TO A PEACE
OFFICER, COMMANDING HIM TO SEARCH
FOR PERSONAL PROPERTY DESCRIBED
THEREIN AND BRING IT BEFORE THE COURT.
SECOND LEVEL COURTS - REGIONAL TRIAL
COURTS - IN EACH REGION, THERE IS A
REGIONAL TRIAL COURT, COMPOSED OF
SEVERAL BRANCHES. LIKE FIRST LEVEL
COURTS, RTCS ARE TRIAL COURTS.
SEPARATE TRIAL - IS THE INDIVIDUAL TRIAL
OF EACH OF SEVERAL PERSONS JOINTLY
ACCUSED OF AN OFFENSE.
SUBSTANTIAL AMENDMENT - CONSISTS OF
CHANGING, CORRECTING, IMPROVING OR
ADDING THE RECITAL OF FACTS
CONSTITUTING THE OFFENSE CHARGED
AND DETERMINATIVE OF THE JURISDICTION
OF THE COURT.
THIRD LEVEL COURTS - COURT OF APPEALS
- IT CONSISTS OF A PRESIDING JUSTICE AND
FIFTY ASSOCIATE JUSTICES WHO SHALL
EXERCISE THEIR POWERS, FUNCTIONS,
AND DUTIES, THROUGH SEVENTEEN (17)
DIVISIONS, EACH COMPOSED OF THREE (3)
MEMBERS. THE COURT MAY SIT EN BANC
ONLY FOR THE PURPOSE OF EXERCISING
ADMINISTRATIVE, CEREMONIAL, OR OTHER
NON-ADJUDICATORY FUNCTIONS. UNLIKE
MTC, ETC AND RTCS, COURT OF APPEALS IS
ESSENTIALLY AN APPELLATE COURT (NOT A
TRIAL COURT), REVIEWING CASES
APPEALED TO IT WHICH MAY REVIEW
QUESTIONS OF FACT OR MIXED QUESTIONS
OF FACT AND LAW.
TIME LIMIT OF TRIAL - TRIAL ONCE
COMMENCED SHALL CONTINUE FROM DAY
TO DAY AS FAR AS PRACTICABLE AND,
UNLESS POSTPONED FOR A REASONABLE
PERIOD OF TIME FOR GOOD CAUSE AND
JUSTIFIABLE DELAYS, SHALL BE
TERMINATED WITHIN 180 DAYS.
TRIAL - FOLLOWS MORE OR LESS THE SAME
PATTERN AS IN CIVIL ACTIONS. THE
PROSECUTION COMMENCES THE
PRESENTATION OF EVIDENCE, THE
ACCUSED FOLLOWS, AND THE
PROSECUTION MAY PRESENT REBUTTAL
EVIDENCE AND THE ACCUSED SUR-
REBUTTAL EVIDENCE. THE PARTIES MAY
ALSO PRESENT WRITTEN ARGUMENTS OR
MEMORANDA AFTER WHICH THE CASE IS
DEEMED SUBMITTED FOR DECISION.
VENUE- IS THE GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISION ON
WHICH AN ACTION IS BROUGHT TO TRIAL
FOR CRIMINAL ACTION OR PROCEEDING.
VENUE IS THE TERRITORIAL UNIT WHERE
THE POWER OF THE COURT IS TO BE
EXECUTED.
REVISED RULES
ON EVIDENCE
ADMISSION - ANY STATEMENT OF A FACT BY
A PARTY AGAINST HIS INTEREST OR
UNFAVORABLE TO THE CONCLUSION FOR
WHICH HE CONTENDS OR IS INCONSISTENT
WITH THE FACTS ALLEGED BY HIM. IT IS A
STATEMENT OF FACT WHICH DOES NOT
INVOLVE AN ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF GUILT
OR LIABILITY
ADMISSION BY CO-PARTNER OR AGENT. —
THE ACT OR DECLARATION OF A PARTNER
OR AGENT OF THE PARTY WITHIN THE
SCOPE OF HIS AUTHORITY AND DURING THE
EXISTENCE OF THE PARTNERSHIP OR
AGENCY, MAY BE GIVEN IN EVIDENCE
AGAINST SUCH PARTY AFTER THE
PARTNERSHIP OR AGENCY IS SHOWN BY
EVIDENCE OTHER THAN SUCH ACT OR
DECLARATION. THE SAME RULE APPLIES TO
THE ACT OR DECLARATION OF A JOINT
OWNER, JOINT DEBTOR, OR OTHER
PERSON JOINTLY INTERESTED WITH THE
PARTY.
ADMISSION BY CONSPIRATOR. — THE ACT
OR DECLARATION OF A CONSPIRATOR
RELATING TO THE CONSPIRACY AND
DURING ITS EXISTENCE, MAY BE GIVEN IN
EVIDENCE AGAINST THE CO-CONSPIRATOR
AFTER THE CONSPIRACY IS SHOWN BY
EVIDENCE OTHER THAN SUCH ACT OF
DECLARATION.
ADMISSION BY PRIVIES. — WHERE ONE
DERIVES TITLE TO PROPERTY FROM
ANOTHER, THE ACT, DECLARATION, OR
OMISSION OF THE LATTER, WHILE HOLDING
THE TITLE, IN RELATION TO THE PROPERTY,
IS EVIDENCE AGAINST THE FORMER.
ADMISSION BY SILENCE — AN ACT OR
DECLARATION MADE IN THE PRESENCE AND
WITHIN THE HEARING OR OBSERVATION OF
A PARTY WHO DOES OR SAYS NOTHING
WHEN THE ACT OR DECLARATION IS SUCH
AS NATURALLY TO CALL FOR ACTION OR
COMMENT IF NOT TRUE, AND WHEN
PROPER AND POSSIBLE FOR HIM TO DO SO,
MAY BE GIVEN IN EVIDENCE AGAINST HIM.
AFFIDAVIT - AN AFFIDAVIT IS A STATEMENT
OF FACT UNDER OATH.
ALIBI - THE WEAKEST DEFENSE IN A
CRIMINAL CASE. IT IS AN AVERMENT THAT
THE ACCUSED WAS AT ANOTHER PLACE
FOR SUCH PERIOD OF TIME THAT IT WAS
IMPOSSIBLE FOR HIM TO HAVE BEEN AT THE
PLACE WHERE THE ACT WAS COMMITTED
AT THE TIME OF ITS COMMISSION.
ALTERI NOCERE NON DEBET RULE, WHICH
MEANS “THINGS DONE BETWEEN
STRANGERS SHOULD NOT INJURE THOSE
WHO ARE NOT PARTIES TO THEM.”
ARRANGING FOR EXECUTIONS OF THE
PLAN - THE EXECUTION OF A PLAN
REQUIRES THE ISSUANCE OF ORDERS AND
DIRECTIVES TO UNIT PERSONNEL
CONCERNED THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A
SCHEDULE, AND THE PROVISIONS OF
MANPOWER AND EQUIPMENT FOR
CARRYING OUT THE PLANS.
COLLECTION ALL PERTINENT FACTS - BOTH
ATTEMPTS SHALL BE MADE TO DEVELOP A
PLAN UNTIL FACTS RELATING TO IT HAVE
BEEN GATHERED.
BIASED WITNESS - ON WHO BECAUSE OF
HIS RELATION TO THE CAUSE OR TO THE
PARTIES IS SUCH THAT HE HAS AN
INCENTIVE TO EXAGGERATE OR GIVE FALSE
COLOR TO HIS STATEMENTS, OR TO
SUPPRESS OR PERVERT THE TRUTH, OR TO
STATE WHAT IS FALSE.
BURDEN OF PROOF (ONUS PROBANDI) - IT IS
THE DUTY OF A PARTY TO PRESENT
EVIDENCE ON THE FACTS IN ISSUE
NECESSARY TO ESTABLISH HIS CLAIM OR
DEFENSE.
CHAIN OF CUSTODY- THE PRESENTER OF AN
OBJECT EVIDENCE MAY BE REQUIRED TO
PROVE ITS CHAIN OF CUSTODY, THAT IS THE
PEOPLE WHO TOOK CHARGE THEREOF
FROM ITS RECOVERY TO PRESENTATION IN
COURT SO THAT IT MAY PASS THE PROCESS
OF AUTHENTICATION. IF THE OBJECT
EVIDENCE IS EASY TO IDENTIFY, MERE
TESTIMONY OF WITNESS IS SUFFICIENT.
CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE- THE PROOF
OF FACT OR FACTS FROM WHICH, TAKEN
EITHER SINGLY OR COLLECTIVELY, THE
EXISTENCE OF THE PARTICULAR FACT IN
DISPUTE MAY BE INFERRED AS A PARTY AS TO MANY MATTERS STATED IN THE
NECESSARY OR PROVABLE
CONSEQUENCE.
CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE- IS
EVIDENCE MORE THAN PREPONDERANCE
OF EVIDENCE BUT LESS THAN PROOF
BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT. IT IS THE
QUANTUM REQUIRED TO PROVE INSANITY,
PATERNITY OR FILIATION, SELF-DEFENSE
AMONG OTHERS.
COLLATERAL MATTERS- ARE FACTS AND
CIRCUMSTANCES OTHER THAN THE FACTS
IN ISSUE WHICH ARE BEING OFFERED IN
EVIDENCE AS BASES FOR INFERENCE AS TO
THE EXISTENCE OR NON-EXISTENCE OF A
FACT IN ISSUE.
COMPETENT EVIDENCE- EVIDENCE THAT IS
NOT EXCLUDED BY THE RULES, STATUTE OR
THE CONSTITUTION.
COMPETENT WITNESS- ONE WHO HAS ALL
THE QUALIFICATIONS TO TESTIFY. THUS HE
CAN PERCEIVE AND CAN MAKE KNOWN HIS
PERCEPTION TO OTHERS REGARDLESS OF
POLITICAL OR RELIGIOUS BELIEF OR
INTEREST AND CONVICTION OF A CRIME.
CONCLUSIVE PRESUMPTION - IT IS AN
INFERENCE WHICH THE LAW MAKES SO
PEREMPTORY THAT IT WILL NOT ALLOW
SUCH INFERENCE TO BE OVERTURNED BY
ANY CONTRARY PROOF HOWEVER STRONG.
CONCLUSIVE PRESUMPTION IS ALSO
KNOWN AS PRESUMPTION JURIS ET DE
JURE.
CONDITIONAL ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE-
EVIDENCE THAT WILL BE ADMITTED
ALTHOUGH SEEMINGLY NOT ADMISSIBLE
PROVIDED THAT ITS RELEVANCY WOULD BE
SHOWN IN A LATER STAGE OF THE TRIAL.
CONFESSION - THE DECLARATION OF AN
ACCUSED EXPRESSLY ACKNOWLEDGING
HIS GUILT OF THE OFFENSE CHARGED. A
CATEGORICAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF
GUILT MADE BY THE ACCUSED IN A
CRIMINAL CASE, WITHOUT AN
EXCULPATORY STATEMENT OR
EXPLANATION.
CORROBORATIVE EVIDENCE- ADDITIONAL
EVIDENCE OF A DIFFERENT CHARACTER TO
THE SAME POINT.
CREDIBILITY OF WITNESS - REFERS TO THE
INTEGRITY, DISPOSITION AND INTENTION TO
TELL THE TRUTH IN THE TESTIMONY HE HAS
GIVEN.
CREDIBLE WITNESS - ONE WHO’S
TESTIMONY IS WORTH OF CREDIT AND
BELIEF. ONE WHO IS NOT DISQUALIFIED TO
TESTIFY BY MENTAL INCAPACITY, CRIME OR
OTHER CAUSES.
CROSS-EXAMINATION; ITS PURPOSE AND
EXTENT — UPON THE TERMINATION OF THE
DIRECT EXAMINATION, THE WITNESS MAY
BE CROSS-EXAMINED BY THE ADVERSE
DIRECT EXAMINATION, OR CONNECTED
THEREWITH, WITH SUFFICIENT FULLNESS
AND FREEDOM TO TEST HIS ACCURACY AND
TRUTHFULNESS AND FREEDOM FROM
INTEREST OR BIAS, OR THE REVERSE, AND
TO ELICIT ALL IMPORTANT FACTS BEARING
UPON THE ISSUE.
CUMULATIVE EVIDENCE- EVIDENCE OF THE
SAME KIND AND TO THE SAME STATE OF
FACTS.
CURATIVE ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE-
EVIDENCE WHICH WILL BE ADMITTED
ALTHOUGH NORMALLY INADMISSIBLE
BECAUSE SIMILAR INADMISSIBLE EVIDENCE
HAS BEEN INTRODUCED BY THE OTHER
PARTY.
DEPOSITION - IT IS THE WRITTEN TESTIMONY
OF A WITNESS GIVEN IN THE COURSE OF
JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS IN ADVANCE OF A
TRIAL OR HEARING UPON ORAL
EXAMINATION.
DIRECT EVIDENCE- THAT WHICH PROVES
THE FACT IN DISPUTE WITHOUT THE AID OF
ANY INFERENCE OR PRESUMPTION.
DISHONEST WITNESS- A WITNESS WHO
PROFESSES TO REMEMBER THINGS UPON
WHICH HE CANNOT BE READILY BE
CONTRADICTED AND WHO DECLARES THAT
HE FORGETS THOSE UPON WHICH HE
WOULD BE OPEN TO CONTRADICTION. HE
USUALLY TAKES REFUGE BEHIND THE
SHELTER AFFORDED BY THE PHRASE “I
DON’T REMEMBER”.
DISPUTABLE PRESUMPTION - IT IS A
PRESUMPTION WHICH STANDS AS TRUE
UNLESS REBUTTED BY CONTRARY
EVIDENCE. THIS IS ALSO KNOWN AS
PRESUMPTION JURIS TANTUM.
DISQUALIFICATION BY REASON OF
PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION:
DISQUALIFICATION BY REASON OF
MARRIAGE - ACCORDING TO THIS RULE,
DURING THEIR MARRIAGE, NEITHER THE
HUSBAND OR THE WIFE MAY TESTIFY FOR
OR AGAINST THE OTHER WITHOUT THE
CONSENT OF THE AFFECTED SPOUSE,
EXCEPT: IN A CIVIL CASE BY ONE AGAINST
THE OTHER; OR IN A CRIMINAL CASE FOR A
CRIME COMMITTED BY ONE AGAINST THE
OTHER OR THE LATTER’S DIRECT
DESCENDANTS OR ASCENDANTS
“SPOUSAL IMMUNITY RULE” OR “MARITAL
DISQUALIFICATION RULE” THE REASONS
FOR THE DISQUALIFICATION ARE THE
FOLLOWING: TO PROMOTE DOMESTIC
PEACE AND TO PREVENT COMMISSION OF
PERJURY.

DISQUALIFICATION BY REASON OF
PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION: ATTORNEY -
CANNOT, WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF HIS
CLIENT, BE EXAMINED AS TO ANY
COMMUNICATION MADE BY THE CLIENT TO
HIM, OR HIS ADVICE GIVEN THEREON IN THE
COURSE OF, OR WITH A VIEW TO,
PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT, NOR CAN
THE ATTORNEY’S SECRETARY,
STENOGRAPHER, OR CLERK BE EXAMINED,
WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF THE CLIENT
AND HIS EMPLOYER CONCERNING ANY
FACT THE KNOWLEDGE OF WHICH HAS
BEEN ACQUIRED IN SUCH CAPACITY;
DISQUALIFICATION BY REASON OF
PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION: HUSBAND
OR WIFE - DURING OR AFTER THE MARRIAGE,
CANNOT BE EXAMINED WITHOUT THE
CONSENT OF THE OTHER AS TO ANY
COMMUNICATION RECEIVED IN
CONFIDENCE BY ONE FROM THE OTHER
DURING THE MARRIAGE EXCEPT IN A CIVIL
CASE BY ONE AGAINST THE OTHER, OR IN A
CRIMINAL CASE FOR A CRIME COMMITTED
BY ONE AGAINST THE OTHER OR THE
LATTER’S DIRECT DESCENDANTS OR
ASCENDANTS.
DISQUALIFICATION BY REASON OF
PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION: MINISTER
OR PRIEST- WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF THE
PERSON MAKING THE CONFESSION,
CANNOT BE EXAMINED AS TO ANY
CONFESSION MADE OR TO ANY ADVICE
GIVEN BY HIM IN HIS PROFESSIONAL
CHARACTER IN THE COURSE OF DISCIPLINE
ENJOINED BY THE CHURCH TO WHICH THE
MINISTER OR PRIEST BELONGS; (THIS
PRIVILEGED CANNOT BE WAIVED)
DISQUALIFICATION BY REASON OF
PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION: PERSON
AUTHORIZED TO PRACTICE MEDICINE,
SURGERY OR OBSTETRICS- IN A CIVIL CASE
CANNOT BE EXAMINED, WITHOUT THE
CONSENT OF THE PATIENT AS TO ANY
ADVICE OR TREATMENT GIVEN BY HIM OR
ANY INFORMATION WHICH HE MAY HAVE
ACQUIRED IN ATTENDING SUCH PATIENT IN
A PROFESSIONAL CAPACITY, WHICH
INFORMATION WAS NECESSARY TO ENABLE
HIM TO ACT IN THAT CAPACITY, AND WHICH
WOULD BLACKEN THE REPUTATION OF THE
PATIENT.
DISQUALIFICATION BY REASON OF
PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION: PUBLIC
OFFICER - CANNOT BE EXAMINED DURING
HIS TERM OF OFFICE OR AFTERWARDS, AS
TO COMMUNICATIONS MADE TO HIM IN
OFFICIAL CONFIDENCE, WHEN THE COURT
FINDS THAT THE PUBLIC INTEREST WOULD
SUFFER BY THE DISCLOSURE.
DISQUALIFICATION BY REASON OF
PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION: ACT OR
DECLARATION ABOUT PEDIGREE. — THE ACT
OR DECLARATION OF A PERSON
DECEASED, OR UNABLE TO TESTIFY, IN
RESPECT TO THE PEDIGREE OF ANOTHER
PERSON RELATED TO HIM BY BIRTH OR
MARRIAGE, MAY BE RECEIVED IN EVIDENCE
WHERE IT OCCURRED BEFORE THE
CONTROVERSY, AND THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THE TWO PERSONS IS SHOWN BY
EVIDENCE OTHER THAN SUCH ACT OR
DECLARATION. THE WORD "PEDIGREE"
INCLUDES RELATIONSHIP, FAMILY
GENEALOGY, BIRTH, MARRIAGE, DEATH, THE
DATES WHEN AND THE PLACES WHERE
THESE FAST OCCURRED, AND THE NAMES
OF THE RELATIVES. IT EMBRACES ALSO
FACTS OF FAMILY HISTORY INTIMATELY
CONNECTED WITH PEDIGREE.
DISQUALIFICATION BY REASON OF
PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION:
COMMERCIAL LISTS AND THE LIKE —
EVIDENCE OF STATEMENTS OF MATTERS
OF INTEREST TO PERSONS ENGAGED IN AN
OCCUPATION CONTAINED IN A LIST,
REGISTER, PERIODICAL, OR OTHER
PUBLISHED COMPILATION IS ADMISSIBLE
AS TENDING TO PROVE THE TRUTH OF ANY
RELEVANT MATTER SO STATED IF THAT
COMPILATION IS PUBLISHED FOR USE BY
PERSONS ENGAGED IN THAT OCCUPATION
AND IS GENERALLY USED AND RELIED UPON
BY THEM THEREIN.
DISQUALIFICATION BY REASON OF
PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION: COMMON
REPUTATION. — COMMON REPUTATION
EXISTING PREVIOUS TO THE
CONTROVERSY, RESPECTING FACTS OF
PUBLIC OR GENERAL INTEREST MORE THAN
THIRTY YEARS OLD, OR RESPECTING
MARRIAGE OR MORAL CHARACTER, MAY BE
GIVEN IN EVIDENCE. MONUMENTS AND
INSCRIPTIONS IN PUBLIC PLACES MAY BE
RECEIVED AS EVIDENCE OF COMMON
REPUTATION.
DISQUALIFICATION BY REASON OF
PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION:
DECLARATION AGAINST INTEREST. — THE
DECLARATION MADE BY A PERSON
DECEASED, OR UNABLE TO TESTIFY,
AGAINST THE INTEREST OF THE
DECLARANT, IF THE FACT IS ASSERTED IN
THE DECLARATION WAS AT THE TIME IT WAS
MADE SO FAR CONTRARY TO DECLARANT'S
OWN INTEREST, THAT A REASONABLE MAN
IN HIS POSITION WOULD NOT HAVE MADE
THE DECLARATION UNLESS HE BELIEVED IT
TO BE TRUE, MAY BE RECEIVED IN EVIDENCE
AGAINST HIMSELF OR HIS SUCCESSORS IN
INTEREST AND AGAINST THIRD PERSONS.
DISQUALIFICATION BY REASON OF
PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION: ENTRIES IN
THE COURSE OF BUSINESS. — ENTRIES
MADE AT, OR NEAR THE TIME OF
TRANSACTIONS TO WHICH THEY REFER, BY
A PERSON DECEASED, OR UNABLE TO
TESTIFY, WHO WAS IN A POSITION TO KNOW
THE FACTS THEREIN STATED, MAY BE
RECEIVED AS PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE, IF
SUCH PERSON MADE THE ENTRIES IN HIS
PROFESSIONAL CAPACITY OR IN THE
PERFORMANCE OF DUTY AND IN THE
ORDINARY OR REGULAR COURSE OF
BUSINESS OR DUTY.
DISQUALIFICATION BY REASON OF
PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION: ENTRIES IN
OFFICIAL RECORDS. — ENTRIES IN OFFICIAL
RECORDS MADE IN THE PERFORMANCE OF
HIS DUTY BY A PUBLIC OFFICER OF THE
PHILIPPINES, OR BY A PERSON IN THE
PERFORMANCE OF A DUTY SPECIALLY
ENJOINED BY LAW, ARE PRIMA FACIE
EVIDENCE OF THE FACTS THEREIN STATED.
DISQUALIFICATION BY REASON OF
PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION: FAMILY
REPUTATION OR TRADITION REGARDING
PEDIGREE — THE REPUTATION OR
TRADITION EXISTING IN A FAMILY PREVIOUS
TO THE CONTROVERSY (ANTE LITEM
MOTAM), IN RESPECT TO THE PEDIGREE OF
ANY ONE OF ITS MEMBERS, MAY BE
RECEIVED IN EVIDENCE IF THE WITNESS
TESTIFYING THEREON BE ALSO A MEMBER
OF THE FAMILY, EITHER BY CONSANGUINITY
OR AFFINITY. ENTRIES IN FAMILY BIBLES OR
OTHER FAMILY BOOKS OR CHARTS,
ENGRAVINGS ON RINGS, FAMILY PORTRAITS
AND THE LIKE, MAY BE RECEIVED AS
EVIDENCE OF PEDIGREE.
DISQUALIFICATION BY REASON OF
PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION: ENTRIES IN
THE COURSE OF BUSINESS. — ENTRIES
MADE AT, OR NEAR THE TIME OF
TRANSACTIONS TO WHICH THEY REFER, BY
A PERSON DECEASED, OR UNABLE TO
TESTIFY, WHO WAS IN A POSITION TO KNOW
THE FACTS THEREIN STATED, MAY BE
RECEIVED AS PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE, IF
SUCH PERSON MADE THE ENTRIES IN HIS
PROFESSIONAL CAPACITY OR IN THE
PERFORMANCE OF DUTY AND IN THE
ORDINARY OR REGULAR COURSE OF
BUSINESS OR DUTY.
DISQUALIFICATION BY REASON OF
PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION: PART OF
RES GESTAE. — STATEMENTS MADE BY A
PERSON WHILE A STARTING OCCURRENCE
IS TAKING PLACE OR IMMEDIATELY PRIOR
OR SUBSEQUENT THERETO WITH RESPECT
TO THE CIRCUMSTANCES THEREOF, MAY BE
GIVEN IN EVIDENCE AS PART OF RES
GESTAE. SO, ALSO, STATEMENTS
ACCOMPANYING AN EQUIVOCAL ACT
MATERIAL TO THE ISSUE, AND GIVING IT A
LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE, MAY BE RECEIVED AS
PART OF THE RES GESTAE.
DIRECT EXAMINATION — DIRECT
EXAMINATION IS THE EXAMINATION-IN-CHIEF
OF A WITNESS BY THE PARTY PRESENTING
HIM ON THE FACTS RELEVANT TO THE
ISSUE.
DOCTRINE OF INDEPENDENTLY RELEVANT
STATEMENT - IT STATES THAT WHEN THE
TESTIMONY IS PRESENTED TO ESTABLISH
NOT THE TRUTH BUT ONLY THE TENOR OF
THE STATEMENT OR THE FACT THAT THE
STATEMENT WAS MADE, IT IS NOT HEARSAY
AND HENCE ADMISSIBLE. UNDER THIS RULE,
ONLY THE FACT THAT SUCH STATEMENTS
WERE MADE IS RELEVANT AND ADMISSIBLE,
BUT THE TRUTH OR EVEN THE FALSITY
THEREOF IS NOT MATERIAL.
DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE - IT CONSISTS OF
WRITINGS OR ANY MATERIAL CONTAINING
LETTERS, WORDS, NUMBERS, FIGURES,
SYMBOLS OR OTHER MODES OF WRITTEN
EXPRESSIONS OFFERED AS PROOF OF
THEIR CONTENTS.
DOUBLE HEARSAY (MULTIPLE HEARSAY) -
THE TESTIMONY OF A PERSON WITH
RESPECT TO WHAT WAS TOLD HIM BY
ANOTHER WHO WAS NOT A WITNESS TO A
FACT BUT WHO ONLY OBTAINED
KNOWLEDGE THEREOF FROM ANOTHER.
DYING DECLARATION (ANTE MORTEM
STATEMENT OR STAEMENT IN ARTICULO
MORTIS OR DECLARATION IN EXTREMIS) - IS
THE DECLARATION OF A PERSON, MADE
UNDER THE CONSCIOUSNESS OF AN
IMPENDING DEATH, MAYBE RECEIVED IN
ANY CASE WHEREIN HIS DEATH IS THE
SUBJECT OF INQUIRY, AS EVIDENCE OF THE
CAUSE AND SURROUNDING
CIRCUMSTANCES OF HIS DEATH
ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE- DOCUMENT OR
INFORMATION RECEIVED, RECORDED,
TRANSMITTED, STORED, PROCESSED OR
PRODUCED ELECTRONICALLY.
ENGLISH RULE ON CROSS EXAMINATION -
UNDER THIS RULE, A WITNESS MAYBE
EXAMINED NOT ONLY UPON MATTERS
TESTIFIED TO BY HIM ON HIS DIRECT
EXAMINATION, BUT ALSO UPON ON ALL
MATTERS RELEVANT TO THE ISSUE. WE
FOLLOW THIS STYLE OF CROSS
EXAMINATION.
EQUIPOISE RULE - WHERE THE
INCULPATORY CIRCUMSTANCES ARE
CAPABLE OF TWO INFERENCES, ONE
WHICH IS CONSISTENT WITH THE
PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE AND THE
OTHER COMPATIBLE WITH THE FINDING OF
GUILT, THE COURT MUST ACQUIT THE
ACCUSED BECAUSE THE EVIDENCE DOES
NOT FULFILL THE TEST OF MORAL
CERTAINTY AND THEREFORE INSUFFICIENT
TO SUSTAIN A JUDGMENT OF CONVICTION.
IT MAY ALSO BE DEFINED AS WHERE THE
EVIDENCE OF THE PARTIES IN A CRIMINAL
CASE IS EVENLY BALANCED, THE
CONSTITUTIONAL PRESUMPTION OF
INNOCENCE SHOULD TILT THE SCALES IN
FAVOR OF THE ACCUSED AND HE SHOULD
BE ACQUITTED.
EQUIPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE RULE-
WHEN THE SCALE SHALL STAND UPON
EQUIPOISE AND THERE IS NOTHING IN THE
EVIDENCE WHICH SHALL INCLINE IT TO ONE
SIDE OR THE OTHER, THE COURT WILL FIND
FOR THE DEFENDANT.
EVIDENCE — EVIDENCE IS THE MEANS,
SANCTIONED BY THESE RULES, OF
ASCERTAINING IN A JUDICIAL PROCEEDING
THE TRUTH RESPECTING A MATTER OF
FACT.
EVIDENCE ALIUNDE OR EXTRANEOUS
EVIDENCE- EVIDENCE FROM OUTSIDE OR
ANOTHER SOURCE.
EXCLUSIONARY RULE- A RULE OF EVIDENCE
THAT EXCLUDES EVIDENCE OBTAINED IN
VIOLATION OF ONE’S CONSTITUTIONAL
RIGHTS OR OBTAINED THROUGH ILLEGAL
MEANS, SUCH AS THOSE OBTAINED BY
TORTURES AND THE LIKE.
EXCULPATORY EVIDENCE- THAT EVIDENCE
WHICH WILL EXCUSE A PERSON FROM AN
ALLEGED FAULT OR CRIME.
EXTRAJUDICIAL CONFESSION- ONE MADE
OUTSIDE THE COURT AND CANNOT
SUSTAIN A CONVICTION UNLESS
CORROBORATED BY EVIDENCE OF CORPUS
DELICTI.
EXPERT EVIDENCE- THE TESTIMONY OF ONE
POSSESSING IN REGARD TO A PARTICULAR
SUBJECT OR DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN
ACTIVITY, KNOWLEDGE NOT USUALLY
ACQUIRED BY OTHER PERSONS.
FACTUM PROBANDUM - THE ULTIMATE FACT
OR THE FACT SOUGHT TO BE ESTABLISHED.
IT IS THE FACT TO BE PROVED.
FACTUM PROBANS- FACTUM PROBANS IS
THE EVIDENTIARY FACT OR THE FACT BY
WHICH THE FACTUM PROBANS IS TO BE
ESTABLISHED
FALSUS IN UNO FALSUS IN OMNIBUS- IT
LITERALLY MEANS “FALSE IN ONE THING-
FALSE IN EVERYTHING” - IT REFERS TO THAT
PRINCIPLE WHERE ON ONE POINT, THE
WITNESS HAS LIED, HIS TESTIMONY UPON
ANOTHER POINTS MAY BE DISREGARDED.
THIS IS NO LONGER FOLLOWED IN THE
PHILIPPINES. THE MODERN TREND OF
JURISPRUDENCE IS TO THE EFFECT THAT
THE TESTIMONY OF A WITNESS MAYBE
BELIEVED IN PART AND DISBELIEVED IN
PART, DEPENDING UPON THE
CORROBORATIVE EVIDENCE AND THE
PROBABILITIES AND IMPROBABILITIES OF
THE CASE.
FORGOTTEN EVIDENCE- EVIDENCE WHICH
WAS NOT PRESENTED IN COURT BECAUSE
OF OVERSIGHT OR FORGETFULNESS OF A
PARTY OR COUNSEL.
FRUIT OF THE POSONOUS TREE- THIS
DOCTRINE STATES THAT ONCE THE
PRIMARY SOURCE “THE TREE” IS SHOWN TO
HAVE BEEN OBTAINED UNLAWFULLY, ANY
DERIVATIVE EVIDENCE, “THE FRUIT”
DERIVED FROM IT (MEANING THE TREE) IS
LIKEWISE NOT ADMISSIBLE. THUS,
EVIDENCE ILLEGALLY OBTAINED BY THE
STATE SHOULD NOT BE USED TO GAIN
OTHER EVIDENCE BECAUSE THE ILLEGALLY
OBTAINED EVIDENCE TAINTS ALL EVIDENCE
SUBSEQUENTLY OBTAINED.
HEARSAY EVIDENCE - IT IS EVIDENCE NOT
OF WHAT THE WITNESS KNOWS HIM BY
PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE BUT OF WHAT HE
HAS HEARD FROM OTHERS. HEARSAY
EVIDENCE AS A GENERAL RULE IS NOT
ALLOWED. IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS SECOND
HAND EVIDENCE.
INCOMPETENT WITNESS- ONE WHO IS NOT
LEGALLY DISQUALIFIED FROM TESTIFYING
IN COURTS OF JUSTICE, BY REASON OF
MENTAL INCAPACITY, INTERESTS OR THE
COMMISSION OF CRIMES, OR OTHER CAUSE
RENDERING HIM EXCLUDED FROM
TESTIFYING.
INCULPATORY EVIDENCE- IS EVIDENCE
WHICH HAS THE TENDENCY TO IMPLICATE
OR INCRIMINATE A PERSON.
INTERLOCKING CONFESSION- IS A
CONFESSION IN A CRIMINAL CASE SO
CORROBORATIVE OF EACH OTHER AS TO
IMPOSE FAITH THAT THEY MUST HAVE A
BASIS IN FACT. WHERE EXTRAJUDICIAL
CONFESSION HAVE BEEN MADE BY
SEVERAL PERSONS CHARGED WITH
CONSPIRACY AND THERE COULD HAVE
BEEN NO COLLUSION WITH REFERENCE TO
SEVERAL CONFESSIONS, THE FACT THAT
THE STATEMENTS ARE IN ALL MATERIAL
RESPECTS IDENTICAL IS CONFIRMATORY
OF THE TESTIMONY OF THE ACCOMPLICE.
INSTRUMENTAL WITNESSES- A WITNESS
WHO ATTESTS TO THE EXECUTION OF A
WILL OR TESTAMENT AND AFFIRMS THE
FORMALITIES ATTENDANT TO SAID
EXECUTION.
JUDICIAL ADMISSIONS. — AN ADMISSION,
VERBAL OR WRITTEN, MADE BY THE PARTY
IN THE COURSE OF THE PROCEEDINGS IN
THE SAME CASE, DOES NOT REQUIRE
PROOF. THE ADMISSION MAY BE
CONTRADICTED ONLY BY: SHOWING THAT
IT WAS MADE THROUGH PALPABLE MISTAKE
OR THAT NO SUCH ADMISSION WAS MADE.
JUDICIAL CONFESSION- IS ONE MADE
BEFORE A COURT IN WHICH THE CASE IS
PENDING AND IN THE COURSE OF THE
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS THEREIN, AND BY
ITSELF, CAN SUSTAIN A CONVICTION.
JUDICIAL NOTICE - THE COGNIZANCE OF
CERTAIN FACTS WHICH JUDGES MAY
PROPERLY TAKE ACT ON WITHOUT PROOF
BECAUSE THEY ALREADY KNOW THEM.
LAYING THE PREDICATE - A RULE OF
EVIDENCE WHICH ORDAINS THAT BEFORE A
WITNESS CAN BE IMPEACHED BY EVIDENCE
THAT HE HAS MADE AT OTHER TIMES
STATEMENT INCONSISTENT WITH HIS
PRESENT TESTIMONY, THE STATEMENT
MUST BE RELATED TO HIM, WITH THE
CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE TIMES AND THE
PLACES AND THE PERSONS PRESENT, AND
HE MUST BE ASKED WHETHER HE MADE
SUCH STATEMENTS AND IF SO, ALLOWED
TO EXPLAIN THEM. IF THE STATEMENT IS IN
WRITING, THEY MUST BE SHOWN TO HIM
BEFORE ANY QUESTION IS PUT TO HIM
CONCERNING THEM.
LEADING QUESTIONS, DEFINED- IT IS A
QUESTION WHICH SUGGESTS TO THE
WITNESS THE ANSWER WHICH THE
EXAMINING PARTY DESIRES TO HEAR. IT IS
ONE BY WHICH THE ANSWER OF A WITNESS
MAY BE RATHER AN ECHO TO THE
QUESTION THAN A GENUINE
RECOLLECTION OF EVENTS. AS A GENERAL
RULE LEADING QUESTIONS ARE NOT
ALLOWED.
LEARNED TREATISES. — A PUBLISHED
TREATISE, PERIODICAL OR PAMPHLET ON A
SUBJECT OF HISTORY, LAW, SCIENCE, OR
ART IS ADMISSIBLE AS TENDING TO PROVE
THE TRUTH OF A MATTER STATED THEREIN
IF THE COURT TAKES JUDICIAL NOTICE, OR
A WITNESS EXPERT IN THE SUBJECT
TESTIFIES, THAT THE WRITER OF THE
STATEMENT IN THE TREATISE, PERIODICAL
OR PAMPHLET IS RECOGNIZED IN HIS
PROFESSION OR CALLING AS EXPERT IN
THE SUBJECT.
MATERIAL EVIDENCE- EVIDENCE DIRECTED
TO PROVE A FACT IN ISSUE AS DETERMINED
BY THE RULES OF SUBSTANTIVE LAW AND
PLEADING.
MISLEADING QUESTION - IS ONE WHICH
ASSUMES AS TRUE A FACT NOT YET
TESTIFIED TO BY THE WITNESS, OR
CONTRARY TO THAT WHICH HE HAS
PREVIOUSLY STATED. IT IS NOT ALLOWED.
MORAL CERTAINTY - IS REQUIRED OR THAT
DEGREE OF PROOF WHICH PRODUCES
CONVICTION IN AN UNPREJUDICED MIND
MULTIPLE ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE-
WHEN THE EVIDENCE NOT ADMISSIBLE FOR
ONE PURPOSE BUT ADMISSIBLE FOR TWO
OR MORE PURPOSES.
NEGATIVE EVIDENCE- WHEN A WITNESS
STATES HE DID NOT SEE OR KNOW OF THE
OCCURRENCE OF A FACT.
OBJECT OR REAL OR AUTOPTIC EVIDENCE
OR PHYSICAL EVIDENCE OR TANGIBLE
EVIDENCE- THAT WHICH IS DIRECTLY
ADDRESSED TO THE SENSES OF THE
COURT AND CONSISTS OF TANGIBLE
THINGS EXHIBITED IN COURT.
OFFER OF EVIDENCE. — THE COURT SHALL
CONSIDER NO EVIDENCE WHICH HAS NOT
BEEN FORMALLY OFFERED. THE PURPOSE
FOR WHICH THE EVIDENCE IS OFFERED
MUST BE SPECIFIED.
OPINION EVIDENCE – EVIDENCE GIVEN BY
AN ORDINARY PERSON REGARDING OF
WHAT HE THINKS.
PARENTAL PRIVILEGE- PARENTS CANNOT
BE COMPELLED TO TESTIFY AGAINST HIS
DESCENDANTS; WHILE FILIAL PRIVILEGE
MEANS, WITNESS CANNOT BE COMPELLED
TO TESTIFY AGAINST HIS PARENTS OR
OTHER DIRECT ASCENDANTS
PAROLE EVIDENCE - ANY EVIDENCE
ALIUNDE, WHETHER ORAL OR WRITTEN,
WHICH IS INTENDED OR TENDS TO VARY OR
CONTRADICT A COMPLETE AND
ENFORCEABLE AGREEMENT EMBODIED IN A
DOCUMENT. IT IS ALSO DEFINED AS ANY
OUTSIDE OR EXTRINSIC EVIDENCE
INTRODUCED TO MODIFY OR EXPLAIN OR
ADD SOMETHING TO AN AGREEMENT THAT
WAS PUT IN WRITING.
PAROLE EVIDENCE RULE - A RULE WHICH
STATES THAT WHEN THE TERMS OF AN
AGREEMENT HAVE BEEN REDUCED TO
WRITING, IT IS CONSIDERED AS
CONTAINING ALL THE TERMS AGREED
UPON, AND THERE CAN BE BETWEEN THE
PARTIES AND THEIR SUCCESSORS IN
INTEREST, NO EVIDENCE OF SUCH TERMS
OTHER THAN THE CONTENTS OF THE
WRITTEN AGREEMENT. IT MEANS THAT
THERE CAN BE NO EVIDENCE OF THE TERMS
OF THE WRITTEN AGREEMENT OTHER THAN
THE TERMS OF THE WRITTEN AGREEMENT.
PLAIN VIEW RULE- UNDER THIS DOCTRINE,
UNLAWFUL OBJECTS WITHIN THE PLAIN
VIEW OF AN OFFICER WHO HAS THE RIGHT
TO BE IN THE POSITION TO HAVE THAT VIEW
ARE SUBJECT TO CONFISCATION AND ARE
ADMISSIBLE IN EVIDENCE.
POSITIVE EVIDENCE- WHEN A WITNESS
AFFIRMS THAT A FACT DID OR DID NOT
OCCUR.
PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE - IT MEANS
THAT THE TESTIMONY ADDUCED BY ONE
SIDE IS MORE CREDIBLE AND CONCLUSIVE
THAN THAT OF THE OTHER, OR THE
EVIDENCE AS A WHOLE, ADDUCED BY ONE
SIDE IS SUPERIOR TO THE OTHER. IT IS NOT
MEANT THE MERE NUMERICAL ARRAY OF
WITNESSES, BUT IT MEANS THE WEIGHT,
CREDIT AND VALUE OF THE AGGREGATE
EVIDENCE ON EITHER SIDE.
PRESUMPTION OF FACT - IS KNOWN AS
“PRESUMTIONES HOMINIS”
PRESUMPTION OF LAW- IS KNOWN AS
PRESUMPTION PRESUMTIONES JURIS. THEY
ARE THE CONCLUSIVE (JURIS ET DE JURE)
AND DISPUTABLE PRESUMPTIONS
(PRESUMPTION JURIS TANTUM).
PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE- THAT WHICH
STANDING ALONE, UNEXPLAINED OR
UNCONTRADICTED, IS SUFFICIENT TO
MAINTAIN THE PROPOSITION AFFIRMED.
PRIMARY EVIDENCE- THAT WHICH THE LAW
REGARDS AS AFFORDING THE GREATEST
CERTAINTY OF THE FACT IN QUESTION
PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION -
COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVED IN
CONFIDENCE BY A PERSON FROM
ANOTHER BY REASON OF TRUST OR
INTIMATE RELATIONSHIP MAY NOT BE
REVEALED TO THE COURT.
PROOF - THE RESULT OR THE EFFECT OF
EVIDENCE.
 SECONDARY EVIDENCE OR
PROOF BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT. — IN SUBSTITUTIONARY EVIDENCE- THAT WHICH
A CRIMINAL CASE, THE ACCUSED IS IS INFERIOR TO THE PRIMARY EVIDENCE
ENTITLED TO AN ACQUITTAL, UNLESS HIS AND IS PERMITTED ONLY WHEN THE BEST
GUILT IS SHOWN BEYOND REASONABLE EVIDENCE IS NOT AVAILABLE.
DOUBT. PROOF BEYOND REASONABLE
DOUBT DOES NOT MEAN SUCH A DEGREE SELF-SERVING EVIDENCE- ONE MADE BY
OF PROOF, EXCLUDING POSSIBILITY OF THE PARTY TO FAVOR HIS OWN INTEREST. IT
ERROR, PRODUCES ABSOLUTE CERTAINLY. IS ONE MADE BY A PARTY OUT OF COURT.
MORAL CERTAINLY ONLY IS REQUIRED, OR
THAT DEGREE OF PROOF WHICH SILVER PLATTER RULE - THE DOCTRINE,
PRODUCES CONVICTION IN AN NOW DISCREDITED (NO LONGER
UNPREJUDICED MIND. FOLLOWED IN THE U.S.), THAT ALLOWED
EVIDENCE SEIZED BY STATE OFFICERS IN
REBUTTAL EVIDENCE- EVIDENCE THAT WILL AN ILLEGAL SEARCH AND SEIZURE TO BE
CONTRADICT THE OTHER PARTY’S USED AGAINST THE ACCUSED IN A CRIMINAL
EVIDENCE TRIAL.

RECALLING WITNESS — AFTER THE SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE. — IN CASES FILED

EXAMINATION OF A WITNESS BY BOTH BEFORE ADMINISTRATIVE OR QUASI-
SIDES HAS BEEN CONCLUDED, THE JUDICIAL BODIES, A FACT MAY BE DEEMED
WITNESS CANNOT BE RECALLED WITHOUT ESTABLISHED IF IT IS SUPPORTED BY
LEAVE OF THE COURT. THE COURT WILL SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE, OR THAT AMOUNT
GRANT OR WITHHOLD LEAVE IN ITS OF RELEVANT EVIDENCE WHICH A
DISCRETION, AS THE INTERESTS OF REASONABLE MIND MIGHT ACCEPT AS
JUSTICE MAY REQUIRE. ADEQUATE TO JUSTIFY A CONCLUSION.

RE-CROSS-EXAMINATION — UPON THE STALE DEMANDS - IT IS THE FAILURE OR

CONCLUSION OF THE RE-DIRECT
EXAMINATION, THE ADVERSE PARTY MAY RE-
CROSS-EXAMINE THE WITNESS ON
MATTERS STATED IN HIS RE-DIRECT
EXAMINATION, AND ALSO ON SUCH OTHER
MATTERS AS MAY BE ALLOWED BY THE
COURT IN ITS DISCRETION.
RE-DIRECT EXAMINATION; ITS PURPOSE AND
EXTENT. — AFTER THE CROSS-EXAMINATION
OF THE WITNESS HAS BEEN CONCLUDED,
HE MAY BE RE-EXAMINED BY THE PARTY
CALLING HIM, TO EXPLAIN OR SUPPLEMENT
HIS ANSWERS GIVEN DURING THE CROSS-
EXAMINATION. ON RE-DIRECT-EXAMINATION,
QUESTIONS ON MATTERS NOT DEALT WITH
DURING THE CROSS-EXAMINATION, MAY BE
ALLOWED BY THE COURT IN ITS
DISCRETION.
RELEVANT EVIDENCE- EVIDENCE HAVING
ANY VALUE IN REASON AS TENDING TO
PROVE ANY MATTER PROVABLE IN AN
ACTION.
NEGLECT FOR AN UNREASONABLE AND
UNEXPLAINED LENGTH OF TIME TO DO THAT
WHICH, BY EXERCISING DUE DILIGENCE,
COULD OR SHOULD HAVE BEEN DONE
EARLIER, THUS GIVING RISE TO A
PRESUMPTION THAT THE PARTY ENTITLED
TO ASSERT IT HAS ABANDONED OR
DECLINED TO ASSERT IT. THE DOCTRINE OF
STALE DEMANDS IS ALSO KNOWN AS
LACHES.
TENDER OF EXCLUDED EVIDENCE - (OFFER
OF PROOF/PROFFER OF EVIDENCE) - A
PROCEDURE UNDERTAKEN BY A PARTY
NORMALLY THROUGH A LAWYER IF THE
EVIDENCE IS EXCLUDED BY THE COURT
WHEREIN THE OFFEROR MAY HAVE THE
SAME ATTACHED TO OR MADE PART OF THE
RECORD. IF THE EVIDENCE EXCLUDED IS
ORAL, THE OFFEROR MAY STATE FOR THE
RECORD THE NAME AND OTHER PERSONAL
CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE WITNESS AND
THE SUBSTANCE OF THE PROPOSED
TESTIMONY.

RES GESTAE - REFERS TO THOSE TEST OF COGNITION- WHEN THE ACCUSED

EXCLAMATIONS OR STATEMENTS MADE BY COMMITTED THE CRIME WHILE UNDER
EITHER THE PARTICIPANTS, VICTIMS, OR COMPLETE DEPRIVATION OF
SPECTATORS TO A CRIME IMMEDIATELY INTELLIGENCE. WE FOLLOW THIS RULE IN
BEFORE, DURING OR IMMEDIATELY AFTER DETERMINING INSANITY.
ITS COMMISSION, WHEN THE
CIRCUMSTANCES ARE SUCH THAT THE TEST OF VOLITION- WHEN THE ACCUSED
STATEMENTS WERE MADE A COMMITTED THE CRIME WHILE THERE IS
SPONTANEOUS REACTION OR UTTERANCE TOTAL DEPRIVATION OF THE FREEDOM OF
INSPIRED BY EXCITEMENT OF THE WILL.
OCCASION AND THERE WAS NO
OPPORTUNITY FOR THE DECLARANT TO TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE- THAT WHICH IS
FABRICATE A FALSE STATEMENT. THE SUBMITTED TO THE COURT THROUGH THE
STATEMENT IS ONE UTTERED WITHOUT TESTIMONY OR DEPOSITION OF A WITNESS.
REFLECTION, INVOLUNTARILY, PERHAPS IT IS THAT WHICH DIRECTLY COMES OUT OF
EVEN WITHOUT THE DECLARANTS THE WITNESS’S MOUTH, ORAL OR WRITTEN,
AWARENESS OF HAVING UTTERED THE SUCH AS DEPOSITIONS AND AFFIDAVITS.
SAME.
TESTIMONIAL KNOWLEDGE RULE - IT MEANS
THAT THE TESTIMONY OF A WITNESS MUST
BE BASED ON HIS PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE
AS HEARSAYS ARE EXCLUDED.
THE OPEN YOUR DOOR POLICY OR THE
COMPLETENESS RULE - WHEN PART OF AN
ACT, DECLARATION, CONVERSATION,
WRITING OR RECORD IS GIVEN IN EVIDENCE
BY ONE PARTY, THE WHOLE OF THE SAME
SUBJECT MAY BE INQUIRED INTO BY THE
OTHER, AND WHEN A DETACHED ACT,
DECLARATION, CONVERSATION, WRITING
OR RECORD IS GIVEN IN EVIDENCE, ANY
OTHER ACT, DECLARATION,
CONVERSATION, WRITING OR RECORD
NECESSARY TO ITS UNDERSTANDING MAY
ALSO BE GIVEN IN EVIDENCE.
TOTALITY OF CIRCUMSTANCES DOCTRINE -
IT IS A TEST TO DETERMINE THE RELIABILITY
AND EVEN ADMISSIBILITY OF OUT OF
COURT IDENTIFICATION OF ACCUSED. THE
WITNESS’ OPPORTUNITY TO VIEW THE
CRIMINAL AT THE TIME OF THE COMMISSION
OF THE CRIME; THE LEVEL OF CERTAINTY
DEMONSTRATED BY THE WITNESS AT THE
TIME OF IDENTIFICATION; THE
SUGGESTIVENESS OF THE IDENTIFICATION
PROCESS.
COURT
TESTIMONY
ACQUISITIVE PRESCRIPTION - A PERIOD OF
TIME AT WHICH IT’S CULMINATION WILL GIVE
RAISE FOR RIGHT OF ACTION OR
ACQUISITION OF SOME RIGHTS.
AMICUS CURIAE – “FRIEND OF THE COURT”
A PERSON WITH STRONG INTEREST IN OR
VIEWS ON THE SUBJECT MATTER IF AN
ACTION, BUT NOT A PARTY TO THE ACTION,
MAY PETITION THE COURT FOR PERMISSION
TO FILE A BRIEF, OSTENSIBLY ON BEHALF
OF A PARTY BUT ACTUALLY TO SUGGEST A
RATINABLE CONSISTENT WITH ITS OWN
VIEWS.
ANSWER - IS PLEADING IN WHICH A
DEFENANT OR OTHER ADVERSE PARTY
SETS FORTH THE NEGATIVE AND
AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES UPON WHICH HE
RELIEFS.
APPOINTMENT OF A RECEIVER – AN
APPOINTMENT MADE BY THE COURT
HAVING JURISDICTION OVER A CASE
DESIGNATING A PERSON (THE RECEIVER) TO
HOLD FOR PRESERVATION AND
CONVERSATION THE PROPERTY IN
LITIGATION FOR THE PROTECTIO OF BOTH
PARTIES,
ATTACHMENT – A WRIT ISSUED AT THE
INSTITUTION OR DURING THE PROGRESS OF
AN ACTION, COMMADING THE SHERIFF OR
OTHER PROPER OFFICER TO ATTACH THE
PROPERTY, RIGHTS, AND CREDITS OF
FACTS OF THE DEFENDANT TO SATISFY THE
DEMANDS OF THE PLAINTIFF.
BAR – REFERS TO THE WHOLE BODY OF
ATTORNEY OR COUNSELORS;
COLLECTIVELY, THE MEMBER S OF THE
LEGAL PROFESSION.
BENCH – A TERM WHICH DENOTES THE
WHOLE JUDGES.
BODY – CONTAINS THE STATEMENT OF
ULTIMATE FACTS RELIED UPON THE
PARTIES FOR THEIR CAUSE OF ACTION OF
DEFENSE, IT MUST BE DIVIDED INTO
PARAGRAPHS PROPERLY NUMBERED FOR
IDENTIFICATION.
CAPTION – WHICH STATES THE (1) NAME OF
THE COURT, (2) THE TITLE OF THE ACTION,
(3) THE FILE NUBER IF ALREADY ASSIGNED
AND (4) DESIGNATIO OF THE PLEADING.
CAUSE OF ACTION – IS THE EXISTENSE OF A
RIGHT ON THE PART OF THE PLAINTIFF AND
A VIOLATION OF THIS RIGHT BY THE
DEFENDANT.
CERTIORARI - A WRIT ISSUED TO ANNUAL OR
MODIFY THE PROCEEDINGS OF A TRIBUNAL,
BOARD OR OFFICER EXERCISING
JUDGMENT
WITHOUT OR
FUNCTION
IN
WHO
EXCESS
ACTED
OF
JURISDICTION OR WITH GRAVE ABUSE OR
ITS
DISCRETION, THERE BEING NO APPEAL NOR
ANY PRELIMINARY, SPEEDY AND ADEQUATE
REMEDY IN THE ORDINARY COURSE OF
LAW.
CLIENT - ONE WHO ENGAGES THE SERVICES
OF LAWYER FOR LEGAL ADVICE OR FOR
PURPOSES OF PROSECUTING OR
DEFENDING A SUIT IN HIS BEHALF AND
USUALLY FOR A FEE.
CONTEMPT OF COURT - ANY ACT WHICH IS
CALCULATED TO EMBARRASS, HINDER OR
OBSTRACT COURT IN ADMINISTRATION OF
JUSTICE, OR WHICH IS CALCULATED TO
LESSEN ITS AUTHORITY OR ITS DIGNITY.
COUNSEL DE OFFICIO - A COUNSEL,
APPOINTED OR ASSIGNED BY THE COURT
FROM SUCH MEMBER OF THE BAR IN GOOD
STANDING WHO, BY REASON OF THEIR
EXPERIENCE AND ABILITY, MAY
ADEQUATELY DEFEND THE ACCUSSED.
COUNSEL DE PARTE - IS A COUNSEL
APPOINTED OR ENGAGED BY A CLIENT TO
REPRESENT HIM OR ASSIST HIM IN THE
TRIAL OF A CASE.
COUNTER CLAIM - IS ANY CLAIM FOR MONEY
OR OTHER RELIEF WHICH A DEFENDING
PARTY MAY HAVE AGAINST AN OPPOSING
PARTY.
CROSS CLAIM - IS ANY CLAIM BY ONE PARTY
AGAINST A CO-PARTY ARISING OUT THE
TRANSACTIONS OR OCCURRENCE THAT IS
THE SUBJECT MATTER EITHER OR THE
ORIGINAL ACTION OR OF COUNTER CLAIM
THEREIN.
DECLARATORY JUDGMENT – REMEDY FOR
THE DETERMINATION OF A JUSTIFIABLE
CONTROVERSY WHERE THE PLAINTIFF IS IN
DOUBT AS TO HIS LEGAL RIGHTS.
EMINENT DOMAIN - THE RIGHT OF
GOVERNMENT TO TAKE THE APPROPRIATE
PRIVATE PROPERTY FOR PUBLIC USE UPON
PAYMENT OF JUST COMPENSATION.
EXTINCTIVE PRESCRIPTION - IT REFERS TO
THE TIME PRESCRIBED BY LAW IN WHICH ITS
END RESULTS TO THE PRESCRIPTION OF
ACTION.
FACTS – IS A THING DONE AND ACTION
PERFORMED OR AN ACCIDENT
TRANSPIRING; AN EVENT OR
CIRCUMSTANCES, AN ACTUAL
OCCURRENCE; AN ACTUAL HAPPENING IN
TIME OR SPACE OR AN EVENT MENTAL OR
PHYSICAL; THAT WHICH HAS TAKEN PLACE
FORCIBLE DETAINER – IS A SUMMARY,
SPEEDY AND ADEQUATE STATUTORY
REMEDY FOR OBTAINING POSSESSION OF
PREMISES BY ONE ENTITLED TO ACTUAL
POSSESSION.
FORCIBLE ENTRY AND DETAINER – A
SUMMARY PROCEEDING FOR RESTORING
FOR POSSESSION OF LAND BY ONE WHO IS
WRONGFULLY KEPT OUT OR HAS BEEN
WRONGFULLY DEPRIVED OF THE
POSSESSION.
FORECLOSURE OF MORTGAGE – A REMEDY
BY WHICH PROPERTY COVERED BY
MORTGAGE MAY BE SUBJECTED TO SALE
TO PAY OBLIGATION FOR WHICH PROPERTY
STANDS AS SECURITY.
GARNISHMENT – A WARNING TO A PERSON
IN WHOSE HANDS THE EFFECTS OF
ANOTHER ARE ATTACHED, NOT TO PAY THE
MONEY OR DELIVER THE PROPERTY OF THE
DEFENDANT IN HIS HANDS, TO HIM, BUT TO
APPEAR AND ANSWER THE PALINTIFF’S
SUIT.
INTERPLEADER – AN ADEQUATE
PROCEEDING TO DETERMINE RIGHTS OF
RIVAL CLAIMANTS TO PROPERTY HELD BY A
THIRD PERSON HAVING NO INTEREST.
ISSUE – IS JUSTIFIABLE CONTROVERSY
THAT COURTS OF JUSTICE CONSTITUTED
TO PASS UPON SUBSTANTIAL RIGHTS
CONSIDER QUESTIONES IN WHICH ACTUAL
INTEREST ARE INVOLVED.
LAW – IS A RULE OF CONDUCT OR RIGHT. IT
ALSO DEFINED AS A RULE OF ACTION
PRESCRIBED BY THE SUPREME POWER IN
THE STATE FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF
HUMAN ACTION. IS ABODY OF RULES OF
ACTION OR CONDUCT PRESCRIBED BY
CONTROLLING AUTHORITY AND HAVING
BINDING LEGAL FORCE.
MANDAMUS – A WRIT COMMANDING A
TRIBUNAL, CORPORATION, BOARD OF
PERSON TO DO THE ACT REQUIRED TO BE
DONE, WHEN IT OR HE UNLAWFULLY
NEGLECTS THE PERFORMANCE OF AN ACT
WHICH THE LAW SPECIALLY ENJOINS AS A
DUTY RESULTING FROM AN OFFICE, TRUST,
STATION, OR UNLAWFULLY EXCLUDES
ANOTHER FROM THE USE AND ENJOYMENT
OF A RIGHT OR OFFICE TO WHICH SUCH
OTHER IS ENTITLED, THERE BEING NO
OTHER PLAIN, SPEEDY ADEQUATE REMEDY
IN THE ORDINARY COURSE OF LAW.
PARTITION – IN GENERAL THE SEPARATION,
DIVISION AND ASSIGNMENT OF A THING
HELD IN COMNMON AMONG THOSE WHO
OWN THEM THE THING ITSELF OR ITS VALUE.
PLEADING – ARE THE ALLEGATIONS MADE
BY THE PARTIES TO A CIVIL OR CRIMINAL
CASE, FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRESENTING
THE ISSUE TO BE TRIED AND DETERMINED,
SUCH AS THE COMPLAINT, ANSWER, REPLY,
COUNTER CLAIM, CROSS CLAIM, THIRD
PARTY.
PRACTICE - IS THE APPLICATION OF AN ART
OR SCIENCE AS DISTINGUISHED FROM
THEORY WHICH REQUIRES ANALYSIS OF
THE SET OF FACTS IN THEIR IDEAL
RELATION TO ONE ANOTHER.
PRACTICE OF LAW – MEANS ANY ACTIVITY,
IN OR OUT OF COURT WHICH REQUIRES THE
APPLICATION OF LAW OR PROCEDURE
REPRESENTATION IN COURT OR ANY
TRIBUNAL OR AGENCY, COUNSELING OR
GIVING LEGAL ADVICE AND DRAFTING
LEGAL DOCUMENTS ARE GENERALLY
UNDERSTOOD AS PRACTICE OF LAW.
PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION – AN ORDER
GRANTED AT ANY STAGE OF AN ACTION
PRIOR TO THE FINAL JUDGMENT REQUIRING
A PERSON TO REFRAIN FROM DOING A
PARTICULAR ACT.
PRESCRIPTION – IS THE TIME WHICH
PRESCRIBED BY THE AUTHORITY OF THE
LAW AT THE END OF WHICH NO ACTION AT
LAW OR SUIT IN EQUITY CAN BE
MAINTAINED.
PROHIBTION – A WRIT COMMANDING A
TRIBUNAL, CORPORATION, BOARD OR
PERSON WHETHER EXERCISING JUDICIAL
FUNCTIONS OR NOT TO DESIST FROM
FURTHER PROCEEDING WHEN SAME AREA
WITHOUT OR IN EXCESS OF JRISDICTION OR
WITH GRAVE ABUSE OF DISCRETION.

QOU WARRANTO – A PROCEEDING TO

DETERMINE THE RIGHT USE OR EXERCISE
OF A FRANCHISE OR OFFICE AND TO OUST
THE HOLDER FROM ITS ENJOYMENT, IF HIS
CLAIM IS NOT WELL FOUNDED, OR IF HE HAS
FORFEITED HIS RIGHT TO ENJOY THE
PRIVELEGE.

REPLEVIN – A PROVISIONAL REMEDY WHICH

MAY BE AVAILED OF WHENEVER THE
COMPLAINT IN AN ACTION PRAYS FOR THE
RECOVERY OF POSSESSION OF PERSONAL
PROPERTY.

REPLY - IS A PLEADING, THE OFFICE OR

FUNCTION OF WHICH IS TO DENY, OR
ALLEGE FACTS IN DENIAL OR AVOIDANCE
OF NEW MATTERS ALLEGED BY WAY OF
DEFENSE IN THE ANSWER AND THEREBY
JOIN OR MAKE ISSUE AS TO SUCH NEW
MATTER.

RIGHT OF ACTION – IS THE RIGHT OF PARTY

TO FILE A SUIT AGAINST A DEFENDANT ON
THE BASIS OF THE CAUSE OF ACTION.

SEQUESTRATION – SEIZURE OF THE

PRIVATE PROPERTY OR ASSETS TO
PREVENT THE UTILIZATION, TRANSFER, OR
CONVEYANCE OF THE SAME TO PROTECT
THE INTEREST OF GOVERNMENT OR ANY OF
Law
ITS INSTRUMENTALITIES.

SIGNATURE AND ADDRESS - PLEADING

MUST BE SIGNED BY AT LEAST ONE
enforceme
ATTORNEY OF RECORD OF THE PARTY
CONCERNED, SPECIFICALLY HIS ADDRESS.

THIRD-PARTY COMPLAINT – IS A CLAIM THAT

nt
A DEFENDING PARTY MAY, WITH LEAVE OF
COURT, FILE AGAINST A PERSON NOT A
PARTY TO THE ACTION CALLED THE THIRD-
PARTY-DEFENDANT, FOR CONTRIBUTION,
administra
INDEMNITY, SUBROGATION OR ANY OTHER
RELIEF, IN RESPECT OF HIS OPPOSITE’S
CLAIM.
tion
TRIAL – MEANS PROCEEDINGS IN OPEN
COURT AFTER THE PLEADINGS HAVE BEEN
FILED AND THE CASE IS OTHERWISE READY
FOR HEARING, UP TO AND INCLUDING THE
RENDITION OF THE JUDGMENT

VERIFICATION – AN AFFIDAVIT THAT THE

PERSON VERIFYING HAS READ THE
PLEADING AND THAT THE ALLEGATIONS
THEROF ARE TRUE OF HIS OWN
KNOWLEDGE.
 EFFICIENCY CONNOTES BUREAUCRATIC
STRUCTURE AND BEHAVIOR, RELATIVELY
POLICE ORGANIZATION ROUTINE DECISION-MAKING AND
MAINTENANCE OF THE INTERNAL ORDER
AND ADMINISTRATION
WITH POLICE PLANNING ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS - THOSE THAT
PERFORM THE ADMINISTRATIVE
ABSENCE WITHOUT OFFICIAL LEAVE FUNCTIONS EXAMPLES ARE PERSONNEL,
(AWOL) - FAILURE TO REPORT FOR DUTY FINANCE, PLANNING AND TRAINING
WITHOUT OFFICIAL NOTICE FOR A PERIOD
OF THIRTY (30) DAYS ALTERNATIVES - ARE MEANS BY WHICH
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES CAN BE ATTAINED.
ACT NO. 70 - ON JANUARY 9, 1901, THE THEY MAYBE POLICIES, STRATEGIES OR
METROPOLITAN POLICE FORCE OF MANILA SPECIFIC ACTIONS AIMED AT ELIMINATING A
WAS ORGANIZED BY THE TAFT PROBLEM. ALTERNATIVES DON’T HAVE TO
COMMISSION. THIS HAS BECOME THE BE SUBSTITUTES FOR ONE ANOTHER OR
BASIS FOR THE CELEBRATION OF THE SHOULD PERFORM THE SAME FUNCTION.
ANNIVERSARY OF THE MANILA’S FINEST
EVERY JANUARY 9TH. ATTRITION (DOWNZING) (SEPARATION) - THE
DOWNSIZING OF PERSONNEL IN THE PNP
ACT NO 175 - “AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE ON THE BASIS PROVIDED BY LAW. A SYSTEM
ORGANIZATION AND GOVERNMENT OF AN OF FORCE RETIREMENT OR SEPARATION
INSULAR CONSTABULARY”, ENACTED ON FROM THE SERVICE.
JULY 18, 1901.
ATTRITION BY ATTAINMENT OF MAXIMUM
ACT NO. 183 - MANILA POLICE DEPARTMENT, TENURE - THOSE WHO HAVE REACHED THE
ENACTED ON JULY 31, 1901 PRESCRIBED MAXIMUM TENURE
CORRESPONDING TO THEIR POSITION
ACT NO 255 - THE ACT THAT RENAMED THE SHALL BE RETIRED FROM THE SERVICE
INSULAR CONSTABULARY INTO PHILIPPINE
CONSTABULARY, ENACTED ON OCTOBER 3, ATTRITION BY DEMOTION IN POSITION OR
1901 RANK - THOSE WHO ARE RELIEVED AND
ASSIGNED TO A POSITION LOWER THAN
ACTS OF CONSPICUOUS COURAGE AND WHAT IS ESTABLISHED FOR HIS OR HER
GALLANTRY (NAPOLCOM MEMORANDUM GRADE IN THE PNP STAFFING PATTERN AND
CIRCULAR NO. 2007-003 AND PNP WHO SHALL NOT BE ASSIGNED TO A
MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. 2009-019) - A POSITION COMMENSURATE TO HIS OR HER
DEED OF PERSONAL BRAVERY AND SELF- GRADE WITHIN EIGHTEEN (18) MONTHS
SACRIFICE ABOVE AND BEYOND THE CALL AFTER SUCH DEMOTION SHALL BE RETIRED
OF DUTY, SO CONSPICUOUS AS TO OR SEPARATED
DISTINGUISH THE ACT CLEARLY OVER AND
ABOVE HIS/HER COMRADES IN THE ATTRITION BY NON-PROMOTION - THOSE
PERFORMANCE OF MORE THAN ORDINARY WHO HAVE NOT BEEN PROMOTED FOR A
HAZARDOUS SERVICE, SUCH AS; BUT NOT CONTINUOUS PERIOD OF TEN (10) YEARS
LIMITED TO THE FOLLOWING SHALL BE RETIRED OR SEPARATED
CIRCUMSTANCES: OVERWHELMING
NUMBER OF ENEMIES AND FIREPOWER ATTRITION BY OTHER MEANS - ANY PNP
CAPABILITY AS AGAINST THE STRENGTH OF MEMBER OF OFFICER WITH AT LEAST FIVE
PNP OPERATIVES AND THEIR FIREPOWER (5) YEARS OF ACCUMULATED ACTIVE
CAPABILITY; INFILTRATION AND SERVICE SHALL BE SEPARATED BASED ON
PENETRATION OF THE SAFE HOUSES AND ANY OF THE FOLLOWING: INEFFICIENCY
HIDEOUTS OF ORGANIZED CRIME BASED ON POOR PERFORMANCE DURING
SYNDICATES LIKE KIDNAPPING, ILLEGAL THE LAST TWO (2) SUCCESSIVE ANNUAL
DRUGS, CARNAPPING, HIJACKING AND RATING PERIODS
TERRORISM; SHOOT-OUT IN
ROBBERY/HOLD-UP INCIDENTS INSIDE ATTRITION BY RELIEF (RELIEVED) - THOSE
PUBLIC PLACES SUCH AS: MALLS, WHO HAVE BEEN RELIEVED FOR JUST
GOVERNMENT OFFICES, BUSINESS CAUSE AND HAVE NOT BEEN GIVEN AN
ESTABLISHMENTS AND PUVS; CONDUCT OF ASSIGNMENT WITHIN TWO (2) YEARS AFTER
RESCUE/DISASTER OPERATIONS THAT SUCH RELIEF SHALL BE RETIRED OR
RESULTED IN THE SAVING OF LIVES AND SEPARATED
PROPERTIES. AN ACT OF HEROISM
EXHIBITED IN THE FACE OF AN ARMED AUTHORITY LEVEL PRINCIPLE – IMPLIES
ENEMY OR IN THE CONDUCT OF THAT DECISIONS WITHIN THE AUTHORITY
RESCUE/DISASTER OPERATIONS OF THE INDIVIDUAL COMMANDER SHOULD
RESULTING IN THE LOSS OF LIFE BE MADE BY THEM AND NOT BE RETURNED
(POSTHUMOUS PROMOTIONS). UPWARD IN THE ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURE.
ADMINISTRATION- AN ORGANIZATIONAL
PROCESS CONCERNED WITH THE AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS- FUNCTIONS
IMPLEMENTATION OF OBJECTIVES AND INVOLVING THE LOGISTICAL OPERATIONS
PLANS AND INTERNAL OPERATING OF THE ORGANIZATION EXAMPLES ARE
COMMUNICATION, MAINTENANCE,
RECORDS MANAGEMENT, SUPPLIES AND
EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT.
BREACH OF INTERNAL DISCIPLINE - REFERS
TO ANY OFFENSE COMMITTED BY A
MEMBER OF THE PNP INVOLVING AND
AFFECTING ORDER AND DISCIPLINE WITHIN
THE POLICE ORGANIZATION
BRIGADIER GEN (CHIEF SUPT) RAFAEL
CRAME - THE FIRST FILIPINO CHIEF OF THE
PHILIPPINE CONSTABULARY IN 1917
(FILIPINO REGIME)
BROAD EXTERNAL POLICY PLANNING -
RESPONSIBILITY OF THE LEGISLATIVE
BRANCH OF THE GOVERNMENT; THE MAIN
CONCERN OF THE POLICE IN THIS BROAD
EXTERNAL POLICY PLANNING IS ASSISTING
THE LEGISLATURE IN THEIR DETERMINING
OF POLICE GUIDELINE THROUGH THE
PASSAGE OF APPROPRIATE LAWS OR
ORDINANCES FOR THE POLICE TO
ENFORCE.
BUREAU- THE LARGEST ORGANIC UNIT
WITHIN A LARGE DEPARTMENT. THE PNP IS A
BUREAU UNDER THE NAPOLCOM AND
ATTACHED TO DILG
CAPT. GEORGE CURRY- THE FIRST CHIEF OF
POLICE OF THE MANILA POLICE
DEPARTMENT IN 1901
CAPT. HENRY ALLEN- THE FIRST CHIEF OF
THE PHILIPPINE CONSTABULARY IN 1901
(AMERICAN REGIME)
CARABINEROS DE SEGURIDAD PUBLICA-
ORGANIZED IN 1712 FOR THE PURPOSE OF
CARRYING THE REGULATIONS OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF STATE; THIS WAS ARMED
AND CONSIDERED AS THE MOUNTED
POLICE.
CHAIN OF COMMAND- THE ARRANGEMENT
OF OFFICERS FROM TOP TO BOTTOM ON
THE BASIS OF RANK OR POSITION AND
AUTHORITY
CHIEF- HIGHEST POSITION IN THE PNP, WITH
THE RANK OF DIRECTOR GENERAL (1ST IN
COMMAND)
CHIEF OF POLICE – WITH THE RANK OF
CHIEF INSPECTOR
CITIZEN’S COMPLAINTS - PERTAINS TO ANY
COMPLAINT INITIATED BY A PRIVATE CITIZEN
OR HIS DULY AUTHORIZED
REPRESENTATIVE ON ACCOUNT OF AN
INJURY, DAMAGE OR DISTURBANCE
SUSTAINED DUE TO AN IRREGULAR OR
ILLEGAL ACT COMMITTED BY A MEMBER OF
THE PNP.
CIVILIAN IN CHARACTER - MEANS THAT THAT
THE PNP IS NOT A PART OF THE MILITARY,
ALTHOUGH IT RETAINS SOME MILITARY
ATTRIBUTES SUCH AS DISCIPLINE
CLARIFYING THE PROBLEMS - GENERAL TO THE SPECIFIC. FOR EXAMPLE,
IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM
UNDERSTANDING BOTH ITS RECORD AND
ITS POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS.
COLLECTION ALL PERTINENT FACTS - BOTH
ATTEMPTS SHALL BE MADE TO DEVELOP A
PLAN UNTIL FACTS RELATING TO IT HAVE
BEEN GATHERED.
COLONEL (SR. SUPT) ANTONIO TORRES-
THE FIRST FILIPINO CHIEF OF POLICE OF
THE MANILA POLICE DEPARTMENT IN 1935
COLONEL (SR. SUPT) LAMBERTO JAVALERA-
THE FIRST CHIEF OF POLICE OF THE MANILA
POLICE DEPARTMENT AFTER THE
PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE FROM THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN 1946
COMMANDING OFFICER - AN OFFICER WHO
IS IN COMMAND OF THE DEPARTMENT, A
BUREAU, A DIVISION, AN AREA, OR A
DISTRICT.
COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY- DICTATES
THAT IMMEDIATE COMMANDERS SHALL BE
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EFFECTIVE
SUPERVISION AND CONTROL OF THEIR
PERSONNEL AND UNIT
COMPLEMENTARY DOCTRINE – DOCTRINES
FORMULATED JOINTLY BY TWO OR MORE
BUREAUS IN ORDER TO EFFECT A CERTAIN
OPERATION WITH REGARD TO PUBLIC
SAFETY AND PEACE AND ORDER. THIS
ESSENTIALLY INVOLVES THE
PARTICIPATION OF THE OTHER BUREAUS
OF THE BJMP, BFP, PPSC, NBI AND OTHER
LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES.
COMPULSORY RETIREMENT – UPON
REACHING THE AGE FIFTY-SIX (56), THE AGE
OF RETIREMENT
CONSPICUOUS COURAGE - IS A COURAGE
THAT IS CLEARLY DISTINGUISHED ABOVE
OTHERS IN THE PERFORMANCE OF ONE’S
DUTY.
CONSTABULI OR THE KEEPER OF THE
HORSE - WAS APPOINTED TO EACH VILLAGE
TO AID THE RIEVE IN HIS DUTIES. IT BECAME
THE SOURCE OF THE WORD CONSTABLE.
CONTINENTAL THEORY - POLICEMEN ARE
REGARDED AS SERVANTS OF THE HIGHER
AUTHORITIES; THE PEOPLE HAVE NO SHARE
OR HAVE LITTLE PARTICIPATION WITH THE
DUTIES NOR CONNECTION WITH THE
POLICE ORGANIZATION
COURTS OF THE STAR-CHAMBER (1487) - A
SPECIAL COURT DESIGNED TO TRY
OFFENDERS AGAINST THE STATE. THE
ROOM SET-UP IS FORMED IN A SHAPE OF A
STAR AND JUDGES WERE GIVEN GREAT
POWERS SUCH AS THE POWER TO FORCE
TESTIMONY FROM A DEFENDANT LEADING
TO A GREAT ABUSE OF POWER OR
BRUTALITY ON THE PART OF THE JUDGES.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING - IS JUST THE
REVERSE; THAT IS, IT MOVES FROM THE
IF AN ORGANIZATION ASSUMES THAT THE
PRIMARY ROLE OF THE POLICE IS TO PRIVILEGES; FORFEITURE OF SALARY OR
MAINTAIN ORDER, AND THEN IT SPECIFIES SUSPENSION; DEMOTION; OR ANY
THE POLICIES AND PROCEDURES THAT ARE COMBINATION OF THE FOREGOING FOR A
NECESSARY TO IMPLEMENT THIS PERIOD NOT EXCEEDING SIXTY (60) DAYS
ASSUMPTION.
DISCIPLINARY AUTHORITIES FOR CITIZEN’S
DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY- CONFERRING COMPLAINTS: CHIEF OF POLICE - WHERE
OF CERTAIN SPECIFIED AUTHORITY BY A THE OFFENSE IS PUNISHABLE BY
SUPERIOR TO A SUBORDINATE WITHHOLDING OF PRIVILEGES,
RESTRICTION TO SPECIFIED LIMITS,
DEPARTMENT – IS THE LARGEST THAN THE SUSPENSION OR FORFEITURE OF SALARY,
BUREAU. THE BUREAU IS JUST UNDER OF OR ANY COMBINATION THEREOF, FOR A
DEPARTMENT. EXAMPLE THE BJMP IS PERIOD NOT EXCEEDING FIFTEEN (15) DAYS
UNDER THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT (DILG) DISCIPLINARY AUTHORITIES FOR CITIZEN’S
COMPLAINTS: CITY/MUNICIPALITY MAYORS
DEPARTMENT RULES - RULES ESTABLISHED - WHERE THE OFFENSE IS PUNISHABLE BY
BY DEPARTMENT WITHHOLDING OF PRIVILEGES,
DIRECTORS/SUPERVISORS TO CONTROL RESTRICTION TO SPECIFIED LIMITS,
THE CONDUCT OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SUSPENSION OR FORFEITURE OF SALARY,
POLICE FORCE. OR ANY COMBINATION THEREOF, FOR A
PERIOD NOT LESS THAN SIXTEEN BUT NOT
DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL RANKS - DDG EXCEEDING THIRTY (30) DAYS
FOR ADMINISTRATION (2ND IN COMMAND);
DDG FOR OPERATION (3RD IN COMMAND); DISCIPLINARY AUTHORITIES FOR CITIZEN’S
CHIEF OF THE DIRECTORIAL STAFF (4TH IN COMPLAINTS: PEOPLE’S LAW
COMMAND) ENFORCEMENT BOARD (PLEB)- WHERE THE
OFFENSE IS PUNISHABLE BY WITHHOLDING
DEPLOYMENT - SHALL MEAN THE ORDERLY OF PRIVILEGES, RESTRICTION TO
AND ORGANIZED PHYSICAL MOVEMENT OF SPECIFIED LIMITS, SUSPENSION OR
ELEMENTS OR UNITS OF THE PNP WITHIN FORFEITURE OF SALARY, OR ANY
THE PROVINCE, CITY OR MUNICIPALITY FOR COMBINATION THEREOF, FOR A PERIOD
PURPOSES OF EMPLOYMENT EXCEEDING THIRTY (30) DAYS, OR BY
DISMISSAL
DISCIPLINARY AUTHORITIES FOR BREACH
OF INTERNAL DISCIPLINE: CHIEF OF POLICE DISCIPLINARY APPELLATE BOARDS -
- MAY IMPOSE THE ADMINISTRATIVE FORMAL ADMINISTRATIVE DISCIPLINARY
PUNISHMENT OF ADMONITION OR APPELLATE MACHINERY OF THE NATIONAL
REPRIMAND; RESTRICTION TO SPECIFIED POLICE COMMISSION, TASKED TO HEAR
LIMITS; WITHHOLDING OF PRIVILEGES; CASES ON APPEAL FROM THE DIFFERENT
FORFEITURE OF SALARY OR SUSPENSION; DISCIPLINARY AUTHORITIES IN THE PNP
OR ANY COMBINATION OF THE FOREGOING
FOR A PERIOD NOT EXCEEDING FIFTEEN DIVISION- THE PRIMARY SUBDIVISION OF A
(15) DAYS BUREAU

DISCIPLINARY AUTHORITIES FOR BREACH DOCTRINE – SCHEME OR ARRANGEMENT

OF INTERNAL DISCIPLINE: CHIEF OF THE OF GETTING A MISSION OR OBJECTIVE
PNP- SHALL HAVE THE POWER TO IMPOSE ACCOMPLISHED
THE DISCIPLINARY PUNISHMENT OF
DISMISSAL FROM THE SERVICE; DUTY MANUAL - DESCRIBES THE
SUSPENSION OR FORFEITURE OF SALARY; PROCEDURES AND DEFINES THE DUTIES OF
DEMOTION; OR ANY COMBINATION OF THE OFFICERS ASSIGNED TO SPECIFIED POST
FOREGOING FOR A PERIOD NOT OR POSITION.
EXCEEDING ONE HUNDRED EIGHTY (180)
DAYS EARLY RETIREMENT – LESS THAN TWENTY
(20) YEARS.
DISCIPLINARY AUTHORITIES FOR BREACH
OF INTERNAL DISCIPLINE: PROVINCIAL EMPLOYMENT - REFERS TO UTILIZATION OF
DIRECTORS- MAY IMPOSE THE UNITS OR ELEMENTS OF THE PNP FOR
ADMINISTRATIVE PUNISHMENT OF PURPOSES OF PROTECTION OF LIVES AND
ADMONITION OR REPRIMAND; RESTRICTION PROPERTIES, ENFORCEMENT OF LAWS,
TO SPECIFIED LIMITS; WITHHOLDING OF MAINTENANCE OF PEACE AND ORDER,
PRIVILEGES; FORFEITURE OF SALARY OR PREVENTION OF CRIMES, ARREST OF
SUSPENSION; OR ANY COMBINATION OF CRIMINAL OFFENDERS AND BRINGING THE
THE FOREGOING FOR A PERIOD NOT OFFENDERS TO JUSTICE AND ENSURING
EXCEEDING THIRTY (30) DAYS PUBLIC SAFETY, PARTICULARLY IN THE
SUPPRESSION OF DISORDERS, RIOTS,
DISCIPLINARY AUTHORITIES FOR BREACH LAWLESSNESS, VIOLENCE, REBELLIOUS
OF INTERNAL DISCIPLINE: REGIONAL AND SEDITIOUS CONSPIRACY,
DIRECTOR- MAY IMPOSE THE INSURGENCY, SUBVERSION OR OTHER
ADMINISTRATIVE PUNISHMENT OF RELATED ACTIVITIES.
ADMONITION OR REPRIMAND; RESTRICTION
TO SPECIFIED LIMITS; WITHHOLDING OF
ETHICAL DOCTRINE – THAT DEFINES THE TWELVE YEARS OF AGE WERE REQUIRED TO
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES GOVERNING GUARD THE TOWN TO PRESERVE PEACE
THE RULES OF CONDUCT, ATTITUDE, AND PROTECT THE LIVES AND PROPERTIES
BEHAVIOR AND ETHICAL NORM OF THE PNP. OF THE PEOPLE

EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE FUNCTIONAL (SPECIALIZATION) -

PLAN - THE RESULTS OF THE PLAN SHALL BE STRUCTURE ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONS
DETERMINED, THIS NECESSARY IN ORDER AND SPECIALIZED UNITS; DEPICTS STAFF
TO KNOW WHETHER A CORRECT FUNCTIONS OF THE ORGANIZATION;
ALTERNATIVE WAS CHOSEN, WHETHER THE RESPONSIBILITIES ARE DIVIDED AMONG
PLAN WAS CORRECT, WHICH PHASE WAS AUTHORITIES WHO ARE ALL
POORLY IMPLEMENTED, WHETHER ACCOUNTABLE; TO THE AUTHORITY ABOVE
ADDITIONAL PLANNING MAY BE
NECESSARY. FUNCTIONAL DOCTRINE – THIS PROVIDES
GUIDANCE FOR SPECIALIZED ACTIVITIES OF
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 226 - THE PNP IN THE BROAD FIELD OF INTEREST
“INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF THE DOCTRINE SUCH AS PERSONNEL, INTELLIGENCE,
OF COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY IN ALL OPERATIONS, LOGISTICS, PLANNING, ETC.
GOVERNMENT OFFICES
FUNCTIONAL PLAN- INCLUDES THE
EXECUTIVE ORDER 389- ORDERED THAT FRAMEWORK FOR THE OPERATION OF THE
THE PHILIPPINE CONSTABULARY BE ONE OF MAJOR FUNCTIONAL UNIT IN THE
THE FOUR SERVICES OF THE ARMED ORGANIZATION SUCH AS PATROL AND
FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES, ENACTED ON INVESTIGATION. COORDINATION
DECEMBER 23, 1940
FUNCTIONAL PRINCIPLE – REFERS TO
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO 1012- DIVISION OF WORK ACCORDING TO TYPE,
TRANSFERRED TO THE CITY AND MUNICIPAL PLACE, TIME AND SPECIALIZATION.
GOVERNMENT THE OPERATIONAL
SUPERVISION AND DIRECTION OVER ALL FUNDAMENTAL DOCTRINE – IS THE BASIC
INP UNITS ASSIGNED WITHIN THEIR PRINCIPLE IN PLANNING, ORGANIZATION
LOCALITY; ISSUED ON JULY 10, 1985 AND MANAGEMENT OF THE PNP IN
SUPPORT OF THE OVERALL PURSUITS OF
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO 1040- THE PNP VISION, MISSION AND STRATEGIC
TRANSFERRED THE ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION PLAN OF THE ATTAINMENT OF THE
CONTROL AND SUPERVISION OF THE INP NATIONAL OBJECTIVES.
FROM THE MINISTRY OF NATIONAL
DEFENSE TO THE NATIONAL POLICE GENERAL QUALIFICATIONS FOR
COMMISSION APPOINTMENT TO THE PNP (RA 6975, AS
AMENDED BY RA 8551 AND RA 9708) - A
EXTRA-DEPARTMENTAL PLANS - THOSE CITIZEN OF THE PHILIPPINES; A PERSON OF
WHICH REQUIRE ACTIONS OR ASSISTANCE GOOD MORAL CONDUCT; MUST HAVE
FROM PERSONS OR AGENCIES OUTSIDE OF PASSED THE
THE DEPARTMENT; INVOLVE PSYCHIATRIC/PSYCHOLOGICAL, DRUG
COORDINATION WITH OTHER AGENCIES AND PHYSICAL TESTS TO BE ADMINISTERED
BY THE PNP OR BY ANY NAPOLCOM
FIELD OPERATIONS - OPERATIONS IN THE ACCREDITED GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR
FIELD SHALL BE DIRECTED BY THE POLICE THE PURPOSE OF DETERMINING PHYSICAL
COMMANDER AND THE SUBORDINATE AND MENTAL HEALTH; MUST POSSESS A
COMMANDERS AND THE SAME SHALL BE FORMAL BACCALAUREATE DEGREE FROM A
AIMED AT THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE RECOGNIZED INSTITUTION OF LEARNING;
FOLLOWING PRIMARY TASKS MORE MUST BE ELIGIBLE IN ACCORDANCE WITH
EFFECTIVELY AND ECONOMICALLY THE STANDARDS SET BY THE COMMISSION;
MUST HAVE PASSED THE BOARD
FIELD PROCEDURES- PROCEDURES EXAMINATION GIVEN BY THE PROFESSION
INTENDED TO BE USED IN ALL SITUATIONS REGULATION COMMISSION (PRC) OR THE
OF ALL KINDS SHALL BE OUTLINED AS NAPOLCOM POLICE ENTRANCE
GUIDE TO OFFICERS AND MEN IN THE FIELD, EXAMINATION; MUST NOT HAVE BEEN
SUCH AS: PROCEDURES THAT RELATE TO DISHONORABLY DISCHARGED FROM
REPORTING, TO RAIDS, ARRESTS, STOPPING MILITARY EMPLOYMENT OR DISMISSED FOR
SUSPICIOUS PERSONS, RECEIVING CAUSE FROM ANY CIVILIAN POSITION IN THE
COMPLAINTS, INVESTIGATION, ETC GOVERNMENT; MUST NOT HAVE BEEN
CONVICTED BY FINAL JUDGMENT OF AN
FRAME OF REFERENCE - CAREFUL OFFENSE OR CRIME INVOLVING MORAL
SELECTION ON THE MATTERS RELATING TO TURPITUDE; MUST BE AT LEAST ONE METER
THE SITUATION FOR WHICH PLANS ARE AND SIXTY-TWO CENTIMETERS (1.62 M) IN
BEING DEVELOP, AND OPINIONS OF IDEAS HEIGHT FOR MALE AND ONE METER AND
OF PERSONS WHO MAY SPEAK WITH FIFTY-SEVEN (1.57 M) FOR FEMALE; MUST
AUTHORITY ON THE SUBJECT CONCERNED. WEIGH NOT MORE OR LESS THAN FIVE
KILOGRAMS (5KGS) FROM THE STANDARD
FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM - A SYSTEM OF WEIGHT CORRESPONDING TO HIS OR HER
POLICING WHEREBY A GROUP OF TEN HEIGHT, AGE AND SEX; AND FOR A NEW
NEIGHBORING MALE RESIDENTS OVER APPLICANT, MUST NOT BE LESS THAN
TWENTY-ONE (21) NOR MORE THAN THIRTY INVESTIGATION – THE BASIC PURPOSE OF
(30) YEARS OF AGE THE INVESTIGATION DIVISION UNIT SHALL
BE TO INVESTIGATE CERTAIN DESIGNATED
GOAL - GENERAL STATEMENT OF INTENTION CRIMES AND CLEAR THEM BY THE
NORMALLY WITH TIME PERSPECTIVE. IT IS RECOVERY OF STOLEN PROPERTY AND THE
ACHIEVABLE END STATE THAT CAN BE ARREST AND CONVICTION OF THE
MEASURED AND OBSERVED. PERPETRATORS. TO THIS END, THE
INVESTIGATION DIVISION SHALL SUPERVISE
GUADRILLEROS/CUADRILLO- THIS WAS A THE INVESTIGATION MADE BY PATROLMAN
BODY OF RURAL POLICE ORGANIZED IN AND UNDERTAKE ADDITIONAL
EACH TOWN AND ESTABLISHED BY THE INVESTIGATION AS MAY BE NECESSARY OF
ROYAL DECREE OF 18 JANUARY 1836; THIS ALL FELONIES.
DECREE PROVIDED THAT 5% OF THE ABLE-
BODIED MALE INHABITANTS OF EACH INTERMEDIATE OR MEDIUM RANGE
PROVINCE WERE TO BE ENLISTED IN THIS PLANNING - IT RELATES TO PLANS, WHICH
POLICE ORGANIZATION FOR THREE YEARS DETERMINE QUANTITY AND QUALITY
(PROVINCIAL POLICE) EFFORTS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS. IT
REFERS TO THE PROCESS OF DETERMINING
GUARDIA CIVIL- THIS WAS CREATED BY A THE CONTRIBUTION ON EFFORTS THAT
ROYAL DECREE ISSUED BY THE CROWN ON CAN MAKE OR PROVIDE WITH ALLOCATED
12 FEBRUARY 1852 TO PARTIALLY RELIEVE RESOURCES EX. PNP-MTDP 1999-2004
THE SPANISH PENINSULAR TROOPS OF
THEIR WORK IN POLICING TOWNS. (CITY INTERNAL POLICY PLANNING -
POLICE) RESPONSIBILITY OF THE CHIEF OF
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE AND OTHER
GUIDELINES – A RULE OF ACTION FOR THE CHIEFS OF THE DIFFERENT UNITS OR
RANK AND FILE TO SHOW THEM HOW THEY HEADQUARTERS WITHIN THEIR AREA OF
ARE EXPECTED TO OBTAIN THE DESIRED JURISDICTION TO ACHIEVE THE
EFFECT. OBJECTIVES OR MISSION OF THE POLICE
HEADQUARTERS PROCEDURES - INCLUDE ORGANIZATION; THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE
THE PROCEDURES TO BE FOLLOWED IN FOR PLANNING, ORGANIZING, STAFFING,
THE HEADQUARTERS, USUALLY REFLECTED DIRECTING, COORDINATING,
IN THE DUTY MANUAL CONTROLLING, REPORTING AND
BUDGETING FOR THE POLICE
HOME RULE THEORY - POLICEMEN ARE ORGANIZATION WITHIN EXISTING POLICIES
REGARDED AS SERVANTS OF THE AND AVAILABLE RESOURCES; FOR
COMMUNITY, WHO RELY FOR THE MAXIMUM POLICE EFFECTIVENESS, THEY
EFFICIENCY OF THEIR FUNCTIONS UPON SHALL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
THE EXPRESS NEEDS OF THE PEOPLE; TECHNICAL OPERATION OF THE POLICE
POLICEMEN ARE CIVIL SERVANTS WHOSE ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ITS
KEY DUTY IS THE PRESERVATION OF PUBLIC PERSONNEL.
PEACE AND SECURITY
JUSTICE OF THE PEACE - THREE OR FOUR
HUE AND CRY - PROVIDES FOR METHODS OF MEN WHO WERE LEARNED IN THE LAW OF
APPREHENDING A CRIMINAL BY AN ACT OF THE LAND WERE GIVEN AUTHORITY TO
THE COMPLAINANT SHOUT TO CALL ALL PURSUE ARREST, CHASTISE AND IMPRISON
MALE RESIDENTS TO ASSEMBLE AND VIOLATORS OF LAW. THEY HANDLED
ARREST THE SUSPECT. FELONIES, MISDEMEANORS AND
INFRACTIONS OF CITY OR VILLAGES
IDEA LINKING - IS OFTEN DONE THROUGH ORDINANCES. THIS WAS LATER ABOLISHED
FREE ASSOCIATION. INDIVIDUALS ABOUT 75 YEARS LATER.
PARTICIPATING IN PLANNING ARE
ENCOURAGED TO IDENTIFY ANY IDEAS, JUVENILE DELINQUENCY CONTROL –
WITHOUT LIMITATIONS OR INHIBITION THAT EFFECTIVE CRIME CONTROL
MIGHT RELATE TO THE PROBLEM OR PLAN NECESSITATES PREVENTING THE
AT HAND. THIS MAY RESULT IN IMPORTANT, DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUALS AS
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS, PARTICULARLY CRIMINALS. THE POLICE COMMANDER
WHEN THOSE INVOLVED COME FROM SHALL RECOGNIZE A NEED FOR
DIFFERENT ORGANIZATIONAL LEVELS AND PREVENTING CRIME OR CORRECTING
DIFFERENT BACKGROUNDS IN TERMS OF CONDITIONS THAT INDUCE CRIMINALITY
EXPERIENCE AND EDUCATION. AND BY REHABILITATING THE DELINQUENT.

IMITATION - INVOLVES USING PLANS, LATERAL ENTRY - IN GENERAL, ALL

PROGRAMS, METHODS, AND SO ON,
DEVELOPED BY OTHERS.
INDUCTIVE REASONING - MOVES FROM
SPECIFIC TO THE MORE GENERAL; FOR
EXAMPLE, AN INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF
CITIZEN COMPLAINTS MAY MEAN THERE
ARE PROBLEMS IN POLICE TRAINING AND
SUPERVISION.
ORIGINAL APPOINTMENTS OF
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS IN THE PNP
SHALL COMMENCE WITH THE RANK OF
INSPECTOR, TO INCLUDE ALL THOSE WITH
HIGHLY TECHNICAL QUALIFICATIONS
APPLYING FOR THE PNP TECHNICAL
SERVICES (R.A. 6975). INSPECTOR RANK:
(IP4-DONEC) - DENTISTS, OPTOMETRISTS,
NURSES, ENGINEERS, GRADUATES OF
FORENSIC SCIENCES, GRADUATES OF THE
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
AND LICENSED CRIMINOLOGISTS. SENIOR
INSPECTOR RANK: (MAC) - CHAPLAINS
(PRIEST), MEMBERS OF THE BAR
(ATTORNEY) AND DOCTORS OF MEDICINE
LATERAL ENTRY (NAPOLOCM M.C 2008-006)
- A PERSON WITH HIGHLY TECHNICAL
QUALIFICATIONS SUCH AS: DENTIST,
OPTOMETRIST, NURSE, ENGINEER,
GRADUATE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE,
DOCTOR OF MEDICINE, MEMBER OF
PHILIPPINE BAR, CHAPLAIN, INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGIST, PILOT, PSYCHOLOGIST;
GRADUATE OF PNPA; LICENSED
CRIMINOLOGIST; TOP PRIORITY
CONSIDERATION FOR LATERAL ENTRY INTO
THE RANK OF POLICE INSPECTOR SHALL BE
GIVEN TO TOP TEN (10) PLACERS OF THE
DIFFERENT LICENSURE EXAMINATIONS.
HOWEVER, INCUMBENT PNP MEMBERS
WHO LAND IN THE TOP TEN SHALL BE GIVEN
FIRST PREFERENCE OVER THE CIVILIAN
PROVIDED THAT THE QUALIFICATIONS ARE
SATISFIED. THE MAXIMUM AGE OF PNP
MEMBERS’ APPLICANTS THROUGH LATERAL
ENTRY SHALL BE FORTY SIX (46) YEARS OLD
AT THE TIME OF APPOINTMENT. AGE
WAIVERS SHALL NOT BE ALLOWED.
LEAVE OF ABSENCE - PERIOD, WHICH AN
OFFICER IS EXCUSED FROM ACTIVE DUTY
BY ANY VALID/ACCEPTABLE REASON,
APPROVED BY HIGHER AUTHORITY.
LEGES HENRICI (LAW OF HENRY) - AN ACT
THAT WAS ENACTED DURING THIS PERIOD
WITH THE FOLLOWING FEATURES:
OFFENSES WERE CLASSIFIED AS AGAINST
THE KING AND INDIVIDUAL; POLICEMAN
BECOMES PUBLIC SERVANT; THE POLICE
AND THE CITIZENS HAVE THE BROAD
POWER TO ARREST. IT INTRODUCED THE
SYSTEM CALLED “CITIZEN’S ARREST;
GRAND JURY WAS CREATED TO INQUIRE ON
THE FACTS OF THE LAW.
LENGTH OF SERVICE - THE PERIOD OF TIME
THAT HAS ELAPSED SINCE THE OATH OF
OFFICE WAS ADMINISTERED. PREVIOUS
ACTIVE SERVICES MAY BE INCLUDED OR
ADDED.
LINE - THE OLDEST AND SIMPLEST KIND;
ALSO CALLED MILITARY; DEFINED BY ITS
CLEAR CHAIN OF COMMAND FROM THE
HIGHEST TO THE LOWEST AND VICE VERSA ;
DEPICTS THE LINE FUNCTIONS OF THE
ORGANIZATION; ORDERS OR COMMANDS
MUST COME FROM THE HIGHER LEVEL OF
AUTHORITY BEFORE IT CAN BE CARRIED
OUT ; INVOLVES FEW DEPARTMENTS
LINE AND STAFF - A COMBINATION OF THE
LINE AND FUNCTIONAL KIND; COMBINES
THE FLOW OF INFORMATION FROM THE
LINE STRUCTURE WITH THE STAFF
DEPARTMENTS THAT SERVICE, ADVISE, AND
SUPPORT THEM; GENERALLY MORE
FORMAL IN NATURE AND HAS MANY
DEPARTMENTS; THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
POLICE FOLLOW THE LINE AND STAFF KIND
OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE.
MAGNA CARTA- ANOTHER LAW ENACTED
UPON THE DEMAND OF THE KNIGHTS OF
THE ROUND TABLE FORCING THE KING TO
SIGN THE SAME WITH THE FOLLOWING
FEATURES: NO FREEMAN SHALL BE TAKEN
OR IMPRISONED EXCEPT BY LEGAL
JUDGMENT. (PRESUMED INNOCENT UNTIL
PROVEN GUILTY); NO PERSON SHALL BE
TRIED FOR MURDER UNLESS THERE IS
PROOF OF THE BODY OF THE VICTIM.
(CORPUZ DELICTI)
MANAGEMENT PLANS - THOSE PLANS THAT
RELATE TO STAFFING, EQUIPPING,
SUPPLYING AND ORGANIZING; INCLUDE THE
STRUCTURING OF FUNCTIONS, AUTHORITY
AND RESPONSIBILITIES, THE ALLOCATION
OF RESOURCES, PERSONNEL
MANAGEMENT, BUDGETING AND OTHER
CONCERNS ADMINISTRATIVE IN NATURE
MASTER PLAN SANDIGAN -MILENYO - ANTI-
CRIME MASTER PLAN
MASTER PLAN SANDUGO - SUPPORT TO
INTERNAL SECURITY OPERATIONS MASTER
PLAN
MASTER PLAN BANAT - ANTI-ILLEGAL DRUGS
MASTER PLAN
MASTER PLAN SANG-INGAT - SECURITY
OPERATIONS MASTER PLAN
MASTER PLAN SAKLOLO - DISASTER
MANAGEMENT MASTER PLAN
MINOR OFFENSE -SHALL REFER TO AN ACT
OR OMISSION NOT INVOLVING MORAL
TURPITUDE BUT AFFECTING THE INTERNAL
DISCIPLINE OF THE PNP, AND SHALL
INCLUDE BUT NOT BE LIMITED TO: (SIGAD):
SIMPLE MISCONDUCT OR NEGLIGENCE;
INSUBORDINATION; FREQUENT ABSENCES
OR TARDINESS; HABITUAL DRUNKENNESS;
GAMBLING PROHIBITED BY LAW
MISSING IN ACTION (MIA) - ANY PNP
PERSONNEL WHO, WHILE IN THE
PERFORMANCE OF DUTY OR BY REASON OF
HIS BEING AN OFFICER OR MEMBER OF THE
PNP, IS OFFICIALLY CONFIRMED MISSING IN
ACTION, KIDNAPPED OR CAPTURED BY
LAWLESS ELEMENTS SHALL BE ENTITLED
TO RECEIVE OR TO HAVE CREDITED TO HIS
ACCOUNT THE SAME PAY AND
ALLOWANCES TO WHICH SUCH OFFICER
OR UNIFORMED MEMBER WAS ENTITLED AT
THE TIME OF THE INCIDENT.
MODERN CONCEPT - REGARDS POLICE AS
THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE OF THE
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM, AN ORGAN OF
CRIME PREVENTION; POLICE EFFICIENCY IS
MEASURED BY THE DECREASING NUMBER
OF CRIMES; BROADENS POLICE ACTIVITIES
TO CATER TO SOCIAL SERVICES AND HAS
FOR ITS MISSION THE WELFARE OF THE
INDIVIDUAL AS WELL AS THAT OF THE
COMMUNITY IN GENERAL
MODERN PERIOD OF POLICING SYSTEM - IN
1829, SIR ROBERT PEEL INTRODUCED THE
METROPOLITAN POLICE ACT OF 1829 NCR DISTRICT DIRECTOR -WITH THE RANK
PASSED BY THE PARLIAMENT OF ENGLAND- OF CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT (MPD, QCPD,
THE MILESTONE OF ENGLAND’S POLICE SPD, NPD & EPD)
FORCE. SIR ROBERT PEEL “BOBBY”
BECOME FAMOUS AND WAS CONSIDERED OBJECTIVE - THE SPECIFIC COMMITMENT TO
AS THE FATHER OF MODERN POLICING ACHIEVE A MEASUREABLE RESULT WITHIN A
SYSTEM (BOBBIES – SUBORDINATES OF SPECIFIC PERIOD OF TIME.
ROBERT PEEL)
OFF DUTY - THE NATURE OF WHICH THE
NAPOLCOM MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. POLICE OFFICER IS FREE FROM SPECIFIC
2007-009 - A NEWLY RECRUITED PO1 SHALL ROUTINE DUTY
BE APPOINTED IN TEMPORARY STATUS IN
TWELVE (12) MONTHS PENDING OLD CONCEPT - POLICE SERVICE GIVES THE
COMPLIANCE WITH THE FIELD TRAINING IMPRESSION OF BEING MERELY A
PROGRAM (FTP) INVOLVING ACTUAL SUPPRESSIVE MACHINERY; THIS
EXPERIENCE AND ASSIGNMENT IN PATROL, PHILOSOPHY ADVOCATES THAT THE
TRAFFIC AND INVESTIGATION. MEASUREMENT OF POLICE COMPETENCE
IS THE INCREASING NUMBER OF ARRESTS,
NAPOLCOM M.C NO 95–03 - THROWING OFFENDERS IN DETENTION
INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF THE DOCTRINE FACILITIES RATHER THAN TRYING TO
OF COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY AT ALL PREVENT THEM FROM COMMITTING CRIMES
LEVELS OF COMMAND IN THE PNP
ON DUTY – THE PERIOD WHEN AN OFFICER
NAPOLCOM MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. IS ACTIVELY ENGAGED IN THE
2008-003 - THE APPROPRIATE ELIGIBILITIES PERFORMANCE OF HIS DUTY
FOR PO1 ARE THOSE ACQUIRED FROM THE
FOLLOWING: NAPOLCOM PNP ENTRANCE OPERATIONAL- EFFICIENCY,
EXAMINATION; R.A. NO. 6506 (LICENSED EFFECTIVENESS, AND PRODUCTIVITY
CRIMINOLOGIST); R.A. NO. 1080 (BAR AND PLANS- ARE ESSENTIALLY THE MEASURES
BOARD EXAMINATIONS OF OR COMPARISON TO BE USED TO ASSESS
BACCALAUREATE DEGREE); P.D. 907 POLICE ACTIVITIES AND BEHAVIOR AND
(GRANTING CIVIL SERVICE ELIGIBILITY TO RESULTS.
COLLEGE HONOR GRADUATES); CIVIL
SERVICE PROFESSIONAL OPERATIONAL DOCTRINE – ARE THE
PRINCIPLES AND RULES GOVERNING THE
NAPOLCOM MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. PLANNING, ORGANIZATION AND DIRECTION
2008-016 - (PROMOTIONAL EXAMINATIONS) AND EMPLOYMENT OF THE PNP FORCES IN
MEMBERS OF THE BAR AND LICENSED THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF BASIC
CRIMINOLOGISTS WHOSE PROFESSION SECURITY OPERATIONAL MISSION IN THE
ARE GERMANE TO LAW ENFORCEMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF PEACE AND ORDER,
POLICE FUNCTIONS ARE NO LONGER CRIME PREVENTION AND SUPPRESSION,
REQUIRED TO TAKE PROMOTIONAL INTERNAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC SAFETY
EXAMINATIONS UP TO THE RANK OF OPERATION.
SUPERINTENDENT.
OPERATIONAL OR SHORT RANGE
NATIONAL APPELLATE BOARD (NAB) - SHALL PLANNING - IT REFERS TO THE PRODUCTION
DECIDE CASES ON APPEAL FROM OF PLANS, WHICH DETERMINE THE
DECISIONS RENDERED BY THE PNP CHIEF SCHEDULE OF SPECIAL ACTIVITY AND ARE
AND THE NATIONAL INTERNAL AFFAIRS APPLICABLE FROM ONE WEEK OR LESS
SERVICE; SHALL BE COMPOSED OF THE THAN YEAR DURATION. PLAN THAT
FOUR (4) REGULAR COMMISSIONERS AND ADDRESSES IMMEDIATE NEED WHICH ARE
SHALL BE CHAIRED BY THE EXECUTIVE SPECIFIC AND HOW IT CAN BE
OFFICER ACCOMPLISHED ON TIME WITH AVAILABLE
ALLOCATED RESOURCES.
NATIONAL IN SCOPE - MEANS THAT THE PNP
IS A NATIONWIDE GOVERNMENT OPERATIONAL UNITS - THOSE THAT
ORGANIZATION WHOSE JURISDICTION PERFORM PRIMARY OR LINE FUNCTIONS
COVERS THE ENTIRE BREADTH OF THE EXAMPLES ARE PATROL, TRAFFIC,
PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO; ALL UNIFORMED INVESTIGATION AND VICE CONTROL,
AND NON-UNIFORMED PERSONNEL OF THE
PNP ARE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT OPERATIONAL SUPERVISION AND
EMPLOYEES CONTROL - MEANS THE POWER TO DIRECT,
SUPERINTEND, AND OVERSEE THE DAY TO
NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION - AN DAY FUNCTIONS OF POLICE INVESTIGATION
AGENCY ATTACHED TO THE DILG FOR OF CRIME, CRIME PREVENTION ACTIVITIES
POLICY COORDINATION; SHALL EXERCISE AND TRAFFIC CONTROL. SHALL ALSO
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL AND INCLUDE THE POWER TO DIRECT THE
OPERATIONAL SUPERVISION OVER THE PNP EMPLOYMENT AND DEPLOYMENT OF UNITS
OR ELEMENTS OF THE PNP, THROUGH THE
NCR DIRECTOR – WITH THE RANK OF STATION COMMANDER, TO ENSURE PUBLIC
DIRECTOR (TWO STAR GENERAL) SAFETY AND EFFECTIVE MAINTENANCE OF
PEACE AND ORDER WITHIN THE LOCALITY.
OPLAN JUMBO – AVIATION SECURITY TERMINATED. IN THE EVENT SAID
GROUP STRATEGIC PLAN AGAINST PERSONNEL SHALL THEREAFTER BE
TERRORIST ATTACKS FOUND TO HAVE BEEN ALIVE AND IS NOT
ENTITLED TO THE BENEFITS PAID, SAID
OPLAN SALIKOP – CIDG STRATEGIC PLAN BENEFITS SHALL BE REIMBURSED TO THE
AGAINST ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS (OCG) STATE WITHIN SIX (6) MONTHS FROM THE
DISCOVERY OF THE FACT OR HIS
OPLAN DISIPLINA - THAT RESULTED IN THE REAPPEARANCE.
APPREHENSION OF 110,975 PERSONS, THE
CONFISCATION OF 470 UNLAWFULLY PEOPLE’S LAW ENFORCEMENT BOARD
ATTACHED GADGETS TO VEHICLES, AND (PLEB) - A BODY CREATED PURSUANT TO RA
RENDERING VARIOUS FORMS OF 6975; ONE OF THE DISCIPLINARY
MOTORISTS ASSISTANCE AUTHORITIES OF THE PNP AUTHORIZED TO
HANDLE AND INVESTIGATE CITIZEN’S
OPTIONAL RETIREMENT – UPON COMPLAINT; THE CENTRAL RECEIVING
COMPLETION OF TWENTY (20) YEARS OF ENTITY FOR ANY CITIZEN’S COMPLAINT
ACTIVE SERVICE AGAINST THE PNP MEMBERS; SHALL BE
CREATED BY THE SANGGUNIANG
ORDER - AN INSTRUCTION GIVEN BY A PANLUNGSSOD/BAYAN IN EVERY CITY AND
RANKING OFFICER TO A SUBORDINATE, MUNICIPALITY AS MAY BE NECESSARY;
EITHER GENERAL ORDER, SPECIAL, OR THERE SHALL BE AT LEAST ONE (1) PLEB
PERSONAL FOR EVERY FIVE HUNDRED (500) CITY OR
MUNICIPAL POLICE PERSONNEL;
ORGANIZATION - A GROUP OF PERSONS MEMBERSHIP IN THE PLEB IS A CIVIC DUTY
WORKING TOGETHER FOR A COMMON
GOAL OR OBJECTIVES A FORM OF HUMAN PERMANENT APPOINTMENT – WHEN AN
ASSOCIATION FOR THE ATTAINMENT OF A APPLICANT POSSESSES THE UPGRADED
GOAL OR OBJECTIVE THE PROCESS OF GENERAL QUALIFICATIONS FOR
IDENTIFYING AND GROUPING THE WORK TO APPOINTMENT IN THE PNP.
BE PERFORMED, DEFINING AND
DELEGATING RESPONSIBILITY AND PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
AUTHORITY, ESTABLISHING (PNPA) - CREATED PURSUANT TO SECTION
RELATIONSHIPS FOR THE PURPOSE OF 13 OF PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO 1184; A
ENABLING PEOPLE WORK EFFECTIVELY PRIMARY COMPONENT OF THE PHILIPPINE
PUBLIC SAFETY COLLEGE (PPSC); THE
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE - THE PREMIER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION FOR
SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE FUTURE OFFICERS OF THE PHILIPPINE
RELATIONSHIP OF THE MEMBERS, NATIONAL POLICE (PNP), BUREAU OF FIRE
POSITIONS, DEPARTMENTS AND PROTECTION (BFP) AND BUREAU OF JAIL
FUNCTIONS OR WORK OF THE MANAGEMENT AND PENOLOGY (BJMP);
ORGANIZATION IT IS COMPRISED OF UPON COMPLETION OF TRAINING,
FUNCTIONS, RELATIONSHIPS, GRADUATES WILL BE CONFERRED THE
RESPONSIBILITIES AND AUTHORITIES OF DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
INDIVIDUALS WITHIN THE ORGANIZATION PUBLIC SAFETY (BSPS) AND APPOINTED AS
POLICE/FIRE/JAIL INSPECTOR; RANK OF A
PATROL – THE PATROL FORCE SHALL PNPA CADET HIGHER THAN SPO4 BUT
ACCOMPLISH THE PRIMARY LOWER THAN INSPECTOR
RESPONSIBILITY OF SAFEGUARDING THE
COMMUNITY THROUGH THE PROTECTION PHYSICAL FITNESS TEST- REFERS TO THE
OF PERSONS AND PROPERTY, THE METHOD OF EVALUATING THE PHYSICAL
PRESERVATION OF THE PEACE, THE CONDITION OF PNP MEMBERS IN TERMS OF
PREVENTION OF CRIME, THE SUPPRESSION STAMINA, STRENGTH, SPEED AND AGILITY.
OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES, THE
APPREHENSION OF CRIMINALS, THE PLANNING - THE DETERMINATION IN
ENFORCEMENT OF LAWS AND ADVANCE OF HOW THE OBJECTIVES OF THE
ORDINANCES AND REGULATIONS OF ORGANIZATION WILL BE ATTAINED;
CONDUCT AND PERFORMING NECESSARY INVOLVES THE DETERMINATION OF A
SERVICE AND INSPECTIONS. COURSE OF ACTION TO TAKE IN
PERFORMING A PARTICULAR FUNCTION OR
PAYMENT OF SALARY AND ALLOWANCES ACTIVITY; THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPING
TO HEIRS OF UNIFORMED PERSONNEL OF METHODS OR PROCEDURES, OR AN
PNP- THE CHIEF OF THE PNP, SHALL DIRECT ARRANGEMENT OF PARTS INTENDED TO
PAYMENT OF THE ABSENT UNIFORMED FACILITATE THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF A
PERSONNEL'S MONTHLY SALARY AND DEFINITE OBJECTIVE; THE PROCESS OF
ALLOWANCES AND OTHER EMOLUMENTS DECIDING IN ADVANCE WHAT IS TO BE
PERTINENT THERETO HIS/HER HEIRS FOR DONE AND HOW IT IS TO BE DONE
THEIR SUPPORT FOR A MAXIMUM PERIOD OF
ONE (1) YEAR FROM THE DATE OF POLICE ADMINISTRATION - THE PROCESS
COMMENCEMENT OF ABSENT OR WHEN INVOLVED IN ENSURING STRICT
LAST HEARD FROM AS THOSE KIDNAPPED COMPLIANCE, PROPER OBEDIENCE OF
OR CAPTURED BY LAWLESS ELEMENTS. LAWS AND RELATED STATUTES FOCUSES
AFTER ONE YEAR THE MISSING UNIFORMED ON THE POLICING PROCESS OR HOW LAW
PERSONNEL SHALL BE AUTOMATICALLY ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES ARE ORGANIZED
AND MANAGED IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE THE
GOALS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT MOST
EFFECTIVELY, EFFICIENTLY AND
PRODUCTIVELY
POLICE COMMISSIONED OFFICER RANKS
(PCO) – POLICE INSPECTOR TO DIRECTOR
GENERAL
POLICE DIRECTOR GENERAL – APPOINTED
BY THE PRESIDENT FROM AMONG THE
SENIOR OFFICERS DOWN TO THE RANK OF
POLICE CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT, SUBJECT
TO THE CONFIRMATION OF THE
COMMISSION ON APPOINTMENTS
POLICE DIRECTOR GENENERAL (GENERAL)
CESAR NAZARENO- THE FIRST CHIEF OF THE
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
POLICE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION – TAKEN
BY APPLICANTS OF THE PNP (CIVILIAN TO
UNIFORM)
POLICE PLANNING - ATTEMPT BY POLICE
ADMINISTRATORS IN TRYING TO ALLOCATE
ANTICIPATED RESOURCES TO MEET
ANTICIPATED SERVICE DEMANDS. IT IS THE
SYSTEMATIC AND ORDERLY
DETERMINATION OF FACTS AND EVENTS AS
BASIS FOR POLICY FORMULATION AND
DECISION AFFECTING LAW ENFORCEMENT
MANAGEMENT.
POLICE PROMOTIONAL EXAMINATIONS –
TAKEN BY IN-SERVICE POLICE OFFICERS AS
PART OF THE MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS
FOR PROMOTION
POLICE INSPECTOR TO POLICE
SUPERINTENDENT – APPOINTED BY THE
CHIEF OF THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
POLICE
POLICE NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER
RANKS (PNCO) – POLICE OFFICER 1 TO
SENIOR POLICE OFFICER 4.
POLICE OFFICER 1 TO SENIOR POLICE
OFFICER 4 – APPOINTED BY THE REGIONAL
DIRECTOR FOR REGIONAL PERSONNEL OR
BY THE CHIEF OF THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
POLICE FOR THE NATIONAL
HEADQUARTERS
POLICE SENIOR SUPERINTENDENT TO
DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL – APPOINTED
BY THE PRESIDENT UPON
RECOMMENDATION OF THE CHIEF OF THE
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE SUBJECT TO
CONFIRMATION BY THE COMMISSION ON
APPOINTMENTS
POLICE ORGANIZATION- A GROUP OF
TRAINED PERSONNEL IN THE FIELD OF
PUBLIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION ENGAGED
IN THE ACHIEVEMENT OF GOALS AND
OBJECTIVES THAT PROMOTES THE
MAINTENANCE OF PEACE AND ORDER,
PROTECTION OF LIFE AND PROPERTY,
ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAWS AND THE
PREVENTION OF CRIMES
POLICY – A PRODUCT OF PRUDENCE OR
WISDOM IN THE MANAGEMENT OF HUMAN
AFFAIRS.
POOR PERFORMANCE - REFERS TO THE
POOR RATING IN THE PROMULGATED PNP
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION RATING
SYSTEM (APPRAISAL).
POSTHUMOUS AWARD – IN CASE AN
INDIVIDUAL WHO DISTINGUISH HIMSELF
DIES BEFORE THE GRANTING OF THE
AWARDS.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 765- OTHERWISE
KNOWN AS THE INTEGRATION ACT OF 1975,
ENACTED ON AUGUST 8, 1975;
ESTABLISHED THE INTEGRATED NATIONAL
POLICE (INP) COMPOSED OF THE
PHILIPPINE CONSTABULARY (PC) AS THE
NUCLEUS AND THE INTEGRATED LOCAL
POLICE FORCES AS COMPONENTS, UNDER
THE MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE
TRANSFERRED THE NAPOLCOM FROM THE
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE
MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE
PRIMARY OR LINE FUNCTIONS- FUNCTIONS
THAT CARRY OUT THE MAJOR PURPOSES
OF THE ORGANIZATION, DELIVERING THE
SERVICES AND DEALING DIRECTLY WITH
THE PUBLIC EXAMPLES OF THE LINE
FUNCTIONS OF THE POLICE ARE
PATROLLING (BACK BONE), TRAFFIC
DUTIES, AND CRIME INVESTIGATION
PRINCIPLES OF ABSOLUTENESS OF
RESPONSIBILITY – EXPLAINS THAT THE
RESPONSIBILITY OF THE SUBORDINATES
TO THEIR SUPERIOR FOR PERFORMANCE IS
ABSOLUTE AND THE SUPERIOR CANNOT
ESCAPE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE
ORGANIZATION ON ACTIVITIES PERFORMED
BY THEIR SUBORDINATES.
PRINCIPLE OF BALANCE – STATES THAT
THE APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES MUST BE
BALANCED TO ENSURE THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE STRUCTURE IN
MEETING ORGANIZATION’S OBJECTIVES
PRINCIPLE OF DELEGATION BY RESULTS –
STATES THAT AUTHORITY DELEGATED
SHOULD BE ADEQUATE TO ENSURE THE
ABILITY TO ACCOMPLISH EXPECTED
RESULTS
PRINCIPLE OF AUTHORITY LEVEL – IMPLIES
THAT DECISIONS WITHIN THE AUTHORITY
OF THE INDIVIDUAL COMMANDER SHOULD
BE MADE BY THEM AND NOT BE RETURNED
UPWARD IN THE ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURE.
PRINCIPLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL
EFFICIENCY – ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
IS EFFECTIVE IF IT IS STRUCTURED IN SUCH
A WAY TO AID THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF
THE ORGANIZATION’S OBJECTIVES WITH A
MINIMUM COST.
PRINCIPLE OF PARITY AND RESPONSIBILITY
– EXPLAINS THAT RESPONSIBILITY FOR
ACTION CANNOT BE GREATER THAN THAT
IMPLIED BY THE AUTHORITY DELEGATED
NOR SHOULD IT BE LESS. (EQUALITY)
PRINCIPLE OF UNITY OF OBJECTIVES - AN
ORGANIZATION IS EFFECTIVE IF IT ENABLES
THE INDIVIDUALS TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE
ORGANIZATION’S OBJECTIVES.
PROACTIVE PLANS - DEVELOPED IN
ANTICIPATION OF PROBLEMS. ALTHOUGH
NOT ALL POLICE PROBLEMS ARE
PREDICTABLE
PROCEDURAL PLAN OR POLICY PLANS -
DEAL WITH PROCEDURES THAT HAVE BEEN
OUTLINED AND OFFICIALLY ADOPTED BY
ALL MEMBERS OF THE UNIT UNDER
SPECIFIED CIRCUMSTANCES; GUIDELINES
FOR ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN; INCLUDE ALL
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
(SOP)
PROCEDURE – A SEQUENCE OF ACTIVITIES
TO REACH A POINT OR TO ATTAIN WHAT IS
DESIRED.
PROCESS - IS A CLUSTER OR SERIES OF
RELATED PROJECTS LARGER IN SCOPE AND
NOT NECESSARILY TIME LIMITED,
SYSTEMATICALLY DESIGNED TO ACHIEVE
CERTAIN GOALS OF PLAN.
PROGRAM - A HOMOGENOUS GROUP OF
ACTIVITIES NECESSARY FOR THE
PERFORMANCE OF MAJOR PURPOSE.
PROJECT - UNDERTAKING WHICH IS TO BE
CARRIED OUT WITHIN A DEFINITE TIME
FRAME AND WHICH IS INTENDED TO RESULT
IN SOME PRE DETERMINED MEASURE OF
GOODS AND SERVICES
PROMOTION - PROMOTION IS DEFINED AS
THE UPWARD MOVEMENT FROM ONE
CLASSIFICATION OR RANK TO ANOTHER
CARRYING HIGHER BENEFITS AND MORE
RESPONSIBILITY. IT IS THE UPGRADING OF
RANKS AND/OR ADVANCEMENT TO A
POSITION OF LEADERSHIP.
PROMOTION BY VIRTUE OF POSITION
(SECTION 32, R.A. 8551) - ANY PNP
PERSONNEL DESIGNATED TO ANY KEY
POSITION WHOSE RANK IS LOWER THAN
THAT WHICH IS REQUIRED FOR SUCH
POSITION SHALL, AFTER SIX (6) MONTHS OF
OCCUPYING THE SAME, BE ENTITLED TO A
RANK ADJUSTMENT CORRESPONDING TO
THE POSITION.
PROVINCIAL DIRECTOR -WITH THE RANK OF
SENIOR SUPERINTENDENT
RANKING OFFICER - THE OFFICER WHO HAS
THE MORE SENIOR RANK/HIGHER RANK IN A
TEAM OR GROUP.
REACTIVE PLANS - DEVELOPED AS A RESULT
OF CRISIS. A PARTICULAR PROBLEM MAY
OCCUR FOR WHICH THE DEPARTMENT HAS
NO PLAN AND MUST QUICKLY DEVELOP
ONE, SOMETIMES WITHOUT CAREFUL
PREPARATION.
REGIONAL APPELLATE BOARD (RAB) - SHALL
DECIDE CASES ON APPEAL FROM
DECISIONS RENDERED BY THE REGIONAL
DIRECTOR, PROVINCIAL DIRECTOR, CHIEF
OF POLICE, THE CITY OR MUNICIPAL MAYOR
AND THE PLEB; THERE SHALL BE AT LEAST
ONE (1) REGIONAL APPELLATE BOARD PER
ADMINISTRATIVE REGION
REGIONAL DIRECTOR -WITH THE RANK OF
CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT (ONE STAR
GENERAL)
REGULAR PROMOTION - PROMOTION
GRANTED TO POLICE OFFICERS MEETING
THE MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR
PROMOTION.
REMOVAL FROM OFFICE OF THE
NAPOLCOM COMMISSIONERS- THE
MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION MAY BE
REMOVED FROM OFFICE FOR CAUSE. ALL
VACANCIES IN THE COMMISSION, EXCEPT
THROUGH EXPIRATION OF TERM, SHALL BE
FILLED UP FOR THE UNEXPIRED TERM ONLY:
PROVIDED THAT ANY PERSON WHO SHALL
BE APPOINTED IN THIS CASE SHALL BE
ELIGIBLE FOR REGULAR APPOINTMENT FOR
ANOTHER FULL TERM.
REPORT - USUALLY A WRITTEN
COMMUNICATION UNLESS OTHERWISE
SPECIFIES TO BE VERBAL REPORTS;
VERBAL REPORTS SHOULD BE CONFIRMED
BY WRITTEN COMMUNICATION.
REPUBLIC ACT 157- CREATED THE
NATIONAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION,
ENACTED JUNE 19, 1947 AND LATER
REORGANIZED BY R.A. 2678 (RENAMED BY
EXECUTIVE ORDER 92)
REPUBLIC ACT 4864- OTHERWISE KNOWN
AS THE POLICE PROFESSIONALIZATION
ACT OF 1966, ENACTED ON SEPTEMBER 8,
1966; CREATED THE POLICE COMMISSION
(POLCOM); LATER POLCOM WAS RENAMED
INTO NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
(NAPOLCOM)
REPUBLIC ACT 6975- OTHERWISE KNOWN
AS THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND
LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT OF 1990,
ENACTED ON DECEMBER 13, 1990;
REORGANIZED THE DILG AND ESTABLISHED
THE (SECTION 23) PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
POLICE, (SECTION 53) BUREAU OF FIRE
PROTECTION, (SECTION 60) BUREAU OF
JAIL MANAGEMENT AND PENOLOGY AND
THE (SECTION 66) PHILIPPINE PUBLIC
SAFETY COLLEGE
REPUBLIC ACT 8551- OTHERWISE KNOWN
AS THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
REFORM AND REORGANIZATION ACT OF
1998, ENACTED ON FEBRUARY 25, 1998;
THIS LAW AMENDED CERTAIN PROVISIONS
OF RA 6975 (BY PRESIDENT FIDEL V. RAMOS)
REPUBLIC ACT 9263 - BUREAU OF FIRE
PROTECTION AND BUREAU OF JAIL
MANAGEMENT AND PENOLOGY
PROFESSIONALIZATION ACT OF 2004;
APPROVED ON 10 MARCH 2004; PROVIDED
FOR THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF THE
BFP AND BJMP
REPUBLIC ACT 9592 – AMENDATORY LAW
TO RA 9263; APPROVED ON 8 MAY 2009;
AMENDED THE PROVISION ON THE MINIMUM
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION
REPUBLIC ACT 9708- LAW AMENDING THE
PROVISIONS OF RA 6975 AND RA 8551 ON
THE MINIMUM EDUCATIONAL
QUALIFICATION FOR APPOINTMENT TO THE
PNP AND ADJUSTING THE PROMOTION
SYSTEM; APPROVED ON 12 AUGUST 2009
RETIREMENT - THE SEPARATION OF THE
POLICE PERSONNEL FROM THE SERVICE BY
REASON OF REACHING THE AGE OF
RETIREMENT PROVIDED BY LAW, OR UPON
COMPLETION OF CERTAIN NUMBER OF
YEARS IN ACTIVE SERVICE. PNP UNIFORMED
PERSONNEL SHALL RETIRE TO THE NEXT
HIGHER RANK FOR PURPOSES OF
RETIREMENT PAY.
RETIREMENT BENEFITS - MONTHLY
RETIREMENT PAY SHALL BE FIFTY PERCENT
(50%) OF THE BASE PAY IN CASE OF TWENTY
YEARS OF ACTIVE SERVICE, INCREASING BY
TWO AND ONE-HALF PERCENT (2.5%) FOR
EVERY YEAR OF ACTIVE SERVICE RENDERED
BEYOND 20 YEARS TO A MAXIMUM OF
NINETY PERCENT (90%) FOR THIRTY-SIX (36)
YEARS OF SERVICE AND OVER: PROVIDED,
THAT THE UNIFORMED MEMBER SHALL
HAVE THE OPTION TO RECEIVE IN ADVANCE
AND IN LUMP SUM HIS OR HER RETIREMENT
PAY FOR THE FIRST FIVE (5)
YEARS. PROVIDED, FURTHER, THAT
PAYMENT OF THE RETIREMENT BENEFITS IN
LUMP SUM SHALL BE MADE WITHIN SIX (6)
MONTHS FROM EFFECTIVITY DATE OF
RETIREMENT AND/OR COMPLETION.
RETIREMENT DUE TO PERMANENT
PHYSICAL DISABILITY - PNP UNIFORMED
PERSONNEL WHO ARE PERMANENTLY AND
TOTALLY DISABLED AS A RESULT OF
INJURIES SUFFERED OR SICKNESS
CONTRACTED IN THE PERFORMANCE OF
HIS DUTY SHALL BE ENTITLED TO ONE
YEAR’S SALARY AND TO A LIFETIME
PENSION EQUIVALENT TO EIGHTY PERCENT
(80%) OF HIS LAST SALARY, IN ADDITION TO
OTHER BENEFITS.
RETIREMENT OR SEPARATION UNDER THE
ATTRITION SYSTEM - ANY PERSONNEL WHO
IS DISMISSED FROM THE PNP PURSUANT TO
DIFFERENT WAYS MENTIONED, SHALL BE
RETIRED IF HE OR SHE HAS RENDERED AT
LEAST TWENTY (20) YEARS OF SERVICE AND
SEPARATED IF HE OR SHE HAS RENDERED
LESS THAN TWENTY (20) YEARS OF
SERVICE, UNLESS THE PERSONNEL IS
DISQUALIFIED BY LAW TO RECEIVE SUCH
BENEFITS.
RIEVE (THE HEAD-MAN) - THE MILITARY
LEADER (LIEUTENANTS OF THE ARMY) WHO
IS IN CHARGE OF THE SHIRES. (LEADER)
SANGYAMAN - PROTECTION AND
PRESERVATION OF ENVIRONMENT,
CULTURAL PROPERTIES, AND NATURAL
RESOURCES MASTER PLAN.
SCALAR PRINCIPLE – SHOWS THE
VERTICAL HIERARCHY OF THE
ORGANIZATION WHICH DEFINES AN
UNBROKEN CHAIN OF UNITS FROM TOP TO
BOTTOM DESCRIBING EXPLICITLY THE
FLOW OF AUTHORITY.
SELECTING THE MOST APPROPRIATE
ALTERNATIVE - A CAREFUL CONSIDERATION
OF ALL FACTS USUALLY LEADS TO THE
SELECTION OF A “BEST” OF ALTERNATIVE
PROPOSAL.
SELLING THE PLAN - A PLAN TO BE
EFFECTIVELY CARRIED OUT MUST BE
ACCEPTED BE PERSONS CONCERNED AT
THE APPROPRIATE LEVEL OF THE PLANS
DEVELOPMENT.
SERVICE UNITS- THOSE THAT PERFORM
AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS EXAMPLES ARE
COMMUNICATION, RECORDS MANAGEMENT
SHIRES - A DIVISION OF (55) MILITARY AREAS
IN ENGLAND UNDER THE REGIME OF
FRANCE. (SUBORDINATES)
SHIRE-RIEVE - “SHERIFF” - A PERSON WHICH
ABSOLUTE POWERS THAT NO ONE COULD
QUESTIONS HIS OR HER ACTIONS.
SPECIALIZATION- THE ASSIGNMENT OF
PARTICULAR PERSONNEL TO PARTICULAR
TASKS WHICH ARE HIGHLY TECHNICAL AND
REQUIRE SPECIAL SKILLS AND TRAINING
SPECIAL PROMOTION – PROMOTION
GRANTED TO POLICE OFFICERS WHO HAVE
EXHIBITED ACTS OF CONSPICUOUS
COURAGE AND GALLANTRY AT THE RISK OF
HIS/HER LIFE ABOVE AND BEYOND THE
CALL OF DUTY.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
(SOP) - PROCEDURES INTENDED FOR
SPECIFIC OPERATIONS TO ENSURE
UNIFORMITY OF ACTION
STANDING PLAN- PROVIDE THE BASIC
FRAMEWORK FOR RESPONDING TO
ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #01 –
POLICE BEAT PATROL PROCEDURES - THIS
SOP PRESCRIBES THE BASIC PROCEDURES
TO BE OBSERVED BY ALL PNP UNITS AND
MOBILE PATROL ELEMENTS IN THE
CONDUCT OF VISIBILITY PATROLS.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #02 –
BANTAY KALYE - THIS SOP PRESCRIBES THE
DEPLOYMENT OF 85% OF THE PNP IN THE
FIELD TO INCREASE POLICE VISIBILITY AND
INTENSIFIES ANTI-CRIME CAMPAIGN OPERATIONS AND TASKS OF ALL
NATIONWIDE. CONCERNED UNITS IN THE CAMPAIGN
AGAINST PARTISAN ARMED GROUPS AND
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #03 – LOOSE FIRE.
SIYASAT - THIS SOP PRESCRIBES THE
GUIDELINES IN THE CONDUCT OF STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE # 11 –
INSPECTIONS TO ENSURE POLICE MANHUNT BRAVO (NEUTRALIZATION OF
VISIBILITY. WANTED PERSONS) - THIS SOP SETS FORTH
THE OBJECTIVES AND CONCEPT OF
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #4 – OPERATION TASKS OF ALL CONCERNED
REACT 166 - REACT 166 WAS LAUNCHED IN UNITS IN THE NEUTRALIZATION OF WANTED
1992 AS THE PEOPLE’S DIRECT LINK TO THE PERSONS.
POLICE TO RECEIVE PUBLIC CALLS FOR
ASSISTANCE AND COMPLAINTS FOR STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #12 –
PROMPT ACTION BY POLICE AUTHORITIES. ANTI-ILLEGAL GAMBLING -THIS SOP SETS
THIS SOP PRESCRIBES THE PROCEDURES FORTH THE OPERATIONAL THRUSTS TO BE
IN DETAIL OF DUTY OFFICERS, TELEPHONE UNDERTAKEN BY THE PNP THAT WILL
OPERATORS AND RADIO OPERATORS FOR SPEARHEAD THE FIGHT AGAINST ALL
REACT 166; THEIR TERM OF DUTY AND FORMS OF ILLEGAL GAMBLING
RESPONSIBILITIES. NATIONWIDE.

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #5 – STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #13 –

LIGTAS (ANTI-KIDNAPPING) - WITH THE ANTI-SQUATTING - THIS SOP SETS FORTH
CREATION OF THE PRESIDENTIAL ANTI- THE CONCEPT OF OPERATION IN THE
ORGANIZATION CRIME TASK FORCE CAMPAIGN AGAINST PROFESSIONAL
(PAOCTF), THE PNP IS NOW IN SUPPORT SQUATTERS AND SQUATTING SYNDICATES.
ROLE IN CAMPAIGN AGAINST KIDNAPPING IN
TERMS OF PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS. STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #14 –
SOP #6 SETS FORTH THE PNP’S GUIDELINES JERICHO - THIS SOP PRESCRIBES THE
IN ITS FIGHT AGAINST KIDNAPPING OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES TO BE
ACTIVITIES. UNDERTAKEN BY THE NHQ, PNP IN THE
ESTABLISHMENT OF A QUICK REACTION
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #6 – GROUP THAT CAN BE DETAILED WITH THE
ANTI-CARNAPPING - THIS SOP PRESCRIBES OFFICE OF THE SILG (OSILG), WITH
THE CONDUCT OF AN ALL-OUT AND PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT
SUSTAINED ANTI CARNAPPING CAMPAIGN REQUIREMENTS OF THAT REACTION GROUP
TO STOP/MINIMIZE CARNAPPING SUPPORTED BY THE PNP.
ACTIVITIES, NEUTRALIZE SYNDICATED
CARNAPPING GROUPS, STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #15 –
IDENTIFY/PROSECUTE GOVERNMENT NENA (ANTI-PROSTITUTION/VAGRANCY)
PERSONNEL INVOLVED IN CARNAPPING THIS SOP SETS FORTH THE OPERATIONAL
ACTIVITIES, AND TO EFFECTIVELY ADDRESS THRUSTS TO BE UNDERTAKEN BY THE PNP
OTHER CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES RELATED TO THAT WILL SPEARHEAD THE FIGHT AGAINST
CARNAPPING. PROSTITUTION AND VAGRANCY.

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #7 – STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #16 –

ANTI-TERRORISM - THIS PRESCRIBES THE ANTI-PORNOGRAPHY - THIS PRESCRIBES
OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES IN THE THE GUIDELINES TO BE FOLLOWED BY
CONDUCT OF OPERATIONS AGAINST TASKED PNP UNITS/OFFICES IN
TERRORISTS AND OTHER LAWLESS ENFORCING THE BAN ON PORNOGRAPHIC
ELEMENTS INVOLVED IN TERRORISTIC PICTURES, VIDEOS AND MAGAZINES.
ACTIVITIES.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #17 –
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #8 – GUIDELINES IN THE CONDUCT OF ARREST,
JOINT ANTI-BANK ROBBERY ACTION SEARCH, AND SEIZURE -THIS SOP
COMMITTEE (ANTI-BANK ROBBERY) - THIS PRESCRIBES THE PROCEDURES AND
SOP PROVIDES OVERALL PLANNING, MANNER OF CONDUCTING AN ARREST,
INTEGRATION, RAID, SEARCH AND/OR SEARCH OF
ORCHESTRATION/COORDINATION AND PERSON, SEARCH OF ANY PREMISES AND
MONITORING OF ALL EFFORTS TO ENSURE THE SEIZURE OF PROPERTIES PURSUANT
THE SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION. TO THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION,
RULES OF COURT, AS AMENDED AND
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #9 – UPDATED DECISION OF THE SUPREME
ANTI-HIJACKING/HIGHWAY ROBBERY - THIS COURT.
SOP SETS FORTH THE GUIDELINES AND
CONCEPTS OF OPERATIONS TO BE STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #18 –
OBSERVED IN THE CONDUCT OF ANTI- SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SANDIGAN
HIGHWAY ROBBERY/HOLD-UP/HIJACKING MASTER PLAN
OPERATIONS.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #19 –
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #10 – ANTI-ILLEGAL LOGGING
PAGLALANSAG/PAGAAYOS-HOPE - THIS
SOP SETS FOR THE CONCEPT OF
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #20 –
ANTI-ILLEGAL FISHING
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE #21 –
ANTI-ILLEGAL DRUGS
STATUS OF THE MEMBERS OF THE PNP -
POLICE OFFICERS ARE EMPLOYEES OF THE
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT AND SHALL DRAW
THEIR SALARIES FROM THE NATIONAL
BUDGET; THEY SHALL HAVE THE SAME
SALARY GRADE LEVEL AS THAT OF PUBLIC
SCHOOL TEACHERS POLICE OFFICERS
ASSIGNED IN METRO MANILA, CHARTERED
CITIES AND FIRST CLASS MUNICIPALITIES
MAY BE PAID FINANCIAL INCENTIVES BY THE
LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIT CONCERNED
SUBJECT TO AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS
STATUTE OF 1295 - THE LAW THAT MARK
THE BEGINNING OF THE CURFEW HOURS,
WHICH DEMANDED THE CLOSING OF THE
GATES OF LONDON DURING SUNDOWN.
STRATEGIC OR LONG RANGE PLAN - IT
RELATES TO PLANS WHICH ARE STRATEGIC
OR LONG RANGE IN APPLICATION, IT
DETERMINE THE ORGANIZATION’S
ORIGINAL GOALS AND STRATEGY. EX.
POLICE ACTION PLAN ON THE STRATEGY
DREAMS AND PROGRAM P-O-L-I-C-E 2000,
THREE POINT AGENDA, GLORIA
STRATEGIC PLANS - DESIGNED TO MEET THE
LONG-RANGE, OVERALL GOALS OF THE
ORGANIZATION. SUCH PLANS ALLOW THE
DEPARTMENT TO ADAPT TO ANTICIPATED
CHANGES OR DEVELOP A NEW
PHILOSOPHY OR MODEL OF POLICING (E.G.
COMMUNITY POLICING).
STRATEGY – IS A BROAD DESIGN, METHOD;
A MAJOR PLAN OF ACTION THAT NEEDS A
LARGE AMOUNT OF RESOURCES TO ATTAIN
A MAJOR GOAL OR OBJECTIVES.
SUMMARY DISMISSAL POWERS - THE
NAPOLCOM, CHIEF PNP AND REGIONAL
DIRECTORS (NCR) HAVE SUMMARY
DISMISSAL POWERS IN ANY OF THE
FOLLOWING CASES: WHEN THE CHARGE IS
SERIOUS AND THE EVIDENCE OF GUILT IS
STRONG; WHEN THE RESPONDENT IS A
RECIDIVIST OR HAS BEEN REPEATEDLY
CHARGED AND THERE ARE REASONABLE
GROUNDS TO BELIEVE THAT HE IS GUILTY
OF THE CHARGES; AND WHEN THE
RESPONDENT IS GUILTY OF A SERIOUS
OFFENSE INVOLVING CONDUCT
UNBECOMING OF A POLICE OFFICER
TACTIC – IT IS A SPECIFIC DESIGN, METHOD
OR COURSE OF ACTION TO ATTAIN A
PARTICULAR OBJECTIVE IN CONSONANCE
WITH STRATEGY.
TEMPORARY APPOINMENT– ANY PNP
PERSONNEL WHO IS ADMITTED DUE TO THE
WAIVER OF THE EDUCATIONAL OR WEIGHT
REQUIREMENTS. ANY MEMBER WHO WILL
FAIL TO SATISFY ANY OF THE WAIVED
REQUIREMENTS WITH THE SPECIFIED TIME
PERIODS SHALL BE DISMISSED FROM THE
SERVICE.
TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT INCAPACITY
OF THE CHAIRPERSON - IN CASE OF
ABSENCE DUE TO THE TEMPORARY
INCAPACITY OF THE CHAIRPERSON, THE
VICE CHAIR SHALL SERVE AS CHAIRPERSON
UNTIL THE CHAIRPERSON IS PRESENT OR
REGAINS CAPACITY TO SERVE. IN CASE OF
DEATH OR PERMANENT INCAPACITY OR
DISQUALIFICATION OF THE CHAIRPERSON,
THE ACTING CHAIRPERSON SHALL ALSO
ACT AS SUCH UNTIL A NEW CHAIRPERSON
SHALL HAVE BEEN APPOINTED BY THE
PRESIDENT AND QUALIFIED.
TIME-IN GRADE – THE NUMBER OF YEARS
REQUIRED FOR A POLICE OFFICER TO HOLD
A CERTAIN RANK BEFORE HE CAN BE
PROMOTED TO THE NEXT HIGHER RANK
TRAVELLING JUDGE - JUDGE SELECTED TO
HEAR CASES WHICH WERE FORMERLY
BEING JUDGE BY THE SHIRE-RIEVE AND
TASK TO TRAVEL THROUGH AND HEAR
CRIMINAL CASES. THIS WAS THE FIRST
INSTANCE OF THE DIVISION OF THE POLICE
AND JUDICIAL POWERS
TRIAL BY ORDEAL - A JUDICIAL PRACTICE
WHERE IN THE GUILT OR INNOCENCE OF
THE ACCUSED IS DETERMINED BY
SUBJECTING HIM TO AN UNPLEASANT,
USUALLY DANGEROUS, EXPERIENCE. THE
WORD “ORDEAL” WAS DERIVED FROM THE
MEDIEVAL LATIN WORD “DEI INDICUM”
WHICH MEANS “A MIRACULOUS DECISION.”
(YOU ARE PROTECTED BY YOUR GOD)
SECTION- FUNCTIONAL UNITS WITHIN A
PARTICULAR DIVISION. THIS IS NECESSARY
FOR SPECIALIZATION.
SICK LEAVE - PERIOD WHICH AN OFFICER IS
EXCUSED FROM ACTIVE DUTY BY REASON
OF ILLNESS OR INJURY.
SPAN OF CONTROL- THE MAXIMUM NUMBER
OF SUBORDINATES THAT A SUPERIOR CAN
EFFECTIVELY SUPERVISE.
SPECIAL DUTY - THE POLICE SERVICE, ITS
NATURE, WHICH REQUIRES THAT THE
OFFICER BE EXCUSED FROM THE
PERFORMANCE OF HIS ACTIVE REGULAR
DUTY. LIKE IN DETAILED IN JAPAN EMBASSY.
STAFF/ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS-
FUNCTIONS THAT ARE DESIGNED TO
SUPPORT THE LINE FUNCTIONS AND ASSIST
IN THE PERFORMANCE OF THE LINE
FUNCTIONS EXAMPLES OF THE STAFF
FUNCTIONS OF THE POLICE ARE PLANNING,
RESEARCH, BUDGETING AND LEGAL ADVICE
SUPERIOR OFFICER - ONE HAVING
SUPERVISORY RESPONSIBILITIES, EITHER
TEMPORARILY OR PERMANENTLY, OVER
OFFICERS OF LOWER RANK.
SUSPENSION - A CONSEQUENCE OF AN ACT
WHICH TEMPORARILY DEPRIVES AN
OFFICER FROM THE PRIVILEGE OF SIMILAR OFFENSES; THE PNP SHALL
PERFORMING HIS DUTIES AS RESULT OF RESERVE TEN PERCENT (10%) OF ITS
VIOLATING DIRECTIVES OR OTHER ANNUAL RECRUITMENT, TRAINING AND
DEPARTMENT REGULATIONS. EDUCATION QUOTA FOR WOMEN; POLICE
WOMEN SHALL ENJOY THE SAME
SWORN OFFICERS – ALL PERSONNEL OF OPPORTUNITIES IN TERMS OF ASSIGNMENT,
THE POLICE DEPARTMENT WHO HAVE OATH PROMOTION AND OTHER BENEFITS AND
AND WHO POSSESS THE POWER TO PRIVILEGES EXTENDED TO ALL POLICE
ARREST. OFFICERS

TIME SPECIFIC PLANS- ARE CONCERNED

WITH THE SPECIFIC PURPOSE AND
CONCLUDE WHEN AN OBJECTIVE IS
ACCOMPLISHED OR A PROBLEM IS SOLVED.

TRAFFIC PATROL – POLICE CONTROL OF

STREETS OR HIGHWAYS, VEHICLES, AND
PEOPLE SHALL FACILITATE THE SAFE AND
RAPID MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES AND
PEDESTRIANS. TO THIS END, THE
INCONVENIENCE, DANGERS AND
ECONOMIC LOSSES THAT ARISE FROM THIS
MOMENT, CONGESTION, AND DELAYS,
STOPPING AND PARKING OF VEHICLES
MUST BE LESSENED.

TUN (TOWN) POLICING SYSTEM - A SYSTEM

OF POLICING EMERGED DURING THE
ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD WHEREBY ALL MALE
RESIDENTS WERE REQUIRED TO GUARD
THE TOWN (TUN) TO PRESERVE PEACE AND
PROTECT THE LIVES AND PROPERTIES OF
THE PEOPLE. TEN FAMILIES IN A TOWN (TUN)
EQUALED A TITHING. EACH TITHING
ELECTED A LEADER WHO WAS KNOWN AS
THE TITHINGMAN. SINCE 10 TITHINGS
AMOUNTED TO 100, THE LEADER OF THE
100 FAMILIES WAS NAMED THE
REEVE. BOTH THE TITHINGMAN AND REEVE
WERE ELECTED OFFICIALS. THEY
POSSESSED JUDICIAL POWER AS WELL AS
POLICE AUTHORITY. INDUSTRIAL
UNITS- FUNCTIONAL GROUP WITHIN A SECURITY
SECTION WHERE FURTHER
SPECIALIZATION IS NEEDED. MANAGEMENT
UNITY OF COMMAND- DICTATES THAT ACCESS LIST- AN AUTHENTICATED LIST OF
THERE SHOULD ONLY BE ONE MAN PERSONNEL GIVEN TO SECURITY
COMMANDING THE UNIT TO ENSURE ALLOWING ENTRY TO COMPOUND OR
UNIFORMITY IN THE EXECUTION OF ORDERS INSTALLATION.

VICE CONTROL – IT SHALL BE THE AIR CARGO SECURITY- TO MINIMIZE OR TO

DETERMINED STAND OF THE PNP IN THE
CONTROL OF VICES TO TREAT VICE
OFFENSES AS THEY SHALL DO TO ANY
VIOLATION, AND EXERT EFFORTS TO
ELIMINATE THEM, AS THERE ATTEMPT TO
ELIMINATE ROBBERY, THEFT, AND PUBLIC
DISTURBANCE.
VISIONARY PLANS - ESSENTIAL
STATEMENTS THAT IDENTIFY THE ROLE OF
THE POLICE IN THE COMMUNITY AND A
FUTURE CONDITION OR STATE TO WHICH
THE DEPARTMENT CAN ASPIRE.
WOMEN’S DESK - ALL POLICE STATIONS
SHALL ADMINISTER AND ATTEND TO CASES
INVOLVING CRIMES AGAINST CHASTITY,
SEXUAL HARASSMENT (RA 7877), ABUSES
COMMITTED AGAINST WOMEN AND
CHILDREN RA 7610, RA 9262) AND OTHER
PREVENT LOSES OF CARGO DURING IN
TRANSIT, STORAGE, OR TRANSFER.
ANIMAL BARRIER – ANIMALS ARE USED IN
PARTIALLY PROVIDING A GUARDING SYSTEM
LIKE DOGS AND GEESE.
ARTICLE 304 POSSESSION OF PICKLOCKS
OR SIMILAR TOOLS - ANY PERSON, WHO
SHALL WITHOUT LAWFUL CAUSE HAVE IN
POSSESSION PICKLOCKS OR SIMILAR
TOOLS ESPECIALLY ADAPTED TO THE
COMMISSION OF THE CRIME OR ROBBERY,
SHALL BE PUNISHED BY ARRESTO MAYOR IN
ITS MAXIMUM PERIOD TO PRISON
CORRECTIONAL IN THE MINIMUM PERIOD
ARTICLE 305 FALSE KEY - THE TERM “FALSE
KEYS” SHALL BE DEEMED TO INCLUDE:
GENUINE KEYS STOLEN FROM THE OWNER.
ANY KEYS OTHER THAN THOSE INTENDED
BY THE OWNER FOR USE IN THE LOCK
FORCIBLY OPENED BY THE OFFENDER.
ASSETS PROTECTION PROGRAM - IT IS THE
SUM TOTAL OF THE PROTECTION SCHEME
ENCOMPASSING THE ENTIRE SECURITY
SPECTRUM, DESIGNED TO ELIMINATE,
REDUCE OR CONTROL THREATS, HAZARDS,
RISK OR DAMAGES TO COMPANY ASSETS.
AUDIO DETECTION DEVICE - IT IS A
SUPERSENSITIVE MICROPHONE SPEAKER
SENSOR THAT IS INSTALLED IN WALLS,
CEILINGS, AND FLOORS OF THE
PROTECTED AREA. ANY SOUND CAUSED BY
ATTEMPTED FORCED ENTRY IS DETECTED
BY FILE CENSOR.
AUDITS- IN ADDITION TO PERIODIC
INVENTORY AN UNANNOUNCED AUDIT
SHOULD BE MADE OF ALL KEY CONTROL
RECORDS AND PROCEDURE BY A MEMBER
OF MANAGEMENT.
AUXILIARY SYSTEM - IN THIS SYSTEM
INSTALLATION CIRCUITS ARE LED INTO
LOCAL POLICE OR FIRE DEPARTMENT BY
LEASE TELEPHONE LINE
BACKGROUND INVESTIGATION – A CHECK
MADE ON AN INDIVIDUAL USUALLY SEEKING
EMPLOYMENT THROUGH SUBJECTS
RECORDS IN THE POLICE FILES,
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, PLACE OF
RESIDENCE, AND FORMER EMPLOYERS.
BANK SECURITY - THE PROTECTION
RESULTING FROM THE APPLICATION OF
VARIOUS MEASURES WHICH SAFEGUARDS
CASH AND ASSETS WHICH ARE IN STORAGE,
IN TRANSIT, AND OR DURING TRANSACTION.
BARRIER- ANY STRUCTURE OR PHYSICAL
DEVICE CAPABLE OF RESTRICTION,
DETERRING OR DELAYING ILLEGAL ACCESS
TO AN INSTALLATION.
BARBED WIRE FENCES (SEMI-PERMANENT) -
STANDARD BARBED WIRE IS TWISTED
DOUBLE STRAND, 12 GAUGE WIRES, WITH 4
POINT BARB SPACED ON EQUAL DISTANT
PART. BARBED WIRE FENCING SHOULD NOT
BE LESS THAN 7 FEET HIGH, EXCLUDING
THE TOP GUARD. BARBED WIRE FENCING
MUST BE FIRMLY AFFIXED TO POST NOT
MORE THAN 6 FEET APART. THE DISTANCE
BETWEEN STRANDS WILL NOT EXCEED 6
INCHES AND AT LEAST ONE WIRE WILL BE
INTERLOCK VERTICAL AND MIDWAY
BETWEEN
BILL TRAPS - IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS
CURRENCY ACTIVATION DEVICES WHICH
ARE USUALLY PLACE IN THE TELLERS TOP
CASH DRAWER AND CONNECTED TO THE
ALARM SYSTEM USING A WIRE CONNECTOR.
WHEN CURRENCY IS REMOVED FROM THE
DEVICES, THE ALARM IS ACTIVATED.
CARD-OPERATED LOCKS - CODED CARD
NOTCHED, EMBOSSED OR CONTAINING AN
EMBEDDED PATTERN OF COPPER FLOCKS.
THESE ARE FREQUENTLY FITTED WITH A
RECORDING DEVICE WHICH REGISTER TIME
AND IDENTIFY THE USER.
CASUAL PILFERER – ONE WHO STEALS DUE
TO HIS INABILITY TO RESIST THE
UNEXPECTED OPPORTUNITY AND HAS
LITTLE FEAR OF DETECTION.
CENTRAL STATION SYSTEM - A TYPE OF
PROTECTIVE ALARM WHERE THE CENTRAL
STATION LOCATED OUTSIDE THE
INSTALLATION. IT CAN BE LOCATED IN
AGENCY AND THE INSTALLATION IS ONE OF
THE SUBSCRIBERS. WHEN ALARM IS
SOUNDED, CENTRAL STATION NOTIFIES
POLICE AND OTHER AGENCY. A SYSTEM IN
WHICH THE ALARM SIGNAL IS RELAYED TO
REMOTE PANEL LOCATED AT THE
FACILITIES OF PRIVATE OWNED
PROTECTION SERVICE COMPANY MANNED
BY ITS PERSONNEL.
CHAIN LINK FENCES (PERMANENT
STRUCTURE) - MUST BE CONSTRUCTED IN 7
FEET MATERIAL EXCLUDING THE TOP
GUARD; MUST BE OF 9 GAUGE OR HEAVIER;
MESH OPENING MUST NOT BE LARGER
THAN 2 INCHES; SECURELY FASTENED TO
RIGID MATERIAL OR REINFORCED
CONCRETE; REACH WITHIN 2 INCHES OF
HARD GROUND OR PAVING; ON SOFT
GROUND, IT MUST REACH BELOW SURFACE
DEEP ENOUGH TO COMPENSATE FOR
SHIFTING SOIL OR SAND.
CHANGE KEY - A KEY TO SINGLE LOCK
WITHIN A MASTER KEYED SYSTEM.
CLASS I – VITAL DOCUMENTS- IN THIS
CATEGORY THESE ARE RECORDS THAT ARE
IRREPLACEABLE; RECORDS OF WHICH
REPRODUCTION DOES NOT HAVE THE SAME
VALUE AS THE ORIGINAL.
CLASS II – IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS- THIS
INCLUDES RECORDS, THE REPRODUCTION
OF WHICH WILL CLOSE CONSIDERABLE
EXPENSE AND LABOR, OR CONSIDERABLE
DELAY.
CLASS III – USEFUL DOCUMENT- THIS
INCLUDE RECORDS WHOSE LOSS MIGHT
CAUSE INCONVENIENCE BUT COULD BE
READILY REPLACED AND WHICH WOULD
NOT IN THE MEANTIME PRESENT AN
INSURMOUNTABLE OBSTACLE
CLASS IV – NON-ESSENTIAL DOCUMENTS-
THESE RECORDS ARE DAILY FILES, ROUTINE
IN NATURE EVEN IF LOST OR DESTROYED,
WILL NOT AFFECT OPERATION OR
ADMINISTRATION. THIS CLASS
REPRESENTS THE BULK OF THE RECORDS
WHICH SHOULD NOT BE ATTEMPTED TO
PROTECT.
CLEAR ZONE – IT REFERS TO
UNOBSTRUCTED AREA MAINTAIN ON BOTH
SIDES OF THE PERIMETER BARRIER. IT
AFFORDS BETTER OBSERVATION AND
PATROL MOVEMENT. IT SHOULD BE
CLEARED OF ANYTHING THAT MAY PROVIDE
CONCEALMENT OR ASSISTANCE TO A
PERSON SEEKING AN AUTHORIZED ENTRY;
20 FEET OR MORE BETWEEN THE
PERIMETER BARRIER AND EXTERIOR
STRUCTURE. (OUTSIDE); 50 FEET OR MORE
BETWEEN THE PERIMETER BARRIER AND
STRUCTURE WITHIN THE PROTECTED
AREAS. (INSIDE)
CODE-OPERATED LOCKS - THEY ARE OPEN
BY PRESSING A SERIES OF NUMBERED
BUTTONS IN THE PROPER SEQUENCE.
SOME OF THEM ARE EQUIPPED OF ALARM IF
WRONG SEQUENCE IS PRESSED. THESE
ARE HIGH SECURITY LOCKING DEVICE.
COMBINATION LOCKS - A LOCK THAT
REQUIRES MANIPULATION OF DIALS
ACCORDING TO A PREDETERMINED
COMBINATION CODE OF NUMBERS OR
LETTERS. MOST OF THESE LOCKS HAVE
THREE DIALS BUT SOME LOCKS HAVE FOUR
DIALS FOR GREATER SECURITY.
COMMUNICATION SECURITY- THE
PROTECTION RESULTING FROM THE
APPLICATION OF VARIOUS MEASURES
WHICH PREVENT OR DELAY THE ENEMY OR
UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IN GAINING
INFORMATION THROUGH COMMUNICATION.
THIS INCLUDES TRANSMISSION,
CRYPTOGRAPHIC AND PHYSICAL SECURITY.
COMPANY SECURITY- A SECURITY GUARD
RECRUITED AND EMPLOYED BY THE
COMPANY. (30 – 100)
COMPLETE BACKGROUND INVESTIGATION-
IT IS A TYPE OF BI WHICH IS MORE
COMPREHENSIVE, PARTICULARLY ALL THE
CIRCUMSTANCES OF HIS PERSONAL LIFE.
CONCERTINA WIRE FENCES (LEAST
PERMANENT - STANDARD CONCERTINA
BARBED IS A COMMERCIAL
MANUFACTURED WIRE COIL OF HIGH
STRENGTH STEEL BARBED WIRE CLIPPED
TOGETHER AT INTERVALS TO FORM
CYLINDER. OPENED CONCERTINA WIRE IS
50 FEET LONG AND 3 FEET IN DIAMETER.
CONTROLLED AREAS- ACCESS IS
RESTRICTED TO ENTRANCE OR MOVEMENT
BY ONLY AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL AND
VEHICLES.
CONTROLLED LIGHTING TYPE- THE
LIGHTING IS FOCUSED ON THE PILE OF
ITEMS, RATHER THAN THE BACK GROUND.
THE WEALTH OF THE LIGHTED STRIP CAN BE
CONTROLLED AND ADJUSTED TO SUIT THE
SECURITY NEEDS.
CREATION- INFORMATION IS DISCOVERED
AND DEVELOPS.
CRYPTOGRAPHIC SECURITY- RESULTS
FROM PROVISIONS OF TECHNICALLY
SOUND CRYPTO-SYSTEMS AND THEIR
PROPER USE.
DAILY REPORT - IT SHOULD BE MADE TO THE
PERSON RESPONSIBLE FOR KEY CONTROL.
DIAL ALARM SYSTEM - THIS SYSTEM IS SET
TO DIAL A PREDETERMINED NUMBER WHEN
THE ALARM IS ACTIVATED. THE NUMBERS
SELECTED MIGHT BE THE POLICE STATION
OR OTHERS. WHEN THE PHONE IS
ANSWERED, A RECORDING STATE THAT AN
INTRUSION IS IN PROGRESS AT THE
LOCATION ALARMED.
DISC TUMBLER LOCKS - ALSO KNOWN AS
WAFER TUMBLER TYPE, HAS FLAT METAL
TUMBLERS WITH OPEN CENTER FITTED
INTO LOCK CASE. IT IS COMMONLY
DESIGNED FOR AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY
AND IS IN GENERAL USE IN CAR DOORS
TODAY BECAUSE THIS LOCK IS EASY AND
CHEAP TO MANUFACTURE. THE DELAY
AFFORDED IS BETWEEN 7 TO 10 MINUTES
DISPOSITION- DECISION MAY BE MADE TO
RETAIN THE INFORMATION INDEFINITELY AT
EITHER AN ACTIVE OR AN INACTIVE
STORAGE CENTER OR TO DISPOSE IT.
DOCUMENT AND INFORMATION SECURITY -
THE LOSS OF DOCUMENT AND
INFORMATION COST BILLIONS OF PESOS.
THE IMPORTANCE OF DOCUMENT AND
INFORMATION SECURITY IS NOT REALIZED
UNTIL AFTER A LOSS HAS BEEN
DISCOVERED IN MANY INSTANCES ONE
THAT HAS ALREADY CAUSE IRREPARABLE
DAMAGE. FOR THIS REASONS
COMPREHENSIVE DOCUMENT AND
INFORMATION SECURITY PROGRAM IS VITAL
TO OPERATING.
DOCUMENT SECURITY- PROTECTION OF
DOCUMENTS, CLASSIFIED MATTERS AND
VITAL RECORDS FROM LOSS, ACCESS TO
UNAUTHORIZED PERSONS, DAMAGE, THEFT
AND COMPROMISE THROUGH PROPER
STORAGE AND PROCEDURES.
DOUBLE SQUEEZE BUTTON - IT REQUIRES
PRESSURE ON BOTH SIDE OF THE DEVICE
AND THEREFORE THE PROBABILITY OF
ACCIDENTAL ALARM IS REDUCED.
DRY RUN- PRACTICAL TEST OR EXERCISE OF
A PLAN OR ANY ACTIVITIES TO TEST ITS
VALIDITY.
EMERGENCY LIGHTING- THIS STANDBY
LIGHTING MAY BE UTILIZED IN THE EVENT OF
ELECTRIC FAILURE, EITHER DUE TO LOCAL
EQUIPMENT OR COMMERCIAL FAILURE.
ENERGY BARRIER – IT IS THE EMPLOYMENT
OF MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL,
ELECTRONIC ENERGY IMPOSES A
DETERRENT TO ENTRY BY THE POTENTIAL
INTRUDER.
ENUNCIATOR/ANNUNCIATOR–IT IS THE
SIGNALING SYSTEM THAT ACTIVATES THE
ALARM.
EXCLUSION AREA – IT REFERS TO A
RESTRICTED AREA WHICH CONTAINS A
SECURITY INTEREST TO TOP SECRET
IMPORTANCE AND WHICH REQUIRES THE
HIGHEST DEGREE OF PROTECTION.
EXPLAIN HAZARD TEST- TEST TO DETERMINE
IF THE SUDDEN RISE IN TEMPERATURE WILL
NOT CAUSE THE SAFE TO RUPTURE. IF THE
SAFE CAN WITHSTAND 2000 0F FOR 30
MINUTES WITHOUT CRACKING OR OPENING
THEN IT HAS PASSED THE TEST.
FILE ROOM - A CUBICLE IN A BUILDING
CONSTRUCTED A LITTLE LIGHTER THAN A
VAULT BUT BIGGER SIZE. I CAN
ACCOMMODATE LIMITED PEOPLE TO WORK
ON THE RECORDS INSIDE. SPECIFICATIONS
OF FILE ROOM: SHOULD BE 12 FEET HIGH.
INTERIOR CUBAGE SHOULD NOT BE MORE
THAN 10,000 CUBIC FEET. WATER-TIGHT
DOOR, FIRE-PROOF FOR 1 HOUR
GATES AND DOORS- IT SHOULD BE LOCKED
AND REGULARLY CHECKED BY GUARDS
WHEN NOT IN ACTIVE USE AND
CONTROLLED BY GUARDS; LOCKS SHOULD
BE CHANGE FROM TIME TO TIME
GLARE-PROJECTION TYPE- THE INTENSITY IS
FOCUSED ON THE INTRUDER WHILE THE
OBSERVER GUARD REMAINED IN THE
COMPARATIVE DARKNESS. THE LIGHTING IS
TOWARD OF THE APPROACH OF AN
ENTRANCE TO AN INSTALLATION.
GOVERNMENT SECURITY- A SECURITY
GUARD RECRUITED AND EMPLOYED BY THE
GOVERNMENT (200 – 1000)

FINAL CLEARANCE- EFFECTIVITY FIVE
YEARS
FIRE ENDURANCE TEST- A SAFE SHOULD
NOT HAVE ANY ONE TIME A TEMPERATURE
350 0F.
FIRE AND IMPACT TEST- ITS OBJECTIVE IS TO
DETERMINE THE STRENGTH OF A SAFE TO
RESIST THE COLLAPSE OF A BUILDING
DURING FIRE.
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE - PERIMETER
FENCES/BARRIERS, GUARDS AT THE GATE.
GRAND MASTER KEY - A KEY THAT WILL
OPEN EVERYTHING INVOLVING TWO OR
MORE MASTER KEY GROUPS. THIS KEY IS
RELATIVELY RARE, BUT MIGHT BE USED BY A
MULTI-PREMISES OPERATION IN WHICH
LOCATION WAS MASTER KEYED WHILE THE
GRAND MASTER KEY WOULD FUNCTION ON
ANY SYSTEM.
GUARD CONTROL STATIONS - NORMALLY
PROVIDED AT MAIN PERIMETER ENTRANCES
TO SECURE AREAS LOCATED OUT OF
DOORS, AND MANNED BY GUARDS ON A
FULL TIME BASIS.

FLOODLIGHTS - PROJECTS LIGHT IN A HAZARDS – POSITIVE INIMICAL (HARMFUL)

CONCENTRATED BEAM. BEST USED IN CONDITIONS.
BOUNDARIES, BUILDING OR FENCES.
OTHERWISE KNOWN AS REFLECTORIZED HOTEL SECURITY - IS THE PROTECTION
OR SPOTLIGHT. RESULTING FROM THE APPLICATION OF
VARIOUS MEASURES WHICH SAFEGUARDS
FOOT BUTTON - LIKE THE FOOT RAILS IT HOTEL GUESTS AND THEIR PERSONAL
PERMITS ALARM ACTIVATION IN RELATIVELY EFFECTS, HOTEL PROPERTIES AND
SAFETY WHILE BOTH HANDS REMAIN CLEAR FUNCTIONS IN HOTEL RESTAURANT, BARS
IN VIEW OF THE ROBBERS. AND CLUBS.

FOOT RAIL ACTIVATOR - THEY ARE PLACE HUMAN BARRIER - SECURITY GUARDS AND
ON THE FLOOR IN SUCH A POSITION THAT EMPLOYEES OF THE ESTABLISHMENT
TELLERS MAY ACTIVATE THE ALARM BY
PLACING THE FRONT OF THEIR FOOT HUMAN HAZARD – IS THE ACT OR
ENGAGE THE ACTIVATION BAR. CONDITION AFFECTING THE SAFE
OPERATION OF THE FACILITY CAUSED BY
FRESNEL LIGHTS - WIDE BEAM UNIT, HUMAN ACTION, ACCIDENTAL OR
PRIMARILY TO EXTEND THE ILLUMINATION INTENTIONAL, THIS TYPE OF HAZARD IS THE
IN LONG HORIZONTAL STRIPS TO PROTECT RESULT OF A STATE OF MIND, ATTITUDE,
THE APPROACHES TO THE PERIMETER. IT WEAKNESS, OR CHARACTER TRAITS ON THE
PROJECTS A NARROW, HORIZONTAL BEAM PART OF ONE OR MORE PERSONS, LIKE
WHICH IS APPROXIMATELY 180 DEGREES IN SABOTAGE, ESPIONAGE, PILFERAGE,
THE HORIZONTAL AND 15 TO 30 DEGREES THEFT, ETC.
IN THE VERTICAL PLANE.
INTERIM CLEARANCE- EFFECTIVITY TWO
FULL VIEW FENCE - THIS IS A KIND OF FENCE YEARS
THAT PROVIDES VISUAL ACCESS THROUGH
THE FENCE. INCANDESCENT LAMPS- THESE ARE
COMMON LIGHT BULBS THAT ARE FOUND IN
GASEOUS-DISCHARGE LAMP - THE USE OF EVERY HOME. THEY HAVE THE ADVANTAGE
THIS IN PROTECTIVE LIGHTING IS LIMITED OF PROVIDING INSTANT ILLUMINATION
SINCE THEY REQUIRE A PERIOD OF TWO TO WHEN THE SWITCH IS THROWN AND MOST
FIVE MINUTES TO LIGHT WHEN THEY ARE COMMONLY USED PROTECTIVE LIGHTING
COLD AND EVEN LONGER PERIOD TO LIGHT, SYSTEM.
WHEN HOT, AFTER A POWER
INTERRUPTION, IT IS VERY ECONOMICAL TO INDUSTRIAL SECURITY- A FORM OF
USE BUT FOR INDUSTRIAL SECURITY IT IS PHYSICAL SECURITY INVOLVING
NOT ACCEPTABLE DUE TO LONG TIME OF INDUSTRIAL PLANTS AND BUSINESS
LIGHTING. ENTERPRISES. THIS INVOLVES THE
SAFEGUARDING OF PERSONNEL,
PROCESSES, PROPERTIES AND
OPERATION.
INVENTORIES - PERIODIC INVENTORIES
WILL HAVE TO BE MADE OF ALL DUPLICATE
AND ORIGINAL KEYS IN THE HANDS OF THE
EMPLOYEES WHOM THEY HAVE BEEN
ISSUED.
KEY CABINET - A WELL-CONSTRUCTED
CABINET WILL HAVE TO BE OF SUFFICIENT
SIZE TO HOLD THE ORIGINAL KEY TO EVERY
LOCK IN THE SYSTEM AND IT SHOULD BE
SECURED AT ALL TIMES.
KEY CONTROL- IS THE MANAGEMENT OF
KEYS IN A PLANT OR BUSINESS
ORGANIZATION TO PREVENT
UNAUTHORIZED INDIVIDUAL ACCESS TO
THE KEYS.
KEY RECORD - SOME ADMINISTRATIVE
MEANS MUST BE SET UP TO RECORD CODE
NUMBERS. INDICATE TO WHOM THE KEYS
TO SPECIFIC LOCKS HAVE BEEN ISSUED.
KNEE OR THIGH BUTTONS - IT IS INSTALLED
INSIDE THE DECK OR TELLER STATION SO
THEY CAN BE ACTIVATED BY KNEE OR THIGH
PRESSURE. THEY ARE COMMONLY FOUND
IN LOCATION WHERE PERSONNEL USUALLY
PERFORM THEIR DUTIES FROM A SEATED
POSITION.
LEVER LOCK - THIS LOCK IS USED IN SAFE
DEPOSIT BOXES AND IS FOR ALL
PURPOSES. THE LEAST OF THIS LOCK ARE
USED IN DESKS, LOCKERS AND CABINETS
AND ARE GENERALLY LESS SECURE THAN
PIN TUMBLER LOCK.
LIMITED AREA - IT IS A RESTRICTED AREA IN
WHICH LESSER DEGREE OF CONTROL IS
REQUIRED THAN IN AN EXCLUSION AREA
BUT WHICH THE SECURITY INTEREST
WOULD BE COMPROMISED BY
UNCONTROLLED MOVEMENT.
LOCAL AGENCY CHECK- REFERS TO THE
INVESTIGATION OF THE RECORDS AND
FILES OF AGENCY IN THE AREA OF
PRINCIPAL RESIDENCE OF THE INDIVIDUAL
BEING INVESTIGATED LIKE MAYOR, POLICE,
FISCAL, JUDGE.
LOCAL ALARM BY CHANCE SYSTEM - THIS IS
A LOCAL ALARM IN WHICH A SIREN OR BELL
IS SOUNDED WITH NO PREDICABLE
RESPONSE. THESE SYSTEMS ARE USED IN
RESIDENCE OR SMALL ESTABLISHMENT
WHICH CANNOT AFFORD A RESPOND
SYSTEM. THE HOPE IS THAT A NEIGHBOR OR
PASSING PATROL CAR WILL REACH THE
ALARM AND CALL FOR POLICE
ASSISTANCE.
LOCK- A MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL,
HYDRAULIC, OR ELECTRONIC DEVICE
DESIGNED TO PREVENT ENTRY INTO
BUILDING, ROOM, CONTAINER OR HIDING
PLACE, AND TO PREVENT THE REMOVAL OF
ITEMS WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF THE
OWNER.
MAGNETIC DOOR CONTACT - IT IS A
PROTECTIVE DEVICE USUALLY PLACED IN
THE DOOR, AND WINDOW THAT CAN SEND
NOTIFICATION WHEN THE OPENING AND
CLOSURE OCCURS
MAISON KEY SYSTEM - KEYING SYSTEM THAT
PERMITS A LOCK TO BE OPENED WITH A
NUMBER OF UNIQUE, INDIVIDUAL KEYS.
MAISON KEY SYSTEMS ARE OFTEN FOUND
IN APARTMENT BUILDING COMMON AREAS,
SUCH AS MAIN ENTRANCE OR A LAUNDRY
ROOM WHERE INDIVIDUAL RESIDENTS CAN
USE THEIR OWN APARTMENT KEY TO
ACCESS THESE AREAS.
MASTER KEY - A SPECIAL KEY CAPABLE OF
OPENING A SERIES OF LOCKS. THIS KEY IS
CAPABLE OF OPENING LESS NUMBER OF
LOCKS THAN THE GRAND MASTER KEY.
MASTER KEYING SYSTEM- A SYSTEM USE IN
BIG INSTALLATION WHEREBY KEYS CAN
OPEN A GROUP OF LOCKS.
MERCURY VAPOR LAMPS -THESE LAMPS
GIVE A BLUE GREEN COLOR LIGHT DUE TO
THE PRESENCE OF MERCURY VAPOR. ITS
INITIAL COST IS HIGHER THAN
INCANDESCENT LAMPS OF THE SAME
WATTAGE BUT IS MORE EFFICIENT AND
GIVER MORE LIGHT. THIS IS WIDELY USED IN
INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR LIGHTING.
METALLIC FOIL OR WIRE - IT WILL DETECT
ANY ACTION THAT MOVES OR BREAK THE
FOIL OR WIRE. IT IS COMMONLY USED IN
WINDOW OR GLASS SURFACES OF
BUILDING OR COMPOUND, ALL POSSIBLE
POINT OF ENTRY CAN BE WIRED BY USING
ELECTRICALLY CHARGE STRIPS OF TINFOIL
OR WIRE.
MOVEABLE LIGHTING - THIS CONSIST OF
STATIONARY OR PORTABLE, MANUALLY
OPERATED SEARCHLIGHTS. THE
SEARCHLIGHTS MAY BE LIGHTED
CONTINUOUSLY DURING THE HOURS OF
DARKNESS NOR ONLY AS NEEDED, IT JUST A
SUPPLEMENTARY TO OTHER PROTECTIVE
OR SECURITY LIGHTING.
MULTIPLE PASS SYSTEM- MULTIPLE COPIES
OF PASSES ARE ISSUED TO AN INDIVIDUAL
WITH THE SAME PHOTOGRAPH. THE
INDIVIDUAL EXCHANGE HIS BADGE FOR
ANOTHER COLOR OR MARKINGS AT THE
ENTRANCE. ONCE INSIDE, IF HE NEEDS TO
ENTER A RESTRICTED AREA, HE
EXCHANGES IT FOR ANOTHER COLOR
ACCEPTABLE IN THAT AREA.
NATIONAL AGENCY CHECK- IT CONSISTS OF
LAC SUPPLEMENTED BY INVESTIGATION OF
THE RECORDS AND FILES OF THE
FOLLOWING AGENCIES: PNP, ISAFP, NBI,
CSC, BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION AND
DEPORTATION AND OTHER AGENCY.
NATURAL BARRIER - GEOGRAPHICAL OF THE GOVERNMENT, VISITING PERSONS
FEATURES, SUCH AS RIVERS, LAKES OF ILLUSTRIOUS STANDING AND FOREIGN
DIGNITARIES
NATURAL HAZARD – IS THE ACT OR
SITUATION CAUSED BY NATURAL PERSONNEL SECURITY- IT INVOLVES THE
PHENOMENON, LIKE FLOODS, TYPHOONS, BACKGROUND CHECKS OF INDIVIDUAL
EARTHQUAKES, ETC. BUT THERE ARE MANY COMMENSURATE WITH THE SECURITY
MEASURES AND TECHNIQUES WHICH MAY REQUIREMENTS. THE SUM TOTAL
BE EMPLOYED TO REDUCE THEIR EFFECTS PROCEDURES FOLLOWED, INQUIRIES
IN ESTABLISHMENT, PLANTS OR CONDUCTED AND CRITERIA APPLIED TO
INSTALLATION. DETERMINE THE WORK SUITABLE TO A
PARTICULAR APPLICANT OR THE
OPERATIONAL SECURITY - THIS INVOLVES RETENTION OR TRANSFER OF A
THE PROTECTION OF PROCESSES, PARTICULAR EMPLOYEE. ITS PURPOSE IS TO
FORMULAS, AND PATENTS, INDUSTRIAL INSURE THAT A FIRM HIRES THOSE
AND MANUFACTURING ACTIVITIES FROM EMPLOYEES BEST SUITED TO ASSIST THE
ESPIONAGE, INFILTRATION, LOSS, FIRM IN ACHIEVING ITS GOALS AND ONES
COMPROMISE OR PHOTOCOPYING. HIRED ASSIST IN PROVIDING THE
NECESSARY SECURITY TO THE EMPLOYEES
PADLOCK- A PORTABLE AND DETACHABLE WHILE THEY ARE CARRYING OUT THEIR
LOCK HAVING OR SLIDING HASP WHICH DUTIES.
PASSES THROUGH A STAPLE RING OR THE
LIKE AND IS THEN MADE FAST OR SECURED. PERSONNEL SECURITY INVESTIGATION – IS
AN INQUIRY INTO THE CHARACTER,
PADPAO- PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF REPUTATION, DISCRETION, INTEGRITY,
DETECTIVE AND PROTECTIVE AGENCY MORALS AND LOYALTY OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN
OPERATORS, INC. (ORGANIZED IN MAY ORDER TO DETERMINE A PERSON’S
1958.) SUITABILITY FOR APPOINTMENT ACCESS TO
CLASSIFIED MATTER.
PARTIAL BACKGROUND INVESTIGATION-
INVESTIGATION OF THE BACKGROUND OF PETERMAN- A TERM USED IN ENGLAND FOR
THE INDIVIDUAL BUT LIMITED ONLY TO LOCK PICKER, SAFECRACKERS, AND
SOME OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF HIS PENETRATORS OF RESTRICTED AREAS OR
PERSONAL LIFE. ROOM.

PASS/BADGE SYSTEM - A PASS OR BADGE IS PHOTOELECTRIC OR ELECTRIC EYE DEVICE

ISSUED BY SECURITY FOR PERSONNEL TO
BE ADMITTED IN THE INSTALLATION. THE
PURPOSE OF THIS IS TO INSURE THAT ONLY
THOSE PERSONS WHO HAVE THE RIGHT
AND AUTHORITY WILL BE GIVEN THE
NECESSARY ACCESS TO THE AREA. THE
PASS SYSTEM IS FOR GENERAL USE AND
NOT FOR THE RESTRICTED AREAS LIKE
EXCLUSIVE, LIMITED OR CONTROLLED
AREAS.
PASS EXCHANGE SYSTEM- WHICH HE
EXCHANGE ONE-COLOR CODED PASS AT
THE ENTRANCE TO THE CONTROLLED AREA
IS ISSUED TO AN EMPLOYEE WHO KEEPS IT
IN HIS POSSESSION UNTIL HIS
AUTHORIZATION OR UNTIL HE TERMINATES.
PASSIVE INFRARED DETECTOR (PIR) OR
MOTION SENSOR - PIRS ARE ABLE TO
DISTINGUISH IF AN INFRARED EMITTING
OBJECT IS PRESENT BY FIRST LEARNING
THE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE OF THE
MONITORED SPACE AND THEN DETECTING
A CHANGE IN THE TEMPERATURE CAUSED
BY THE PRESENCE OF AN OBJECT.
PERIMETER BARRIER- A MEDIUM OR
STRUCTURE WHICH DEFINES THE PHYSICAL
LIMITS OF AN INSTALLATION OR AREA TO
RESTRICT OR IMPEDED ACCESS THERETO.
ANY PHYSICAL BARRIER USED TO
SUPPLEMENT THE PROTECTION OF AN
INSIDE OR OUTSIDE PERIMETER.
PERSONAL SECURITY - INVOLVES THE
PROTECTION OF TOP-RANKING OFFICIALS
- A LIGHT BEAM IS TRANSMITTED AT A
FREQUENCY OF SEVERAL THOUSAND
VIBRATIONS PER SECOND. IT IS
CONNECTED BY A WIRE TO CONTROL
STATION AND WHEN AN INTRUDER
CROSSES THE BEAM HE BREAKS THE
CONTACT WITH THE PHOTOELECTRIC COIL
WHICH THUS ACTIVATES THE ALARM.
PHYSICAL BARRIERS- ANY PHYSICAL MEANS
TO IMPEDE, DELAY, OR PREVENT INTRUSION
INTO A PROTECTED AREA.
PHYSICAL SECURITY – THE BROADEST TYPE
OF SECURITY THAT IS CONCERNED WITH
THE PHYSICAL MEASURES DESIGNED TO
SAFEGUARD PERSONNEL AND PREVENT
UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS TO EQUIPMENT,
FACILITIES, MATERIALS, DOCUMENTS, AND
TO PROTECT THEM FROM ESPIONAGE,
SABOTAGE, DAMAGE OR THEFT. PROVIDING
OF SAFEGUARDS TO EQUIPMENT AND
MATERIAL FROM ACCESS BY AUTHORIZED
PERSON.
PIN TUMBLER LOCK - THE PIN TUMBLER
MECHANISM DEPENDS FOR ITS SECURITY,
ON A NUMBER OF ROUND PIN OR TUMBLERS
OPERATING ON A CYLINDER.
PNP SAGSD- PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
SECURITY AGENCY AND GUARD
SUPERVISION DIVISION- FORMERLY KNOWN
AS SUPERVISORY OFFICE SECURITY
INVESTIGATION AGENCY (SOSIA) - OFFICE
UNDER THE C/PNP THROUGH THE CIVIL
SECURITY GROUP (CSG) WHICH IS PRIMARY
OFFICE FOR SUPERVISION OF THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF RA 5487.
PRIVATE DETECTIVE- ANY NATURAL
PERSON, NOT A MEMBER OF THE REGULAR
POLICE FORCE, THE AFP, WHO DOES
DETECTIVE WORK FOR HIRE, REWARD OR
COMMISSION.
PRIVATE SECURITY- A SECURITY GUARD
HIRED BY CLIENT BELONGING TO PRIVATE
SECURITY AGENCY. 200 – 1000)
PROPRIETARY SYSTEM - IT IS THE SAME AS
THE CENTRAL STATION SYSTEM EXCEPT
THAT IT IS OWNED BY, OPERATED AND
LOCATED IN THE FACILITY. IT IS LOCATED
INSIDE THE INDUSTRIAL FIRM ITSELF WITH A
DUTY OPERATOR. RESPONSE TO ALL
ALARMS IS BY FACILITY’S OWN SECURITY
OR FIRE PERSONNEL, SINCE THIS SYSTEM IS
MONITORED LOCALLY, THE RESPONSE
TIME TO AN ALARM IS REDUCED.
PROTECTION IN DEPTH – IN LARGE OPEN
AREAS OR GROUND WHERE FENCING OR
WALLING IS IMPRACTICABLE AND
EXPENSIVE, WARNING SIGNS SHOULD BE
CONSPICUOUSLY PLACED.
PROTECTIVE CABINETS - THE FINAL LINE OF
DEFENSE AT ANY FACILITY, EVERY FACILITY
WILL HAVE ITS OWN PARTICULAR NEED, BUT
CERTAIN GENERAL OBSERVATIONS APPLY.
THE CHOICE OF PROPER SECURITY
CABINET FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION IS
INFLUENCED LARGELY BY THE VALUE AND
THE VULNERABILITY OF THE ITEMS TO BE
STORED IN THEM.
QUARTS LAMP - THESE LAMPS EMITS VERY
BRIGHT WHITE LIGHT AND INSTANT ON
ALMOST AS RAPIDLY AS THE
INCANDESCENT LAMP. THEY ARE
FREQUENTLY USED AT VERY HIGH WATTAGE
AND THEY ARE EXCELLENT FOR USE ALONG
THE PERIMETER BARRIER.
NATURAL HAZARD – IS THE ACT OR
SITUATION CAUSED BY NATURAL
PHENOMENON, LIKE FLOODS, TYPHOONS,
EARTHQUAKES, ETC. BUT THERE ARE MANY
MEASURES AND TECHNIQUES WHICH MAY
BE EMPLOYED TO REDUCE THEIR EFFECTS
IN ESTABLISHMENT, PLANTS OR
INSTALLATION.
RELATIVE CRITICALITY OF OPERATION – IS
THE IMPORTANCE OF FIRM WITH
REFERENCE TO THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
AND SECURITY
RESTRICTED AREA - IT REFERS TO AN AREA
IN WHICH PERSONNEL OR VEHICLES ARE
CONTROLLED FOR REASONS OF SECURITY.
IT IS ESTABLISHED TO PROVIDE SECURITY
FOR INSTALLATION OR FACILITIES AND TO
PROMOTE EFFICIENCY OF SECURITY
OPERATIONS AND ECONOMY IN THE USE OF
SECURITY PERSONNEL.
RISK – THE PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE
OF AN EVENT THAT WILL LEAD TO LOSS.
THE RISK COULD BE CLASSIFIED AS
VIRTUALLY CERTAIN, HIGHLY IMPROBABLE,
IMPROBABLE AND PROBABILITY UNKNOWN.
SAFE - METALLIC CONTAINER USED FOR
THE SAFEKEEPING OF DOCUMENTS OR
SMALL ITEMS IN AN OFFICE OR
INSTALLATION. SAFE CAN BE CLASSIFIED
AS BOTH ROBBERY AND BURGLARY
RESISTANCE DEPENDING UPON THE USE
AND NEED. AT LEAST 750 LBS OR BELOW
750 LBS MUST BE ANCHORED TO BUILDING
STRUCTURE. 1 INCH THICK STEEL. DOOR
SHOULD BE 1 1/2 THICK STEEL.
SCHOOL SECURITY- SECURITY INVOLVING
NOT ONLY FACILITIES BUT ALSO THE
STUDENTS OR PUPILS.
SEARCHLIGHTS - HIGHLY FOCUSED
INCANDESCENT LAMPS USED IN
PINPOINTING POTENTIAL INTRUDERS
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE – DOORS,
FLOORS, WINDOWS (LESS THAN 18 FEET
MUST BE GRILLED), OR LESS THAN 14 FEET
FROM THE TREES, WALLS AND ROOFS.
SECURITY - THE STATE OR QUALITY OF
BEING SECURE; PROTECTION AGAINST ANY
TYPE OF CRIME TO SAFEGUARD LIFE,
ASSETS AND OPERATION BY THE USE OF
VARIOUS METHODS AND DEVICES;
FREEDOM FROM FEAR AND DANGER;
ASSURANCE; CERTAINTY AND DEFENSE
AGAINST CRIME
SECURITY ALARM SYSTEM- COMBINATION
OF COMPATIBLE INTRUSION AND
DETECTION DEVICE SO ARRANGED AND
WIRED AS TO SUPPORT ONE ANOTHER.
SECURITY CABINET- IS AN ADDED
PROTECTION OF IMPORTANT, VITAL-
PAPERS, PLANS, DATA, SPECIAL
CORRESPONDENCE, CASH AND OTHER
ESSENTIAL DOCUMENTS, SUCH AS VAULT,
SAFE AND FILE ROOM.

RELATIVE VULNERABILITY – IS THE SECURITY CLEARANCE- IT IS A

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE PLANT OR CERTIFICATION BY A RESPONSIBLE
ESTABLISHMENT TO DAMAGE, LOSS OR AUTHORITY THAT THE PERSON DESCRIBED
DISRUPTION OF OPERATION DUE TO IS CLEARED TO ACCESS AND CLASSIFY
VARIOUS HAZARDS. MATTERS AT APPROPRIATE LEVELS.

REMOTE STATION SYSTEM -A SYSTEM SECURITY DIRECTOR (SD)-AGENCY

WHERE THE ALARM SIGNAL IS MANAGER/CHIEF SECURITY OFFICER-
TRANSMITTED TO A REMOTE LOCATION RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ENTIRE OPERATION
MANNED AND OPERATED BY AN AND ADMINISTRATION/MANAGEMENT OF
INDEPENDENT PARTY OR POLICE THE SECURITY AGENCY AND DIRECTLY
DEPARTMENT. RESPONSIBLE TO THE AGENCY
OPERATOR/OWNER/BOARD OF PROCEDURES AS A RESULT OF SECURITY
DIRECTORS. SURVEY.

SECURITY EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR (SED) - SECURITY LIGHTING- THE PROVIDING OF

ASSISTANT AGENCY MANAGER/ASSISTANT SUFFICIENT ILLUMINATION TO AREAS
CHIEF SECURITY OFFICER- AUTOMATICALLY DURING HOURS OF DARKNESS TO INSURE
THE SECURITY EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, VISIBILITY AND TO ACT AS A DETERRENT TO
ASSISTS THE AGENCY SECURITY DIRECTOR THE INTRUDERS.
AND TAKES OPERATIONAL AND
ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT WHEN THE SECURITY PLANNING - IT IS PRE-
MANAGER IS ABSENT. DETERMINING A COURSE OF ACTION; IT IS
DECIDING IN ADVANCE WHAT TO DO, HOW
SECURITY EDUCATION PROGRAM - A TO DO IT, AND WHO IS TO DO IT. IS A
PROGRAM GIVEN TO EMPLOYEES OF AN CORPORATE AND EXECUTIVE
INSTALLATION BY LECTURE AND OTHER RESPONSIBILITY. IT INVOLVES KNOWING
MEANS PERTAINING TO MEASURES AND THE OBJECTIVES OF THE SECURITY AND
SAFEGUARDS TO BE TAKEN TO PROTECT THE MEANS AND THE METHOD TO REACH
THE INTEREST OF THE INSTALLATION FROM THOSE OBJECTIVES OR GOAL MUST THEN
LOSS, DAMAGE, SABOTAGE, PILFERAGE, EVOLVE.
AND OTHER CRIMINAL ACTS. THE BASIC
GOAL IS TO ACQUAINT ALL THE EMPLOYEES SECURITY STAFF DIRECTOR (SSD) - STAFF
THE JUSTIFICATION BEHIND THE SECURITY DIRECTOR FOR OPERATION AND
MEASURES AND TO INSURE COOPERATION ADMINISTRATION- THE STAFF DIRECTOR
AT ALL TIMES. FOR OPERATION IS THE STAFF ASSISTANT
OF THE SECURITY MANAGER FOR THE
SECURITY GUARD- IS ANY NATURAL PERSON EFFICIENT OPERATIONS OF THE AGENCY.
WHO OFFERS OR RENDERS PERSONAL HE IS ALSO RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
SERVICE TO WATCH OR GUARD CONDUCT OF INVESTIGATION AND
RESIDENTIAL OR BUSINESS PREMISES OR TRAINING.
BOTH, GOVERNMENT AND /OR THEIR
PREMISES FOR HIRE AND COMPENSATION SECURITY SUPERVISOR- IS CHARGED WITH
DIRECTING THE WORK AND OBSERVING THE
SECURITY GUARD 1- WATCHMAN/GUARD- BEHAVIORAL PERFORMANCE OF THE
PERSON POSTED AS WATCHMAN OR GUARD UNDER HIS UNIT.
GUARD. SECURITY SUPERVISOR 3- DETACHMENT
COMMANDER- THE FIELD OR AREA
SECURITY GUARD 2- SHIFT-IN-CHARGE- COMMANDER OF THE AGENCY.
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SECURITY OFFICER
WHO ARE SCHEDULED IN A CERTAIN SHIFT SECURITY SUPERVISOR 2-CHIEF
FOR A PARTICULAR PERIOD. INSPECTOR- RESPONSIBLE FOR
INSPECTING THE ENTIRE AREA COVERAGE
SECURITY GUARD 3—POST-IN-CHARGE- BY THE DETACHMENT.
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ENTIRE DETAILED
SECURITY OFFICE WITH A CERTAIN SECURITY SUPERVISOR 1- INSPECTOR-
ESTABLISHMENT. RESPONSIBLE FOR THE AREA ASSIGNED BY
THE CHIEF INSPECTOR OR THE
SECURITY GUARD FORCE- A GROUP OF DETACHMENT COMMANDER.
FORCES OF MEN SELECTED, TRAINED OR
ORGANIZED INTO FUNCTIONAL GROUP FOR SECURITY SURVEY – IS THE CRITICAL, ON
THE PURPOSE OF PROTECTING SITE EXAMINATION AND ANALYSIS TO
OPERATIONAL PROCESSES FROM THOSE ASCERTAIN THE SECURITY STATUS,
DISRUPTIONS WHICH IMPEDE EFFICIENCY IDENTIFY DEFICIENCIES OR EXCESSES,
OR HALT OPERATION AT A PARTICULAR DETERMINE PROTECTION NEEDED AND
PLANT, FACILITY, INSTALLATION, OR MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS; A FACT-
SPECIAL ACTIVITY. FINDING PROBE TO DETERMINE A PLANT’S
ADEQUACY AND DEFICIENCY IN ALL
SECURITY HAZARDS - ACT OR CONDITION, ASPECTS OF SECURITY, WITH THE
WHICH RESULTS IN A SITUATION LIKE A CONSEQUENT RECOMMENDATIONS. THE
BREACH OF THE PROTECTION SYSTEM AND PROCESS OF CONDUCTING AN EXHAUSTIVE
THE SUBSEQUENT LOSS OR COMPROMISE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION AND THOROUGH
OF DEFENSE INFORMATION, COMPANY INSPECTION OF ALL OPERATION SYSTEM
SECRET OR DAMAGE TO PERSONNEL, AND PROCEDURES OF A FACILITY.
PROPERTY OR FACILITIES. ANY ACT OR
CONDITION, WHICH MAY RESULT IN THE SENSOR OR TRIGGER DEVICE – IT EMITS THE
COMPROMISE OF INFORMATION, LOSS OF AURAL OR VISUAL SIGNALS OR BOTH.
LIFE, LOSS OR DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY
OR DISRUPTION OF OBJECTIVES OF THE SIDEWALK ELEVATOR- THESE PROVIDE
INSTALLATION. ACCESS TO AREAS WITHIN THE PERIMETER
BARRIER AND SHOULD BE LOCKED OR
SECURITY INSPECTION - IT IS THE PROCESS GUARDED.
OF CONDUCTING PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
TO DETERMINE COMPLIANCE WITH SIGNS AND NOTICE – “CONTROL SIGNS”
ESTABLISHMENT SECURITY POLICIES AND SHOULD BE CREATED NECESSARY IN THE
MANAGEMENT OF UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS,
AND PREVENT ACCIDENTAL ENTRY. SIGNS
SHOULD BE PLAINLY VISIBLE AND LEGIBLE
FROM ANY APPROACH AND IN UNDER
LANGUAGE. SIGNS ON ENTRY SHALL ALSO
BE POSTED AT ALL PRINCIPAL ENTRIES.
SINGLE PASS SYSTEM- IN WHICH THE BADGE
OR PASS CODED FOR AUTHORIZATION TO
ENTER SPECIFIC AREAS ISSUED TO AN
EMPLOYEES WHO KEEPS IT IN THE
POSSESSION UNTIL HIS AUTHORIZATION IS
CHANGE OR UNTIL HE TERMINATES.
SODIUM VAPOR LAMP - THESE LAMPS EMITS
YELLOW LIGHT. IT IS AN EFFICIENT BULB
AND DUE TO ITS COLOR, THESE LIGHT
LAMPS ARE USED IN AREAS WHERE INSECT
PREDOMINATE. AMBER COLOR DOES NOT
ATTRACT INSECTS AT NIGHT.
SOLID FENCE -THIS IS A KIND OF FENCE
THAT IS CONSTRUCTED IN SUCH A WAY
THAT VISUAL ACCESS THROUGH THE
FENCE IS DENIED FROM THE INTRUDERS.
STATIONARY LUMINARY - THIS IS A COMMON
TYPE CONSISTING OF SERIES OF FIXED
LUMINOUS FLOOD A GIVEN AREA
CONTINUOUSLY WITH OVERLAP.
COMMONLY USED IN ENTRY GATES OF
EMPLOYEES AND VEHICLES.
STANDBY LIGHTING - THIS SYSTEM IS
SIMILAR TO CONTINUOUS LIGHTING BUT IT
IS TURN ON MANUALLY OR BY SPECIAL
DEVICE OR OTHER AUTOMATIC MEANS.
STORAGE/RETRIEVAL – FOR FUTURE USE
STREET LIGHTS - PRODUCED DIFFUSED
LIGHT RATHER THAN DIRECTION BEAM.
THEY ARE WIDELY USED IN PARKING AREAS
STRUCTURAL BARRIER - MAN-MADE
CONSTRUCTIONS, SUCH AS FENCES AND
WALLS
SUB-MASTER KEY - A KEY THAT WILL OPEN
ALL THE LOCKS WITHIN A PARTICULAR
AREA OR GROUPING IN A GIVEN FACILITY.
SUPERMARKET SECURITY - SECURITY
INVOLVING THE FACILITY, MERCHANDISE
AND GOODS ALSO TO PREVENT
SHOPLIFTING TO PROLIFERATE IN THE
ESTABLISHMENT.
SYSTEMATIC PILFERER – STEALS WITH
PRECONCEIVED PLANS AND TAKES AWAY
ANY OR ALL TYPES OF ITEMS OR SUPPLIES
FOR ECONOMIC GAINS.
THEFT/ PILFERAGE - IT IS ONE OF THE MOST
ANNOYING AND COMMON HUMAN
HAZARDS. SECURITY FORCE HAS TO
CONCENTRATE A LARGE NUMBER OF MEN
TO CHECK THIS IMMORAL AND DISTURBING
ACTIVITY. PETTY PILFERAGE IS FREQUENT
HARD TO DETECT, DIFFICULT TO PROVE
AND WIN CONVICTION BUT DEFINITELY
RISKY TO IGNORE.
THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE - STEEL CABINETS,
LACKS, SAFES, VAULTS, INTERIOR FILE
ROOMS.
THREATS – POSITIVE INIMICAL (HARMFUL)
ACTS.
TOP GUARD – AN ADDITIONAL OVERHEAD
OF BARBED WIRE PLACED ON VERTICAL
PERIMETER FENCES FENCING UPWARDS
AND OUTWARD WITH A 45 ANGLE WITH
THREE TO FOUR STRANDS OF BARBED
WIRES SPREAD 6” APART.
TOWER/GUARD TOWER – HOUSE-LIKE
STRUCTURES ABOVE THE PERIMETER
BARRIERS. IT GIVES A PSYCHOLOGICAL
EFFECT TO VIOLATORS.
TRANSFER- TRANSFERRING OF
INFORMATION FROM ACTIVE TO INACTIVE
USE.
TRANSMISSION LINE – A CIRCUIT WHICH
TRANSMITS THE MESSAGE TO THE
SIGNALING APPARATUS.
TRANSMISSION SECURITY- A COMPONENT
OF SECURITY, WHICH RESULTS FROM ALL
MEASURES DESIGNED TO PROTECT
TRANSMISSION FROM INTERCEPTIONS,
TRAFFIC ANALYSIS AND IMITATIVE
DECEPTION.
USE- SOME ACTION IS TAKEN WITH THE
INFORMATION.
VAULT - HEAVILY-CONSTRUCTED FIRE AND
BURGLAR RESISTANCE CONTAINER
USUALLY A PART OF THE BUILDING
STRUCTURE USED TO KEEP AND PROTECT
CASH, DOCUMENTS AND NEGOTIABLE
INSTRUMENTS. IT IS BIGGER THAN SAFE BUT
SMALLER THAN FILE ROOM. DOORS
SHOULD BE 6 INCHES THICK MADE OF
STEEL. WALLS, CEILINGS AND FLOOR
SHOULD BE 12 INCHES THICK. FLOOR
SHOULD BE ELEVATED BY 4 INCHES. NOT
MORE THAN 5,000 CUBIC FEET IN SIZE.
VAULT DOOR MUST BE FIRE-RESISTIVE UP
TO 4 TO 6 HOURS
VIBRATION DETECTION DEVICE - THE
VIBRATION-SENSITIVE SENSOR IS
ATTACHED TO WALLS, CEILINGS OR
FLOORS OF THE PROTECTED AREAS. ANY
VIBRATION CAUSED BY ATTEMPTED FORCE
ENTRY IS DETECTED BY THE SENSOR.
VULNERABILITY - MEASURE OF HOW OPEN
AN ESTABLISHMENT IS TO INTRUSION,
ATTACK OR INJURY FROM THE OUTSIDE.
WARDED LOCKS - THE UNDERLYING
PRINCIPLE IS INCORPORATION OF WARDS
OR OBSTRUCTIONS INSIDE THE LOCK TO
PROHIBIT A KEY FROM OPERATING THE
BOLT UNLESS THE KEY HAS
CORRESPONDING NOTCHES CUT IN IT THAT
IT WILL PASS THE WARDS. IT OFFERS VERY
LITTLE SECURITY, THIS TYPE OF LOCK MUST
THEREFORE BE USED ONLY TO HAVE
PRIVACY, BUT NOT TO PROVIDE DEGREE OF CONVERTS THEM INTO ELECTRICAL
SECURITY. OSCILLATIONS

AREA - A SECTION OR TERRITORIAL DIVISION

OF A LARGE CITY.

AUTOMOBILE PATROL - IT IS THE MOST

ECONOMICAL TYPE OF PATROL AND
OFFERS TACTICAL ABILITY WHEN USED IN
NUMBERS. IT IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE
MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION FOR POLICE
PATROL.

BASE STATION - RADIO BASE STATION IS

AUTHORIZED PRIMARILY TO
INTERCOMMUNICATE WITH ITS RADIO
UNITS, FOOT PATROLS AND OUTPOST AND
TO OTHER LAW ENFORCEMENT RADIO
STATIONS.

BEAT - AN AREA DESIGNED FOR PATROL

PURPOSES, WHETHER FOOT OR
MOTORIZED.

BICYCLE PATROL - IT HAS LONG BEEN A

PART OF THE PATROL SERVICES OF MOST
COUNTRIES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD
SINCE THE BICYCLE WAS FIRST DEVELOPED
BECAUSE OF ITS SALIENT FEATURES, IT HAS
THE ADVANTAGE OF MOBILITY AND
STEALTH. INEXPENSIVE TO PROCURE AND
MAINTAIN COMPARE TO OTHER METHODS.
IT CAN COVER AREAS NOT ACCESSIBLE BY
MOTORCYCLE OR PATROL CARS. BIKING IS
A GOOD FORM OF EXERCISE TO MAINTAIN
EXCELLENT PHYSIQUE AND GOOD HEALTH.
IT IS EFFECTIVE IN COMBATING THEFT,
BURGLARY, VANDALISM IN RESIDENTIAL
AREAS, PARKS AND SHOPPING MALLS. IT
CAN BE EFFECTIVELY USED BY
PLAINCLOTHES OFFICER WHILE
CONDUCTING SURVEILLANCE.
POLICE PATROL BLOCKING/PURSUING SUB-TEAM - TEAM
OPERATIONS WITH TASKED TO BLOCK/PURSUE FLEEING
SUSPECTS/VEHICLE
POLICE COMMUNICATION CALLED – FOR SERVICE – INCIDENTS,
REQUIRING IMMEDIATE POLICE ACTION.
SYSTEM
CANINE (K-9) PATROL/ DOG PATROL -
30–300 MHZ – IS INTENDED FOR SHORT EGYPTIANS ARE THE FIRST TO USED DOGS
DISTANCES TRANSMISSION. FOR PATROLLING. DOGS ARE OF GREAT
ASSISTANCE IN SEARCH AND RESCUE AS
ABOVE 30 MHZ OR WITHIN VERY HIGH WELL AS IN SMELLING OUT DRUGS AND
FREQUENCY (30–300MHZ) – IS THE BOMBS. A DOG IS CAPABLE OF
FREQUENCY NEEDED BY THE POLICE RECOGNIZING AN ODOR 10 MILLION TIMES
DEPARTMENTS. BETTER THAN A HUMAN CAN. POLICE DOGS
SHOULD NEVER BE USED TO REPLACE
AGGRESSIVE PATROL STRATEGY - THE POLICE OFFICERS. THEY ARE
EMPHASIS OF THIS IS ON POSITIVE, TARGET SUPPLEMENTARY FORCES THAT CAN AID
ORIENTED ACTIVITIES WHICH INCLUDES THE OFFICER IN BETTER PERFORMING HIS
PHYSICAL SECURITY INSPECTION. THIS IS DUTY. A SINGLE K-9 TEAM WAS ABLE TO
EFFECTIVE IF THE INFORMATION COMPLETE BUILDING SEARCHES SEVEN
REGARDING IDENTIFIABLE CRIME TRENDS TIMES FASTER THAN FOUR OFFICERS
IS BASED ON CRIME ANALYSIS. WORKING TOGETHER WERE TO SEARCH
THE SAME BUILDING.
AMPLIFIERS – INCREASES THE INTENSITY
OF OSCILLATIONS WHILE RETAINING THE CHRONOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION – IT
DESIRED FREQUENCY INVOLVES CONSIDERATION OF THE
NATURE AND CAUSES OF CRIMES. THEY
ANTENNA – RECEIVES THE SHOULD FAMILIARIZE HOW CRIMES ARE
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND COMMITTED, WHEN AND WHO COMMITTED
THEM.
CLOCKWISE PATROL PATTERN - THE DETECTIVE BEAT SYSTEM - IT IS ONE OF THE
OFFICER WALK FROM ONE BEAT TO CONCRETE RESPONSES OF THE PNP IN
ANOTHER MAKING SURE THAT HE STAYS ON REINVENTING THE FIELD OF
THE LEFT SIDE AND AT THE CENTER OR INVESTIGATION. ITS PURPOSE IS TO
MIDDLE PORTION OF ANY STREET BETWEEN PROVIDE THE ORGANIZATIONAL AND
ADJOINING BEATS. FOR EVERY BEAT, THE OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK IN TRULY
OFFICER CALLS THE STATION UNTIL THE EFFECTING MECHANISMS TOWARDS
CLOCKWISE PATTER IS COMPLETED. ENHANCING THE EFFICIENCY AND
SHORT BEATS WELL FOR FOOT PATROL. EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PNP’S
RECTANGULAR/SQUARE SIZE OF BEAT. INVESTIGATION CAPABILITY. DETECTIVES
DONE IN THE START OF 8 HOURS TOUR OF ARE CHARGE WITH TOTAL INVESTIGATION
DUTY. RESPONSIBILITY.

CLOSE CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CCTV) PATROL DIRECTED DETERRENT PATROL - IT IS A

- IT IS BASICALLY USED FOR TRAFFIC
CONTROL WHICH ORIGINATES IN WEST
GERMANY. TELEVISION CAMERAS ARE
MOUNTED IN A WEATHERPROOF HOUSING.
THEY WERE EQUIPPED WITH ZOOM LENS
AND WERE REMOTELY CONTROLLED BY
OPERATOR WHO CAN ADJUST EACH
CAMERA TO 270 DEGREES. IT MAKES
POSSIBLE TO PICK UP THE LICENSE OF
FLEEING AUTOMOBILES.
CLOVERLEAF PATTERN - A HIGHWAY
INTERSECTION DESIGNED TO ROUTE
TRAFFIC WITHOUT INTERFERENCE, BY
MEANS OF A SYSTEM OF CURVING RAMPS
FROM ONE LEVEL TO ANOTHER, IN THE
FORM OF A FOUR (4) LEAF CLOVER.
COMMUNICATION – IT IS THE EXCHANGE OF
INFORMATION BETWEEN PEOPLE, E.G. BY
MEANS OF SPEAKING, WRITING, OR USING A
COMMON SYSTEM OF SIGNS OR BEHAVIOR.
COUNTER-CLOCKWISE PATROL PATTERN -
THE REVERSE OF CLOCKWISE PATTERN
WITH THE SAME CHARACTERISTIC OF AN
AREA TO BE PATROLLED. DONE IN THE LAST
HOUR OF THE 8 HOUR TOUR OF DUTY. TO
ENSURE NOTHING UNUSUAL HAS
HAPPENED TO THE AREA OF
RESPONSIBILITY.
PATROL STRATEGY DIFFERS FROM
TRADITIONAL PATROL METHODS WHEREIN
PATROL OFFICERS PERFORM SPECIFIC
PREDETERMINED PREVENTIVE FUNCTIONS
ON A PLANNED SYSTEMATIC BASIS
DISPATCHER PERSONNEL- IN
COMMUNICATION CENTER OR
COORDINATING CENTER CHARGED WITH
THE RECEIVING AND TRANSMITTING
MESSAGES.
DISTRICT - A GEOGRAPHICAL SUBDIVISION
OF A CITY FOR PATROL PURPOSES,
USUALLY WITH ITS OWN STATION.
DISTRICT ORIENTATION TOUR – THIS
INVOLVES FAMILIARIZATION OF ASSIGNED
AREA FOR PATROLLING UPON ARRIVAL IN
THE FIELD.
DRAGNET OPERATION - POLICE OPERATION
PURPOSELY TO SEAL-OFF THE PROBABLE
EXIT POINTS OF FLEEING SUSPECTS FROM
THE CRIME SCENE TO PREVENT THEIR
ESCAPE.
EMERGENCY CALL – REQUIRES THE USE OF
FLASHING LIGHTS AND SIREN EXCEPT
WHEN THERE IS AN ATTEMPT TO SURPRISE
THE CRIMINALS IN THE ACT.

CRIME CLOCK – IT SIGNIFIES WHAT TIME FIXED FOOT PATROL – IT USUALLY USED
CRIME IS OFTEN OR FREQUENTLY FOR TRAFFIC, SURVEILLANCE, PARADES
COMMITTED. AND SPECIAL EVENTS.

CRIME MAP – LOCATION OR PLACE OR FOOT PATROL - IS ASSIGNED TO AN AREA OF

CRIME PRONE AREAS WHEREIN CRIME IS
FREQUENTLY OR OFTEN COMMITTED.
CRIME PREVENTION – IT INVOLVES
RECOGNITION OF CRIME RISK AND
INITIATION OF POSITIVE ACTION TO
REMOVE OR REDUCE RISK, ITS MAIN
OBJECTIVE IS TO ELIMINATE OR REDUCE
THE DESIRE TO COMMIT CRIME.
CRIME SUPPRESSION – IT IS THE ACTUAL
PREVENTION OF THE COMMISSION OF
CRIME.
CRITICAL TIME – IT IS THE TINE BETWEEN
THE CALL OF CONCERNED INDIVIDUAL TO
THE POLICE REGARDING CRIME INCIDENT
AND THE ARRIVAL AT THE SCENE.
DEMODULATOR – DETECTION EQUIPMENT
FOR DEMODULATING
CROWDED POPULATION SUCH AS
DOWNTOWN AREA, OR WHERE THERE IS
HEAVY TRAFFIC CONGESTION AND
ASSISTANCE OF AN OFFICER IS NEEDED TO
HELP ELIMINATE TRAFFIC JAM. FOOT
PATROL IS THE MOST EXPENSIVE TYPE OF
PATROL IN TERMS OF HUMAN RESOURCES
AND MOST DEPARTMENTS HAD REDUCED
THEIR FOOT PATROLS TO A MINIMUM
BECAUSE OF THIS. IT IS THE COMMON AND
BEST KNOWN METHODS OF PATROL.
GENERAL PREPARATION – ATTITUDE IS THE
FIRST AND FOREMOST PREPARATION OF
PATROL OFFICER SINCE HE WILL BE
DEALING WITH DIFFERENT PERSONS IN THE
SOCIETY.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION – IT
INVOLVES WEIGHING CATEGORIES OF
INCIDENTS AND ACCOUNTING THE NUMBER
OF IDENTIFIABLE HAZARDS AND STREET
MILEAGE.
GROUND WAVE – IS RADIATED ENERGY
THAT TOUCHES ALONG THE SURFACE OF
THE EARTH
HASTY CHECKPOINT - IT IS AN IMMEDIATE
RESPONSE TO BLOCK THE ESCAPE OF
LAWLESS ELEMENTS FROM A CRIME
SCENE, AND IS ALSO ESTABLISHED WHEN
NEARBY CHECKPOINTS ARE IGNORED OR
DURING HOT PURSUIT OPERATIONS. IT IS
SET UP BY POLICE PERSONNEL
CONDUCTING MOBILE PATROL ON BOARD A
MARKED POLICE VEHICLE, OR THOSE
CONDUCTING ISO AND FOOT PATROL
OPERATIONS WITHIN THE
VICINITY/PERIPHERY OF THE NATIONAL OR
PROVINCIAL HIGHWAYS.
HAZARD – IT REFERS TO ANY PERSON,
PLACE, THING, SITUATION, OR CONDITION
WHICH, IF ALLOWED TO EXIST MAY INDUCE
AN ACCIDENT OR CAUSE THE COMMISSION
OF A CRIME.
HAZARDS: DEFICIENT VISIBILITY –
RESULTING FROM INADEQUATE
ILLUMINATION OR OBSTRUCTION OF VIEWS.
HAZARDS: INSECURITY OF PREMISES –
CREATED BY THE ABSENCE OF SUITABLE
LOCKS, BARS AND GRATINGS.
HAZARDS: PRESENCE OF CONDITION OF
THINGS – POORLY DESIGNED ROADWAYS,
DEFECTS OR OBSTRUCTIONS IN PUBLIC
SPACES AND PRESENCE OF
COMBUSTIBLES.
HAZARDS: PRESENCE OF PEOPLE – CROWD
OFFERS OPPORTUNITIES FOR THEFT, LOSS
OF PERSONS OR THINGS, FIGHTS AND
PANICS.
HIGH INTENSITY EMERGENCY LIGHTING
PLAN – IT REFERS TO A HEAVY DUTY LIGHT
THAT CAN PROVIDE TWO (2) MILLION
CANDLE POWER OF LIGHT.
HIGH RISK ARREST - ACTUAL RESTRAINT OF
ARMED PERSONS FOLLOWING A HIGH-RISK
STOP.
HIGH RISK STOP - ACTUAL STOPPING OR
ACCOSTING OF ARMED AND DANGEROUS
PERSON OR PERSONS, ABOARD A VEHICLE
OR ON FOOT, INCLUDING THE POWER TO
USE ALL NECESSARY AND LEGAL MEANS TO
ACCOMPLISH SUCH END.
HIGH VISIBILITY PATROL - ITS OBJECTIVE IS
TO INCREASE THE “AURA OF POLICE
OMNIPRESCENCE” IN THE COMMUNITY
WHICH CAN REDUCE CERTAIN TYPES OF
CRIMES. ANOTHER CONCEPT IS THE
“SATURATION CONCEPT “WHEREIN
SELECTED HIGH-RISK CRIME IN A SPECIALIZED FORM OF POLICE PATROL, IT
RESIDENTIAL AREA OF THE CITY IS
SATURATED BY INTENSIVE PATROL OF
MARKED POLICE VEHICLES AND
UNIFORMED POLICEMEN.
HORSE PATROL - IT IS ONE OF THE OLDEST
TYPES OF PATROL NEXT TO WALKING. IT IS
COMMONLY USED TO WOODEN AREAS
WHICH HORSES PROVIDED THE BEST
MOBILITY IN THOSE AREAS. IT IS ALSO USED
IN LARGE PARK, PARADE AND CROWD
CONTROL. MOUNTED OFFICERS CAN SEE
THREE BLOCKS MORE THAN A FOOT
PATROL OFFICER.
HOT PURSUIT (CROSS JURISDICTIONAL
PURSUIT) (ALSO TERMED IN THE US AS
FRESH PURSUIT) - IMMEDIATE, RECENT
CHASE OR FOLLOW-UP WITHOUT MATERIAL
INTERVAL FOR THE PURPOSE OF TAKING
INTO CUSTODY ANY PERSON WANTED BY
VIRTUE OF A WARRANT. ONE WHO IS
SUSPECTED TO HAVE COMMITTED A
RECENT OFFENSE WHILE FLEEING FROM
ONE POLICE JURISDICTIONAL BOUNDARY
TO ANOTHER THAT WILL NORMALLY
REQUIRE PRIOR OFFICIAL INTER-UNIT
COORDINATION BUT WHICH THE PURSUING
UNIT CANNOT, AT THAT MOMENT, COMPLY
DUE TO THE URGENCY OF THE SITUATION.
IN – FIELD PREPARATION – THIS IS MADE BY
HAVING DEBRIEFING CONFERENCE WITH
THE OFFICER WHO IS BEING RELIEVED AND
WHO HAS JUST SPENT THE PREVIOUS TOUR
OF DUTY.
INSPECTIONAL SERVICE – TENDING TO
REDUCE CRIMINAL OPPORTUNITY AND
ACCIDENTS.
INSTRUMENTALITY - IT IS THE MEANS USED
IN EXECUTING THE CRIME.
INTERACTIVE PATROL STRATEGY - THE
EMPHASIS IS ON POLICE – CITIZEN
INTERACTION WHEREIN COMMUNITY INPUT
IS SOUGHT IN RESOLVING PATROL
PROBLEMS.
INVESTIGATION SUB-TEAM - IN CHARGE OF
INVESTIGATION AND DOCUMENTATION OF
POSSIBLE INCIDENTS IN THE CHECKPOINT
TO INCLUDE ISSUANCE OF TRAFFIC
CITATION TICKET (TCT) OR TRAFFIC
VIOLATION REPORT (TVR);
LINE BEAT PATROL – IT IS USED IN
SECURING CERTAIN PORTION OF THE
ROAD.
LOW VISIBILITY PATROL - IN THIS PATROL
STRATEGY THE PRIMARY PURPOSE IS NO
LONGER CRIME PREVENTION BUT CRIME
REPRESSION. THE OBJECTIVES ARE THE
INCREASE NUMBER OF ARREST ENGAGED
IN STREET CRIME. PATROL OFFICERS ARE IN
PLAINCLOTHES PATROL OR IN UNMARKED
VEHICLE WHERE STREET CRIMES BECOME
HIGH-RISK.
MARINE/BOAT/BAY PATROL - IT IS A
IS LIKEWISE EXPENSIVE TO MAINTAIN. ITS
PRIMARY GOAL IS TO CONTROL SMUGGLING
IN ANY COMMUNITY NEAR WATER
NECESSITATES THE USE OF WATER WITHOUT ALARMING THE OCCUPANTS WITH
PATROL. A USUAL NUMBER OF POLICE OFFICER.

MOBILE DATA TERMINAL – IT REFERS TO A POLICE – CAME FROM FRENCH WORD

COMPUTER THAT IS INSTALLED INSIDE A WHICH MEANS PERSON WHO ENFORCED
PATROL CAR WHICH ALLOWS PATROL THE LAW AND IT WAS LATER ADOPTED BY
OFFICER TO HAVE AN ACCESS FROM THE THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
HEADQUARTERS FILES AND OTHER LAW
ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES WHICH ARE POLICE CHECKPOINT - IT IS A LOCATION
USED IN ORDER TO EXPEDITE THEIR WHERE THE SEARCH, WHICH IS DULY
OPERATION. AUTHORIZED BY THE PNP, IS CONDUCTED
TO DETER/PREVENT THE COMMISSION OF
MOTORCYCLE PATROL - THE USE OF CRIMES, ENFORCE THE LAW, AND FOR
MOTORCYCLES HAS LOST GROUND TO THE OTHER LEGITIMATE PURPOSES.
USED OF PATROL CARS IN RECENT YEARS,
THEIR NEED OF CONGESTED TRAFFIC WILL POLICE COMMUNICATION- TECHNICAL
INSURE THEIR CONTINUED USE AS A FORM MEANS USED OR EMPLOYED BY THE POLICE
OF POLICE PATROL. THE TWO-WHEELED FOR THE EFFECTIVE AND EFFICIENT
MOTORCYCLE IS QUITE ADAPTABLE TO PERFORMANCE OF THEIR MISSIONS OR
TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT, PARADES, AND OBJECTIVES. IT CONSIST TELEPHONE,
ESCORT DUTY. TELEGRAPH, TELETYPE, RADIO AND
TELEVISION SYSTEMS.
MOTIVE - IT IS THE BASIS WHY THE PEOPLE
WILL COMMIT CRIME OR IT IS WHAT POLICE COMMUNITY PRECINCT (PCP) – IT IS
INDUCES THE PEOPLE TO ACT. HEADED BY A PCO WITH A RANK OF CHIEF
INSPECTOR OR SUPERINTENDENT WITH A
MOTOR PATROL DISTRIBUTION - INVOLVES MINIMUM OF 30 PERSONNEL INCLUDING
DETERMINING THE NEED TO SHIFT MOTOR THE COMMANDER DIVIDED IN 3 SHIFTS OF 8
PATROL UNITS HOUR – BY – HOUR AT THE HOURS DUTY.
AREA ACCORDING TO WHERE AND WHEN
CRIME MOSTLY LIKELY TO OCCUR. POLICE HAZARD - ANYTHING THAT
POSSESSES A HIGH POTENTIAL FOR
MOVING FOOT PATROL – IT IS USED WHEN CRIMINAL ATTACK THAT MAY INDUCE
THEN THERE IS CONSIDERABLE FOOT INCIDENTS CALLING FOR SOME KIND OF
MOVEMENT SUCH AS BUSINESS AND POLICE ACTION.
SHOPPING CENTER, FAMILY DWELLINGS
AND THE LIKE. POLICE HAZARDS: PERSONS – IT INCLUDES
CRIMINALS, ALCOHOLICS, PROSTITUTES,
OPPORTUNITY - IT IS THE PHYSICAL JUVENILE DELINQUENTS, DRUG PEDDLERS,
POSSIBILITY THAT CRIMINALS COULD HAVE ADDICTS, GAMBLERS AND INSANE
EXECUTED THE CRIME SUCH AS ACTS OF PERSONS.
THE VICTIM WHICH ENABLES THE SUSPECT
EXECUTES THE CRIME AND EXISTENCE OF POLICE HAZARDS: PROPERTY – IT
POLICE OFFICER THAT WILL DETER THE INCLUDES PIERS, WAREHOUSE,
COMMISSION OF THE CRIME. UNOCCUPIED DWELLING, GAMBLING
JOINTS, BANKS, PAWNSHOPS, DRUG DENS,
OSCILLATION GENERATOR – CONVERTS AND GAMBLING DENS.
ELECTRICAL POWER INTO OSCILLATIONS
OF A PREDETERMINED RADIO FREQUENCY POLICE HAZARDS: PLACES – IT INCLUDES
TERMINALS, DEMONSTRATIONS, PARKS,
OSCILLATORS – TO GENERATE RADIO PARADES, CONVENTIONS, POLITICAL
FREQUENCY THAT CAN BE MIXED WITH MEETINGS, LODGING HOUSES, SCHOOLS,
INCOMING WAVES. AND ATHLETIC EVENTS.

PAT-DOWN SEARCH - IS A “FRISK” OR POLICE PATROL - ONE OR MORE POLICE

EXTERNAL FEELING OF THE OUTER OFFICER MAKING ROUND IN ORDER TO
GARMENTS OF AN INDIVIDUAL FOR GUARD OR INSPECT PROPERTY AND TO
WEAPONS ONLY. PROTECT LIVES WITHIN A DESIGNATED
AREA.
PATROL - THE WORD PATROL WAS DERIVED
FROM THE FRENCH WORD “PATROUILLER” POLICE RADIO OPERATOR- “DISPATCHER”,
WHICH MEANS TO GO THROUGH PADDLES; “COORDINATOR”, OR “VOICE RADIO
TO TRAVEL ON FOOT. OPERATORS”. BEFORE A POLICEMAN OR
CIVILIAN CAN BE DISPATCHERS, THEY MUST
PLAINCLOTHES - THIS TYPE OF PATROL IS BE TRAINED FORMALLY OR BY JOB
PARTICULARLY EFFECTIVE FOR TRAINING.
“SATURATION COVERAGE” OF HIGH CRIME
AREAS. THE PATROL OFFICER SHOULD POLICE SERVICE - THIS ARE THE
DRESS TO FIT THE OCCASION AND WEAR BENEVOLENT SERVICES PERFORMED BY
WHATEVER CLOTHING IS THE MODE OF THE THE PATROL OFFICERS LIKE MEDIATE IN
DAY AND FITS THE TYPE OF ACTIVITY TO BE FAMILY QUARRELS, RENDER FIRST AID FOR
COVERED. IT PROVIDES EXTRA COVERAGE ACCIDENT VICTIMS, DISPERSION OF
UNLAWFUL ASSEMBLIES AND GET RELIEF
ASSISTANCE TO DISASTER VICTIMS.
POLICE VISIBILITY – IT IS NOT JUST THE
ACTUAL PRESENCE OF THE POLICEMAN ON
THE BEAT IT INVOLVES THE FOLLOWING: A.
PHYSICAL PRESENCE, B. PATROLLING
SCHEME, C. RESPONSE TIME
POLIS - CAME FROM GREEK WORD WHICH
MEANS “CITY-STATE”.
POLITEIA - CAME GREEK WORD WHICH
MEANS “GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY”.
POLITIA - ROMAN WORD WHICH MEANS
“CONDITION OF THE STATE OR
GOVERNMENT”.
POST - A FIXED POINT OR LOCATION TO
WHICH AN OFFICER IS ASSIGNED FOR DUTY.
PRE-DETERMINED AREA - SPECIFIC OR
PROJECTED SPOT WHERE THE ARMED AND
DANGEROUS PERSON OR PERSONS
WOULD PASS OR LIKELY TO PASS AND SO
TACTICALLY LOCATED AS TO GAIN
CALCULATED ADVANTAGE AGAINST SAID
PERSON OR PERSONS.
PRE – PATROL OPERATION – THE PATROL
OFFICER SHOULD BE ARMED WITH
KNOWLEDGE AND EQUIPMENT
PREVENTIVE ENFORCEMENT - INVOLVES
THE PREVENTION OF CRIME THROUGH THE
NOTICEABLE PRESENCE OF POLICE
VEHICLES AND PERSONNEL. SIR ROBERT
PEEL FIRST PRESENTED PREVENTIVE
ENFORCEMENT AS A CRIMINOLOGICAL
PHILOSOPHY. AND THIS HAD BEEN
REGARDED AS THE SOUNDEST OF ALL
CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES. “IT IS MUCH
EASIER TO PATCH A CRACK IN THE DIKE
THAN TO REPAIR THE WALL AFTER IT HAS
BROKEN AN OUNCE OF PREVENTION BEING
WORTH A POUND OF CURE”.
PREVENTIVE PATROL-THE OBJECTIVE OF
THIS PATROL IS TO REDUCE OR TOTALLY
PREVENT THE DESIRE OF HUMAN BEING TO
COMMIT CRIME.
PROACTIVE PATROL- DEPLOYMENT OF
PATROL PERSONNEL IN THEIR RESPECTIVE
AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY WITH DEFINITE
OBJECTIVES.
RADIO – IS A SYSTEM OF COMMUNICATION
USING ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
PROPAGATED THROUGH SPACE
RADIO TRANSMITTERS – GENERATES
ELECTRICAL OSCILLATIONS AT A RADIO
FREQUENCY CALLED THE CARRIER
FREQUENCY
RADIO WAVES- THE RADIO OR
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES TRAVEL AS
FAST AS THE SPEED OF LIGHT AT 186,000
MILES PER SECOND OR 300,000
KILOMETERS PER SECOND.
RANDOM FOOT PATROL – IT IS USED IN
CHECKING RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS,
BUSINESS ESTABLISHMENTS, DARK ALLEY,
AND PARKING LOTS.
REACTIVE PATROL- AN OLD CONCEPT IN
PATROLLING WHEREIN OFFICERS AND
UNITS DRIVE AROUND THEIR AREA OF
RESPONSIBILITY WAITING FOR SOMETHING
TO HAPPEN OR WAITING FOR A CALL THAT
THEY WILL RESPOND.
REGULAR POST- ASSIGNING MEMBERS TO
ITS REGULAR OR USUAL POST USUALLY
BASED ON SENIORITY.
RESPONSE TIME - IT REFERS TO THE
RUNNING TIME OF THE DISPATCHED
PATROL CAR FROM HIS POSITION WHERE
THE ASSIGNMENT WAS RECEIVED AND THE
ARRIVAL AT THE SCENE.
ROUTE - THE LENGTH OF STREET OR
STREETS, DESIGNATED FOR PATROL
PURPOSES ALSO REFERRED TO AS
LINE BEAT.
ROUTINE CALL – A CALL WHERE MOBILE
CAR IS REQUIRED TO OBSERVED THE
TRAFFIC LAWS AND DOES NOT NORMALLY
USED FLASHING LIGHTS AND SIREN WHILE
ON ITS WAY TO THE SCENE OF THE CRIME
ROUTINE PATROL – DIRECTED AT LESS
TANGIBLE HAZARDS, SUCH AS POOR
LIGHTED AREAS, BUSINESS SECTION ETC
SEARCH/ARRESTING SUB-TEAM -
DESIGNATED TO CONDUCT SEARCH,
SEIZURE AND ARREST, IF NECESSARY;
SECTOR - AN AREA CONTAINING TWO OR
MORE BEATS, ROUTES OR POSTS.
SECURITY SUB-TEAM - TASKED TO PROVIDE
SECURITY IN THE CHECKPOINT AREA;
SELECTIVE ENFORCEMENT - IT IS PROVEN
TO BE A VERY EFFECTIVE TECHNIQUE IN THE
PATROL PROCEDURE. IF A CERTAIN AREA IS
SUBJECT TO A HIGH CRIME RATE, THE
PATROL CARS SPEND A GREATER PART OF
THEIR PATROLLING TIME IN THAT AREA.
SHIELD AND TRUNCHEON - DURING THE
CONFRONTATIONAL STAGE, TRUNCHEON
MAY BE UTILIZED ONLY TO PUSH BACK
DEMONSTRATORS AND NOT AS AN
INSTRUMENT TO STRIKE INDIVIDUALS.
HOWEVER, WHEN DEMONSTRATORS
BECOME AGGRESSIVE, TRUNCHEON SHALL
BE THE PRINCIPAL NON-LETHAL WEAPON
FOR DISPERSAL. IN SUCH SITUATION, CDM
CONTINGENTS SHALL NONETHELESS, USE
THE SAME WITH CAUTION AND DUE
DILIGENCE TO AVOID UNNECESSARY
INJURY.
SHIFT/POST ROTATION – IT IS THE
PROCESS OF ASSIGNING MEMBERS OF
PATROL FORCE FROM POST TO POST.
SKY WAVE – IS A RADIATED ENERGY THAT
TRAVELS TO THE IONOSPHERE AND IS
REFLECTED BACK TO EARTH.
SPEAKER – CONVERTS THE IMPULSES INTO
SOUND WAVES AUDIBLE BY THE HUMAN EAR
SPOKESPERSON - TL OR MEMBER WHO IS
SOLELY IN CHARGE OF COMMUNICATING
WITH THE MOTORISTS’ SUBJECT FOR
CHECKPOINT;
SPOT CHECK/ACCOSTING - IS THE BRIEF
STOPPING OF AN INDIVIDUAL, WHETHER ON
FOOT OR IN A VEHICLE, BASED ON
REASONABLE SUSPICION/PROBABLE
CAUSE, FOR THE PURPOSE OF
DETERMINING THE INDIVIDUAL’S IDENTITY
AND RESOLVING THE OFFICER’S
SUSPICION CONCERNING CRIMINAL
ACTIVITY.
SPOTTER - PNP PERSONNEL WHO WILL
POINT/PROFILE SUSPECTED VEHICLE
SUBJECT FOR CHECKPOINT;
STATION DESK – SERVES AS THE 3 C’S OF
POLICE FORCE: COMMUNICATION,
COORDINATING CENTER/COMMAND POST.
STOP AND FRISK - A PATROL OFFICER HAS
THE RIGHT TO PERFORM A PAT-DOWN
SEARCH IF THE INDIVIDUAL HAS BEEN
LEGITIMATELY STOPPED WITH
REASONABLE SUSPICION. THE POLICE
OFFICER HAS REASON TO BELIEVE THAT
THE INDIVIDUAL POSSESSES WEAPON/S
ON HIS PERSON AND POSES A THREAT TO
THE POLICE OFFICER’S OR ANOTHER
PERSON’S SAFETY. IN A PAT-DOWN SEARCH,
OFFICERS ARE PERMITTED ONLY TO FEEL
THE OUTER CLOTHING OF THE SUSPECT.
POLICE OFFICERS MAY NOT PLACE THEIR
HANDS INSIDE THE POCKETS OF THE
SUBJECT’S CLOTHING UNLESS THEY FEEL
AN OBJECT THAT COULD PROBABLY BE A
WEAPON AND THE PATROL OFFICER DOES
NOT INSERT HIS HAND INSIDE THE POCKET.
INSTEAD, IT IS THE SUSPECT HIMSELF WHO
PRODUCE FROM HIS POCKET, AS
REQUESTED.
STOPPING ZONE - STRATEGIC
PREDETERMINED AREA STRONGLY SEALED
OFF, BARRICADED AND OCCUPIED BY
TACTICAL FORCES IN A LAWFUL DISPLAY
OF AUTHORITY TO MAINTAIN LAW AND
ORDER OR IN DEFENSIVE RESPONSE TO AN
EVENT OF CRIMINAL NATURE OR OF SUCH
GRAVITY THAT OCCURRED OR LIKELY TO
OCCUR CALLING FOR A HIGH RISK STOP OR
ARREST.
STRAIGHTWAY AND CRISS-CROSS PATROL
PATTERN - HAZARD ORIENTED PATROL.
EASIEST TO OBSERVE THE MOVEMENT OF
THE PATROL OFFICER. IN STRAIGHTWAY
PATTERN, IT INVOLVES PATROLLING THE
LENGTH OF THE STREET, THEREFORE,
MOVEMENT OF OFFICER IS EASY TO
OBSERVE. CRISSCROSS IS ALMOST SIMILAR
WITH ZIGZAG. “IN ANY PATROL PATTERN,
THE RELIEVING PATROL OFFICER SHALL
MAKE HIS FIRST HOURLY CALL BEFORE
STARTING HIS PATROL DUTY.”
STREET/INTERVIEW INTERROGATION - IT IS
DIFFERENT FROM CUSTODIAL
INTERROGATION THEREFORE RECITING OF
MIRANDA WARNING IS NOT APPLICABLE. IN
THIS METHOD THE PATROL OFFICERS
AGGRESSIVELY INVESTIGATE CRIMES THAT
MAY HAVE JUST OCCURRED, ARE
OCCURRING OR ARE ABOUT TO OCCUR.
THROUGH THIS TECHNIQUE PERSON
WHOSE ANSWERS AROUSE SUSPICION OF
CRIMINAL INVOLVEMENT IT GIVES THE
POLICE A PROBABLE CAUSE TO ARREST
HIM. THIS TECHNIQUE IS HIGHLY VISIBLE A
DETERRENT IMPACT TO WOULD –BE
CRIMINALS.
TARGET ORIENTED PATROL - IT IS PATROL
STRATEGY WHICH IS DIRECTED TOWARDS
SPECIFIC PERSONS OR PLACES.
TEAM LEADER (TL) - SHALL LEAD AND TAKE
RESPONSIBILITY IN THE CONDUCT OF
CHECKPOINT PREFERABLY AN OFFICER
WITH THE RANK OF AT LEAST POLICE
INSPECTOR;
TEAM POLICING SYSTEM - IT IS AN ATTEMPT
TO INTEGRATE THE POLICE AND THE
COMMUNITY INTEREST INTO A WORKING
RELATIONSHIP SO AS TO PRODUCE THE
DESIRED OBJECTIVE OF PEACE KEEPING IN
THE COMMUNITY. ORIGINATED IN
ABERDEEN, SCOTLAND. TEAM OF 5-10 MEN
IS ASSIGNED ACCORDING TO
CONCENTRATION OF CRIMES AND
CITIZENS-CALLS FOR POLICE SERVICE.
EFFECTIVE POLICE-COMMUNITY
COOPERATION IS CRITICAL TO THE
SUCCESS OF A TEAM POLICING SYSTEM.
PUBLIC ASSISTANCE AND PARTICIPATION
MUST BE SOLICITED ACTIVELY.
TEAR GAS - TEAR GAS MAY BE UTILIZED TO
BREAK UP FORMATIONS OR GROUPINGS OF
DEMONSTRATIONS WHO CONTINUE TO BE
AGGRESSIVE AND REFUSED TO DISPERSE
DESPITE EARLIER EFFORTS.
TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT - LARGE POLICE
DEPARTMENTS HAVE TRAFFIC DIVISIONS,
BUT THE MAJORITIES OF THE
DEPARTMENTS ARE SMALL, AND HAVE
ONLY PATROL DIVISION TO HANDLE
TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT.
TRANSDUCER – CONVERTS THE
INFORMATION TO BE TRANSMITTED INTO
VARYING ELECTRICAL VOLTAGE
PROPORTIONAL TO EACH SUCCESSIVE
INSTANTANEOUS INTENSITY.
UNDERCOVER/DECOY PATROL - IT IS QUITE
DIFFERENT FROM TRADITIONAL PATROL
METHODS IN THAT THE STRATEGY IS TO
RELY HEAVILY ON DISGUISE, DECEPTION,
AND LYING IN WAIT RATHER THAN HIGH AND
LOW VISIBILITY PATROLS TECHNIQUES.
URGENT CALL – THE RESPONDING PATROL
CAR HAS TO OBSERVED THE TRAFFIC LAWS
WITHOUT NEED OF USING FLASHING
LIGHTS AND SIREN BUT PROCEED DIRECTLY
TO ITS DESTINATION WITHOUT STOPPING
ENROUTE UNLESS INCIDENT OF FAR MORE
SERIOUS OCCURS
VEHICLE-MOUNTED TV – IT REFERS TO A
VIDEO CAMERA WHICH IS ATTACHED AND
INSTALLED IN A PATROL CAR WITH A HIGH-
RESOLUTION AND WIDE ANGLE LENS.
VEHICLE INSPECTION – INVOLVES
INSPECTION OF PATROL VEHICLES TO BE
USED BEFORE GOING OUT OF PATROL.
WALKING BEATS – IT INVOLVED
DETERMINING MAN HOURS NEEDED TO
COVER THE STREETS AND ALLEYS TO
INSPECT THE POLICE HAZARDS PREVAILS
WITHIN THE AOR.
WATER CANNONS - WATER CANNONS MAY
BE UTILIZED WHEN DEMONSTRATORS
BECOME UNRULY AND AGGRESSIVE
FORCING TROOPS TO FALL BACK TO THEIR
SECONDARY POSITIONS.
WOLVES (WIRELESS OPERATIONAL LINK
AND VIDEO EXPLORATION SYSTEM) – IT IS
THE SYSTEM OF ATTACHING MINIATURE
CAMERA AND TRANSMITTER TO A SEARCH
DOG WHICH MAKES THE DOGS THE EYES
AND EARS OF HIS HANDLER.
ZIGZAG/FREE WHEELING PATROL PATTERN
- DONE BY PATROLLING THE STREETS
WITHIN THE PERIMETER OF THE BEAT NOT
AT RANDOM BUT WITH DEFINITE TARGET
LOCATION WHERE HE KNOWS HIS
PRESENCE IS NECESSARY. IT STARTS AT
ONE CORNER OF THE PATROL AREA AND
WORK YOUR WAY DIAGONALLY ACROSS IT
TO THE OPPOSITE CORNER.
POLICE
PERSONNEL AND
RECORDS
MANAGEMENT
ACCIDENT REPORT – AN INVESTIGATION
REPORT REGARDING AN ACCIDENT WHICH
INCLUDES VEHICULAR ACCIDENT AND
DAMAGE TO PROPERTY.
ACTIVE SERVICE - SHALL REFER TO
SERVICES RENDERED AS AN OFFICER AND
NON-OFFICER, CADET, TRAINEE OR
DRAFTEE IN THE PNP
ADMINISTRATIVE RECORDS - RECORDS
PERTAINING TO THE PERSONNEL, AS WELL
AS LETTERS, MEMORANDA, ORDERS AND
OTHERS THAT ARE RELATED TO THE
EFFICIENT ADMINISTRATION OF THE
ORGANIZATION
ALPHABETICAL – ALL MATERIALS ARE FILED
IN DICTIONARY ORDER. IT IS THE MOST
WIDELY USED FORM OF FILING.
APPEALED POLICY – THIS TYPE OF POLICY
IS BORN WHEN PROBLEMS ARISE AT THE
LOWER LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION AND
THE MAN IN CHARGE DOES NOT KNOW HOW
TO MEET THE PROBLEM; HE THEN APPEALS
TO HIS SUPERIORS FOR AND FOR
GUIDANCE
APPROPRIATE ELIGIBILITY – WHENEVER
THERE ARE TWO OR MORE PERSONS WHO
ARE NEXT IN RANK, PREFERENCE SHALL BE
GIVEN TO THE PERSON WHO IS THE MOST
COMPETENT AND QUALIFIED AND WHO HAS
THE APPROPRIATE ELIGIBILITY
ARCHIVAL STORAGE OR DISPOSITION -
INVOLVES THE TRANSFER OF RECORDS TO
THE ARCHIVES FOR LONG-TERM STORAGE;
OR INVOLVES THE DISPOSAL OR
DESTRUCTION OF RECORDS
ARREST AND BOOKING RECORDS -
REQUIRED FOR ALL PERSONS ARRESTED
ARREST REPORT - SHOULD BE MADE OUT IN
FULL ON EACH PERSON ARRESTED.
SHOULD BE PREPARED AT THE TIME A
PRISONER IS BOOKED. INFORMATION
REGARDING THE ARRESTED OFFENDER
MUST BE RECORDED BEFORE HE IS
LOCKED IN JAIL OR RELEASED ON BAIL. THE
ARRESTING OFFICER SHOULD PREPARE
THE REPORT. SHALL BE FILED ACCORDING
TO ARREST NUMBER. SHALL CONTAIN THE
COMPLAINT NUMBER AND CASE NUMBER
ASSIGNMENT RECORD – THE DETECTIVE
ASSIGNMENT RECORD IS DESIRABLE FOR
THE EFFECTIVE FUNCTION OF THE
DETECTIVE DIVISION. OTHER DIVISION IN
THE FORCE MAY DEVISE A SYSTEM OF
ASSIGNING PERSONNEL.
AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITY –
AUTHORITY INCLUDES THE RIGHT TO
COMMAND AND THE POWER TO REQUIRE
OBEDIENCE.
BASIC RECRUIT TRAINING – IS THE MOST
BASIC OF ALL POLICE TRAINING. IT IS A PRE-
REQUISITE FOR PERMANENCY OF
APPOINTMENT AND IS REQUIRED FOR
NEWLY HIRED POLICE OFFICERS. IN THE
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE, A NEWLY
APPOINTED POLICE OFFICER 1 IS
REQUIRED TO UNDERGO A PUBLIC SAFETY
BASIC RECRUIT COURSE (PSBRC) AS A
BASIC RECRUIT TRAINING.
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE APPROACH – WHEN THE MAJORITY OF INDIVIDUALS
UTILIZES SCIENTIFIC METHOD AS THE
FOUNDATION FOR TESTING AND
DEVELOPING THEORIES ABOUT HUMAN
BEHAVIOR THAT CAN BE USED TO GUIDE
AND DEVELOP MANAGERIAL POLICIES AND
PRACTICES.
BOOKING REPORT - THE LIST OF ALL
PRISONERS IN CUSTODY WHICH CONTAINS
ALL INFORMATION REGARDING STATUS
AND DISPOSITION. THE BOOKING SHEET
SHALL BE FILED ALPHABETICALLY AND
KEPT AT THE BOOKING COUNTER UNDER
THE SUPERVISION OF THE BOOKING
OFFICER. AFTER THE RELEASE OF THE
PRISONER, THE BOOKING SHEET IS
FORWARDED TO THE RECORDS DIVISION
AND SHALL BE FILED ACCORDING TO
ARREST NUMBER
BUDGETING (GU) – FISCAL PLANNING,
ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL
BUDGETING- THE FORECASTING IN DETAIL
OF THE RESULTS OF AN OFFICIALLY
RECOGNIZED PROGRAM OF OPERATIONS
BASED ON THE HIGHEST REASONABLE
EXPECTATIONS OF OPERATING EFFICIENCY
BULLETIN BOARDS - ORGANIZATIONAL
POLICIES, RULES AND REGULATIONS AND
ACTIVITIES MAY BE POSTED ON BULLETIN
BOARDS. IF STRATEGICALLY LOCATED AND
WELL-MANAGED, THESE ARE EFFECTIVE
MEDIUM FOR TRANSMITTING NEWLY-ISSUED
POLICIES, RULES AND REGULATIONS TO
POLICE OFFICERS
BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEMENT (MAX
WEBER, 1864 – 1920) - DIVISION OF LABOR
BASED ON A SPECIFIED SPHERE OF
COMPETENCE. HIERARCHY OF AUTHORITY
WHERE ITS LOWER OFFICE IS UNDER THE
CONTROL AND SUPERVISION OF A HIGHER
ONE. SPECIFIED SET OF RULES APPLIED
UNIFORMLY THROUGHOUT THE
ORGANIZATION. MAINTENANCE OF
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS,
BECAUSE RATIONAL DECISIONS CAN ONLY
BE MADE OBJECTIVELY AND WITHOUT
EMOTIONS. SELECTION AND PROMOTION
BASED ON COMPETENCE, NOT ON
IRRELEVANT CONSIDERATIONS.
CASE NUMBER – ASSIGNED ONLY TO
INCIDENTS OR COMPLAINTS REQUIRING
FURTHER POLICE INVESTIGATION
CASE RECORDS - THE HEART OF ANY
POLICE RECORDS SYSTEM. THE BASIS OF
ANALYSIS OF OFFENSES AND THE
METHODS BY WHICH THEY ARE COMMITTED
CENTRALIZATION – THE OBJECTIVE IS TO
PURSUE THE OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF THE
CAPABILITIES OF PERSONNEL.
CENTRALIZED FILING – PLACES ALL
RECORD SERIES IN ONE CENTRAL
LOCATION IN AN OFFICE. MOST USEFUL
WITHIN AN OFFICE REQUIRE ACCESS TO
MAJORITY OF FILES
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER – FOLDERS ARE
ARRANGED BY SEQUENTIAL DATE ORDER. IT
IS USEFUL FOR RECORDS THAT ARE
CREATED AND MONITORED ON A DAILY
BASIS.
CLASSICAL APPROACH – THIS APPROACH
IS MAINLY FOCUSED ON ASPECTS OF
ORGANIZATIONS AND IGNORING THE
HUMAN ASPECTS.
CLASSIFICATION - ASSIGNMENT OF THE
CLASSIFICATION OF THE RECORD FOR
FILING PURPOSES
CLEARED CASE – WHEN ONE OR MORE
PERSONS HAVE ALREADY BEEN ARRESTED,
CHARGED WITH AN OFFENSE AND TURNED
OVER TO THE PROSECUTOR OR COURT FOR
PROSECUTION
CLOSED CASE – WHEN THE CASE IS NO
LONGER BEING INVESTIGATED AND IS NOT
ASSIGNED TO ANY INVESTIGATOR; CAN
EITHER BE SOLVED OR UNSOLVED
COMPENSATION – REFERS TO THE WAGES
AND SALARIES OF THE EMPLOYEES OF THE
ORGANIZATION
COMPETENCY AND VACANCY – WHEN
COMPETENCY, QUALIFICATION AND
ELIGIBILITY ARE EQUAL, PREFERENCE
SHALL BE GIVEN TO THE QUALIFIED
MEMBER IN THE ORGANIZATIONAL UNIT
WHERE THE VACANCY OCCURS
COMPLAINT/ASSIGNMENT SHEET -
REFLECTS ALL INFORMATION REGARDING
COMPLAINTS AND REPORTS RECEIVED BY
THE POLICE FROM CITIZENS OR ACTIONS
INITIATED BY THE POLICE. THE
FOUNDATION RECORD OF THE POLICE
DEPARTMENT. TWO COPIES MUST BE
PREPARED FOR EVERY COMPLAINT. THERE
SHALL BE A CONSECUTIVE SERIES OF
COMPLAINT NUMBER
COMPLAINT NUMBER – ASSIGNED TO ALL
INCIDENTS OF COMPLAINT
COMPLETE PHYSICAL, MEDICAL AND
DENTAL EXAMINATION (PMDE) – THIS TEST
SHALL DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT THE
APPLICANTS ARE IN GOOD HEALTH AND
FREE FROM ANY CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. IT
SHALL BE CONDUCTED BY THE PNP HEALTH
SERVICE UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF THE
PNP MEDICAL OFFICER AND NAPOLCOM
REPRESENTATIVE. APPLICANTS WHO
PASSED THE PMDE SHALL BE INDORSED
FOR THE CONDUCT OF THE PHYSICAL
AGILITY TEST (PAT).
COMPULSORY RETIREMENT – SEPARATION
FROM THE PNP UPON REACHING THE AGE
OF FIFTY-SIX (56), THE COMPULSORY AGE
OF RETIREMENT.
PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDS AND MODUS
OPERANDI OF KNOWN CRIMINALS. SHALL
CONTAIN THE DESCRIPTION OF THE MODUS
OPERANDI OF CRIMINALS AND CRIMINAL
GROUPS
CURRENT PHASE (CURRENT OR ACTIVE
RECORDS) - RECORDS THAT ARE
REGULARLY USED AND MAINTAINED.
DAILY RECORD OF EVENTS – A RECORD
NEEDED TO KEEP ALL MEMBERS OF THE
POLICE FORCE INFORMED CONCERNING
POLICE OPERATIONS, ASSIGNMENTS, AND
ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS.

CONCEPTUAL SKILL - THE ABILITY TO DECENTRALIZED FILING – IT PHYSICALLY

ANALYZE AND SOLVE COMPLEX PROBLEMS. LOCATES RECORD SERIES IN DIFFERENT
THIS SKILL DRAWS ON ONE’S MENTAL PLACES WITHIN AN OFFICE. MOST USEFUL
CAPACITIES TO IDENTIFY PROBLEMS AND WHEN ONLY ONE INDIVIDUAL REQUIRES
OPPORTUNITIES AND TO MAKE GOOD ACCESS TO A SPECIFIC RECORD SERIES.
PROBLEM-SOLVING DECISIONS THAT
SERVES THE ORGANIZATION’S PURPOSE DIRECTING (GU) - TO ORGANIZE AND
CONTROL THE WORK OF AN ORGANIZATION
CONTEMPORARY APPROACH – MOVEMENT OR A GROUP OF PEOPLE
TOWARDS QUALITY MANAGEMENT,
THEORIES HAVE INCORPORATED THE DIRECTING - INVOLVES THE OVERSEEING
INFLUENCES OF THE BEHAVIORAL AND SUPERVISING OF THE HUMAN
SCIENCES AND OTHER SCHOOL OF RESOURCES AND THE VARIOUS ACTIVITIES
THOUGHTS. IN AN ORGANIZATION TO ACHIEVE
THROUGH COOPERATIVE EFFORTS THE
CONTINGENCY THEORY - IT RECOGNIZES PRE-DETERMINED GOALS OR OBJECTIVES
VARIOUS INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL OF THE ORGANIZATION
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES AFFECT
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR. THERE IS NO DISCIPLINE – THE STATE OF ITS
BEST WAY OF STRUCTURING AND DISCIPLINARY PROCESS DEPENDS UPON
MANAGING DIVERSE TYPES OF THE QUALITY OF ITS LEADERS.
ORGANIZATION, IT ALL DEPENDS ON A
PARTICULAR SITUATION ON WHAT COURSE DISPERSAL – RECORDS SHALL BE
OF ACTION IS APPROPRIATE. DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT ADDITIONAL
COPIES OR DUPLICATES.
CONTROLLING- INVOLVES THE CHECKING
OR EVALUATION AND MEASUREMENT OF DIVISION OF WORK – SPECIALIZATION CAN
WORK PERFORMANCE AND COMPARING IT INCREASE EFFICIENCY WITH THE SAME
WITH PLANNED GOALS OR OBJECTIVES OF AMOUNT OF EFFORT.
THE ORGANIZATION AND MAKING THE DUPLICATION – RECORDS SHALL BE
NECESSARY CORRECTIVE ACTIONS SO CREATED WITH ADDITIONAL COPIES OR
THAT WORK IS ACCOMPLISHED AS DUPLICATES DEPENDING ON THE NEEDS
PLANNED AND CIRCUMSTANCES.

COORDINATING (GU) - TO WORK TOGETHER EDUCATION AND TRAINING EDUCATIONAL

AS A UNIT
CORRESPONDENCE FILE – THIS SHALL
CONSIST OF SET OR RECORDS OF
COMMUNICATIONS CLASSIFIED,
ARRANGED AND FILED ALPHABETICALLY BY
THE SUBJECT TO WHICH THEY PERTAIN.
CREATION - INVOLVES THE PREPARATION
OF THE RECORD AS THE NEED ARISES
CRIMINAL FINGERPRINT - ALL PERSONS
ARRESTED SHALL BE FINGERPRINTED AND
IDENTIFICATION NUMBER SHALL BE ISSUED
TO EACH ARRESTED PERSON. SAME
IDENTIFICATION NUMBER SHALL BE USED
FOR THE SAME PERSON. IDENTIFICATION
NUMBERS SHALL BE ISSUED
CHRONOLOGICALLY
BACKGROUND WHICH INCLUDES
COMPLETION OF IN-SERVICE TRAINING
COURSES, ACADEMIC STUDIES, TRAINING
GRANTS AND THE LIKE
EFFICIENCY OF PERFORMANCE AS AN AID
TO FAIR APPRAISAL OF THE CANDIDATES’
PROFICIENCY, THE PERFORMANCE RATING
PERIOD SHALL BE CONSIDERED; PROVIDED
THAT IN NO INSTANCE, SHALL A
CANDIDATE BE CONSIDERED FOR
PROMOTION UNLESS HE HAD OBTAINED A
RATING OF AT LEAST “SATISFACTORY”
ENCYCLOPEDIC ORDER – THE SUBJECTS
ARE GROUPED INTO MAJOR HEADINGS,
INDIVIDUAL FOLDERS ARE FILED IN
ALPHABETICAL ORDER BEHIND EACH
HEADING.

CRIMINAL SPECIALTY FILE (MODUS EQUITY – EMPLOYEES SHOULD BE TREATED

OPERANDI FILE) - CONSISTS OF WITH KINDNESS AND JUSTICE.
 AS STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES,
ESPIRIT THE CORPS – HARMONY AND PHILOSOPHY AND CREED
TEAMWORK ARE ESSENTIAL TO EFFECTIVE
ORGANIZATIONS. GEOGRAPHICAL – FILES ARE ARRANGED
ALPHABETICALLY BY GEOGRAPHICAL NAME
EVACUATION – ORIGINAL AND OLDER OF THE PLACE.
RECORDS CONSIDERED TO BE VITAL SHALL
BE TRANSFERRED TO A SECURE LOCATION. GRAVE ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENSE – THE
FOLLOWING ARE THE OFFENSES FOR
EXPERIENCE AND OUTSTANDING WHICH A PNP MEMBER UNDER TEMPORARY
ACCOMPLISHMENT - INCLUDES STATUS MAYBE TERMINATED FROM THE
OCCUPATIONAL HISTORY, WORK POLICE SERVICE. GRAVE MISCONDUCT,
EXPERIENCE AND OTHER INCOMPETENCE, DISHONESTY,
ACCOMPLISHMENTS WORTHY OF DISLOYALTY TO THE GOVERNMENT,
COMMENDATION SERIOUS IRREGULARITIES IN THE
PERFORMANCE OF DUTIES, SERIOUS
FAILURE TO COMPLETE THE REQUIRED FTP NEGLECT OF DUTY & OPPRESSION
WITHIN THE PRESCRIBE PERIOD OF TWELVE
(12) MONTHS FROM THE TIME HE/SHE WAS GULLICK AND URWICK (1920 – 1937) - THEY
ISSUED AN APPOINTMENT UNDER HAVE DESCRIBED THE MAJOR FUNCTIONS
TEMPORARY STATUS. OF ADMINISTRATION IN THE BOOK “THE
SCIENCE OF ADMINISTRATION” USING THE
FIELD TRAINING PROGRAM (FTP) – OR ON- ACRONYM POSDRCB
THE-JOB TRAINING IS THE PROCESS BY
WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL POLICE OFFICER HAWTHORNE STUDY (ELTON MAYO) - IT
WHO IS RECRUITED INTO THE SERVICE SUGGESTS THAT WHEN SPECIAL
RECEIVES FORMAL INSTRUCTION ON THE ATTENTION IS PAID TO EMPLOYEES BY
JOB FOR SPECIAL AND DEFINED PURPOSE MANAGEMENT, PRODUCTIVITY IS LIKELY TO
AND PERFORMS ACTUAL JOB FUNCTIONS INCREASE REGARDLESS OF CHANGES BY
WITH PERIODIC APPRAISAL ON HIS MANAGEMENT. THIS OCCURRENCE IS
PERFORMANCE AND PROGRESS. CALLED AS “HAWTHORNE EFFECT”.
WORKERS DO NOT ACT OR REACT AS
FILE - FOLDER CONTAINING RECORDS THAT INDIVIDUAL BUT AS MEMBERS OF A GROUP.
ARE RELATED TO EACH OTHER
HENRI FAYOL (1841 – 1945) - IN HIS MOST
FILING SYSTEM – THE MANNER OF INFLUENTIAL WORK “INDUSTRIAL AND
ORGANIZING RECORDS DESIGNED TO MAKE GENERAL MANAGEMENT”, 14 PRINCIPLES
RETRIEVAL FOR FUTURE USE EASY AND OF EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT WAS
CONVENIENT FOR THE USERS IDENTIFIED

FINAL COMMITTEE INTERVIEW (FCI) - THE HUMAN/INTERPERSONAL SKILL - THE

FINAL INTERVIEW SHALL DETERMINE THE ABILITY TO WORK WELL WITH OTHER
APPLICANTS’ APTITUDE TO JOIN THE PEOPLE. THIS SKILL EMERGES AS A SPIRIT
POLICE SERVICE, LIKABLENESS, OF TRUST, ENTHUSIASM AND GENUINE
AFFABILITY, OUTSIDE INTEREST, INVOLVEMENT IN INTERPERSONAL
CONVERSATIONAL ABILITY, DISAGREEABLE RELATIONSHIPS. THE SKILL ESSENTIAL IN
MANNERISMS, ETC. ABSOLUTELY, NO NETWORKING ACTIVITIES.
APPLICANT SHALL BE INTERVIEWED
UNLESS HE/SHE PASSES THROUGH THE HUMAN RELATIONS APPROACH – IT IS
SEQUENTIAL PROCESS AND IS DECLARED FOCUSED ON THE PREDICTED PATTERNS
“PASSED” IN ALL THESE STAGES. OF BEHAVIOR, THUS THE OCCURRENCE OF
THE HUMAN RELATIONS MOVEMENT,
FINAL OR CLOSING REPORT – IS A EMPHASIZING THE INFORMAL ASPECT OF
COMPLETE WRITTEN NARRATION OF FACTS ORGANIZATION.
BASED ON AN EXHAUSTED INVESTIGATION
OF THE CASE. IT IS THE RESULT OF IDENTIFICATION RECORDS - RECORDS
EVALUATED, SUMMATION, ANALYSIS OF ALL CONTAINING IDENTIFICATION
FACTS AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE. INFORMATION
THIS IS WRITTEN AND SUBMITTED
WHENEVER THE CASE IS SOLVED AND IMPORTANT RECORDS – RECORDS THAT
CLOSED. A CASE IS SOLVED AND CLOSED CAN BE REPRODUCED AFTER
WHEN THE OFFENDER WAS ARRESTED; CONSIDERABLE DELAY.
EVIDENCE AGAINST HIM WAS COMPLETELY
GATHERED TO WARRANT PROSECUTION IMPOSED POLICY – THIS TYPE OF POLICY
AND WITNESS LOCATED TO TESTIFY IN THE COMES FROM THE GOVERNMENT IN THE
TRIAL. FORMS OF LAWS, ADMINISTRATIVE ORDERS
AND RULES AND PROCEDURES
FINGERPRINT RECORD – HEART OF ANY
IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM. INCENTIVES AND AWARDS - THE NAPOLCOM
SHALL PUBLICIZE STANDARDS ON
GENERAL STATEMENT OF PRINCIPLES – INCENTIVES AND AWARD SYSTEM IN THE
POLICIES STATED IN BROAD TERMS, SUCH PNP ADMINISTERED BY THE BOARD OF
INCENTIVES AND AWARDS.

INITIATIVE – THE ABILITY TO CONCEIVE AND
EXECUTE THE PLAN.
INITIAL OR ADVANCE REPORT – IS AN
ADVANCE INFORMATION ON A NEW OR
FRESH CASE. IT IS WRITTEN AND SUBMITTED
IMMEDIATELY AFTER HAVING CONDUCTED
THE INITIAL INVESTIGATION OF THE CASE.
IN-SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM – OR
REFRESHER TRAINING PROGRAM.
INVESTIGATION RECORDS - CONTAINS THE
FINDINGS AND ACTION TAKEN BY THE
INVESTIGATING OFFICER BASED ON
INQUIRIES MADE AND BY OBTAINING THE
FACTS OF THE INCIDENTS
LACK OF APTITUDE IN THE SERVICE – THIS
SHALL REFER TO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING
CIRCUMSTANCES: ACADEMIC DEFICIENCY
ARISING FROM FAILURE TO OBTAIN A
PASSING GRADE IN THE REQUIRED BASIC
TRAINING COURSE IN ACCORDANCE WITH
THE ESTABLISHED TRAINING RULES AND
REGULATIONS; SERIOUS VIOLATION OF
TRAINING RULES AND REGULATIONS
INVOLVING NON ACADEMIC MATTERS.
POSSESSION OF SUCH HABITS, TRAITS,
CONDUCT OR BEHAVIOR WHICH, WHEN
TAKEN ON THEIR OVERALL CONTEXT. TEND
TO MANIFEST AND DISPLAY AN
UNDESIRABLE DISPOSITION OR ATTITUDE
TOWARDS THE LAW ENFORCEMENT
PROFESSION.
LEADERSHIP POTENTIAL CAPACITY AND
ABILITY TO PERFORM THE DUTIES
REQUIRED IN THE NEW OR HIGHER
POSITION AND GOOD QUALITIES OF
LEADERSHIP
LONGEVITY PAY AND ALLOWANCES - PNP
PERSONNEL ARE ENTITLED TO A
LONGEVITY PAY OF 10% OF THEIR BASIC
MONTHLY SALARIES FOR EVERY FIVE YEARS
OF SERVICE. HOWEVER, THE TOTALITY OF
SUCH LONGEVITY PAYS DOES NOT EXCEED
50% OF THE BASIC PAY. THEY SHALL ALSO
ENJOY THE FOLLOWING ALLOWANCES:
SUBSISTENCE ALLOWANCE, QUARTER’S
ALLOWANCE, CLOTHING ALLOWANCE,
COST OF LIVING ALLOWANCE, HAZARD PAY
AND OTHERS. SEC. 71, R.A. 6975
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
(ABRAHAM MASLOW, 1940) - MASLOW
SUGGESTED BASIC CLASSES OF NEEDS, OR
MOTIVES, INFLUENCING HUMAN BEHAVIOR,
THESE MOTIVES ARE: BIOLOGICAL, SAFETY,
LOVE, COGNITIVE NEEDS, ESTEEM,
AESTHETIC AND SELF ACTUALIZATION. IT IS
SIGNIFICANT TO A POLICE MANGER
BECAUSE HE WILL CONSIDER HUMAN
NEEDS AS A FACTOR IN MAKING DECISIONS
WHICH AFFECT HUMAN RELATIONSHIP IN
HIS ORGANIZATION.
MEETINGS OR CONFERENCES - OFTEN
HELD TO INFORM OFFICERS ABOUT NEW
POLICIES, THEIR OBJECTIVES AND
IMPLEMENTATION. ONE ADVANTAGE OF
THIS TYPE OF POLICY DISSEMINATION IS
THAT IT GIVES THE OFFICERS THE
OPPORTUNITY TO ASK QUESTIONS AND
REQUEST CLARIFICATION ON SOME POINTS
MEMORANDA AND CIRCULAR - ANOTHER
COMMON MEANS OF COMMUNICATING
POLICE POLICIES TO ALL OFFICERS. CAN
BE ISSUED FAST AND THEY PROVIDE THE
GREATEST ASSURANCE OF REACHING
EVERY EMPLOYEE
MEMORANDA, ORDERS, POLICY FILES, ETC.
– THESE SHALL BE FILED ACCORDINGLY AS
THEY ARE MADE AVAILABLE.
MERIT RATING - A METHOD OF MEASURING
EMPLOYEE EFFICIENCY SOMETIMES
CALLED “PROGRESS RATING”,
“DEVELOPMENT RATING”, OR “SERVICE
RATING”.
NON-CURRENT PHASE (NON-CURRENT OR
INACTIVE RECORDS) - RECORDS THAT ARE
NO LONGER USED.
NON-ESSENTIAL RECORDS – RECORDS
THAT ARE PREVIOUSLY DETERMINED BY
RETENTION SCHEDULE TO BE ILLEGIBLE
FOR DESTRUCTION.
NUMERICAL – ASSIGNING OF NUMERICAL
VALUE OR NUMBER INTO A SPECIFIC FILE
WHICH CAN BE MANAGED THROUGH THE
FOLLOWING SYSTEM: A. SERIAL NUMBER B.
DIGIT FILING
OPTIONAL RETIREMENT - SEPARATION
FROM THE PNP UPON ACCUMULATION OF
AT LEAST TWENTY (20) YEARS OF
SATISFACTORY ACTIVE SERVICE.
ORDER – MATERIAL AND HUMAN
RESOURCES SHOULD BE IN THE RIGHT TIME
AT THE RIGHT PLACE.
ORGANIZING (GU) – ESTABLISHMENT OF
THE FORMAL STRUCTURE OF AUTHORITY
ORGANIZING - INVOLVES THE
DETERMINATION AND ALLOCATION OF THE
MEN AND WOMEN AS WELL AS THE
RESOURCE OF AN ORGANIZATION TO
ACHIEVE PRE-DETERMINED GOALS OR
OBJECTIVES OF THE ORGANIZATION
ORIGINATED POLICY – THIS TYPE OF POLICY
COMES FROM TOP MANAGEMENT LEVEL
AND IS INTENDED TO SET UP GUIDELINES IN
THE OPERATION OF THE POLICE
ORGANIZATION
PERFORMANCE RATING – THE EVALUATION
OF TRAITS, BEHAVIOR AND EFFECTIVENESS
OF AN EMPLOYEE AS DETERMINED BY
ESTABLISHED WORK
PERMANENT PHYSICAL DISABILITY - PNP
UNIFORMED PERSONNEL WHO ARE
PERMANENTLY AND TOTALLY DISABLED AS
A RESULT OF INJURIES SUFFERED OR
SICKNESS CONTRACTED IN THE
PERFORMANCE OF HIS DUTY SHALL BE
ENTITLED TO ONE YEAR’S SALARY AND TO A
LIFETIME PENSION EQUIVALENT TO EIGHTY
PERCENT (80%) OF HIS LAST SALARY, IN
ADDITION TO OTHER BENEFITS. SHOULD
SUCH PNP PERSONNEL DIE WITHIN FIVE (5)
YEARS FROM HIS RETIREMENT DUE TO
PHYSICAL DISABILITY, HIS LEGAL SPOUSE
OR LEGITIMATE CHILDREN SHALL BE
ENTITLED TO RECEIVE THE PENSION FOR
THE REMAINDER OF THE FIVE YEAR-PERIOD.
(SEC. 35, R.A.8551)
PERMANENT RECORD – TO BE KEPT FOR
NOT LESS THAN TEN (10) YEARS
PERSONAL RECORDS – A FILE SHOWING
THE HISTORY OF EACH POLICE OFFICER,
BOTH PRIOR AND SUBSEQUENT TO JOINING
THE FORCE, IS INDISPENSABLE.
PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT - PART OF
MANAGEMENT CONCERNED WITH PEOPLE
AT WORK AND THEIR RELATIONS WITHIN AN
ORGANIZATION. AREA OF MANAGEMENT
CONCERNED WITH HUMAN RELATIONS IN
THE ORGANIZATION. IT INVOLVES
PLANNING, ORGANIZING, AND
CONTROLLING THE EFFORTS OF A GROUP
OF INDIVIDUALS TOWARD ACHIEVING A
COMMON GOAL WITH MAXIMUM DISPATCH
AND MINIMUM USE OF ADMINISTRATIVE
RESOURCES.
PHYSICAL AGILITY TEST (PAT) - THE
SCREENING COMMITTEE SHALL REQUIRE
THE APPLICANT TO UNDERGO A PHYSICAL
AGILITY TEST DESIGNED TO DETERMINE
WHETHER OR NOT HE POSSESS THE
REQUIRED COORDINATION STRENGTH, AND
SPEED OF MOVEMENT NECESSARY FOR
POLICE SERVICE
PHYSICAL CHARACTER AND PERSONALTY
THE FACTORS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND
CAPACITY AS WELL AS ATTITUDE AND
PERSONALITY TRAITS IN SO FAR AS THEY
BEAR ON THE NATURE OF THE RANK
AND/OR POSITION TO BE FILLED
PHYSICAL, MEDICAL AND DENTAL
EXAMINATION (PMDE) - CONDUCTED BY THE
PNP HEALTH SERVICE OR ACCREDITED
DIAGNOSTIC CENTERS INSIDE THE CAMP
(MOBILE CLINIC) OR OUTSIDE THE CAMP
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF THE PNP
MEDICAL OFFICER AND NAPOLCOM
REPRESENTATIVE. THE TESTS SHALL
DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT THE
APPLICANTS ARE IN GOOD HEALTH AND
FREE FROM ANY CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.
THE ITEMS TO BE COVERED BY THE
PHYSICAL, MEDICAL AND DENTAL
EXAMINATION ARE SPECIFIED UNDER PNP
CIRCULAR NO. 2000 – 010.
PLACEMENT (APPOINTMENT) – THE
PROCESS OF MAKING AN EMPLOYEE
ADJUSTED TO THE WORK PLACE AND
KNOWLEDGEABLE IN HIS NEW JOB AND
WORKING ENVIRONMENT
PLANNING (GU) - A METHOD OF DOING
SOMETHING THAT IS WORKED OUT IN
ADVANCE
PLANNING - THE DETERMINATION IN
ADVANCE OF HOW THE OBJECTIVES OF THE
ORGANIZATION WILL BE ATTAINED;
INVOLVES THE DETERMINATION OF A
COURSE OF ACTION TO TAKE IN
PERFORMING A PARTICULAR FUNCTION OR
ACTIVITY
PNP PERSONNEL FILE (PPF) - THE PNP
PERSONNEL FILE WHICH IS ALSO KNOWN
AS 201 FILE IS A FOLDER CONTAINING A SET
OF PERSONAL RECORDS AND
INFORMATION PERTAINING TO AN
INDIVIDUAL MEMBER OF THE PNP, WHICH
SERVES AS BASIS IN AVAILING OF SERVICE
RECORD, LEAVE RECORD, PNP ID, LEGAL
BENEFICIARIES, AUTHENTICATION OF
PHOTOCOPIES, ETC. THE COLOR OF THE
FOLDER FOR THE PPFS SHALL BE AS
FOLLOWS: RED, FOR POLICE
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS (PCO); BLUE,
FOR POLICE NON-COMMISSIONED
OFFICERS (PNCO) & GREEN, FOR NON-
UNIFORMED PERSONNEL (NUP)
POLICE APPOINTMENT - ANY APPLICANT
WHO MEETS THE GENERAL
QUALIFICATIONS FOR APPOINTMENT TO
POLICE SERVICE AND WHO PASSES THE
TESTS REQUIRED IN THE SCREENING
PROCEDURES SHALL BE RECOMMENDED
FOR INITIAL APPOINTMENT
POLICE APPRAISAL - REFERS TO THE
PROCESS OF MEASURING THE
PERFORMANCE OF PEOPLE IN ACHIEVING
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES. ALSO KNOWN AS
THE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION SYSTEM.
IT SHALL BE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE
NAPOLCOM WHICH SHALL ISSUE THE
NECESSARY RULES AND REGULATION FOR
THE ORDERLY ADMINISTRATION OF THE
APPRAISAL PROCESS
POLICE ASSIGNMENT - REFERS TO THE
PROCESS OF DESIGNATION A POLICE
OFFICER AT A PARTICULAR FUNCTION,
DUTY OR RESPONSIBILITY. THE VERY
PURPOSE OF POLICE ASSIGNMENT IS TO
ENSURE SYSTEMATIC AND EFFECTIVE
UTILIZATION OF ALL THE MEMBERS OF THE
POLICE FORCE.
POLICE HANDBOOKS - THESE HANDBOOKS
ARE DISTRIBUTED TO ALL PERSONNEL AND
CONTAIN AMONG THINGS, INFORMATION
ABOUT THE BENEFITS AND SERVICES THAT
THE ORGANIZATION GRANTS TO ITS
OFFICERS, THE ORGANIZATION’S HISTORY,
ITS ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE, ITS
OFFICERS, AND OTHER INFORMATION
USEFUL TO THE OFFICERS IN
UNDERSTANDING THEIR RELATIONSHIP
WITH THE ORGANIZATION
POLICE MANUAL - A POLICY MANUAL
COVERING ALL POLICE PERSONNEL
POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
POLICE PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT - AREA
OF MANAGEMENT CONCERNED WITH
HUMAN RELATIONS IN THE POLICE
ORGANIZATION. USES PLANNING,
ORGANIZING, DIRECTING AND
CONTROLLING OF DAY-TO-DAY ACTIVITIES
INVOLVED IN PROCURING, DEVELOPING
AND MOTIVATING THEM AND IN
COORDINATING THEIR ACTIVITIES TO
ACHIEVE THE AIMS OF THE POLICE
POLICE PERSONNEL PLANNING – STUDY OF
THE LABOR SUPPLY OF JOBS WHICH ARE
COMPOSED OF THE DEMANDS FOR
EMPLOYEES IN AN ORGANIZATION TO
DETERMINE FUTURE PERSONNEL
REQUIREMENTS WHICH EITHER INCREASE
OR DECREASE.
POLICE PUBLICATIONS - MAY BE IN THE
FORM OF MAGAZINES, JOURNAL,
NEWSLETTERS OR BROCHURES
POLICE TRAINING - IS A MEANS OF
PROVIDING KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL TO
POLICE OFFICERS WHICH ARE NEEDED IN
THE PERFORMANCE OF THEIR FUNCTIONS.
IT IS THE OBJECTIVE OF POLICE TRAINING
TO BRING THE POLICE FORCE TO THE
DESIRED STANDARDS OF DISCIPLINE AND
EFFICIENCY BY MAKING EACH POLICE
OFFICER FULLY AWARE OF HIS DUTIES AND
RESPONSIBILITIES AND BY PROVIDING HIM
WITH A WORKING KNOWLEDGE OF POLICE
PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUES.
POLICY - GENERAL PLAN OF ACTION THAT
SERVES AS A GUIDE IN THE OPERATION OF
THE ORGANIZATION. IT DEFINES THE
AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITY OF
SUPERVISORS IN THEIR JOB OF DIRECTING
GROUP EFFORTS AND IMPLEMENTING
PERSONNEL PROGRAMS.
PRISONER’S PROPERTY RECEIPT - THE
RECEIPT ISSUED TO PRISONERS FOR THEIR
PROPERTIES SURRENDERED TO THE
POLICE UPON ARREST AND DETENTION.
ORIGINAL SHALL BE GIVEN TO THE
PRISONER. THE PROPERTIES MUST BE
SEALED IN A PLASTIC OR ENVELOPE
CONTAINING THE NAME OF THE PRISONER,
THE PROPERTY RECEIPT NUMBER AND THE
DATE. THE BOOKING OFFICER IS
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CUSTODY OF THE
PROPERTY UNTIL HIS RELEASE OR
TRANSFER
PROGRESS OR FOLLOW-UP REPORT – IT IS
THE RESULT OF THE FOLLOW-UP
INVESTIGATION OF A NEW OR FRESH CASE.
IT IS WRITTEN AND SUBMITTED EVERY TIME
OR WHENEVER ANY DEVELOPMENT OR
PROGRESS IS ACCOMPLISHED IN THE
FOLLOW-UP INVESTIGATION.
PROMOTION - THE UPGRADING OF RANKS
AND/OR ADVANCEMENT TO A POSITION OF
LEADERSHIP. A SYSTEM OF INCREASING
THE RANK OF A MEMBER OF THE POLICE
SERVICE. THE NAPOLCOM SHALL
ESTABLISH A SYSTEM OF PROMOTION
WHICH SHALL BE BASED ON THE
FOLLOWING: MERIT – QUALIFICATIONS,
SENIORITY & AVAILABILITY OF VACANT
POSITIONS
PROMOTION BY VIRTUE OF POSITION ANY
PNP PERSONNEL DESIGNATED TO ANY KEY
POSITION WHOSE RANK IS LOWER THAN
THAT WHICH IS REQUIRED FOR SUCH
POSITION SHALL, AFTER SIX (6) MONTHS OF
OCCUPYING THE SAME, BE ENTITLED TO A
RANK ADJUSTMENT CORRESPONDING TO
THE POSITION.
PSYCHIATRIC/PSYCHOLOGICAL
EXAMINATION (PPE) – TO EXCLUDE
APPLICANTS THAT MAY BE SUFFERING
FROM ANY MENTAL DISORDER. IT SHALL BE
ADMINISTERED TO ALL APPLICANTS UNDER
THE SUPERVISION OF THE PNP MEDICAL
OFFICER AND NAPOLCOM
REPRESENTATIVE. ONLY THOSE
APPLICANTS WHO PASSED THE PPE SHALL
PROCEED TO THE NEXT STAGE, THE
PHYSICAL, MEDICAL AND DENTAL
EXAMINATION (PMDE).
PURGING OR RETENTION - DETERMINATION
OF WHICH DOCUMENTS SHOULD BE
RETAINED OR DISPOSED
RECORDS - AN ORAL OR WRITTEN EVIDENCE
THAT HAS BEEN GATHERED OR COLLECTED
FOR DECISION MAKING. INCLUDES
LETTERS, CONTRACTS, BOOKS, PHOTOS,
DRAWINGS, MAPS, MOTION PICTURE FILM,
MICROFILM, SOUND RECORDING, VIDEOS,
AND OTHER DOCUMENTS OR RECORDING
OF ANY PHYSICAL FORM. ANYTHING THAT
CONTAINS INFORMATION OF WHATEVER
FORM OR KIND THAT WOULD PROVE THE
EXISTENCE OF SOMETHING THAT WAS SAID
OR DONE
RECORDS CENTER/DIVISION - A FACILITY
OR SECTION SPECIALLY DESIGNED AND
CONSTRUCTED FOR THE EFFICIENT
STORAGE AND SECURITY OF RECORDS
RECORDS CREATION - REFERS TO THE ACT
OF EXCHANGING WRITTEN IDEAS BETWEEN
TWO (2) SOURCES. AT THIS POINT, THE LIFE
OF THE RECORD BEGINS. HOWEVER, DUE
TO THE FAST PACE AT WHICH THE RECORDS
OF PNP PERSONNEL ARE CREATED, AND
THE COST INVOLVED IN MAINTAINING THEM,
A CONTROL SYSTEM IS NECESSARY.
RECORDS CUSTODIAN - A QUALIFIED
OFFICER WHO HAS THE RESPONSIBILITY
AND CONTROL OF ALL THE RECORDS OF
THE ORGANIZATION
RECORD CYCLE - THE LIFE SPAN OF A
RECORD, FROM THE TIME IT WAS CREATED
UP TO THE TIME IT WAS DISPOSED OR
DESTRUCTED; ALSO CALLED THE “BIRTH-
TO-DEATH” CYCLE
RECORDS DISPOSITION – IT IS THE
SYSTEMATIC TRANSFER ON NON-CURRENT
RECORDS FROM AN OFFICE TO ANY
RECORDS STORAGE AREA, THE
IDENTIFICATION AND PRESERVATION OF
PERMANENT RECORDS AND THE OUTRIGHT
DESTRUCTION OF VALUELESS RECORDS.
RECORDS MAINTENANCE - REFERS TO THE
ACTIVITIES INVOLVING PROPER HANDLING
OF RECORDS, ARRANGING THEM INTO
USABLE FILING SEQUENCE, USING THE
MOST EFFICIENT TYPE OF FILING
EQUIPMENT.
RECORDS MANAGEMENT - FUNCTION OF
ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT
CONCERNED WITH THE CREATION,
PROTECTION, RETENTION, RETRIEVAL,
PRESERVATION AND DISPOSAL OF
RECORDS AND RECORDS INFORMATION
REQUIRED FOR THE CONTINUANCE OF
OPERATIONS AT COST CONSISTENT WITH
THE SERVICES INVOLVED. INVOLVES THE
DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE RECORDS
CYCLE
RECORDS MANAGEMENT DIVISION (RMD) - IT
WAS ESTABLISHED TO OVERSEE THE
RECORDS MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS OF
THE DPRM. THE RMD SHALL DEVELOP,
COORDINATE AND IMPLEMENT PNP-WIDE
PROGRAMS, POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
FOR CREATION, USAGE, MAINTENANCE,
STORAGE AND DISPOSITION OF
PERSONNEL RECORDS. THE RMD IS
HEADED BY A DIVISION CHIEF WITH A RANK
OF POLICE SENIOR SUPERINTENDENT AND
ASSISTED BY AN ASSISTANT DIVISION CHIEF
WITH A RANK OF SUPERINTENDENT.
RECORDS SECURITY AND PROTECTION -
REFERS TO THE PREVENTIVE AND
PREVENTIVE AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES
AND ACTIONS UNDERTAKEN IN ORDER TO
SAFEGUARD RECORDS/DOCUMENTS IN
ALL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES FROM
UNAUTHORIZED AND INDISCRIMINATE
DISCLOSURE, DAMAGE, DESTRUCTION AND
LOSS, WHETHER RECORDS ARE FILED IN
CURRENT OF NON-CURRENT STORAGE
AREA.
RECRUITMENT (1) – THE PROCESS OF
ENCOURAGING JOB APPLICANTS FROM
OUTSIDE AN ORGANIZATION TO SEEK
EMPLOYMENT IN AN ORGANIZATION; THE
PROCESS OF ATTRACTING CANDIDATES
WHO HAVE THE MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS
TO BE ELIGIBLE
RECRUITMENT (2) - THE PROCESS OF
ATTRACTING CANDIDATES WHO HAVE
MAXIMUM QUALIFICATIONS TO BE ELIGIBLE
FOR SELECTION PROCEDURE. IT IS THE
PROCESS OF SEARCHING THE CANDIDATES
FOR EMPLOYMENT AND STIMULATING THEM
TO APPLY FOR JOBS IN THE ORGANIZATION.
REGULAR PROMOTION - PROMOTION
GRANTED TO POLICE OFFICERS MEETING
THE MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR
PROMOTION.
REMUNERATION OF PERSONNEL – R.A. 8551)
COMPENSATION SHOULD BE FAIR BOTH TO
EMPLOYEE AND EMPLOYER.
REPORTING (GU) - TO GIVE THE EXECUTIVE
INFORMATION ABOUT SOMETHING THAT
HAS HAPPENED
RETENTION PERIOD – SPECIFIC PERIOD OF
TIME ESTABLISHED AND APPROVED BY
COMPETENT AUTHORITY TO STORE
RECORDS, AFTER WHICH SAID RECORDS
ARE DEEMED READY FOR PERMANENT
STORAGE OR DESTRUCTION
RETIREMENT BENEFITS - MONTHLY
RETIREMENT PAY SHALL BE FIFTY PERCENT
(50%) OF THE BASE PAY IN CASE OF TWENTY
YEARS OF ACTIVE SERVICE, INCREASING BY
TWO AND ONE-HALF PERCENT (2.5%) FOR
EVERY YEAR OF ACTIVE SERVICE RENDERED
BEYOND 20 YEARS TO A MAXIMUM OF
NINETY PERCENT (90%) FOR THIRTY-SIX (36)
YEARS OF SERVICE AND OVER: PROVIDED,
THAT THE UNIFORMED MEMBER SHALL
HAVE THE OPTION TO RECEIVE IN ADVANCE
AND IN LUMP SUM HIS OR HER RETIREMENT
PAY FOR THE FIRST FIVE (5)
YEARS. PROVIDED, FURTHER, THAT
PAYMENT OF THE RETIREMENT BENEFITS IN
LUMP SUM SHALL BE MADE WITHIN SIX (6)
MONTHS FROM EFFECTIVITY DATE OF
RETIREMENT AND/OR
COMPLETION. PROVIDED, FINALLY, THAT
THE RETIREMENT PAY OF PNP MEMBERS
SHALL BE SUBJECT TO ADJUSTMENTS
BASED ON THE PREVAILING SCALE OF BASE
PAY OF POLICE PERSONNEL IN THE ACTIVE
SERVICE. SEC. 34, R.A. 8551)
RETIREMENT PROGRAM - RETIREMENT IS
THE SEPARATION OF THE POLICE
PERSONNEL FROM THE SERVICE BY
REASON OF REACHING THE AGE OF
RETIREMENT PROVIDED BY LAW, OR UPON
COMPLETION OF CERTAIN NUMBER OF
YEARS IN ACTIVE SERVICE. A PNP
UNIFORMED PERSONNEL SHALL RETIRE TO
THE NEXT HIGHER RANK FOR PURPOSES OF
RETIREMENT PAY.
RETRIEVAL - THE TAKING OUT OF A RECORD
FROM STORAGE FOR REFERENCE OR
OTHER PURPOSES
ROLL-CALL TRAINING – INSTRUCTIONAL
COURSES OF SEVERAL HOURS A DAY
CONCERNING DEPARTMENTAL ACTIVITIES
SALARY (STATUS OF MEMBERS OF PNP) -
THE UNIFORMED MEMBERS OF THE PNP
ARE CONSIDERED EMPLOYEES OF THE
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT AND DRAW THEIR
SALARIES THERE FROM. THEY HAVE THE
SAME SALARY GRADE THAT OF A PUBLIC
SCHOOL TEACHER. POLICE OFFICERS
ASSIGNED IN METROPOLITAN MANILA,
CHARTERED CITIES, AND FIRST CLASS
MUNICIPALITIES MAY BE PAID WITH
FINANCIAL INCENTIVES BY THE LOCAL
GOVERNMENT UNIT CONCERNED SUBJECT
TO THE AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS. (SEC. 36,
SCALAR CHAIN – HIERARCHY OF
AUTHORITY FROM TOP TO BOTTOM.
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT (FREDERICK
TAYLOR, 1856 – 1915) - IT IS FOCUSED ON
METHODS OF INCREASING WORKER
PRODUCTIVITY. TAYLOR BELIEVED THAT
WORKERS ARE MOTIVATED PRIMARILY BY
ECONOMIC REWARDS. IF WORKERS WERE
TAUGHT THE BEST PROCEDURES, WITH PAY
TIED TO OUTPUT, THEY WOULD PRODUCE
THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF WORK. “FATHER
OF SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT.
SELECTION (SCREENING) – THE PROCESS
OF DETERMINING THE MOST QUALIFIED JOB
APPLICANT OR EMPLOYEES FOR A GIVEN
POSITION IN THE ORGANIZATION
SEMI-CURRENT PHASE (SEMI-CURRENT
RECORDS) - RECORDS THAT ARE STILL
USED BUT ONLY INFREQUENTLY.
SEMI-PERMANENT – TO BE KEPT FOR FIVE (5)
YEARS
SENIORITY – WHEN ALL THE FOREGOING
CONDITIONS HAVE BEEN TAKEN INTO
ACCOUNT, AND STILL THE MEMBERS IN THE
NEXT RANK HAVE THE SAME MERIT AND
QUALIFICATIONS, PREFERENCE SHALL BE
GIVEN TO THE MOST SENIOR OFFICER
SKILL - THE ABILITY TO TRANSLATE
KNOWLEDGE INTO ACTION THAT RESULTS
IN DESIRED PERFORMANCE. ABILITY THAT
ALLOWS A PERSON TO ACHIEVE SUPERIOR
PERFORMANCE IN ONE OR MORE ASPECTS
OF HIS OR HER WORK
SPECIFIC RULES – COVER SPECIFIC
SITUATIONS; THEY ARE MORE DIRECT AND
ARE LESS FLEXIBLE; MORE RIGID IN NATURE
SCREENING COMMITTEE - RESPONSIBLE
FOR THE WIDEST DISSEMINATION OF
VACANCIES IN THEIR RESPECTIVE AREAS,
THE EVALUATION OF THE APPLICANT’S
QUALIFICATIONS AND THE SELECTION OF
THE MOST QUALIFIED APPLICANTS TO BE
RECOMMENDED FOR APPOINTMENT TO THE
POLICE SERVICE.- ESTABLISHED AT THE
NHQ, NSU’S AND PRO’S.
SPECIAL PROMOTION – PROMOTION
GRANTED TO POLICE OFFICERS WHO HAVE
EXHIBITED ACTS OF CONSPICUOUS
COURAGE AND GALLANTRY AT THE RISK OF
HIS/HER LIFE ABOVE AND BEYOND THE
CALL OF DUTY.
STABILITY OF PERSONNEL TENURE –
EMPLOYEE NEEDS TIME TO ADJUST TO A
NEW JOB AND REACH A POINT OF
SATISFACTORY.
STAFFING (GU) – FILLING THE
ORGANIZATION WITH THE RIGHT PEOPLE
AND RIGHT POSITION
STAFFING- THE TASK OF PROVIDING
COMPETENT MEN TO DO THE JOB AND
CHOOSING THE RIGHT MEN FOR THE RIGHT
JOB; INVOLVES GOOD SELECTION AND
PROCESSING OF RELIABLE AND WELL-
TRAINED PERSONNEL
STORAGE - THE FILING OF THE RECORD
ACCORDING TO ITS CLASSIFICATION.
INCLUDES THE PROPER LABELING OF THE
RECORD AND PUTTING IT IN THE PLACE
ACCORDING TO ITS CLASSIFICATION.
FILING FOR TEMPORARY OR SHORT-TERM
PERIOD ONLY
SUBORDINATION OF INDIVIDUAL INTEREST
TO GENERAL INTEREST – THE INTEREST OF
EMPLOYEE SHALL NOT TAKE PRECEDENCE
OVER THE ORGANIZATION.
SUPERVISORY DEVELOPMENT,
SPECIALIZED OR TECHNICAL TRAINING –
SEMINARS OR SPECIAL SESSIONS ON
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION, TRAFFIC, DRUG
CONTROL, ETC
SYSTEM THEORY - ALL PARTS OF A SYSTEM
ARE INTERRELATED AND INTERDEPENDENT
TO FORM THE WHOLE. A SYSTEM IS
COMPOSED OF ELEMENTS OR
SUBSYSTEMS HAT ARE RELATED AND
DEPENDENT UPON ONE ANOTHER.
SUBSYSTEMS ARE IN INTERACTION WITH
ONE ANOTHER, THEY FORM A UNITARY
WHOLE.
TECHNICAL REPORT – A REPORT ON THE
LABORATORY EXAMINATION OF THE
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE GATHERED IN ORDER
TO SUPPLEMENT THE FINDINGS OF THE
INVESTIGATOR.
TECHNICAL SKILL - THE ABILITY TO
PERFORM SPECIALIZED TASKS. THIS SKILL
INVOLVES BEING HIGHLY PROFICIENT AT
USING SELECTED METHODS, PROCESSES
AND PROCEDURES TO ACCOMPLISH TASKS
TEMPORARY – NO SPECIFIED PERIOD BUT
USUALLY LESS THAN (5) YEARS.
TEMPORARY APPOINTMENT - SHALL BE
ISSUED TO A NEWLY RECRUITED PO1 WHO
MEETS THE REQUIRED MINIMUM
QUALIFICATIONS, EXCEPT THE TRAINING
REQUIREMENT WHICH IS THE PNP FIELD
TRAINING PROGRAM (FTP). THE FTP SHALL
BE COMPOSED OF THE PUBLIC SAFETY
BASIC RECRUIT COURSE (PSBRC) AND THE
FIELD TRAINING EXERCISE (FTX) SUCH
TEMPORARY APPOINTMENT SHALL NOT
EXCEED TWELVE MONTHS TO BE
RECKONED FROM THE DATE IT WAS ISSUED.
THEORY X (DOUGLAS MCGREGOR, 1960) -
MANAGEMENT ASSUMES EMPLOYEES ARE
INHERENTLY LAZY AND WILL AVOID WORK IF
THEY CAN AND THAT THEY INHERENTLY
DISLIKE WORK. MANAGERS RELY HEAVILY
ON THREAT AND COERCION TO GAIN THEIR
EMPLOYEE'S COMPLIANCE TOWARDS
ORGANIZATIONS GOALS.
THEORY Y (DOUGLAS MCGREGOR, 1960 -
ASSUMES EMPLOYEES MAY BE AMBITIOUS
AND SELF-MOTIVATED AND EXERCISE SELF-
CONTROL. MANAGERS BELIEVE THAT,
GIVEN THE RIGHT CONDITIONS, MOST
PEOPLE WILL WANT TO DO WELL AT WORK.
EMPLOYEES POSSESS THE ABILITY FOR
CREATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING, BUT THEIR
TALENTS ARE UNDERUSED IN MOST
ORGANIZATIONS
TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT – REFERS TO
ANY METHOD USED TO IMPROVE THE
ATTITUDE, KNOWLEDGE, AND SKILL OR
BEHAVIOR PATTERN OF AN EMPLOYEE FOR
ADEQUATE PERFORMANCE OF A GIVEN JOB
TRANSFER - MOVING OF RECORDS FROM
ONE STORAGE TO ANOTHER
UNITY OF COMMAND – EMPLOYEE SHOULD
RECEIVE ORDERS FROM ONE SUPERIOR
ONLY.
UNITY OF DIRECTION – THERE SHOULD BE
ONLY ONE MANGER AND ONE PLAN FOR A
GROUP OF ACTIVITIES THAT HAVE THE SAME
OBJECTIVE.
USE - THE PHASE WHERE THE RECORD
SERVES ITS PURPOSE
USEFUL – OR “LOWEST PROTECTION
PRIORITY”, CONSISTS OF ALL OTHER
DOCUMENTS CONSIDERED TO BE NON-
ESSENTIAL TO NORMAL OPERATIONS BUT
INCONVENIENT WHEN LOST.
USEFUL RECORDS – RECORDS THAT
WOULD CAUSE INCONVENIENCE IF LOST
BUT COULD BE READILY REPLACED.
VAULTING – VITAL RECORDS SHALL BE
STORED IN A VAULT.
VITAL – OR “TOP PROTECTION PRIORITY”,
CONSISTS OF ALL ESSENTIAL RECORDS
CONSIDERED AS MISSION CRITICAL AND
IRREPLACEABLE.
VITAL RECORDS – ARE RECORDS THAT ARE
IRREPLACEABLE, BUT CAN BE
REPRODUCED.
WANTED PERSONS REPORT – A REPORT ON
PERSONS WHO ARE WANTED BY THE
POLICE.
POLICE
INTELLIGENC
E
ACTION AGENT - THE WHO ONE WHO
CONDUCTS THE CLANDESTINE OPERATION
ACTIVE COUNTER INTELLIENCE MEASURES
– ARE THOSE MEASURES, WHICH SEEK
ACTIVELY TO BLOCK THE ENEMIES’ EFFORT
TO GAIN INFORMATION OR ENGAGE IN
ESPIONAGE, SUBVERSION, AND SABOTAGE.
ADMIRAL YAMAMOTO - APRIL 1943, THE
CRYPTANALYSTS OF THE U.S. NAVY
COMMUNICATIONS INTELLIGENCE
INTERPRETED A TOP SECRET SIGNAL
RELAYING THE TRAVEL OF THE ADMIRAL. EN
ROUTE HE WAS INTERCEPTED AND
CRASHED IN THE JUNGLES OF
BOUGAINVILLE.
AGENT - IT REFERS TO A PERSON WHO
CONDUCTS THE CLANDESTINE
OPERATIONS TO INCLUDE PRINCIPAL
AGENTS, ACTION AGENTS, AND SUPPORT
AGENTS.
AGENT IN PLACE - AGENT WHO HAS BEEN
RECRUITED WITHIN A HIGHLY SENSITIVE
TARGET
AGENT OF INFLUENCE- AGENT WHO USES
AUTHORITY TO GAIN INFORMATION
AKBAR - THE "GREAT MOGUL" AND WISE
MASTER OF HINDUSTAN EMPLOYED MORE
THAN 4,000 AGENTS FOR THE SOLE
PURPOSE OF BRINGING HIM THE TRUTH
THAT HIS THRONE MIGHT REST UPON IT.
ALEXANDER THE GREAT - A RENOWNED
GREEK CONQUEROR HAD HIS SHARE OF
ADVANCE INFORMATION WHEN RUMORS
OF DISCONTENT CIRCULATED FROM
AMONG THE RANKS OF HIS MEN. HE WAS
ABLE TO IDENTIFY THOSE DISLOYAL ONES
BY ORDERING THE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM TO ALERT THE GERMAN
LETTERS OPENED AND WAS SUCCESSFUL GOVERNMENT TO THREATS TO GERMAN
IN CURTAILING THE DECLINE OF ESPRIT DE INTERESTS FROM ABROAD. IT DEPENDS
CORPS AND MORALE OF HIS MEN. HEAVILY ON WIRETAPPING AND
ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE OF
ALFRED REDL - A HOMOSEXUAL DOUBLE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS. IT
SPY WHO WHILE WORKING AS COLLECTS AND EVALUATES INFORMATION
INTELLIGENCE DIRECT PROOF AUSTRIA ON A VARIETY OF AREAS SUCH AS
AND HUNGARY, SPIED THE RUSSIANS. HIS INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM, WMD
TREASONS ACTIVITIES WERE DISCOVERED PROLIFERATION AND ILLEGAL TRANSFER
AND COMPELLED TO COMMIT SUICIDE. HIS OF TECHNOLOGY, ORGANIZED CRIME,
SPYING LED TO THE DEATH OF OVER WEAPONS AND DRUG TRAFFICKING, MONEY
500,000 AGENTS AND SOLDIERS LAUNDERING, ILLEGAL MIGRATION AND
COMBINED IN HIS 13 YEARS EPISODE AS A INFORMATION WARFARE. AS GERMANY’S
SPY. ONLY OVERSEAS INTELLIGENCE SERVICE,
THE BND GATHERS BOTH MILITARY AND
ANALYSIS - THIS IS THE STAGE IN WHICH THE CIVIL INTELLIGENCE.
COLLECTED INFORMATION IS SUBJECTED
TO REVIEW IN ORDER TO SATISFY CASING - IT IS THE CAREFUL INSPECTION OF
SIGNIFICANT FACTS AND DERIVE A PLACE TO DETERMINE ITS SUITABILITY
CONCLUSION THERE FROM. FOR A PARTICULAR OPERATIONAL
PURPOSE. IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE
ANONYMOUS INFORMANT - UNIDENTIFIED RECONNAISSANCE OR RECCE IN MILITARY
OR UNKNOWN INFORMANTS TERM.

AREA TARGET STUDY – REFERS TO AREA OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (CIA) –

OPERATION OF SURVEILLANCE ACTIVITIES AMERICA - CIA IS THE LARGEST OF THE
INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES AND IS
ARMED FORCES INTELLIGENCE – DEALS RESPONSIBLE FOR GATHERING DATA FROM
WITH THE ARMED FORCES OF THE NATION. OTHER COUNTRIES THAT COULD IMPACT
U.S. POLICY. IT IS A CIVILIAN INTELLIGENCE
ARTIFICIAL COVER - ALTERING THE AGENCY OF THE UNITED STATES
BACKGROUND THAT WILL CORRESPOND GOVERNMENT RESPONSIBLE FOR
TO THE OPERATION PROVIDING NATIONAL SECURITY
INTELLIGENCE TO SENIOR UNITED STATES
AUSTRALIAN SECRET INTELLIGENCE POLICYMAKERS. THE CIA ALSO ENGAGES IN
SERVICE (ASIS) – AUSTRALIA - COVERT ACTIVITIES AT THE REQUEST OF
GOVERNMENT INTELLIGENCE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF
AUSTRALIA WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR AMERICA. THE CIA’S PRIMARY FUNCTION IS
COLLECTING FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE TO COLLECT INFORMATION ABOUT
UNDERTAKING COUNTER-INTELLIGENCE FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS, CORPORATIONS,
ACTIVITIES AND COOPERATION WITH AND INDIVIDUALS, AND TO ADVISE PUBLIC
OTHER INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES POLICYMAKERS. THE AGENCY CONDUCTS
OVERSEAS. ITS PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY IS COVERT OPERATIONS AND PARAMILITARY
GATHERING INTELLIGENCE FROM MAINLY ACTIONS, AND EXERTS FOREIGN POLITICAL
ASIAN AND PACIFIC INTERESTS USING INFLUENCE THROUGH ITS SPECIAL
AGENTS STATIONED IN A WIDE VARIETY OF ACTIVITIES DIVISION. IT HAS FAILED TO
AREAS. ITS MAIN PURPOSE, AS WITH MOST CONTROL TERRORISM ACTIVITIES
AGENCIES, IS TO PROTECT THE COUNTRY’S INCLUDING 9/11, NOT EVEN A SINGLE TOP
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC INTERESTS LEVEL AL-QAEDA LEADER CAPTURED OWN
WHILE ENSURING SAFETY FOR THE PEOPLE ITS OWN IN THE PAST 13 YEARS. HIGHLY
OF AUSTRALIA AGAINST NATIONAL FUNDED AND TECHNOLOGICALLY MOST
THREATS. ADVANCED INTELLIGENCE SET-UP IN THE
WORLD.
BATTLE OF MIDWAY - IN JUNE 1442, THE
TURNING POINT OF THE NAVAL IN THE CIVIL SECURITY – IT ENCOMPASSES ACTIVE
PACIFIC, THE VICTORY GAINED BY THE AND PASSIVE COUNTERINTELLIGENCE
AMERICANS WAS DUE TO THE DISRUPTED MEASURES AFFECTING THE NON-MILITARY
MESSAGES FROM THE IMPERIAL JAPANESE NATIONALS PERMANENTLY OR
NAVY. TEMPORARILY RESIDING IN AN AREA UNDER
MILITARY JURISDICTION.
BIOGRAPHICAL INTELLIGENCE – DEALS
WITH INDIVIDUAL PERSONALITIES WHO CLASSIFY – ASSIGNING OF INFORMATION
HAVE ACTUAL POSSESSION OF POWER OR MATERIAL TO ONE OF THE FOUR
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AFTER
BUGGING - THE USE OF AN EQUIPMENT OR DETERMINING THAT SUCH INFORMATION
TOOL TO LISTEN AND RECORD DISCREETLY REQUIRES SECURITY AS PRESCRIBED BY
CONVERSATIONS OF OTHER PEOPLE. PNP REGULATION 200-012.

BUNDESNACHRICHTENDIENST (BND) – CLOSE TAIL – EXTREME PRECAUTIONS ARE

GERMANY – IS THE FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE TAKEN AGAINST LOSING THE SUBJECT IS
AGENCY OF THE GERMAN GOVERNMENT, EMPLOYED WHERE CONSTANT
THE BND ACTS AS AN EARLY WARNING SURVEILLANCE IS NECESSARY.
CLOSE SOURCES – ONLY 1% OF COVER SUPPORT – AN AGENT ASSIGNED IN
INFORMATION ARE OBTAINED FROM TARGET AREAS WITH THE PRIMARY MISSION
COVERT OPERATION CLOSE/COVERT OF SUPPORTING THE COVER STORY.
METHOD/CLANDESTINE OPERATION.
CREDIBILITY – TRUTH OF INFORMATION
CODING - IT IS THE CHANGING OF MESSAGE
FROM PLAIN CLEAR TEXT TO CRIMINAL INTELLIGENCE (CRIMINT) –
UNINTELLIGIBLE FORM ALSO KNOWN AS REFERS TO THE KNOWLEDGE ESSENTIAL
“ENCRYPTING”. TO THE PREVENTION OF CRIMES AND THE
INVESTIGATION, ARREST, AND
COMMON SPIES (FTG) - RECRUITED AMONG PROSECUTION OF CRIMINAL OFFENDERS.
POOR FOLK, GLAD TO EARN A SMALL SUM
OR TO ACCOMMODATE A MILITARY CRYPTO ANALYST - REFERS TO THOSE
OFFICER; PERSONS WHO BREAK INTERCEPTED
CODES.
COMMUNICATION AGENT - AGENT WHO IS CRYPTOGRAPHER - IT REFERS TO A PERSON
DETAILED AS SECURING OF CLANDESTINE WHO IS HIGHLY SKILLED IN CONVERTING
COMMUNICATIONS. MESSAGE FROM CLEAR TO UNINTELLIGIBLE
FORMS BY USE OF CODES AND CIPHER.
COMPARTMENTATION – THE GRANTING OF
ACCESS TO CLASSIFIED DOCUMENT OR DECLASSIFY – THE REMOVAL OF THE
INFORMATION ONLY TO PROPERLY SECURITY CLASSIFICATION FROM
CLEARED PERSONS WHEN SUCH CLASSIFIED DOCUMENT OR MATERIAL.
CLASSIFIED INFORMATION IS REQUIRED IN
THE PERFORMANCE OF THEIR OFFICIAL DECODING - TRANSFORMING OF CODED
DUTIES, AND RESTRICTING IT TO SPECIFIC MESSAGE INTO PLAIN TEXT ALSO KNOWN
PHYSICAL CONFINES WHEN FEASIBLE. AS “DECRYPTING

CONFIDENTIAL (BLUE) - UNAUTHORIZED DECOY- A PERSON OR OBJECT USED BY THE

REVELATION OF WHICH MAY BE INJURIOUS SUBJECT IN ATTEMPT TO ELUDE
TO THE REPUTATION OF THE NATION OR SURVEILLANT
GOVERNMENTAL ACTIVITY OR WOULD
CAUSE ADMINISTRATIVE HUMILIATION OR DELILAH- A BIBLICAL PERSONALITY WHO
UNNECESSARY INJURY. WAS ABLE TO GAIN INFORMATION BY USING
HER BEAUTY AND CHARM. SHE WAS
CONTACT - ANY PERSON WHOM THE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FALL OF SAMSON A
SUBJECTS PICKS OR DEALS WITH WHILE HE KNOWN ISRAELITE LEADER WHO
IS UNDER OBSERVATION AND IDENTIFIES TERRORIZED THE PHILISTINES.
THE OBSERVER
DEPARTMENT OF INTELLIGENCE (MISSION)
CONVOY - AN ASSOCIATE OF THE SUBJECT – THE INTELLIGENCE REQUIRED BY
WHO FOLLOWS HIM TO DETECT DEPARTMENT OR AGENCIES OF THE
SURVEILLANCE. GOVERNMENT TO EXECUTE ITS MISSION
AND DISCHARGE ITS RESPONSIBILITIES.
COUNTER INTELLIGENCE (1) – PHASE OF
INTELLIGENCE COVERING THE ACTIVITY DISSEMINATION - PROCESSED
DEVOTED IN DESTROYING THE INFORMATION OR INTELLIGENCE DATA ARE
EFFECTIVENESS OF HOSTILE FOREIGN DISSEMINATED TO END USERS,
ACTIVITIES AND THE PROTECTION OF COMMON METHODS OF DISSEMINATING
INFORMATION AGAINST ESPIONAGE, INTEL DATA ARE CONFERENCES, BRIEFING
SUBVERSION AND SABOTAGE. IT ALSO AND PERSON TO PERSON EXCHANGES. IN
INCLUDES PROTECTION THE THIS PROCESS, CONSIDER THE FACTORS
ORGANIZATION ITSELF. OF TIMELINESS, CORRECTNESS AND
SECURITY.
COUNTER INTELLIGENCE (2) - PREPARATION
AND EXECUTION OF PLANS AND PROGRAMS DOUBLE AGENT - AN ENEMY AGENT, WHO
TO NEUTRALIZE OR PREVENT ANY HAS BEEN TAKEN INTO CUSTODY, TURNED
ACTIVITIES UNDESIRABLE TO THE POLICE AROUND AND SENT BACK WHERE HE CAME
ORGANIZATION. FROM AS AN AGENT OF HIS CAPTORS.

COVER - IT REFERS TO THE CHANGING, DOUBLE-CROSSER INFORMNAT - HE WANTS

FORGING OR FALSIFYING AGENT’S REAL
PERSONALITY INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
TO THINGS, LOCATION, JOB, AND OTHERS
THAT WILL BE USED IN UNDERCOVER
ASSIGNMENT.
COVER STORY – A BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
THROUGH FICTIONAL THAT WILL PORTRAY
THE PERSONALITY OF THE AGENT HE
ASSUMED, A SCENARIO TO COVER THE
OPERATION.
TO GET MORE INFORMATION FROM THE
POLICE MORE THAN HE GIVES.
DOUBLE SPIES (FTG) - THE LOW INFORMERS
AND UNRELIABLE RENEGADES OF VALUE
CHIEFLY IN SPREADING FALSE
INFORMATION TO THE ENEMY;
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE – DEALS WITH
THE EXTENT AND UTILIZATION OF NATURAL
AND HUMAN RESOURCES TO THE
INDUSTRIAL POTENTIAL OF THE NATIONS
EDWARD I - AN ENGLISH MONARCH WHO
STARTED UTILIZING ENGLISH INFORMANTS
ESPECIALLY TO DETERMINE SEDITIOUS
WRITINGS AGAINST THE CROWN AND
IDENTIFY
ELICITATION- THE PROCESS OF
EXTRACTING INFORMATION FROM A INTELLIGENCE FROM FOREIGN SOURCES
PERSON BELIEVES TO BE IN POSSESSION
OF VITAL INFORMATION WITHOUT HIS
KNOWLEDGE OR SUSPICION.
ESPIONAGE AGENT - AGENT WHO
CLANDESTINELY PROCURE OR COLLECT
INFORMATION.
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION
(EEI) - IS AN ITEM OF INTELLIGENCE OR
INFORMATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE AREA OF OPERATIONS AND THE ENEMY,
WHICH THE COMMANDER FEELS HE NEEDS
BEFORE HE CAN REASONABLY ARRIVE AT A
DECISION.
EVALUATION – IS THE DETERMINATION OF
THE PERTINENCE OF THE INFORMATION TO
THE OPERATION, RELIABILITY OF THE
SOURCE OF OR AGENCY AND THE
ACCURACY OF THE INFORMATION.
EXPENDABLE AGENT - AGENT WHO LEAKS
FALSE INFORMATION TO THE ENEMY.
FALSE INFORMANT - REVEALS
INFORMATION OF NO CONSEQUENCES,
VALUE OR STUFF CONNECTED WITHIN THIN
AIR.
FRIGHTENED INFORMANTS - WEAKEST LINK
IN CRIMINAL CHAIN, MOTIVATED BY ANXIETY.
FEDERAL SECURITY SERVICE OF RUSSIAN
FEDERATION (FSD) –RUSSIA –(FORMELY –
KOMITET GUZUDARST BENOI
BEZOPASNOSTI – KGB) THE FEDERAL
SECURITY SERVICE OF RUSSIAN
FEDERATION (FSD) IS THE MAIN DOMESTIC
SECURITY AGENCY OF THE RUSSIAN
FEDERATION AND THE MAIN SUCCESSOR
AGENCY OF THE SOVIET-ERA CHEKA, NKVD
AND KGB. THE FSD IS INVOLVED IN
COUNTER-INTELLIGENCE, INTERNAL AND
BORDER SECURITY, COUNTER-TERRORISM,
AND SURVEILLANCE. THE FSD IS
RESPONSIBLE FOR INTERNAL SECURITY OF
THE RUSSIAN STATE, COUNTERESPIONAGE,
AND THE FIGHT AGAINST ORGANIZED
CRIME, TERRORISM, AND DRUG
SMUGGLING. THE NUMBER OF FSD
PERSONNEL AND ITS BUDGET REMAIN
STATE SECRETS, ALTHOUGH THE BUDGET
WAS REPORTED TO JUMP NEARLY 40% IN
2006.
FREDERICK THE GREAT - "FATHER OF
ORGANIZED MILITARY ESPIONAGE".
GENERAL DIRECTORATE FOR EXTERNAL
SECURITY – FRANCE - DIRECTORATE
GENERAL FOR EXTERNAL SECURITY IS
FRANCE’S EXTERNAL INTELLIGENCE
AGENCY. OPERATING UNDER THE
DIRECTION OF THE FRENCH MINISTRY OF
DEFENSE, THE AGENCY WORKS ALONGSIDE
THE DCRI (THE CENTRAL DIRECTORATE OF
INTERIOR INTELLIGENCE) IN PROVIDING
INTELLIGENCE AND NATIONAL SECURITY,
NOTABLY BY PERFORMING PARAMILITARY
AND COUNTERINTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS
ABROAD. ITS PRIMARY FOCUS IS TO GATHER
TO ASSIST IN MILITARY AND STRATEGIC
DECISIONS FOR THE COUNTRY. THE
AGENCY EMPLOYS MORE THAN FIVE
THOUSAND PEOPLE.
GENERAL NAPOLEON BONAPARTE - "ONE
SPY IN THE RIGHT PLACE IS WORTH 20,000
MEN IN THE FIELD". HE ORGANIZED TWO
BUREAU OF INTEREST.
GEOGRAPHICAL INTELLIGENCE – DEALS
WITH THE NATURAL AS WELL AS MANMADE
FEATURES OF THE PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENT OF MAN CONSIDERED FROM
THE POINT IN VIEW OF MILITARY
OPERATIONS.
GEORGE WASHINGTON - UNDER OATH
ABOUNDS IN THE HISTORY OF EVERY
NATION. GEORGE WASHINGTON AS GRAND
MASTER MOBILIZED THE FREE MASONS OF
THE COLONIES AT THE OUTBREAK OF THE
AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE.
GUERILLA - AGENT WHO IS A MEMBER OF
PARAMILITARY GROUP ORGANIZED TO
HARASS THE ENEMY IN A HOT WAR
SITUATION.
HERBERT YADLEY - HEAD OF THE MI-8, THE
FORERUNNER OF THE TOP SECRET
NATIONAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION
A.K.A BLACK CHAMBER, A CRYPTANALYTIC
ORGANIZATION.
HOLY BIBLE - THE FIRST INTELLIGENCE
OPERATION RECORDED IN HISTORY.
INFORMANTS - ANY PERSON WHO HAND
OVER INFORMATION TO THE AGENTS
WHICH IS RELEVANT TO THE SUBJECT. THE
INFORMANT MAY OPENLY GIVE THE
INFORMATION CLANDESTINELY AND
CHOOSE TO REMAIN ANONYMOUS.
INFORMATION – ALL EVALUATED
MATERIALS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION
INCLUDING THOSE DERIVED FROM
OBSERVATION, REPORTS, RUMORS,
IMAGERY, AND OTHER SOURCES FROM
WHICH INTELLIGENCE IS PRODUCED.
INFORMERS - REFERS TO ANY PERSON WHO
PROVIDES INFORMATION TO THE AGENTS IN
A REGULAR BASIS REGARDING TO THE
SUBJECT THEY ARE EITHER PAID
REGULARLY OR IN BASE-TO-CASE BASIS.
INTEGRATION- THE COMBINATION OF THE
ELEMENTS ISOLATED ANALYSIS WITH
OTHER KNOWN INFORMATION RELATED TO
THE OPERATION.

INTELLIGENCE (1) - IS RESPONSIBLE IN
PROCURING AND OBTAINING POLITICAL,
ECONOMIC, PSYCHOLOGICAL,
SOCIOLOGICAL, MILITARY AND OTHER
INFORMATION WHICH MAY BEAR UPON,
NATIONAL INTEREST AND WHICH HAD BEEN
COLLECTED BY THE DIFFERENT
GOVERNMENT AND AGENCIES.
INTELLIGENCE (2) - IS KNOWLEDGE AND
POWERFUL IT CAN PREVENT WAR AND
CAUSE ONE IT CAN HELP IN CRIME
CONTROL (THERE IS CRIME) AND CRIME
PREVENTION (NO CRIME).
INTELLIGENCE (3) – THE END PRODUCT
RESULTING FROM THE COLLECTION,
EVALUATION, ANALYSIS, INTEGRATION AND
INTERPRETATION OF ALL AVAILABLE
INFORMATION
INTELLIGENCE AND OPERATION ARE
INTERDEPENDENT - INTELLIGENCE
PROVIDES VALUABLE INPUTS FOR
EFFECTIVENESS OF POLICE OPERATION
ON THE OTHER HAND OPERATION LIKEWISE
IS NEEDED FOR CONTINUITY OF
INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES. OPERATION AND
INTELLIGENCE PLANNERS WORK HAND
AND HAND TO ATTAIN GREATER DEGREE OF
SUCCESS IN THEIR COMMON EFFORT
INTELLIGENCE IS CONTINUOUS - THE BASIC
PRINCIPLE OF INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS
IS THAT INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES FOLLOW
A SIMPLE CYCLE, WHICH IS CONTINUOUS AT
THE SAME TIME THAT NEW INFORMATION IS
BEING COLLECTED IN RESPONSE TO
DIRECTION, OTHER INFORMATION IS BEING
PROCESSED AND INTELLIGENCE IS BEING
USED.
INTELLIGENCE MUST BE USEFUL - IT MUST
SERVE THE COMMANDER’S NEED AND
REQUIREMENTS SO THAT EFFORT WILL
NOT BE WASTED. IT SHOULD HAVE
AN APPLICATION AND SIGNIFICANCE TO
THE OPERATION.
INTELLIGENCE MUST BE AVAILABLE ON
TIME - INTELLIGENCE MUST BE
COMMUNICATED TO THE DECISION MAKER
AT THE APPROPRIATE TIME TO PERMIT ITS
MOST EFFECTIVE USE. IT MUST REACH THE
USER IN TIME TO SERVE AS BASIS FOR
APPROPRIATE ACTION. INTEL DATA MUST
BE DISSEMINATED ON TIME BECAUSE LATE
ARRIVAL IS AS GOOD AS USELESS.
INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS REQUIRES
IMAGINATION AND FORESIGHT - THE
SUCCESS OF OBJECTIVE IS PARAMOUNT
IMPORTANCE. INTELLIGENCE PERSONNEL
ARE REMINDED TO REFRAIN FROM
UTILIZING CRIMINAL ELEMENTS IN INTEL
OPERATION. THEY MUST USE THEIR
RESOURCEFULNESS TO OBTAIN MORE
THAN WHAT IS NORMALLY.
INTELLIGENCE MUST BE FLEXIBLE -
INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS MUST BE
CHANGEABLE ACCORDING TO THE
PRESENT SITUATION, CONDITION AND
OTHER FACTORS, INTELLIGENCE
OPERATIONS ARE BASED ON REASON AND
SOUND JUDGMENT. PROCEDURES WHICH
DO NOT READILY ADAPT TO A GIVEN
SITUATION ARE GENERALLY DISCARDED.
INTELLIGENCE REQUIRES CONTINUOUS
SECURITY MEASURES - DENY
UNAUTHORIZED PERSONAL INFORMATION
ABOUT OPERATION AND INTELLIGENCE
PRODUCT, ITS SOURCE AND ORGANIZATION
ITSELF. IN THE HANDLING OF CLASSIFIED
MATERIALS THERE SHOULD BE A WORKING
BALANCE BETWEEN SECRECY AND
OPERATIONAL CONVENIENCE.
INTERNAL SECURITY INTELLIGENCE
(INSINT) – REFERS TO THE KNOWLEDGE
ESSENTIAL TO THE MAINTENANCE OF
PEACE AND ORDER.
INTERPRETATION - PROCESS OF
DETERMINING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF NEW
INFORMATION IN THE POSSIBLE
ALTERNATIVES. THE INTERPRETER
DETERMINES THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
INFORMATION AS TO THE MEANING OF THE
INTERPRETED INFORMATION.
INTER-SERVICES INTELLIGENCE (ISI) –
PAKISTAN - WITH THE LENGTHIEST TRACK
RECORD OF SUCCESS, THE BEST KNOW
INTELLIGENCE SO FAR ON THE SCALE OF
RECORDS IS ISI. THE INTER-SERVICES
INTELLIGENCE WAS CREATED AS AN
INDEPENDENT UNIT IN 1948 IN ORDER TO
STRENGTHEN THE PERFORMANCE OF
PAKISTAN’S MILITARY INTELLIGENCE
DURING THE INDO-PAKISTANI WAR OF 1947.
THE BEST OF ITS TIME, FAILED TO COUNTER
ISI AND PROTECT SOVIET INTERESTS IN
CENTRAL ASIA. IT HAS PROTECTED ITS
NUCLEAR WEAPONS SINCE FORMED AND IT
HAS FOILED INDIAN ATTEMPTS TO ATTAIN
ULTIMATE SUPREMACY IN THE SOUTH-ASIAN
THEATRES THROUGH INTERNAL
DESTABILIZATION OF INDIA. IT IS ABOVE ALL
LAWS IN ITS HOST COUNTRY PAKISTAN ‘A
STATE, WITH IN A STATE’. ITS PERSONNEL
HAVE NEVER BEEN CAUGHT ON CAMERA. IT
IS BELIEVED TO HAVE THE HIGHEST
NUMBER OF AGENTS WORLDWIDE, CLOSE
TO 10,000. THE MOST STRIKING THING IS
THAT IT’S ONE OF THE LEAST FUNDED
INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES OUT OF THE TOP
10 AND STILL THE STRONGEST.
INVESTIGATOR- AGENT WHO UNDERTAKE
TO PROCURE INFORMATION OR THINGS OF
CLANDESTINE OPERATION.
JOHN CHURCHILL - FIRST DUKE OF
MALBOROUGH, TOLD CRITICS OF HIS
ENORMOUS EXPENDITURE ON ESPIONAGE,
WHICH “NO WAR CAN BE CONDUCTED
SUCCESSFULLY WITHOUT EARLY AND
GOOD INTELLIGENCE, AND SUCH ADVICES
CANNOT BE HAD BUT A VERY GREAT
EXPENSE”.
JOSEPH FOUCHE - THE FRENCH
STATESMAN JOSEPH FOUCHE (1759 - 1820)
SERVED AS MINISTER OF POLICE UNDER
NAPOLEON AND WAS INFLUENTIAL IN THE
RETURN OF LOUIS XVIII TO THE THRONE IN
1815.
JOSEPH PETROSINO - MEMBER, NEWYORK
POLICE DEPARTMENT IN EARLY 1900, HE
WAS THE HEAD OF THE ITALIAN SQUAD.
THROUGH EXTENSIVE INTELLIGENCE
NETWORK, HE IS CREDITED TO SMASH THE
BLACK SOCIETY.
JULIUS CEASAR- DURING HIS TIME, THE
STAFF OF EACH LEGION INCLUDES TEN
"SPECULATORS" WHO SERVED AS AN
INFORMATION-COLLECTING AGENCY. THE
"SPECULATORS" WERE THE FIRST
INTELLIGENCE PERSONNEL TO APPEAR
DEFINITELY IN A MILITARY ORGANIZATION.
MILITARY SUCCESS OF THE ROMANS WAS
AIDED BY COMMUNICATION SYSTEM. MADE
USE OF CARRIER PIGEONS, WHICH MADE
POSSIBLE THE AMAZING SPEED WITH
WHICH INTELLIGENCE OF THE IMPERIAL
ROME WAS TRANSMITTED. THEY ALSO
EMPLOYED CIPHERS TO ENSURE SECRECY
OF COMMUNICATIONS.
KARL SCHULMEISTER - FAMOUS AS
"NAPOLEON'S EYE". HE WAS CREDITED FOR
ESTABLISHING COUNTER INTELLIGENCE
CONDUCTED AGAINST SPIES. HE IS A
MASTER OF DECEIT WHO USED BLACK MAIL
TO OBTAIN VITAL INFORMATION
PERTAINING TO THE PERSONALITY AND
IDENTIFY OF THE ENEMIES OF NAPOLEON
DURING THE 18TH CENTURY
LEGITIMATE INFORMANT - OPERATORS OF
BUSINESS DESIRE TO GIVE INFORMATION
FOR LEGITIMATE REASONS.
LINE OR TACTICAL INTELLIGENCE – IT IS
THE INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION WHICH
DIRECTLY CONTRIBUTES TO THE
ACCOMPLISHMENT OF SPECIFIC
OBJECTIVES AND IMMEDIATE IN NATURE,
NECESSARY FOR MORE EFFECTIVE POLICE
PLANNING AND OPERATION.
LIVE DROP- REFERS TO A PLACE WHERE
AGENTS OR INFORMANTS LEAVE THEIR
MESSAGES TO THE OTHER AGENTS.
LOG – CHRONOLOGICAL RECORDS OF
ACTIVITIES THAT TOOK PLACE IN THE
ESTABLISHMENT UNDER SURVEILLANCE.
LOOSE TAIL – EMPLOYED WHERE A
GENERAL IMPRESSION OF THE SUBJECT’S
HABITS AND ASSOCIATES IS REQUIRED.
LOST – WHEN THE SURVEILLANT DOES NOT
KNOW THE WHEREABOUTS OF HIS
SUBJECT OR THE SUBJECT HAD ELUDED
THE SURVEILLANCE.
MADE – WHEN SUBJECT UNDER
SURVEILLANCE BECOMES AWARE THAT HE
IS UNDER OBSERVATION AND IDENTIFIES
THE OBSERVER ALSO KNOWN AS “BURNT
OUT”
MAINTENANCE OF IDENTITY - LIVING A
DOUBLE LIFE IN A NEW ENVIRONMENT
PRESENTS MANY PROBLEMS.
UNDERCOVER WORK IS ONE OF THE MOST
STRESSFUL JOBS AN AGENT CAN
UNDERTAKE. THE LARGEST CAUSE OF
STRESS IDENTIFIED IS THE SEPARATION OF
AN AGENT FROM FRIENDS, FAMILY AND
THEIR NORMAL ENVIRONMENT. THIS SIMPLE
ISOLATION CAN LEAD TO DEPRESSION AND
ANXIETY.
MERCENARY INFORMANT - INFORMATION
FOR SALE NEEDED SOMETHING FOR
EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION.
MILITARY INTELLIGENCE – REFERS TO THE
KNOWLEDGE BY THE MILITARY INSTITUTION
ESSENTIAL IN THE PREPARATION AND
EXECUTION OF MILITARY PLANS, POLICIES
AND PROGRAMS.
MILITARY SECURITY – IT ENCOMPASSES THE
MEASURES TAKEN BY A COMMAND TO
PROTECT ITSELF AGAINST ESPIONAGE,
ENEMY OPERATION, SABOTAGE,
SUBVERSION OR SURPRISE.
MINISTRY OF STATE SECURITY (MSS) –
CHINA - MINISTRY OF STATE SECURITY IS
THE SECURITY AGENCY OF THE PEOPLE’S
REPUBLIC OF CHINA. ARTICLE 4 OF THE
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW GIVES THE MSS
THE SAME AUTHORITY TO ARREST OR
DETAIN PEOPLE AS REGULAR POLICE FOR
CRIMES INVOLVING STATE SECURITY WITH
IDENTICAL SUPERVISION. ONE OF THE
PRIMARY MISSIONS OF THE MSS IS
UNDOUBTEDLY TO GATHER FOREIGN
INTELLIGENCE FROM TARGETS IN VARIOUS
COUNTRIES OVERSEAS. MANY MSS AGENTS
ARE SAID TO HAVE OPERATED IN THE
GREATER CHINA REGION.
MOSSAD – ISRAEL - THE MOSSAD IS
RESPONSIBLE FOR INTELLIGENCE
COLLECTION AND COVERT OPERATIONS
INCLUDING PARAMILITARY ACTIVITIES. IT IS
ONE OF THE MAIN ENTITIES IN THE ISRAELI
INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY, ALONG WITH
AMAN (MILITARY INTELLIGENCE) AND SHIN
BET (INTERNAL SECURITY), BUT ITS
DIRECTOR REPORTS DIRECTLY TO THE
PRIME MINISTER.
MOTIVES OF INFORMANTS: CIVIC-
MINDEDNESS – SENSE OF DUTY AND
OBLIGATION TO ASSIST THE POLICE.
MOTIVES OF INFORMANTS: FEAR – A
PERSON UNDER AN ILLUSION OF
OPPRESSION BY ENEMIES OR OF OTHER
IMPENDING DANGER.
MOTIVES OF INFORMANTS: GRATITUDE OR
GAIN – AN EXPRESSION OF APPRECIATION
TO OBTAIN A PRIVILEGE OR AN INTEREST IN
THE WELFARE OF HIS FAMILY DURING HIS
DETENTION.
MOTIVES OF INFORMANTS: JEALOUSY –
ENVIOUS OF THE ACCOMPLISHMENTS OR
POSSESSIONS OF ANOTHER AND WISHES NATURAL COVER - ACTUAL OR TRUE
TO HUMILIATE HIM. BACKGROUND.

MOTIVES OF INFORMANTS: REPENTANCE – NUMBER 13:17-32, OLD TESTAMENT (HOLY

ONE WHO HAS A CHANGE OF HEART AND BIBLE) - MOSES SENT TWELVE (12) SCOUTS
WISHES TO REPORT A CRIME THAT IS TO THE LAND OF CANAAN WHERE HE
PREYING ON HIS CONSCIENCE DETECTED DIRECTED THEM TO SPY THE
LAND, THE PEOPLE AND THEIR LOCATION
MOTIVES OF INFORMANTS: REVENGE – TO AND THE NATURE OF THEIR CITIES.”
SETTLE A GRUDGE DUE TO SETTLE A
PREVIOUS INJURY OBSERVATION AND DESCRIPTION (ODEX) -
THE COMPLETE AWARENESS BY AN
MOTIVES OF INFORMANTS: REMUNERATION INDIVIDUAL OF HIS SURROUNDINGS,
– A PERSON WHO INFORMS SOLELY FOR ACHIEVED THROUGH MAXIMUM
THE PECUNIARY OR OTHER MATERIAL GAIN EMPLOYMENT OF THE SENSES AND
HE IS TO RECEIVE. TECHNIQUES OF FACTUALITY REPORTING
ONE’S OWN OBSERVATION OF THE
MOTIVES OF INFORMANTS: VANITY – SENSORY EXPERIENCES RECOUNTED BY
CONCEITED ACT/CHARACTER OF THE OTHERS.
CRIMINAL RESULTING TO SELF - BETRAYAL
OR TANTAMOUNT TO GUILT, GAINING OPEN SOURCES – 99% OF THE
FAVORABLE ATTENTION AND IMPORTANCE INFORMATION COLLECTED ARE COMING
BY THE POLICE. FROM OPEN SOURCES OR OBTAINED FROM
OVERT OPERATION.
MOVING SURVEILLANCE OR SHADOWING
OR TAILING – SIMPLY THE ACT OF PASSIVE COUNTER INTELLIGENCE
FOLLOWING A PERSON. MEASURES – PROTECTION OF CLASSIFIED
AND SENSITIVE INFORMATION TO THE
MULTIPLE ASSIGNMENT – THE UNAUTHORIZED THROUGH SECRECY,
INVESTIGATOR IS TASKED TO COVER TWO COMMUNICATION SECURITY, AND OTHER
(2) OR MORE OF THE ABOVE SPECIFIC VARIOUS SAFEGUARDS.
ASSIGNMENTS SIMULTANEOUSLY, IT CAN
PRODUCE EXTENSIVE INFORMATION WITH PENETRATION AGENT - AGENT WHO HAVE
MINIMUM EXPENSES BUT MORE PRONE TO REACHED TO THE ENEMY, GATHER
COMPROMISE. INFORMATION AND ABLE TO GET BACK
WITHOUT BEING CAUGHT.
MULTIPLE COVER - INCLUDES DIFFERENT
COVER PERSONAL CONTACT ASSIGNMENT – THE
INVESTIGATOR REQUIRED TO DEVELOP THE
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE COORDINATING FRIENDSHIP AND TRUST OF THE SUBJECT.
AGENCY (NICA) - IT IS THE PRIMARY
INTELLIGENCE GATHERING AND ANALYSIS PERTINENCE – DOES IT HOLDS SOME
ARM OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT, IN VALUE TO CURRENT OPERATION, IS IT
CHARGE OF CARRYING OUT OVERT (OPEN– NEEDED IMMEDIATELY
99%), COVERT (CLOSE, CLANDESTINE–1%),
AND CLANDESTINE INTELLIGENCE POLICE INTELLIGENCE – THE END
PROGRAMS. ITS MOTTO IS: "KNOWLEDGE IS PRODUCT RESULTING FROM THE
SAFETY”. PRESENTLY, NICA IS IN CLOSE COLLECTION, EVALUATION, ANALYSIS,
COORDINATION WITH INTEGRATION AND INTERPRETATION OF
THE CIA, MOSSAD, SECRET INTELLIGENCE ALL AVAILABLE INFORMATION REGARDING
SERVICE AND INTELLIGENCE SERVICES THE ACTIVITIES OF CRIMINALS AND OTHER
OF ASEAN COUNTRIES TO COUNTER THE LAW VIOLATORS FOR THE PURPOSE OF
THREAT OF TERRORISM. AFFECTING THEIR ARREST, OBTAINING
EVIDENCE, AND FORESTALLING PLAN TO
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE- INTEGRATED COMMIT CRIMES.
PRODUCT OF INTELLIGENCE DEVELOPED
BY ALL GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS POLITICAL INTELLIGENCE – DEALS WITH
CONCERNING THE BROAD ASPECT OF DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND
NATIONAL POLICY AND NATIONAL RELATION OF GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS;
SECURITY. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE GOVERNMENT.
NATIONAL POLICY – SPECIFIC COURSES OF GOVERNMENT STRUCTURES. PUBLIC
ACTION TO ACHIEVE THE NATIONAL ORDER AND SAFETY. SUBVERSION &
OBJECTIVES. INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY
ORGANIZATION
NATIONAL SECURITY – THIS RELATE TO THE
PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF PORT BOUNDARY AND TRAVEL SECURITY –
MILITARY, ECONOMIC AND A PRODUCTIVE HAS TO DO WITH THE APPLICATION OF
STRENGTH OF A COUNTRY INCLUDING THE BOTH MILITARY AND CIVIL SECURITY
SECURITY OF THE GOVERNMENT AND MEASURES FOR COUNTERINTELLIGENCE
DOMESTICS AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS CONTROL AT POINT OF ENTRY AND
AGAINST ESPIONAGE, SABOTAGE AND DEPARTURE, INTERNATIONAL BORDERS
SUBVERSION. AND BOUNDARIES.
PRINCIPAL AGENT - LEADER OR SUSPICION. HIS MISSION IS TO MAKE
MANAGEMENT AGENT IN CLANDESTINE FRIENDS WITHIN ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD AND
OPERATION USUALLY UNDERTAKEN BY THE GATHER INFORMATION REGARDING THE
CASE OFFICER. SUBJECT AND POSSIBLY GETTING CLOSER
TO THE SUBJECT
PROCURER OF FUNDS - AGENT WHO OBTAIN
MONEY WHEN NEEDED FOR OPERATIONAL RESTRICTED (BLACK) - THIS ARE
USE. INFORMATION WHICH SHOULD NOT BE
PUBLISHED OR COMMUNICATED TO
PROPAGANDIST - AGENTS WHO MELD THE ANYONE EXCEPT FOR OFFICIAL PURPOSES,
ATTITUDES, OPINIONS, AND ACTIONS OF AN THESE RECORDS ARE DAILY FILES,
INDIVIDUAL GROUP OR NATION. ROUTINE IN NATURE EVEN IF LOST OR
DESTROYED, WILL NOT AFFECT OPERATION
PROVOCATEUR- AGENT WHO INDUCES AN OR ADMINISTRATION.
OPPONENT TO ACT TO HIS OWN DETRIMENT
BY DISCREDITING HIMSELF OR BY ROUGH SHADOWING – EMPLOYED
REVEALING HIS TRUE PURPOSE OR WITHOUT SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS, THE
IDENTITY. SUBJECT MAYBE AWARE OF THE
SURVEILLANCE; EMPLOYED ALSO WHEN
PUBLIC SAFETY INTELLIGENCE (PUSINT) – THE SUBJECT IS A MATERIAL WITNESS AND
REFERS TO THE KNOWLEDGE ESSENTIAL MUST BE PROTECTED FROM HARM OR
TO ENSURE THE PROTECTION OF LIVES AND OTHER UNDESIRABLE INFLUENCES.
PROPERTIES.
SABOTEUR- AGENTS WHO UNDERTAKES
RECLASSIFY – THE ACT OF CHANGING THE POSITIVE ACTIONS AGAINST AN
ASSIGNED CLASSIFICATION OF A UNFRIENDLY POWER, RESULTING IN THE
DOCUMENT OR MATERIAL. LOSS OF USE TEMPORARILY OR
PERMANENTLY OF AN ARTICLE OR OTHERS.
RECORDING – IS THE REDUCTION OF
INFORMATION INTO WRITING OR SOME SAFE HOUSE - REFERS TO A PLACE WHERE
OTHER FORM OF GRAPHICAL AGENTS MEET EACH OTHER FOR
REPRESENTATION AND THE ARRANGING OF PURPOSES OF DE-BRIEFING AND
THIS INFORMATION INTO GROUPS RELATED REPORTING.
ITEMS.
SAFE HOUSE KEEPER - AGENTS WHO
REINTEGRATION BACK INTO NORMAL DUTY - MANAGES AND MAINTAINS A SAFE HOUSE
AGENTS WORK THEIR OWN HOURS, THEY FOR CLANDESTINE OPERATIONS LIKE
ARE REMOVED FROM DIRECT SUPERVISORY MEETINGS, SAFE HEAVENS, TRAINING,
MONITORING AND THEY CAN IGNORE THE BRIEFING, AND DEBRIEFING.
DRESS AND ETIQUETTE RULES. SO THE
RESETTLING BACK INTO THE NORMAL SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE – DEALS WITH
POLICE ROLE REQUIRES THE COMING OFF THE PROGRESS OF THE RESEARCH AND
OF OLD HABITS, LANGUAGE AND DRESS. DEVELOPMENT AS IT AFFECTS THE
AFTER WORKING SUCH FREE LIFESTYLES, ECONOMIC AND MILITARY POTENTIAL OF A
AGENTS MAY HAVE DISCIPLINE PROBLEMS NATION.
OR EXHIBIT NEUROTIC RESPONSES.
SECRET (RED) - UNAUTHORIZED
RELIABILITY – JUDGING THE SOURCE OF DISCLOSURE OF THIS DOCUMENTS OR
INFORMATION OR AGENCY THINGS MAY PUT AT RISK THE NATION
SECURITY, CAUSE SERIOUS INJURY TO THE
RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS REPUTATION OF THE NATION, THE
WING (R&AW OR RAW) – INDIA - RESEARCH REPRODUCTION OF WHICH WILL BE
AND ANALYSIS WING IS INDIA’S EXTERNAL CONSIDERABLE COST AND LABOR, OR
INTELLIGENCE AGENCY. IT WAS FORMED IN SIGNIFICANT DELAY
SEPTEMBER 1968, AS IT WAS EVIDENT THAT
A CREDIBLE INTELLIGENCE GATHERING SECRET INTELLIGENCE SERVICE (SIS) MI-6 –
SETUP WAS LACKING. ITS PRIMARY GREAT BRITAIN - THE SECRET
FUNCTION IS COLLECTION OF EXTERNAL INTELLIGENCE SERVICE (SIS) SUPPLIES
INTELLIGENCE, COUNTER-TERRORISM AND THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT WITH FOREIGN
COVERT OPERATIONS. IN ADDITION, IT IS INTELLIGENCE. IT OPERATES UNDER THE
RESPONSIBLE FOR OBTAINING AND FORMAL DIRECTION OF THE JOINT
ANALYSING INFORMATION ABOUT FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE COMMITTEE (JIC)
GOVERNMENTS, CORPORATIONS, AND ALONGSIDE THE INTERNAL SECURITY
PERSONS, IN ORDER TO ADVISE INDIAN SERVICE (MI5), THE GOVERNMENT
FOREIGN POLICYMAKERS. UNTIL THE COMMUNICATIONS HEADQUARTERS
CREATION OF R&AW, THE INTELLIGENCE (GCHQ) AND THE DEFENSE
BUREAU HANDLED BOTH INTERNAL AND INTELLIGENCE (DI). IT IS FREQUENTLY
EXTERNAL INTELLIGENCE. REFERRED TO BY THE NAME MI6, A NAME
USED AS A FLAG OF CONVENIENCE DURING
RESIDENTIAL ASSIGNMENT - IT IS RELATED THE SECOND WORLD WAR WHEN IT WAS
TO THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF THE KNOWN BY MANY NAMES. THE EXISTENCE
SUBJECT, WHERE THE AGENT WILL LIVE AS OF MI6 WAS NOT OFFICIALLY
A NEW RESIDENT WITHOUT MAKING ANY ACKNOWLEDGED UNTIL 1994.

SELF-AGGRANDIZING INFORMANT - MOVES
AROUND THE CENTER OF CRIMINALS
DELIGHT IN SURPRISING THE POLICE ABOUT
BITS OF INFORMATION.
SIR ARTHUR WELLESLY- DUKE OF
WELLINGTON, WHO DEFEATED
NAPOLEON'S AT WATERLOO IN 1815.
REGARDED AS THE "GREATEST MILITARY
SPYMASTER AT ALL TIME". HE LIVE BY THE
MOTTO; "ALL THE BUSINESS OF WAR IS TO
FIND OUT WHAT YOU DON’T KNOW BY WHAT
YOU DO." HE ALWAYS STUDIED THE ENEMY
IN DEPTH, FINDING OUT NOT ONLY WHERE
THE OPPOSING ARMY WAS AND HOW
STRONG IT WAS, BUT THE CHARACTER OF
IT'S COMMANDER, THE SPIRIT AND TRAINING
OF ITS TROOPS, THEIR BATTLE
EXPERIENCE, AND HOW THEY WERE
SUPPLIED WITH ARMS AND RATIONS. HE
ALSO STUDIED AND MAPPED THE ROADS,
RIVERS AND TOPOGRAPHY OF THE WAR
THEATRE.
SIR FRANCIS WALSINGHAM OF ENGLAND-
PROTECTOR OF QUEEN ELIZABETH I, WHO
ORGANIZED THE SECRET POLICE AND
ESTABLISHED A SPY NETWORK TO DETECT
FLEET MOVEMENT OF ENEMIES OF THE
BRITISH EMPIRE PARTICULARLY THE
PORTUGUESE. REGARDED AS THE "FIRST
GREAT SPYMASTER", A RUTHLESS IN THE
CAUSE, HE WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
ASSASSINATION, MURDERING AND
EXECUTION OF PEOPLE WHO COVERTLY
BETRAYED THE QUEEN.
SIR SAMUEL LUKE - CHIEF SCOUT OF OLIVER
CROMWELL WHO WAS ABLE TO DETHRONE
KING CHARLES I IN BRITISH CIVIL WAR OF
1640'S. SIR SAMUEL LUKE WAS SAID TO BE
INDUSTRIOUS IN SNOOPING ON THE ENEMY.
SOCIAL ASSIGNMENT - THE AGENT WILL
GAIN ACCESS TO THE SUBJECT BY GOING
TO THE DIFFERENT HANG OUT PLACES OF
THE SUBJECT AND GATHER INFORMATION
LIKE KNOWING HOW TO DRINK SOCIALLY
WITHOUT GETTING DRUNK.
SOCIOLOGICAL INTELLIGENCE – DEALS
WITH THE DEMOGRAPHIC AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF GROUPS OF
PEOPLE.
SPECIAL OPERATIONS – COUNTER
SUBVERSION, SABOTAGE AND ESPIONAGE.
SPIES OF CONSEQUENCES (FTG) -
COURTIER AND NOBLEMEN, STAFF
OFFICERS AND KIND RED CONSPIRATORS
ALWAYS REQUIRING A CONSIDERABLE
BRIBE OR BAT
SPONSOR - DIRECTS THE ORGANIZATION
CONDUCTING THE CLANDESTINE ACTIVITY.
STATIONARY SURVEILLANCE – ALSO
REFERRED TO AS FIXED AND STAKEOUT
SURVEILLANCE – IS USED WHEN YOU KNOW
OR SUSPECT THAT A PERSON IS AT OR WILL
COME TO A KNOWN LOCATION WHEN YOU
SUSPECT THAT STOLEN GOODS ARE TO BE
DROPPED OR WHEN INFORMANTS HAVE
TOLD YOU THAT A CRIME IS GOING TO BE
COMMITTED.
STRATEGIC INTELLIGENCE – KNOWLEDGE
PERTAINING TO THE CAPABILITIES AND
VULNERABILITIES OF A FOREIGN NATION,
WHICH IS REQUIRED BY THE NATIONAL
PLANNERS FOR THE FORMULATION OF AN
ADEQUATE NATIONAL DEFENSE IN PEACE
AND FORMS THE BASIS FOR, PROJECTED.
THIS IS INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION
WHICH IS NOT IMMEDIATE OPERATIONAL
BUT RATHER LONG RANGE.
STRONG ARM - AGENT WHO IS MADE TO
PROVIDE SPECIAL PROTECTION DURING
DANGEROUS PHASE OF CLANDESTINE
OPERATIONS.
SUBJECT – IS WHO OR WHAT IS OBSERVED.
IT CAN BE A PERSON, PLACE, PROPERTY,
AND VEHICLE, GROUP OF PEOPLE,
ORGANIZATION OR OBJECT.
SUBVERSIVE ORGANIZATION - THIS IS THE
MOST DANGEROUS OF ALL THE
UNDERCOVER ASSIGNMENT; THE AGENT
WILL JOIN THE ORGANIZATION OF THE
SUBJECT ITSELF HE MUST KNOW THE
IDEOLOGIES OF THE GROUP AND THE
ACTIONS WHILE INSIDE SHOULD CONFORM
TO THE ORGANIZATION TO AVOID ANY
SUSPICION.
SUN TZU- “THOSE WHO KNOW THEMSELVES
AS WELL THEY KNOW THEIR ENEMIES WILL
NEVER SUFFER DEFEAT". IN HIS BOOK "ART
OF WAR".
SUPPORT AGENT - AGENT WHO IS ENGAGED
IN ACTIVITIES WHICH SUPPORTS THE
CLANDESTINE OPERATIONS AND OR THE
ACTION AGENT IN HIS OPERATIONS
SURVEILLANCE – IS THE COVERT, DISCREET
OBSERVATION OF PEOPLE AND PLACES
FOR THE PURPOSE OF OBTAINING
INFORMATION CONCERNING THE
IDENTITIES OR ACTIVITIES OF SUBJECTS.
SURVEILLANT (1) – THE PLAINCLOTHES
INVESTIGATOR ASSIGNED TO MAKE THE
OBSERVATION.
SURVEILLANT (2) - AGENT WHO OBSERVES
PERSONS AND PLACES OF OPERATIONS OF
INTEREST.
TACTICAL INTERROGATION - IT IS A
PROCESS OR METHOD OF OBTAINING
INFORMATION FROM A CAPTURED ENEMY
WHO IS RELUCTANT TO DIVULGE
INFORMATION.
TARGET - PERSON, PLACE OR THINGS
AGAINST WHICH THE CLANDESTINE
ACTIVITY IS TO BE CONDUCTED.
TECHNICAL SURVEILLANCE – BY THE USE
OF COMMUNICATIONS AND ELECTRONICS
GADGETS, SYSTEM AND EQUIPMENT.
TOP SECRET (GREEN) – TOP SECRET
DOCUMENTS CALLS FOR THE UTMOST
COMPARATIVE
DEGREE OF PROTECTION. UNAUTHORIZED
REVELATION OF THIS MATERIALS AND POLICE SYSTEM
INFORMATION WOULD CAUSE EXTREMELY
SEVERE DAMAGE TO THE NATION, ADVISER – A COMPOSITION OF INTERPOL
POLITICALLY, ECONOMICALLY, OR THAT ARE EXPERT IN A PURELY ADVISORY,
MILITARILY. WHO MAY BE APPOINTED BY THE EXECUTIVE
COMMITTEE AND CONFIRMED BY THE
TRANSPORTATION AND GENERAL ASSEMBLY.
TELECOMMUNICATION INTELLIGENCE -
CONCERNED WITH THE OPERATIONS AND ANARCHY – A FORM OF GOVERNMENT
FACILITIES NOT ONLY THE MILITARY BUT WHERE THERE IS NO GOVERNING PERSON,
ALSO THE CIVILIANS. BUT EACH INDIVIDUAL HAS ABSOLOUTE
LIBERTY.
UNDERCOVER OPERATIONS - ALSO
REFERRED TO AS “ROPING” ARISTOCRACY – A FORM OF GOVERNMENT
UNDERCOVER IS DISGUISING ONE'S OWN IN WHICH AS SELECT FEW SUCH AS MOST
IDENTITY OR USING AN ASSUMED IDENTITY WISE, STRONG, OR CONTRIBUTING CITIZEN
FOR THE PURPOSES OF GAINING THE TRUST RULE.
OF AN INDIVIDUAL OR ORGANIZATION TO
LEARN SECRET INFORMATION OR TO GAIN ASEAN CHIEFS OF POLICE (ASEANAPOL) - IT
THE TRUST OF TARGETED INDIVIDUALS IN WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1981. REGIONAL
ORDER TO GAIN INFORMATION OR PLATFORM FOR ALL THE HEADS OF ASIAN
EVIDENCE. NATIONAL POLICE FORCES TO INTERACT
AND DISCUSS. AFTER 24 YEARS, IT HAS
UPGRADING - THE PROCESS OF ASSIGNING GROWN FROM 5 POLICE CHIEFS TO A SOLID
HIGHER CATEGORY OF DOCUMENT OR FORCE OF THE ASEAN TEN, SIGNALING THE
INFORMATION ACCORDING TO THE DEGREE EMERGENCE OF A REGIONAL ALLIANCE
OF SECURITY NEEDED THAT IS DETERMINED TO SECURE NOT ONLY
OUR OWN INDIVIDUAL SOVEREIGNTIES BUT
V2 - RACKETS - OSS AGENTS WORKING IN ALSO THE PEACE AND PROGRESS OF OUR
CONJUNCTION WITH THE BRITISH COMMUNITY. ASEANAPOL MEMBERS:
INTELLIGENCE, THOUGH PENETRATION PHILIPPINES; INDONESIA; MALAYSIA;
AND TECHNICAL INTELLIGENCE SINGAPORE; THAILAND; BRUNEI
DISCOVERED PNEUMUNDO, WHICH WAS DARUSSALAM; VIETNAM; LAO PDR;
THE V2 GUIDE MISSILE RESEARCH PROJECT MYANMAR AND CAMBODIA
OF NAZI GERMANY. IT RESULTS TO ITS
DESTRUCTION AND HEAVY BOMBING. AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL POLICE - A
PROGRESSIVE AND MULTI-FACETED LAW
WILHELM JOHANN KARL EDUARD STEIBER - ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION, TAKING
KNOWN AS THE PRUSSIA'S "KING OF STRONG LEAD IN THE FIGHT AGAINST 21ST
SLEUTHHOUNDS" AS MINISTER OF POLICE CENTURY CRIME.
HE STUDIED THE USE OF PROPAGANDA AND
CENSORSHIP AS WELL AS UTILIZING AUTHOCRACY – A FORM OF GOVERNMENT
STATISTICAL INTELLIGENCE ACCOUNTING. IN WHICH THE POLITICAL POWER IS HELD BY
STEIBER'S THOROUGH ORGANIZATION AND A SINGLE, SELF APPOINTED RULER.
RUTHLESS, HIS SINISTER INNOVATIONS
AND COLD, CALCULATING MANIPULATION BOSTON POLICE DEPARTMENT - FIRST
OF HUMAN WEAKNESS MADE HIM THE LOCAL MODERN POLICE DEPARTMENT
SPYMASTER WHO MOST SHAPE THE ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES
COURSE OF THE 20TH CENTURY
ESPIONAGE. BOW RUNNERS - A GROUP OF MEN
ORGANIZED BY HENRY FIELDING AND
WIRE TAPPING - A METHOD OF COLLECTING NAMED BY HIS BROTHER JOHN FIELDING
INFORMATION THRU INTERCEPTION OF TASK TO CATCH THIEVES AND ROBBERS
TELEPHONE CONVERSATION.
CHUZAISHO – IT IS THE RURAL EQUIVALENT
WOMEN INFORMANT - MOST DANGEROUS OF THE URBAN KOBAN POLICE FOUND IN
JAPAN.
WORK ASSIGNMENT - THE AGENT WILL BE
EMPLOYED WHERE THE SUBJECT WORK TO CIVIL LAW SYSTEMS - DISTINGUISHED BY
ACQUIRE INFORMATION. THE AGENT MUST STRONG INQUISITORIAL SYSTEM WHERE
KNOW HIS WORK AND FOCUS HIS MIND SET LESS RIGHT IS GRANTED TO THE ACCUSED
AND HABIT TO HIS WORK ASSIGNMENT OR AND THE WRITTEN LAW IS TAKEN AS
GETTING EMPLOYED WHERE THE GOSPEL AND SUBJECT TO LITTLE
INVESTIGATOR CAN OBSERVE THE INTERPRETATION ALSO KNOWN AS
ACTIVITIES OF THE SUBJECT AT HIS PLACE “CONTINENTAL JUSTICE OR ROMANO-
OF WORK. GERMANIC JUSTICE”

COLDBATH FIELDS RIOT (GRAYS INN ROAD)

(1833) - A MAJOR CROWD DISTURBANCE
DEALT WITH BY THE METROPOLITAN POLICE
WITH CONTROVERSIAL USE OF FORCE.
COMMISSIONER GENERAL - THE HIGHEST
RANKING MEMBER OF THE JAPAN NATIONAL
POLICE AGENCY.
COMMON LAW SYSTEMS - USUALLY EXISTS
IN ENGLISH SPEAKING COUNTRIES OF THE
WORLD. THERE IS STRONG ADVERSARIAL
SYSTEM AND RELY UPON ORAL SYSTEM OF
EVIDENCE IN WHICH THE PUBLIC TRIAL IS A
MAIN FOCAL POINT ALSO KNOWN AS
“ANGLO-AMERICAN JUSTICE”
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM - IT IS THE
SCIENCE AND ART OF INVESTIGATING AND
COMPARING THE POLICE SYSTEM OF
NATIONS. IT COVERS THE STUDY OF POLICE
ORGANIZATIONS, TRAININGS AND
METHODS OF POLICING OF VARIOUS
NATIONS. (V. DELOS SANTOS). PROCESS OF
OUTLINING THE SIMILARITIES AND
DIFFERENCES OF ONE POLICE SYSTEM TO
ANOTHER IN ORDER TO DISCOVER
INSIGHTS IN THE FIELD OF INTERNATIONAL
POLICING.
CRIMINAL INTELLIGENCE ANALYSIS - THE
IDENTIFICATION OF AND PROVISION OF
INSIGHT INTO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
CRIME DATA AND OTHER POTENTIALLY
RELEVANT DATA WITH A VIEW TO POLICE
AND JUDICIAL PRACTICE.
CYBER CRIMES - COMPUTER CRIME, OR
CYBERCRIME, REFERS TO ANY CRIME THAT
INVOLVES A COMPUTER AND A NETWORK,
WHERE THE COMPUTERS MAY OR MAY NOT
HAVE PLAYED AN INSTRUMENTAL PART IN
THE COMMISSION OF A CRIME. ALL ILLEGAL
ACTIVITIES THAT ARE COMMITTED BY OR
WITH THE AID OF COMPUTER OR
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY OR IN WHICH
THE COMPUTERS ARE THE TARGET OF THE
CRIMINAL ENTERPRISE.
DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY - A
FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY IN
THE UNITED STATES WHICH HANDLES U.S.
CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION,
IMMIGRATION AND CUSTOMS
ENFORCEMENT, UNITED STATES SECRET
SERVICE, UNITED STATES COAST GUARD
AND TRANSPORTATION SECURITY
ADMINISTRATION
DIRECTOR GENERAL (JAPAN) - HEADS EACH
REGIONAL BUREAU ACTING UPON ORDERS
FROM THE COMMISSION GENERAL OF THE
NPA.
DRUG TRAFFICKING - THE ILLEGAL DRUG
TRADE OR DRUG TRAFFICKING IS A GLOBAL
BLACK MARKET CONSISTING OF THE
CULTIVATION, MANUFACTURE,
DISTRIBUTION AND SALE OF ILLEGAL
DRUGS.
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL (UN) - THE
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL
(ECOSOC) ASSISTS THE GENERAL
ASSEMBLY IN PROMOTING INTERNATIONAL
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COOPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT. ECOSOC HAS 54
MEMBERS, ALL OF WHICH ARE ELECTED BY
THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY FOR A THREE-
YEAR TERM. THE PRESIDENT IS ELECTED
FOR A ONE-YEAR TERM AND CHOSEN
AMONGST THE SMALL OR MIDDLE POWERS
REPRESENTED ON ECOSOC. ECOSOC
MEETS ONCE A YEAR IN JULY FOR A FOUR-
WEEK SESSION.
ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES - IS A DELIBERATE
EVASION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND
REGULATIONS BY INDIVIDUALS AND
COMPANIES IN THE PURSUIT OF PERSONAL
AND FINANCIAL BENEFITS.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE - THE EXECUTIVE
COMMITTEE IS INTERPOL’S SELECT
DELIBERATIVE ORGAN WHICH MEETS
THREE TIMES A YEAR, USUALLY IN MARCH,
JULY AND IMMEDIATELY BEFORE THE
GENERAL ASSEMBLY.
FEDERAL POLICE FORCES - (FEDERAL
BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION, FBI) THE
LARGEST AND BEST KNOWN FEDERAL LAW
ENFORCEMENT AGENCY PART OF THE U.S.
DEPT. OF JUSTICE
FIFTH THEORY - “DEPRIVATION THEORY”
PEOPLE AT THE BOTTOM LEVEL DEVELOP
UNREALISTIC EXPECTATIONS WHILE
PEOPLE AT THE TOP DON’T SEE
THEMSELVES RISING FAST ENOUGH
FIRST THEORY - DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY
TO SOLVE CRIME PROBLEMS
FOURTH THEORY - ALSO KNOWN AS
“DEMOGRAPHIC THEORY” BASED ON THE
PRESUMPTION THAT WHEN GREATER
NUMBER OF CHILDREN ARE BORN
DELINQUENT SUBCULTURES ARE DEVELOP
OUT OF THE ADOLESCENT CRISIS.
FRANCIS JAMES BERNARD - FORMED THE
SKELETON FORCE AS THE HERITAGE OF
SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE IN 1819.
GENERAL ASSEMBLY (INTERPOL) - SUPREME
GOVERNING BODY, IT MEETS ANNUALLY
AND COMPRISES DELEGATES APPOINTED
BY EACH MEMBER COUNTRY. TAKES ALL
IMPORTANT DECISIONS RELATED TO
POLICY, RESOURCES, WORKING METHODS,
FINANCES, ACTIVITIES AND PROGRAMS.
ALSO ELECTS THE ORGANIZATION'S
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
GENERAL ASSEMBLY (UN) - THE GENERAL
ASSEMBLY IS THE MAIN DELIBERATIVE
ASSEMBLY OF THE UNITED NATIONS.
COMPOSED OF ALL UNITED NATIONS
MEMBER STATES, THE ASSEMBLY MEETS IN
REGULAR YEARLY SESSIONS UNDER A
PRESIDENT ELECTED FROM AMONG THE
MEMBER STATES. THE FIRST SESSION WAS
CONVENED ON 10 JANUARY 1946 IN THE
WESTMINSTER CENTRAL HALL IN LONDON
AND INCLUDED REPRESENTATIVES OF 51
NATIONS. WHEN THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY
VOTES ON IMPORTANT QUESTIONS, A TWO-
THIRDS MAJORITY OF THOSE PRESENT AND FACILITATES CROSS-BORDER POLICE
VOTING IS REQUIRED COOPERATION, AND SUPPORTS AND
ASSISTS ALL ORGANIZATIONS,
GLOBALIZATION - THE INCREASINGLY AUTHORITIES AND SERVICES WHOSE
GLOBAL RELATIONSHIPS OF CULTURE, MISSION IS TO PREVENT OR COMBAT
PEOPLE AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY. INTERNATIONAL CRIME.
TRANSNATIONAL CIRCULATION OF IDEAS,
LANGUAGES, AND POPULAR CULTURE. THIS INTERPOL CORE FUNCTION: OPERATIONAL
PROCESS HAS EFFECTS ON THE DATA SERVICES AND DATABASES FOR
ENVIRONMENT, ON CULTURE, ON POLICE - MEMBER COUNTRIES HAVE DIRECT
POLITICAL SYSTEMS, ON ECONOMIC AND IMMEDIATE ACCESS TO A WIDE RANGE
DEVELOPMENT AND PROSPERITY, AND ON OF DATABASES INCLUDING INFORMATION
HUMAN PHYSICAL WELL-BEING IN ON KNOWN CRIMINALS, FINGERPRINTS,
SOCIETIES AROUND THE WORLD. DNA PROFILES AND STOLEN OR LOST
TRAVEL DOCUMENTS. INTERPOL ALSO
HENRY FIELDING - APPOINTED AS DISSEMINATES CRITICAL CRIME-RELATED
MAGISTRATE IN 1748, INTRODUCED THE DATA THROUGH A SYSTEM OF
FIRST DETECTIVE FORCE, KNOWN AS INTERNATIONAL NOTICES.
THE BOW STREET RUNNERS
INTERPOL CORE FUNCTION: OPERATIONAL
I-24/7 - NETWORK THAT ENABLES POLICE SUPPORT SERVICES - INTERPOL
INVESTIGATORS TO ACCESS INTERPOL'S PROVIDES LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICIALS
RANGE OF CRIMINAL DATABASES IN THE FIELD WITH EMERGENCY SUPPORT
AND OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES, ESPECIALLY
ILLEGAL RECRUITMENT R.A. 8042 (RA IN ITS PRIORITY CRIME AREAS.
10022) - RA 10022- AN ACT AMENDING RA
8042 9MIGRANT WORKERS AND OVERSEAS INTERPOL CORE FUNCTION: SECURE
FILIPINO ACT) ILLEGAL RECRUITMENT GLOBAL POLICE COMMUNICATION
SHALL MEAN ANY ACT OF CANVASSING, SERVICES - INTERPOL’S GLOBAL POLICE
ENLISTING, CONTRACTING, COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM, KNOWN AS I-
TRANSPORTING, UTILIZING, HIRING OR 24/7, ENABLES POLICE IN ALL MEMBER
PROCURING OF WORKERS WHICH COUNTRIES TO REQUEST, SUBMIT AND
INCLUDES REFERRING, CONTRACT ACCESS VITAL DATA INSTANTLY IN A
SERVICES, PROMISING OR ADVERTISING SECURE ENVIRONMENT.
FOR EMPLOYMENT ABROAD, WHETHER FOR
PROFIT OR NOT, WHEN UNDERTAKEN BY A INTERPOL CORE FUNCTION: POLICE
NON-LICENSE OR NON-HOLDER OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT - INTERPOL
AUTHORITY. PROVIDES FOCUSED POLICE TRAINING
INITIATIVES WITH THE AIM OF ENHANCING
IMPERIAL GUARD - RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CAPACITY OF MEMBER COUNTRIES TO
ESCORTING THE EMPEROR, THE EMPRESS, EFFECTIVELY COMBAT TRANSNATIONAL
THE CROWN PRINCE AND OTHER MEMBERS CRIME AND TERRORISM. THIS INCLUDES
OF THE IMMEDIATE FAMILY INCLUDING THE SHARING KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS AND BEST
PALACE (UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE PRACTICES IN POLICING AND
HOME MINISTRY). ESTABLISHING GLOBAL STANDARDS.

INDONESIA - THE INDONESIAN NATIONAL INTERPOL NOTICE: BLACK NOTICE - TO

POLICE (KEPOLISIAN NEGARA REPUBLIK SEEK INFORMATION ON UNIDENTIFIED
INDONESIA) BODIES.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHIEFS INTERPOL NOTICE: BLUE NOTICE - TO

OF POLICE (IACP) - THE WORLD'S OLDEST COLLECT ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
AND LARGEST NONPROFIT MEMBERSHIP ABOUT A PERSON’S IDENTITY OR ACTIVITIES
ORGANIZATION OF POLICE EXECUTIVES, IN RELATION TO A CRIME.
WITH OVER 20,000 MEMBERS IN OVER 89
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. IACP'S INTERPOL NOTICE: GREEN NOTICE -TO
LEADERSHIP CONSISTS OF THE OPERATING PROVIDE WARNINGS AND CRIMINAL
CHIEF EXECUTIVES OF INTERNATIONAL, INTELLIGENCE ABOUT PERSONS WHO HAVE
FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL AGENCIES OF COMMITTED CRIMINAL OFFENCES AND ARE
ALL SIZES. LIKELY TO REPEAT THESE CRIMES IN OTHER
COUNTRIES.
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (UN) -
PRIMARY JUDICIAL ORGAN OF THE UNITED INTERPOL NOTICE: INTERPOL-UNITED
NATIONS. ESTABLISHED IN 1945 BY THE NATIONS SPECIAL NOTICE ISSUED FOR
UNITED NATIONS CHARTER, THE COURT GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE THE
BEGAN WORK IN 1946 AS THE SUCCESSOR TARGETS OF UN SANCTIONS AGAINST AL
TO THE PERMANENT COURT OF QAEDA AND THE TALIBAN.
INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE. INTERPOL NOTICE: PURPLE NOTICE - TO
INTERPOL (INTERNATIONA CRIMINAL PROVIDE INFORMATION ON MODI
POLICE ORGANIZATION) - THE WORLD’S OPERANDI, PROCEDURES, OBJECTS,
LARGEST INTERNATIONAL POLICE DEVICES AND CONCEALMENT METHODS
ORGANIZATION. FOUNDED IN VIENNA IN USED BY CRIMINALS.
1923 AND RECONSTITUTED IN 1946.
INTERPOL NOTICE: ORANGE NOTICE –TO
WARN POLICE, PUBLIC ENTITIES AND
OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
ABOUT POTENTIAL THREATS FROM
DISGUISED WEAPONS, PARCEL BOMBS AND
OTHER DANGEROUS MATERIALS.
INTERPOL NOTICE: RED NOTICE - TO SEEK
THE ARREST OR PROVISIONAL ARREST OF
WANTED PERSONS WITH A VIEW TO
EXTRADITION.
INTERPOL NOTICE: YELLOW NOTICE - TO
HELP LOCATE MISSING PERSONS, OFTEN
MINORS, OR TO HELP IDENTIFY PERSONS
WHO ARE UNABLE TO IDENTIFY
THEMSELVES.
INTERPOL OFFICIAL LANGUAGE – SPANISH,
ARABIC, FRENCH AND ENGLISH.
INTERPOL SYMBOL AND MEANING - THE
GLOBE INDICATES WORLDWIDE ACTIVITY;
THE OLIVE BRANCHES REPRESENT PEACE;
THE SWORD REPRESENTS POLICE ACTION;
THE SCALES SIGNIFY JUSTICE AND THE
OFFICIAL ABBREVIATIONS
ISLAMIC SYSTEM - BASED MORE ON THE
CONCEPT OF NATURAL JUSTICE OR
CUSTOMARY LAW OR TRIBAL TRADITIONS
JAPANESE COLONIAL GOVERNMENT - THE
ONE WHICH ORGANIZE THE FIRST FORMAL
POLICING IN CHINA.
JAPAN POLICING SYSTEM - THE JAPAN’S
POLICE ARE AN APOLITICAL BODY UNDER
THE GENERAL SUPERVISION OF THE
NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY (NPA), AN
INDEPENDENT FROM THE CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT EXECUTIVE CONTROL AND
WHICH IS UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF THE
NATIONAL PUBLIC SAFETY COMMISSION
(NPSC). A TOTALLY GUNLESS POLICE
FORCE, EXCEPT FOR ITS SPECIAL ATTACK
TEAM. THE NPA IS THE CENTRAL
COORDINATING BODY FOR THE ENTIRE
POLICE SYSTEM. IT DETERMINED THE
GENERAL STANDARDS AND POLICIES
WHILE THE ASPECTS OF DIRECTION OF
OPERATIONS IN ITS DETAILED SET-UP ARE
LEFT ON THE LOWER LEVEL OF THE POLICE
ORGANIZATION.
JOHANN SCHOBER - THE FIRST PRESIDENT
OF THE INTERPOL.
JUDICIAL POLICE (CHINA) - RESPONSIBLE
FOR MAINTAINING THE SECURITY AND
ORDER IN COURTS AND SERVING
INSTRUMENTS AND SOME ALSO EXECUTING
DEATH SENTENCES.
KEIBU (JAPAN) – POLICE INSPECTOR
KEIHORYO - POLICE BUREAU WITHIN THE
MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS TO 1945
KEISHI (JAPAN) – POLICE SUPERINTENDENT
KEMPETAI - REFERS TO THE JAPANESE
MILITARY FORCE.
KOBAN - A SYSTEM OF POLICING ADOPTED
IN JAPAN, A SUBSTATION NEAR MAJOR
TRANSPORTATION HUBS AND SHOPPING
AREAS AND IN RESIDENTIAL DISTRICTS
WHICH FORMS THE FIRST LINE OF POLICE
RESPONSE TO THE PUBLIC. (ABOUT 6000
POLICE BOX (KOBAN USUALLY STAFFED BY
3 -5 OFFICERS) AND ABOUT 7000
RESIDENTIAL POLICE BOXES. ABOUT 20 %
OF POLICE IS ASSIGNED TO KOBAN.
KOBANSHO (JAPAN) - DESIGNATED PLACES
WHERE POLICEMEN ENGAGED IN STANDING
WATCH DUTIES IN SHIFTS.
LOS ANGELES POLICE DEPARTMENT -
POLICE FORCE THAT HIRED THE FIRST
FEMALE POLICE OFFICER NAMED, ALICE
STEBBINS WELLS
MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE (CHINA) –
IS THE TOP OF THE HIERARCHY WITH
JUDICIAL AND PUBLIC SECURITY AGENCIES
SUCH AS MINISTRY OF PUBLIC SAFETY AND
THE MINISTRY OF STATE SECURITY.
MINISTRY OF PUBLIC SECURITY (CHINA) - IS
THE PRINCIPAL POLICE AUTHORITY OF THE
MAINLAND OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF
CHINA WHICH OVERSEE THE DAY TO DAY
LAW ENFORCEMENT. (IT IS THE EQUIVALENT
OF THE NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY IN
JAPAN).
MINISTRY OF STATE SECURITY (CHINA) - THE
CHINESE GOVERNMENT’S LARGEST AND
MOST ACTIVE FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE
AGENCY, THOUGH IT IS ALSO INVOLVED IN
DOMESTIC SECURITY MATTERS.
MONEY LAUNDERING - THE MONETARY
PROCEEDS OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY ARE
CONVERTED INTO FUNDS WITH AN
APPARENT LEGAL SOURCE. (MANZEL, 1996)
NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAUS - EACH
INTERPOL MEMBER COUNTRY MAINTAINS A
NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAU STAFFED BY
NATIONAL LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS.
DESIGNATED CONTACT POINT FOR THE
GENERAL SECRETARIAT FOR ALL INTERPOL
OPERATIONS, REGIONAL OFFICES AND
OTHER MEMBER COUNTRIES REQUIRING
ASSISTANCE WITH OVERSEAS
INVESTIGATIONS AND THE LOCATION AND
APPREHENSION OF FUGITIVES.
NATIONAL PUBLIC SAFETY COMMISSION
(JAPAN) - A GOVERNMENT BODY
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ADMINISTRATIVE
SUPERVISION OF THE POLICE.
NEW YORK CITY - IT IS WHERE THE FIRST
FULL TIME POLICE FORCE WAS ORGANIZED
IN THE UNITED STATES
NEW YORK POLICE DEPARTMENT - THE
LARGEST POLICE FORCE IN THE UNITED
STATES
NORMAN WILLIAM - THE CONQUEROR, KING
OF FRANCE) INVADED AND CONQUERED
ENGLAND, A MILITARY REGIME OF
CONQUERS AND DICTATOR BEGAN AND
CHANGES THE CONCEPT OF CRIME BEING
COMMITTED AGAINST THE STATE.
OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS - AIMS TO ACHIEVE
A SPECIFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT OUTCOME.
THIS MIGHT BE ARREST, SEIZURE OR
FORFEITURE OF ASSETS OR MONEY GAINED
FROM CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES, OR THE
DISRUPTION OF A CRIMINAL GROUP. IT HAS
A MORE IMMEDIATE BENEFIT.
PENNSYLVANIA STATE POLICE - THE FIRST
STATE POLICE AGENCY ESTABLISHED
PEOPLE’S ARMED POLICE (CHINA) - 1980’S
DEALS WITH DOMESTIC DISTURBANCES,
ACTS AS RIOT POLICE AND GUARD’S
GOVERNMENT COMPOUNDS AND FOREIGN
EMBASSIES. USUALLY HANDLES BORDER
DEFENSE BUT IS CALLED SOMETIMES TO
BACK UP LOCAL POLICE.
PNP MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR 2009-006 -
“RULES AND PROCEDURES ON THE
SELECTION OF THE PNP PERSONNEL FOR
SECONDMENT, DETAIL TO INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS PEACEKEEPING
MISSIONS”
UN SPECIAL ACTION TEAM (UNSAT)
POLICE INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY UNIT
(INDONESIA) - IS RESPONSIBLE FOR EARLY
WARNING AND IDENTIFYING THE SOURCE
OF THREATENS, AND ALSO FOR SECURITY
AND ORDER DISTRACTIONS, ESPECIALLY IN
RELATION TO CRIMINAL ACTIONS.
POLICER - FROM OLD FRENCH POLICIE,
CIVIL ORGANIZATION, FROM LATE LATIN
POLITIA, FROM LATIN, THE STATE, FROM
GREEK POLITEIA, FROM POLITES, CITIZEN,
FROM POLIS, CITY;
PRAETORIAN GUARDS - MILITARY BODIES
WHO SERVE AS GUARDIANS OF PEACE IN
ANCIENT ROME IN WHICH THE IDEA OF
POLICING SAID TO HAVE ORIGINATED
PREFECTURAL PUBLIC SAFETY
COMMISSION (JAPAN) - ADMINISTRATIVE
COMMISSION FUNCTIONING UNDER THE
REPRESENTATIVE SYSTEM WHICH
SUPERVISE THE PREFECTURAL POLICE.
UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF THE
GOVERNOR. THOUGH NOT EMPOWERED TO
GIVE ORDER TO THE COMMISSION.
PRISON POLICE (CHINA) - A PART OF THE
CORRECTIONAL ARM OF THE OVERALL
POLICE SYSTEM STATIONED IN PRISONS
AND CORRECTION UNITS. THIS IS UNDER
THE LEADERSHIP OF THE MINISTRY OF
JUSTICE.
OFFICER DE LA PAIX - A FRENCH TERM
WHICH CLAIMED TO BE THE ORIGIN OF THE
TERM POLICE OFFICER
OSKAR DRESSLER - THE FIRST SECRETARY
GENERAL OF THE INTERPOL.
QUASI PARAPOLICE (“CHENG GUAN”)
(CHINA) - OPERATE IN MANY PLACES AND
HIRED BY OFFICIALS TO HELP CARRY OUT
SOME UNPOPULAR ACTIONS SUCH AS
COLLECTING TAXES AND FINES AND
OUSTING PEASANTS FROM SEIZED LAND.
REGIONAL POLICE BUREAU (JAPAN) - THE
LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS TO CARRY OUT
PART OF THE NPA’S FUNCTIONS. THERE
ARE ABOUT 7 BUREAUS IN THE MAJOR
CITIES EXCEPT FOR TOKYO AND HOKKAIDO
WHERE IN TOKYO, METROPOLITAN POLICE
DEPARTMENT (HEADED BY
SUPERINTENDENT GENERAL) HAS LONG
BEEN ESTABLISHED AND SHARES THE SAME
LOCATION WITH THE NPA. IN HOKKAIDO
PREFECTURAL POLICE HAS THE WHOLE OF
HOKKAIDO UNDER ITS JURISDICTION.
ROYAL BRUNEI POLICE FORCE (POLIS
DIRAJA BRUNEI – PDRB) - CREATED IN 1921
WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR KEEPING LAW
AND ORDER AND PROVIDING LAW
ENFORCEMENT SERVICES THROUGHOUT
BRUNEI
ROYAL CANADIAN MOUNTED POLICE
(RCMP) - COLLOQUIALLY KNOWN AS
MOUNTIES AND INTERNALLY AS “THE
FORCE” = IS THE NATIONAL POLICE FORCE
OF CANADA AND ONE OF THE MOST
RECOGNIZED OF ITS KIND IN THE WORD
BEING A NATIONAL, FEDERAL, PROVINCIAL
AND MUNICIPAL POLICING BODY. IT IS
FOUNDED IN 1920 BY THE MERGER OF
ROYAL NORTHWEST MOUNTED POLICE
(1873) WITH THE DOMINION POLICE (1868).
HEADED BY THE COMMISSION UNDER THE
DIRECTION OF THE MINISTER OF PUBLIC
SAFETY CANADA.
ROYAL THAI POLICE - FORMERLY KNOWN AS
THAILAND NATIONAL POLICE DEPARTMENT
(TNPD). IN 1998, TNPD WAS TRANSFERRED
FROM THE MINISTRY OF INTERIOR OF
THAILAND TO BE DIRECTLY UNDER THE
OFFICE OF THE PRIME MINISTER USING THE
NAME ROYAL THAI POLICE. THE POSITION
OF ITS SUPREME HEAD WAS CHANGED
FROM THAT OF THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF
THE TNPD TO THE COMMISSIONER-
GENERAL OF THE ROYAL THAI POLICE
SECOND THEORY - ALSO CALLED
ECONOMIC OR MIGRATION THEORY. CRIME
EVERYWHERE IS THE RESULT OF
UNRESTRAINED MIGRATION AND
OVERPOPULATION
SECRETARY-GENERAL (UN) - ACTS AS THE DE
FACTO SPOKESPERSON AND LEADER OF
THE UN.
SECURITY COUNCIL (UN) - IT IS CHARGED
WITH MAINTENANCE OF PEACE AND
SECURITY AMONG COUNTRIES. THE
SECURITY COUNCIL HAS THE POWER TO
MAKE BINDING DECISIONS THAT MEMBER
GOVERNMENTS HAVE AGREED TO CARRY
OUT. THE PRESIDENCY OF THE SECURITY
COUNCIL IS ROTATED ALPHABETICALLY
EACH MONTH.

SEVENTH THEORY - SUGGEST THAT
PROGRESSIVE LIFESTYLE AND NORMS
RESULT IN THE DISINTEGRATION OF OLDER
NORMS
SIXTH THEORY - “MODERNIZATION THEORY”
SEES THE PROBLEM AS SOCIETY
BECOMING TOO COMPLEX
SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE (SPF) - IS THE
MAIN AGENCY TASK WITH THE MAINTAINING
LAW AND ORDER IN THE CITY-STATE. IT IS
FORMERLY KNOWN AS REPUBLIC OF
SINGAPORE POLICE. ORGANIZED WITH
SPLIT STAFF (15) AND LINE FUNCTIONS (13)
ROUGHLY MODELED AFTER THE MILITARY.
HEADQUARTERS AT NEW POENIX PARK IN
NOVENA. THE HIGHEST RANK IS
COMMISSIONER OF POLICE AND THE
LOWEST IS POLICE CONSTABLE.
SMUGGLING / ILLICIT TRADE OF SMALL
ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS - AN ACT OF
CONVEYING OR INTRODUCING
SURREPTITIOUSLY OR IN IMPORT EXPORT
SECRETLY CONTRARY TO LAW AND
ESPECIALLY WITHOUT PAYING DUTIES
IMPOSED BY LAW.
SMUGGLING OF FIREARMS -
TRANSNATIONAL IMPORTATION OF ILLEGAL
FIREARMS, MOSTLY SMALL ARMS, BY
GOVERNMENTS AND INSURGENTS IN WAR
ZONE REGIONS.
SOCIALIST SYSTEM - DISTINGUISHED BY
PROCEDURES DESIGNED TO REHABILITATE
THE OFFENDER. KNOWN AS MARXIST-
LENINIST JUSTICE AND EXIST IN PLACES
SUCH AS AFRICA AND ASIA
SPECIAL POLICE COLLEGE (CHINA) -
CONDUCTS NATIONWIDE RECRUITMENT
ONCE A YEAR.
STATE SECURITY POLICE (CHINA) - (1983)
SAFEGUARDS STATE SECURITY, PREVENT
FOREIGN ESPIONAGE, SABOTAGE AND
CONSPIRACIES. UNDER THE MINISTRY OF
STATE SECURITY AND DIRECTLY
ACCOUNTABLE TO THE STATE COUNCIL.
STEPHEN AUSTIN - THE FOUNDER OF TEXAS
RANGER. ALSO KNOWN AS THE “FATHER OF
TEXAS”
STRATEGIC ANALYSIS - INTENDED TO
INFORM HIGHER LEVEL DECISION MAKING
AND THE BENEFITS ARE REALIZED OVER
THE LONGER TERM. IT IS USUALLY AIMED AT
MANAGERS AND POLICY-MAKERS RATHER
THAN TO SUPPORT SENIOR DECISION-
MAKERS IN SETTING PRIORITIES TO
PREPARE THEIR ORGANIZATION TO BE ABLE
TO DEAL WITH EMERGING CRIMINAL ISSUES.
SUPERINTENDENT GENERAL (JAPAN) - THE
HIGHEST RANK AND ALSO THE HEAD OF THE
TOKYO METROPOLITAN POLICE
DEPARTMENT.
TERRORISM - THE WORD TERROR DERIVES
FROM THE LATIN WORD TERRERE, MEANING
“TO FRIGHTEN”. THE UNLAWFUL USE OF
FORCE OR VIOLENCE AGAINST PERSONS
OR PROPERTY. TO INTIMIDATE OR COERCE
A GOVERNMENT, CIVILIAN POPULATION, OR
ANY SEGMENT THEREOF. IN FURTHERANCE
OF POLITICAL OR SOCIAL OBJECTIVES. (FBI,
1997)
TEXAS RANGER - POLICE FORCE
ORIGINALLY CREATED IN RESPONSE TO
COLONIZATION
THIRD THEORY - “OPPORTUNITY THEORY”.
THOSE WITH HIGHER STANDARDS OF
LIVING BECOMES MORE CARELESS OF
THEIR BELONGINGS AND OPPORTUNITIES
FOR COMMITTING CRIME MULTIPLY.
TRAFFICKING OF PERSONS - RECRUITMENT,
TRANSPORTATION, TRANSFER OR
HARBORING, OR RECEIPT OF PERSONS
WITH OR WITHOUT THE VICTIM’S CONSENT
OR KNOWLEDGE, WITHIN OR ACROSS
NATIONAL BORDERS BY ANY MEANS FOR
THE PURPOSE OF EXPLOITATION (E.G.
PROSTITUTION, FORCED LABOR, SLAVERY,
SERVITUDE, REMOVAL OR SALE OF
ORGANS)
TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES - CRIMES THAT
TAKE PLACE IN ONE COUNTRY, BUT THEIR
CONSEQUENCES SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT
ANOTHER COUNTRY. CRIMES THAT ARE NOT
ONLY INTERNATIONAL BUT CRIMES THAT BY
THEIR NATURE INVOLVE BORDER
CROSSING AS AN ESSENTIAL PART OF THE
CRIMINAL ACTIVITY. A CONTINUING ILLEGAL
ACTIVITY OF GROUP OF PERSON WHICH IS
PRIMARILY CONCERNED WITH THE
GENERATION OF PROFITS, IRRESPECTIVE
OF NATIONAL BOUNDARIES AS A RESULT
OF GLOBALIZATION.
TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME -
CRIME PERPETUATED BY ORGANIZED
CRIMINAL GROUP WHICH THE AIM OF
COMMITTING ONE OR MORE SERIOUS
CRIMES OR OFFENSES IN ORDER TO
OBTAIN DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, A
FINANCIAL OR OTHER MATERIAL BENEFITS
COMMITTED THROUGH CROSSING OF
BORDERS OR JURISDICTIONS
UNITED NATIONS - AN INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATION WHO’S STATED AIMS ARE
FACILITATING COOPERATION IN
INTERNATIONAL LAW, INTERNATIONAL
SECURITY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT,
SOCIAL PROGRESS, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND
ACHIEVEMENT OF WORLD PEACE. IT WAS
FOUNDED IN 1945 AFTER WORLD WAR II TO
REPLACE THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS, TO
STOP WARS BETWEEN COUNTRIES, AND TO
PROVIDE A PLATFORM FOR DIALOGUE. THE
UNITED NATIONS HEADQUARTERS RESIDES
IN INTERNATIONAL TERRITORY IN NEW
YORK CITY, WITH FURTHER MAIN OFFICES
AT GENEVA, NAIROBI, AND VIENNA.
UNITED NATION OFFICIAL LANGUAGE –
SPANISH, ARABIC, FRENCH, ENGLISH,
CHINESE AND RUSSIAN.

WHITE SLAVERY - IS THE ACT OF

ENGAGEMENT IN THE BUSINESS FOR
PROFIT, OR ENLISTMENT OF SERVICES OF
ANY OTHER PERSONS FOR THE PURPOSE
OF PROSTITUTION.

PERSONAL
IDENTIFICATION
ACCIDENTAL WHORL - A COMBINATION OF
TWO DIFFERENT PATTERNS WITH THE
EXCEPTION OF THE PLAIN ARCH. TWO
DELTAS

AGUSTIN PATRICIO OF THE PHILIPPINES

TOP THE EXAMINATION

ALPHONSE BERTILLION - FATHER OF

PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION. THE FIRST TO
DEVISE A SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF
IDENTIFICATION CALLED
ANTHROPOMETRY.

ANGLE TYPE - THE TYPE IN WHICH RIDGES AT

THE CENTER FORM A DEFINITE ANGLE OF
90 DEGREES OR LESS.

APPENDAGE – IS A SHORT RIDGE FOUND AT

THE TOP OR SUMMIT OF A RECURVE

BASAL OR PROXIMAL PHALANGE – IT IS

LOCATED AT THE BASE OF THE FINGER
NEAREST THE PALM.

BIFURCATION – A RIDGE FORMATION IN

WHICH A SINGLE RIDGE SPLITS OR DIVIDES
INTO TWO OR MORE RIDGES. IT RESEMBLES
A FORK SHAPE. A SINGLE RIDGES THAT
RUNS AND DIVIDE INTO TWO BRANCH.
(FRANCIS GALTON)

BLOCKING-OUT – IS THE PROCESS IF

CRIMINALI
PLACING UNDER EACH PATTERN THE
LETTER SYMBOLS REPRESENTING THEIR
PATTERN INTERPRETATION PRIOR TO THE
ACTUAL CLASSIFICATION FORMULA.

STICS CAPT. JAMES L. PARKE - ADVOCATE THE

FIRST STATE AND PENAL USE OF
FINGERPRINT ADOPTED IN SING-SING
PRISON ON JUNE 5, 1903 LATER ON
AUBURN NAPANOCH AND CLINTON
PENITENTIARIES.

CAPT. THOMAS DUGAN, NEW YORK POLICE

DEPARTMENT AND FLAVIANO GUERRERO,
FBI WASHINGTON – GAVE THE FIRST
EXAMINATION IN FP IN 1927

CARD HOLDER – USUALLY A FIXED CARD

HOLDER PLACED IN A FLAT TABLE
DESIGNED TO PREVENT THE MOVEMENT OF
THE CARD IN THE COURSE OF THE TAKING
OF THE FINGERPRINT.
CHANCE PRINT - PRINTS WHICH WERE LEFT
IN THE PLACE ACCIDENTALLY OR
UNCONSCIOUSLY
CENTRAL POCKET LOOP WHORL - NO
CIRCUITING RIDGE WITHIN THE PATTERN
AREA IS TOUCHED OR CROSS BY AN
IMAGINARY LINE DRAWN BETWEEN THE
TWO DELTAS.
CHECKING – ENSURING EVERY
FINGERPRINT IS IN PROPER BOX.
CHIROSCOPY - GREEK WORD “CHEIR” – A
HAND, “SKOPIEN” –TO EXAMINE) IS THE
SCIENCE WHICH DEALS WITH THE STUDY OF
THE PRINTS OF THE PALMS OF THE HAND.
CLASSIFICATION – IS THE METHOD OF THE
FINGERPRINT FILING IN A FORMULA FOR A
SET OF FINGERPRINT WHEREBY IT MAY BE
LOCATED IN THE FILING CABINET.
CLASSIFICATION FORMULA – IS A
NUMERICAL DESCRIPTION OF A SET OF
CLASSIFIED FINGERPRINT WHICH IS
COMPOSED OF FIGURES AND LETTERS AND
WRITTEN ON A HORIZONTAL LINE LIKE
FRACTION.
CONVERGING RIDGE – TWO RIDGES THAT
MEETS AT A CERTAIN POINT
CORE (HEART OR THE INNER TERMINUS) -
USUALLY FOUND AT THE CENTER OR
INNERMOST RECURVE.
DACTYLOGRAPHY - IS THE SCIENTIFIC
STUDY OF FINGERPRINT AS A MEANS OF
IDENTIFICATION
DACTYLOMANCY - IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY
OF FINGERPRINT FOR PURPOSES OF
PERSONALITY INTERPRETATION
DACTYLOSCOPY - DERIVED FROM THE LATIN
WORDS DACTYL - FINGER AND SKOPIEN –
TO STUDY OR EXAMINE) IS THE PRACTICAL
APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE OF
FINGERPRINTS.
DELTA (OUTER TERMINUS) - IS A POINT
ALONG A RIDGE FORMATION FOUND AT THE
CENTER OR NEAR THE CENTER OF THE
DIVERGING TYPE LINES.
DERMAL PAPILLAE - ARE IRREGULAR PEGS
COMPOSED OF DELICATE CONNECTIVE
TISSUE PROTRUDING AND FORMING THE
RIDGES OF THE SKIN ON THE FINGERS,
PALMS, TOES AND SOLES OF THE FEET.
DERMATOGLYPHICS - IS THE SCIENCE
WHICH DEALS WITH THE STUDY OF SKIN
PATTERN. IT IS DERIVED FROM TWO GREEK
WORDS, DERMA WHICH MEANS SKIN AND
GLYPE WHICH MEANS CARVE
DERMIS – THE INNER LAYER CONTAINING
THE BLOOD VESSEL, DERMAL PAPILLAE,
VARIOUS GLANDS AND NERVES.
DIVERGING RIDGE – TWO RIDGES THAT
SPREAD APART
DOUBLE LOOP WHORL - TWO SEPARATE
LOOP FORMATION, TWO SEPARATE AND
DISTINCT SHOULDER, TWO DELTAS
DR. HENRY P DE FOREST - UTILIZED THE
FIRST MUNICIPAL CIVIL USE OF
FINGERPRINT FOR CRIMINAL REGISTRATION
ON DECEMBER 1902 (MUNICIPAL CIVIL
SERVICE COMM., NEW YORK).
DUSTING METHOD - CONSIDERED AS THE
SIMPLEST AND TRADITIONAL METHODS
USED IN DEVELOPING PRINTS AT THE
SCENE OF THE CRIME. (USE OF POWDER
AND BRUSH)
EDWARD RICHARD HENRY - DEVELOPED THE
HENRY SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION AT
SCOTLAND YARD WHICH WAS ACCEPTED
BY ALMOST ALL ENGLISH-SPEAKING
COUNTRY. KNOWN AS FATHER OF
FINGERPRINT.
ENCLOSURE (LAKE RIDGE & EYELET) – A
SINGLE RIDGE THAT DIVIDES INTO TWO BUT
DOES NOT REMAIN OPEN AND MEET AT A
CERTAIN POINT TO FORM THE ORIGINAL
SINGLE RIDGE.
ENDING RIDGE – IT REFERS TO AN ABRUPT
END OF A RIDGE. (FRANCIS GALTON)
EPIDERMIS – THE OUTERMOST LAYER
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION (FBI) -
IDENTIFICATION UNIT HEREIN WAS
OFFICIALLY ESTABLISHED BY AN ACT OF
CONGRESS IN 1924.
FINAL DIVISION - DERIVED FROM THE LITTLE
FINGERS ONLY. LOOP AND WHORL ARE
BOTH SUBJECT TO RIDGE COUNTING.
(RADIAL OR ULNAR)
FINGERPRINTS - IS AN IMPRESSION DESIGN
BY THE FIRST JOINT OF THE FINGERS AND
THUMB ON SMOOTH SURFACE THROUGH
THE MEDIA OF INK, SWEAT OR ANY
SUBSTANCE CAPABLE OF PRODUCING
VISIBILITY. IMPRESSION MADE BY RIDGES BY
MEDIUM OF INK, SWEAT TO PRODUCE
VISIBILITY.
FINGERPRINT CARD – IS AN 8” X 8” CARD
DESIGNED FOR RECORDING FINGERPRINT
IMPRESSION
FINGERPRINT INK – IS A SPECIAL FORM OF
INK DESIGNED FOR TAKING FINGERPRINT
IMPRESSION SOMETIMES SUBMITTED WITH
A PRINTER’S INK.
FRANCIS GALTON – DEVELOPED THE ARCH
LOOP AND WHORL PATTERNS AS GENERAL
CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFIED NINE (9)
TYPES OF PATTERN. FIRST TO ESTABLISH A
CIVIL BUREAU OF PERSONAL
IDENTIFICATION. HE SAID THAT THE
POSSIBILITY OF TWO PRINTS BEING ALIKE
WAS 1:65 BILLION (1:64 BILLION)
FRICTION SKIN – IS AN EPIDERMAL
HAIRLESS SKIN FOUND ON THE VENTRAL
OR LOWER SURFACE OF THE HANDS AND
FEET COVERED WITH RIDGES AND
FURROWS. (ALSO CALLED AS PAPILLARY
SKIN).
FUMING METHODS - DONE BY USING
CHEMICAL FUMES SUCH AS IODINE AND
AMMONIUM FUMES.
FURROW – THE DEPRESSED OR CANAL LIKE
STRUCTURE/ THE WHITE SPACE BETWEEN
RIDGES.
GENEROSO REYES - FIRST FILIPINO
FINGERPRINT TECHNICIAN EMPLOYED BY
PHILIPPINE CONSTABULARY
GILBERT THOMPSON - A GEOLOGIST IN NEW
MEXICO, ADOPTED THE FIRST INDIVIDUAL
USE OF FINGERPRINT IN AUGUST 8, 1882 AS
A PROTECTION TO PREVENT TAMPERING
WITH THE PAY ORDER.
GOVARD BIBLOO – WORKS ON THE SWEAT
PORES AND RIDGES.
HENRY FAULDS – A SURGEON AT TSUKUJI
HOSPITAL, TOKYO, JAPAN, WHO CLAIMED
THAT LATENT PRINTS WOULD PROVIDE
POSITIVE IDENTIFICATION OF OFFENDERS
ONCE APPREHENDED (A MANUAL OF
PRACTICAL DACTYLOSCOPY).
HERMAN WELCKER - TOOK HIS OWN
FINGERPRINTS TWICE WITH A LAPSE OF
FORTY-ONE YEARS AND SHOW THE RIDGES
FORMATION REMAINS THE SAME
IMPRESSION - MANNER OF STAMPING OF
RIDGES.
INK ROLLER – IS A RUBBER MADE ROLLER
DESIGNED TO SPREAD THE FINGERPRINT
INK TO THE SLAB.
INK SLAB – IS A METALLIC OR GLASS PLATE
WHERE THE INK IS SPREAD FOR PURPOSE
INNER WHORL - WHEN THE TRACING GOES
ABOVE OR INSIDE THE RIGHT DELTA AND
THERE ARE THREE (3) OR MORE
INTERVENING RIDGES.
INSTITUTE OF APPLIED SCIENCE - FIRST
PRIVATE SCHOOL TO INSTALL
LABORATORIES FOR INSTRUCTION
PURPOSES IN DACTYLOSCOPY.
INVISIBLE PRINTS - PRINTS THAT ARE
GENERALLY MADE BY SWEAT OR
PERSPIRATION THAT REQUIRES
DEVELOPING FOR VISIBILITY.
ISABELA BERNALES - FIRST FILIPINA
FINGERPRINT TECHNICIAN
ISAIAH WEST TABOR - PHOTOGRAPHER IN
SAN FRANCISCO WHO ADVOCATED THE
USE OF THE SYSTEM FOR THE
REGISTRATION OF THE IMMIGRANT
CHINESE.
J.C. A. MAYER - (1788) – THE FIRST TO STATE
THAT FINGERPRINTS ARE
DUPLICATED IN TWO PERSONS
(ANATOMICHE KUPHERTAFELN).
JOHANNES PURKENJIE (1823) –
PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF
BRESLAU, GERMANY. ESTABLISHED A
CERTAIN ROLE FOR CLASSIFICATION AND
BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY NINE (9) TYPES OF
PATTERN ALTHOUGH NEVER ASSOCIATED
TO IDENTIFICATION.
JOHN DELLINGER - KNOWN U.S. PUBLIC
ENEMY NUMBER ONE WHO ATTEMPT TO
DESTROY HIS OWN PRINTS USING
CORROSIVE ACIDS
JUAN VUCETICH - A SPANISH COUNTERPART
OF HENRY WHO DEVELOPED HIS OWN
SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION IN ARGENTINA
AND WAS ACCEPTED IN ALMOST ALL
SPANISH SPEAKING COUNTRY
KEY DIVISION - DERIVED BY GETTING THE
RIDGE COUNT OF THE FIRST (L) LOOP
EXCEPT THE LITTLE FINGERS. IN THE
ABSENCE OF THE LOOP, THE FIRST WHORL
WILL BE RIDGE COUNTED FOR THE
PURPOSE.
KHAN BAHADUR AZIZUL HAQUE & RAI HEM
CHANDRA BOSE – THE TWO HINDU POLICE
OFFICERS WHO HAVE HELP HENRY IN
ATTAINING HIS GOAL.
LASER METHOD - IS A MODERN METHOD OF
TRACING AND DEVELOPING PRINTS.
LATENT PRINTS - PRINTS FOUND AT THE
SCENE OF THE CRIME
LOOP SUB-SECONDARY BY RIDGE
COUNTING - IS THE EXHIBITIONS OF THE
RESULTANT SYMBOLS FOR RIDGE
COUNTING IN LOOPS AS EXPRESSED BY
SYMBOLS INNER (I) & OUTER (O), FOUND ON
THE INDEX, MIDDLE, & RING FINGERS OF
BOTH HANDS. RIDGES AREA COUNTED AND
COMPARED TO THE TABLE TO OBTAIN THE
RESULTED VALUE.
MAJ. R. MC CLOUGHRY - WARDEN OF THE
FEDERAL PENITENTIARIES OF LEAVEN
WORTH. ESTABLISHED THE FIRST OFFICIAL
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT USE OF
FINGERPRINT.
MARCELO MALPIGHI (1628-1694) –
PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF
BOLOGNIA, ITALY, KNOWN FOR HIS
DISCOVERY OF THE EPIDERMIS AND DERMIS
LAYER. WRITTEN THE BOOK ENTITLED “DE
EXTERNO TACTUS ORGANO” FATHER OF
DACTYLOSCOPY.
MARY K. HOLAND - FIRST AMERICAN
INSTRUCTRESS IN DACTYLOSCOPY
MEETING WHORL - WHEN THERE ARE ONLY
TWO OR LESS INTERVENING RIDGE/S
MIDDLE PHALANGE - THE NEXT AND ABOVE
NEVER THE BASAL DONE.
MR. JONES - ONE WHO FIRST TAUGHT
FINGERPRINT IN THE PHILIPPINES (1900)
NEHEMIAH GREW (1684) – DESCRIBES THE
RIDGES AND PORES OF THE HANDS AND
FEET (PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTION)
PRESENTED IN ROYAL SOCIETY OF
LONDON, ENGLAND.
NINHYDRIN METHOD - IS CONSIDERED AS
ONE OF THE BEST METHOD USED IN
DEVELOPING PRINTS IN PAPER.
OBSTRUCTION RIDGE – IS A SHORT RIDGE
FOUND INSIDE THE RECURVE WHICH
BLOCKS THE INNER LINE OF FLOW
TOWARDS THE CORE.
OUTER WHORL - WHEN THE TRACING RIDGE
GOES BELOW OR OUTSIDE THE RIGHT
DELTA AND THERE ARE THREE (3) OR MORE
INTERVENING RIDGES.
PATTERN AREA – IS A PART OF A LOOP OF
WHORL PATTERN SURROUNDED BY THE
TYPE LINES AND CONSISTING OF THE
DELTA, CORE AND OTHER RIDGES. IT THE
PART OF THE LOOP OR A WHORL WHICH
APPEAR THE CORE, THE DELTA, AND THE
RIDGES WHICH COME OUT IN THE
CLASSIFICATION OF FINGERPRINT
PATTERN.
PEOPLE VS. MEDINA - (DEC. 23, 1933) FIRST
CONVICTION BASE ON FINGERPRINT AND
LEADING CASE DECISION IN THE PHIL.
JURISPRUDENCE (10 POINTS). MARCIANO
MEDINA Y DIOKNO (ALIAS MARIANO
MEDINA, ALIAS ALEJANDRO DOLA).
“FINGERPRINT LOCATED IN JEWELRY BOX &
AMOUNTING 350 PESOS ONLY” – 1932
PEOPLE VS. JENNINGS - (DEC. 21, 1911)
UNITED STATES LEADING CASE WHEREIN
THE FIRST CONVICTION BASED ON
FINGERPRINT WAS RECOGNIZED BY THE
JUDICIAL AUTHORITIES (14 POINTS).
PHALANGE - IS THE SKELETAL FINGER
COVERED WITH FRICTION SKIN.
PLAIN ARCH (A) - IS A PATTERN IN WHICH THE
RIDGES FLOWS FROM ONE SIDE TO THE
OTHER SIDE WITH A SLIGHT RAISE AT THE
CENTER.
PLAIN IMPRESSION – ARE IMPRESSION
MADE BY SIMULTANEOUSLY PRESSING THE
FINGER TO THE CARD, USE AS A
REFERENCE TO CLASSIFICATION.
PLAIN WHORL - AT LEAST ONE CIRCUITING
RIDGE IS TOUCHED OR CROSSED BY THE
IMAGINARY LINE TRAVERSING BETWEEN
THE TWO DELTAS.
PLARIDEL EDUCATION INSTITUTE (PEI) NOW
KNOWN AS PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF
CRIMINOLOGY (PCCR), FIRST GOVERNMENT
RECOGNIZED SCHOOL TO TEACH THE
SCIENCE OF FINGERPRINT AND OTHER
POLICE SCIENCES.
PODOSCOPY - GREEK WORD “PODO” – THE
FOOT, AND SKOPIEN – TO EXAMINE) IS THE
SCIENCE WHICH DEALS WITH THE STUDY OF
THE FOOTPRINTS.
POROSCOPY - GREEK WORD “POROS” – A
PARE, AND “SKOPIEN” – TO EXAMINE) IS THE
SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE ARRANGEMENT
OF THE SWEAT PORES. (EDMOND LOCARD-
FATHER OF POROSCOPY)
PORTAIT PARLE – SPEAKING LIKENESS
(FRENCH)
POST MORTEM FINGERPRINTS - ARE PRINTS
TAKEN FROM A DISEASED PERSON
PRIMARY DIVISION - ALWAYS REPRESENTED
BY A NUMERICAL VALUE ASSIGNED TO
WHORL PATTERNS DEPENDING ON WHAT
FINGER THEY APPEAR. THE SUM OF THE
NUMERICAL VALUE ASSIGNED TO EVEN
NUMBER OF FINGER REPRESENT THE
NUMERATOR AND THE SUM OF THE
ASSIGNED VALUE TO ODD NUMBER
REPRESENT THE DENOMINATOR PLUS THE
PRE-ESTABLISHED FRACTION OF 1/1 TO
COMPLETE THE PRIMARY.
PRINCIPLE OF CONSTANCY (PERMANENCY)
(1) - THAT THE FRICTION RIDGE ONCE FULLY
DEVELOPED ITS ARRANGEMENT WILL
REMAIN THE SAME THROUGHOUT MAN’S
LIFE.
PRINCIPLE OF CONSTANCY (2) - THE RIDGES
IMMUTABLE, PERENNIAL & INDIVIDUAL
FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE THIRD
MONTH OF EMBRYONIC (TIME OF
CONCEPTION) PERIOD UNTIL
DECOMPOSITION SETS IN AFTER DEATH.
PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUALITY (VARIATION) -
NO TWO PERSONS HAVE THE SAME
FINGERPRINT (BASED ON STATISTIC
PROBABILITY)
PRINCIPLE OF INFALLIBILITY - THAT
FINGERPRINT IS A POSITIVE AND RELIABLE
MEANS OF IDENTIFICATION. IT CANNOT BE
EASILY BE FORGED.
RADIAL LOOP - TYPE OF LOOP PATTERN IN
WHICH THE SLANTING OR LOOPING RIDGE
FLOWS TOWARDS THE THUMB FINGER.
RAJADHAR KONAI - THE FIRST PERSON
HERSCHEL PRINTED THE PALM.
RECURVING RIDGE – A SINGLE RIDGES THAT
CURVES BACK TO THE DIRECTION WHERE IT
STARTED.
REFERENCE CLASSIFICATION FORMULA - IS
AN ADDITIONAL FORMULA SERVE AS A
REFERENCE IN CASE OF DOUBTFUL
PRINTS. PLACE THE BOTTOM OF THE
CLASSIFICATION FORMULA.
RIDGE – THE ELEVATED OR HILL LIKE
STRUCTURE/ THE BLACK LINES WITH TINY
WHITE DOTS.
RIDGE DESTRUCTION – DESTRUCTION OF
THE FRICTION SKIN CAN EITHER BE
TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT. GENERALLY
TEMPORARY DESTRUCTION OCCUR WHEN
ONLY THE EPIDERMIS LAYER OF THE
FRICTION SKIN HAS BEEN DAMAGE, WHILE
PERMANENT DAMAGE CAN BE INJECTED TO
THE FRICTION SKIN DUE TO DAMAGE TO THE
DERMIS LAYER.
RIDGE DOT (ISLAND RIDGE) – REFERS TO A
RIDGE FORMATION IN A FORM OF A DOT OR
PERIOD.
RIDGE FORMATION – (RIDGES STARTS TO
FORM IN THE FINGERS AND THUMB DURING
THE 3RD TO 4TH MONTHS OF THE FETUS LIFE.
ROBERT JAMES PITTS (ROSCOE PITTS) -
WORKS ON SURGERY TO FORGED HIS OWN
FINGERPRINTS AND WAS NAMED “MAN
WITHOUT FINGERPRINT”
ROD OR BAR – IS A SHORT OF LONG RIDGE
FOUND INSIDE THE RECURVE AND
DIRECTED TOWARDS THE CORE
SUFFICIENT RECURVE – A RECURVING
RIDGE WHICH IS COMPLETE WITH IT’S
SHOULD AND FREE FROM ANY APPENDAGE.
SWEAT DUCT – THE PASSAGE WAY.
SWEAT GLANDS – THE PRODUCERS OF
SWEAT.
SWEAT PORES – THE TINY OPENING/ THE
TINY WHITE DOTS.
TENTED ARCH (T) - IS A TYPE OF PATTERN
HAVING EITHER AN ANGLE, UPTHRUST OR
AN INCOMPLETE LOOP FORM.
TERMINAL PHALANGE - THE PARTICULAR
BONE COVERED WITH FRICTION SKIN,
HAVING ALL THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF
FINGERPRINT PATTERNS AND IT IS
LOCATED NEAR THE TIP OF THE FINGER.
TYPE LINES – IS A DIVERGING RIDGE THAT
TENDS TO SURROUND THE PATTERN AREA
AND SERVES AS A BASIC BOUNDARY OF
FINGERPRINT IMPRESSION.

ROLLED IMPRESSION – ARE FINGERPRINT ULNAR LOOP - TYPE OF LOOP PATTERN IN

IMPRESSION TAKEN INDIVIDUALLY BY WHICH THE SLANTING OR LOOPING RIDGE
ROLLING EACH FINGER FROM ONE SIDE TO FLOWS TOWARDS THE LITTLE FINGER.
THE OTHER SIDE AND FROM THE TIP TO THE
END OF THE FIRST JOINT. UPTHRUST - IS AN ENDING RIDGE OF ANY
LENGTH RISING AT A SUFFICIENT DEGREES
ROLLING METHOD - BASICALLY USED IN FROM THE HORIZONTAL PLACE OF 45
DEVELOPING PRINTS IN PAPER DONE BY DEGREES OR MORE.
SIMPLY ROLLING THE PAPER WITH POWDER
SPREADING IN ITS SURFACE. VISIBLE PRINTS - - PRINTS WHICH ARE
READILY VISIBLE TO THE NAKED EYE. IT CAN
SAMUEL LANGHORNE CLEMENS - AN EITHER BE: MOLDED PRINTS OR PRINTS
ENGLISHMAN WHO INFORMALLY MADE BY CONTAMINATION WITH COLORED
INTRODUCED DACTYLOSCOPY IN THE SUBSTANCE.
UNITED STATES IN HIS BOOK “LIFE IN THE
MISSISSIPPI” AND “PUPP AND HEAD WHORL SUB-SECONDARY BY RIDGES
WILSON”. TRACING – WHEN A WHORL IS FOUND ON
THE INDEXES, MIDDLE & RING FINGERS OF
SECONDARY – REPRESENTED BY CAPITAL BOTH HANDS. THE RIDGES ARE TRACED TO
AND SMALL LETTER COMBINATION BASED OBTAIN THE RESULTANT SYMBOL IMO.
ON INTERPRETATION MADE DURING THE
BLOCKING.
SECONDARY SMALL LETTER
CLASSIFICATION – IS THE EXHIBITION OF
THE SMALL LETTER SYMBOLS OF THE
ARCHES, TENTED ARCHES & RADIAL LOOPS
FOUND BEFORE AND AFTER THE INDEXES
OF BOTH HANDS.

SGT. JOHN KENNETH FERRIER - FIRST

FINGERPRINT INSTRUCTOR AT SAINT LOUIS
POLICE DEPARTMENT MISSOURI.

SHORT RIDGE – IT IS A RIDGE WITH LIMITED

LENGTH. (FRANCIS GALTON)

SILVER NITRATE METHOD – DONE BY

SPRAYING A 5 PERCENT SOLUTION OF
SILVER NITRATE TO THE SURFACE OF THE
PAPER.

SUB-SECONDARY DIVISION – DERIVED BY

RIDGE COUNTING OF LOOP AND RIDGE.
TRACING OF WHORL FOUND AT THE INDEX,
MIDDLE RING FINGERS ONLY.

POLICE
PHOTOGRAPH
Y RESULTING
ABSORBED - WHEN THE LIGHT HITS A DARK
COLORED OBJECT AND PREVENTS IT FROM
EITHER BOUNCING OR PASSING THROUGH.
ACETIC ACID OR BORIC ACID - SERVES AS
NEUTRALIZER
ACHROMATIC LENS – CORRECTING
CHROMATIC ABERRATION
ANASTIGMAT LENS – CORRECTING
ASTIGMATISM
ANGSTROM - IS RELATIVELY SMALLER FOR IT
HAS AN EQUIVALENT MEASUREMENT OF
TEN (10) MILLIONTH PART OF A MILLIMETER.
ANTI-HALATION BACKING - IS THE ONE
DESIGNED TO HOLD BACK THE LIGHT AND
PREVENTS HALATION.
APOCHROMATIC LENS – CORRECTING
BOTH ASTIGMATISM AND CHROMATIC
ABERRATION
ARTIFICIAL LIGHT - OTHERWISE KNOWN AS
MAN-MADE LIGHT
ASA (AMERICAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION)
- THIS IS EXPRESSED IN ARITHMETIC VALUE
SYSTEM.
ASTIGMATISM - IS A FORM OF LENS DEFECTS
IN WHICH THE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL
AXIS ARE NOT EQUALLY MAGNIFIED.
INABILITY OF THE LENS TO FOCUS BOTH
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL LINES.
BASE - SUPPORT THE EMULSION
BLACK AND WHITE FILM - USUALLY
REPRESENTED BY A PREFIX OR A SUFFIX
“PAN” OR “ORTHO” AND GENERALLY USED
IN BLACK AND WHITE PHOTOGRAPHY.
BLUE – SENSITIVE FILM - SENSITIVE TO U.V.
LIGHT AND BLUE COLOR.
BRIGHT SUNLIGHT - OBJECT IN AN OPEN
SPACE CASTS A DEEP AND UNIFORM
SHADOW AND THE OBJECT APPEARS
GLOSSY.
BUFF PAPERS - PREPARE FOR TONE PRINTS
BURNING-IN - REFERS TO ADDITIONAL
EXPOSURE ON A DESIRED PORTION OF THE
NEGATIVE USED FOR PURPOSES OF
MAKING A BALANCE EXPOSURE.
CAMERA - A LIGHT TIGHT BOX DESIGNED TO
BLOCK UNWANTED OR UNNECESSARY
LIGHT FROM REACHING THE SENSITIZED
MATERIAL.
CHEMICAL PROCESS - IS THE PROCESS
NECESSARY FOR REDUCING SILVER
HALIDES INTO A FORM SO AS A LATENT
IMAGE AND A POSITIVE IMAGE BE MADE
TO WHAT WE CALLED
PHOTOGRAPH. THE PROCESS OF MAKING
THE LATENT IMAGE VISIBLE AND
PERMANENT.
CHROMATIC ABERRATION - INABILITY OF
THE LENS TO FOCUS LIGHT OF VARYING
WAVELENGTH. THE LENS REFRACTS RAYS
OF SHORT WAVELENGTH MORE STRONGLY
THAN THOSE OF LONGER WAVELENGTH
AND THEREFORE BRINGING BLUE RAYS TO A
SHORTER FOCUS THAN THE RED.
CLOSE-UP VIEW (SHORT RANGE) - TAKING OF
INDIVIDUAL PHOTOGRAPH OF THE
EVIDENCE AT THE SCENE OF THE CRIME. IT
IS DESIGN TO SHOW THE DETAILS OF THE
CRIME.
COINCIDENCE OTHERWISE KNOWN AS
SUPERIMPOSED IMAGE FOCUSING - SINGLE
OBJECT WILL APPEARED DOUBLE ONCE
THE OBJECT IS NOT IN FOCUS, BUT MOVING
THE FOCUSING ADJUSTMENT THIS DOUBLE
IMAGE WILL COINCIDE OR SUPERIMPOSED
TO FORM A SINGLE OBJECT. II
COMA - (ALSO KNOWN AS LATERAL
ABERRATION) - INABILITY OF THE LENS TO
FOCUS LIGHT THAT TRAVELS STRAIGHT OR
LATERAL, THUS MAKING IT BLURRED WHILE
THE LIGHT REACHING THE LENS OBLIQUE IS
THE ONE THE IS TRANSMITTED SHARP.
CORPUSCULAR THEORY (NEWTON) - THIS
LATER OPPOSED THE WAVE THEORY
STATING THAT LIGHT HAS ITS EFFECT BY
THE MOTION OF VERY SMALL PARTICLES
SUCH AS ELECTRONS.
CREAM - PREFERRED FOR PICTORIAL
EFFECT, PORTRAITS, LANDSCAPE OR WHEN
WARMTH EFFECT IS DESIRED.
CROPPING - IS THE PROCESS OF OMITTING
AN OBJECT DURING THE PROCESS OF
ENLARGING AND PRINTING.
CURVATURE OF FIELD - THE RELATION OF
THE IMAGES OF THE DIFFERENT POINT ARE
INCORRECT WITH RESPECT TO ONE PHOTOMACROGRAPHY AND
ANOTHER. PHOTOMICROGRAPHY.

DANIEL BARBARO - FIRST TO INTRODUCE FILM ADVANCER (FILM ADVANCE LEVER OR

THE USE OF LENS IN THE CAMERA.
DAYLIGHT MAY STILL BE CLASSIFIED AS:
OPEN SPACE BRIGHT SUNLIGHT, UNDER
SHADE BRIGHT SUNLIGHT, HAZY SUNLIGHT,
CLOUDY SUNLIGHT AND CLOUDY DULL
SUNLIGHT.
DEPTH OF FIELD – IS THE DISTANCE
MEASURED FROM THE NEAREST TO THE
FARTHEST OBJECT IN APPARENT SHARP
FOCUS WHEN THE LENS
DEVELOPMENT (USE OF EITHER D-76,
DEKTOL OR UNIVERSAL SOLUTION) - IS THE
PROCESS NECESSARY FOR REDUCING THE
SILVER HALIDES TO FORM THE IMAGE.
KNOB) - DESIGNED TO TRANSFER THE
EXPOSED FILM TO THE OTHER SIDE OR TO
THE TAKE UP SPOOL AND THE UNEXPOSED
FILM WILL BE THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE
LENS FOR ANOTHER EXPOSURE.
FILM SPEED (EMULSION SPEED) - THIS
REFERS TO THE DEGREE OF SENSITIVITY OF
THE FILM TO LIGHT.
FIXATION - IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH ALL
UNEXPOSED SILVER HALIDES ARE
DISSOLVED OR REMOVED FROM THE
EMULSION SURFACE AND MAKING THE
IMAGE MORE PERMANENT.
FLARES - CONDITION OF THE LENS
PRODUCING MULTIPLE IMAGES.

DIN (DEUTCHE INDUSTRE NORMEN) - FLASH BULB - ARE CHEMICAL LAMPS, AS IT

EXPRESSED IN LOGARITHMIC VALUE GENERATE LIGHTS BY THE RAPID
SYSTEM. COMBINATION OF METAL IN OXYGEN. THE
BULB CAN BE USED ONLY ONCE AS THE
DISTORTION - IS A DEFECT IN SHAPE NOT IN BULB IS BUSTED WHEN FIRED
SHARPNESS. ELECTRICALLY. THERE ARE THIN
FILAMENTS INSIDE THE BULB WITH TWO
DODGING - IS THE PROCESS OF ELECTRICAL CONTACTS. WHEN THE
ELIMINATING UNWANTED PORTION OF THE CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE FILAMENT,
NEGATIVE DURING ENLARGING. IT BECOMES INCANDESCENT AND IGNITES
THE EXPLOSIVE PRIMER THAT IGNITES THE
DOUBLE WEIGHT - GENERALLY USED FOR ALUMINUM FOIL THAT BURNS, GIVING
LARGE PRINTS BECAUSE THEY STAND UP FLASH OF TENSE LIGHT.
UNDER ROUGH TREATMENT.
FLUORESCENT LAMP - ARE TUBE LAMPS IN
DULL SUNLIGHT - OBJECT IN AN OPEN WHICH THE WALLS ARE COATED WITH
SPACE CAST NO SHADOW DUE TO THICK FLUORESCENT POWDERS WITH BOTH
CLOUDS COVERING THE SUN. ENDS IS MOUNTED WITH A HOLDER THAT
SERVES AS THE REFLECTOR. THIS IS
DYE TONING - IS THE PROCESS DESIGNED IN COMMONLY USED BY EVERYBODY MORE
CHANGING THE COLOR TONE OF THE THAN IT IS USED IN PHOTOGRAPHING.
PHOTOGRAPH.
FOCAL LENGTH – IS THE DISTANCE
ELECTRONIC FLASH - PRODUCES LIGHT BY MEASURED FROM THE OPTICAL CENTER OF
AN INSTANTANEOUS ELECTRICAL IN THE LENS IS SET TO FOCUS AT INFINITE
CHARGES BETWEEN TWO ELECTRODES IN POSITION.
A GAS FILLED GLASS BULBS. THE
ELECTRICAL ENERGY FOR THE DISCHARGE FOCUSING - IS THAT MECHANISM OF A
IS KEPT IN CAPACITOR OR CONDENSER. IT CAMERA DESIGNED TO CONTROL THE
USUALLY RANGES FROM 1/300 SECOND DEGREE OF SHARPNESS OF THE OBJECT
AND 1/5000 SECOND, AND BECAUSE OF TO BE PHOTOGRAPH. IT IS USUALLY
THIS, SUBJECT IN FAST MOTION CAN BE OBTAINED BY ESTIMATING THE DISTANCE
ARRESTED OR STOPPED IN THE FROM THE CAMERA AND THAT OF THE
PHOTOGRAPHS. OBJECT THAT WILL MAKE A SHARP OR
CLEAR IMAGE. IS THE SETTING OF THE
ELON OR HYDROQUENONE - USED AS MAIN PROPER DISTANCE IN ORDER TO FORM A
DEVELOPING AGENTS SHARP IMAGE. THE ONE THAT CONTROLS
THE DEGREE OF SHARPNESS OF THE
EMULSION - IS THAT PART OF THE FILM OR OBJECT.
PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER WHICH CONTAINS
THE SILVER GRAINS WHICH IS THE ONE GENERAL VIEW (LONG RANGE) - TAKING AN
SENSITIVE TO LIGHT. IN A COLORED FILM OVER-ALL VIEW OF THE SCENE OF THE
THIS EMULSION SURFACE CAN BE CRIME. IT SHOWS DIRECTION AND
COMPOSED OF THREE LAYERS (BLUE, LOCATION OF THE CRIME SCENE.
GREEN AND RED) WITH FILTERS
INTERVENING. GLOSSY PAPER - DESIGNED FOR FINE
DETAILS AND BRILLIANT IMAGE
EXTREME CLOSE-UP VIEW - COMMONLY FORMATION.
DESIGNED IN LABORATORY
PHOTOGRAPHING USING SOME GROUND GLASS - THIS IS OBSERVED FROM
MAGNIFICATION SUCH AS THE VIEWING SYSTEM OF THE CAMERA,
ONCE THE OBJECT IS NOT IN FOCUSED THE
OBJECT WILL BE VIEWED TO BE BLURRED
AND WILL TURN SHARP AND CLEAR ONCE
ADJUSTED.
HAZY SUNLIGHT - OBJECT IN AN OPEN
SPACE CASTS A TRANSPARENT OR BLUISH
SHADOW. THIS IS DUE TO THIN CLOUDS
THAT COVER THE SUN.
HIGH SPEED PANCHROMATIC FILM -
DESIGNED ORIGINALLY FOR
PHOTOGRAPHING OBJECT UNDER
ADVERSE LIGHTING CONDITION.
HOLDER OF THE SENSITIZED MATERIAL –
LOCATED AT THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE
LENS DESIGNED TO HOLD FIRMLY THE
SENSITIZED MATERIAL TO PREVENT THE
FORMATION OF THE MULTIPLE OR BLURRED
IMAGE
HYPERFOCAL DISTANCE - IS THE NEAREST
DISTANCE AT WHICH WHEN A LENS IS
FOCUSED WITH A GIVEN PARTICULAR
DIAPHRAGM OPENING WILL GIVES THE
MAXIMUM DEPTH OF FIELD.
INCANDESCENT BULB - ARE BULB WITH A
WIRE FILAMENT CONNECTING TWO WIRES
WHICH SUSTAIN THE ELECTRICAL CHARGE
THAT PRODUCES THE LIGHT. EVERYBODY
LIKEWISE COMMONLY USES THIS
ALTHOUGH IT IS MORE EXPENSIVE IN TERMS
OF ELECTRICAL CONSUMPTIONS.
INFRARED (BELOW THE RED) - CONSIDERED
AS THE PHOTOGRAPHIC RAYS WITH THE
LONGEST WAVELENGTH RANGING FROM
700 TO 1000 MILLIMICRONS. IT IS DESIGNED
TO TAKE PHOTOGRAPH OF OVER-WRITTEN
DOCUMENTS, OBLITERATED WRITING, AND
CHARRED DOCUMENTS OR FOR BLACK OUT
PHOTOGRAPHY. IT IS SOMETIMES
REFERRED TO AS HEAT RAYS). SIR WILLIAM
HERSCHEL (1800) – A TYPE OF INVISIBLE
RADIATION IN THE SPECTRUM LOWER IN
ENERGY THAN RED LIGHT. LATIN WORD
INFRA (BELOW).
INFRARED FILM - SENSITIVE TO ALL COLORS
AND TO INFRA-RED LIGHT.
INVISIBLE LIGHT - LIGHTS IN WHICH THEIR
WAVELENGTH ARE EITHER TOO SHORT OR
TOO LONG TO EXCITE THE RETINA OF THE
HUMAN EYE I.E. X-RAY, ULTRAT-VIOLET AND
INFRA-RED LIGHTS.
ISAAC NEWTON (1666) - PROVED THAT THE
LIGHT WHICH MEN SEE AS WHITE LIGHT IS
ACTUALLY A MIXTURE OF ALL COLORS OF
THE SPECTRUM. THIS IS PRODUCED WHEN
WE ALLOW LIGHT TO HIT A GLASS PRISM
(SHARP EDGE OF THE GLASS). A RAINBOW
ARRAY WILL THEN BE SHOWN WITH
COLORS RED, ORANGE, YELLOW, GREEN,
BLUE AND VIOLET COLORS (FROM TOP TO
BOTTOM). THE VISIBLE LIGHT IS ALSO SAID
OF HAVE A WAVELENGTH OF BETWEEN 400-
700 MILLIMICRON (NANOMETER).
ISO (INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ORGANIZATION) - EXPRESSED AS
COMBINATION OF ASA AND DIN RATING.
LASER – (LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY
STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION)
THEODORE H. MAIMAN (1960)
LENS (1) - IS THE LIGHT GATHERING
MECHANISM OF THE CAMERA THAT
COLLECT THE REFLECTED LIGHT COMING
FROM THE OBJECT TO FORM THE IMAGE.
LENS (2) – DESIGNED TO COLLECT OR TO
FOCUS THE REFLECTED LIGHT FROM AN
OBJECT TO FORM AN IMAGE ON THE FILM.
LENS APERTURE - THE RATIO BETWEEN THE
DIAMETERS OF THE WHOLE LENS IN
RELATION TO THE FOCAL LENGTH OF THE
LENS. IT IS THE LIGHT GATHERING POWER
OF THE LENS. OTHERWISE KNOWN AS LENS
OPENING OR RELATIVE APERTURE AND IT IS
EXPRESSED IN F-NUMBER.
LIGHT - IS AN ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY
THAT TRAVELS IN A FORM OF A WAVE WITH
THE SPEED OF 186, 000 MILES PER
SECOND.
LIGHT TIGHT BOX – A BOX DESIGNED TO
KEEP LIGHT OUT AND SERVE AS A FRAME TO
HOLD OTHER PARTS.
LIGHT WAVELENGTH - IS THE DISTANCE
MEASURED BETWEEN TWO (2) SUCCESSIVE
CREST OR THROUGH OF WAVE AND IT IS
EXPRESSED IN EITHER MILLIMICRON
(NANOMETER) OR ANGSTROM.
LIGHT WEIGHT - DESIGNED FOR HIGH
FLEXIBILITY AND WHEN PAPER THICKNESS
IS NOT OF CONSIDERATION. INTENDED FOR
PURPOSES, WHICH INVOLVES FOLDING?
LONG OR TELEPHOTO LENS - WITH FOCAL
LENGTH LONGER THAN TWICE THE
DIAGONAL HALF OF THE NEGATIVE. BEST
USED IN LONG DISTANCE PHOTOGRAPHING
BUT WITH NARROW AREA COVERAGE.
MEDIUM VIEW (MEDIUM RANGE) - TAKING OF
THE PHOTOGRAPH OF THE SCENE OF THE
CRIME BY DIVIDING IT INTO SECTION. THIS
VIEW WILL BEST VIEW THE NATURE OF THE
CRIME.
MENISCUS LENS - LENS THAT HAS NO
CORRECTION.
MICROPHOTOGRAPHY - THE PROCESS OF
REDUCING INTO A SMALL STRIPS OF FILM A
SCENARIO. IT IS FIRST USED IN FILMMAKING.
MICRON - EQUIVALENT TO ONE THOUSAND
PART OF MILLIMICRON.
MILLIMICRON - IS THE UNITS OF LIGHT
WAVELENGTH WHICH IS EQUIVALENT TO
ONE-MILLIONTH PART OF A MILLIMETER
MODIFIED WAVE THEORY (MAXWELL AND
HERTZ) - BASED ON ELECTROMAGNETICS.
ALL THESE THEORIES ARE STILL
CONSIDERED TO BE OF LITTLE LACKING
THAT LAW ENFORCEMENT NEED NOT TO BE
VERY FOCUS ON THIS BUT RATHER GO
ALONG WITH THE ACCEPTED CONCLUSION
THAT LIGHT IS A FORM OF ENERGY, WHICH
IS ELECTROMAGNETIC IN FORM.
MUG SHOT PHOTOGRAPHY - THE PROCESS
OF TAKING OF PHOTOGRAPH OF
SUSPECTS.
NATURAL LIGHT - ARE THOSE LIGHT WHICH
COME TO EXISTENCE WITHOUT THE
INTERVENTION OF MAN.
NEGATIVE OR CONCAVE LENS (DIVERGING
LENS) CHARACTERIZED BY THE FACT THAT
IT IS THINNER AT THE CENTER AND THICKER
AT THE SIDE AND FORMS THE VIRTUAL
IMAGE ON THE SAME SIDE OF THE LENS
NEGATIVE TYPE - USUALLY HAVING NAMES
ENDING IN COLOR
NORMAL OR MEDIUM FOCUS - WITH FOCAL
LENGTH APPROXIMATELY EQUAL BUT NOT
LONGER THAN TWICE THE DIAGONAL HALF
OF THE NEGATIVE.
ORTHOCHROMATIC FILM - SENSITIVE TO U.V.
LIGHT UP TO THE GREEN. (POPULAR IN THE
MARKER AS KODALITH FILM)
PANCHROMATIC FILM - SENSITIVE TO U.V.
LIGHT UP TO RED (SENSITIVE TO ALL
COLORS OF THE VISIBLE LIGHT)
PHOTOFLOOD LAMP - IS LIKEWISE KNOWN
AS REFLECTORIZED LIGHT OR SPOT LIGHT.
IT IS A LIGHT WITH A REFLECTOR AT THE
BACK WHICH FOCUSES THE LIGHT TO THE
OBJECT THE COMMON WATTAGES OF THIS
LAMP IS 500 WATTS.
PHOTOGRAPH - THE MECHANICAL AND
CHEMICAL RESULT OF PHOTOGRAPHY.
PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER - IT IS THAT
SENSITIZED MATERIAL THAT WILL RECORD
THE VISIBLE IMAGE IN THE FINAL
DEVELOPMENT AND BECOME THE
PHOTOGRAPH.
PHOTOGRAPHY - IS THE ART AND SCIENCE
OF REPRODUCING IMAGE BY MEANS OF
LIGHT THROUGH SOME SENSITIZED
MATERIAL WITH THE AID OF A CAMERA,
LENS AND ITS ACCESSORIES AND THE
CHEMICAL PROCESS REQUIRED IN ORDER
TO PRODUCE A PHOTOGRAPH.
PHOTOMACROGAPHY - TAKING A MAGNIFIED
(ENLARGED) PHOTOGRAPH OF SMALL
OBJECT BY ATTACHING AN EXTENDED TUBE
LENS (MACRO LENS) TO THE CAMERA.
MACROPHOTOGRAPHY
PHOTOMICROGRAPHY - TAKING A TRANSFORMED INTO AN IMAGE THROUGH
MAGNIFIED PHOTOGRAPH OF SMALL
OBJECT THROUGH ATTACHING A CAMERA
TO THE OCULAR OF A COMPOUND
MICROSCOPE SO AS TO SHOW A MINUTE
DETAILS OF THE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE.
PICTURE - IS A GENERIC TERM IS REFERS TO
ALL KINDS OF FORMED IMAGE WHILE A
PHOTOGRAPH IS AN IMAGE THAT CAN ONLY
BE A PRODUCT OF PHOTOGRAPHY. A
PAINTING, DRAWING, OR PHOTOGRAPH OF
SOMEONE OR SOMETHING.
POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY - IS THE
APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF
PHOTOGRAPHY IS RELATION TO THE
POLICE WORK AND IN THE ADMINISTRATION
OF JUSTICE. (BLACK & WHITE
PHOTOGRAPHY.
POSITIVE OR CONVEX LENS (CONVERGING
LENS) CHARACTERIZED BY THE FACT THAT
IT IS THICKER AT THE CENTER AND THINNER
AT THE SIDE WHICH IS CAPABLE OF
BENDING THE LIGHT TOGETHER AND
FORMS THE IMAGE INVERSELY
POTASSIUM BROMIDE - RESTRAINER OR
HARDENER
PROCESS PANCHROMATIC FILM - PERMIT
SHORT EXPOSURES UNDER AVERAGE
LIGHTING CONDITION AND HAS THE
ADVANTAGE OF THE GRAIN STRUCTURE.
QUANTUM THEORY (ALBERT EINSTEIN) -
LIGHT IS A FORM OF ENERGY BEAM WHICH
IS CALLED QUANTUM AND LATER CALLED
PHOTON.
RADIATION - REFERS TO THE EMISSION OF
ENERGY IN THE FORM OF PARTICLES OR
WAVES OR MAGNETIC WAVES
RAPID RECTILINEAR LENS – LENS
CORRECTED OF DISTORTION
RAYS - REFERS TO THE PROPERTY OF LIGHT
CHARACTERIZED BY ITS DIRECTION OF
TRAVEL.
REFLECTED - ONCE THE LIGHT HITS A
MIRROR AND IT BOUNCE BACK.
REVERSAL TYPE - CHROME
ROUGH PAPERS - USED FOR LARGE PRINTS
OR WHERE BREATH RATHER THAN DETAIL IS
NECESSARY.
SCALE BED - ESTIMATING THE DISTANCE OF
THE OBJECT AND ADJUSTING THE CAMERA
CONTROL BASED ON HIS ESTIMATION DO
THIS.
SEMI-MATE PAPER - OBSCURE THE FINE
DETAILS
SENSITIZED MATERIAL (1) - COMPOSED OF A
HIGHLY SENSITIZED CHEMICAL COMPOUND
WHICH IS CAPABLE OF BEING
THE ACTION OF LIGHT AND WITH SOME
CHEMICAL PROCESSES. (FILM AND PHOTO
PAPER).
SENSITIZED MATERIAL (2) - IT REFERS TO
THE FILM AND PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER THAT
BASICALLY COMPOSED OF EMULSION
CONTAINING SILVER HALIDES SUSPENDED
IN GELATIN AND COATED ON A DEVELOPER AND THE ACID FIXER.
TRANSPARENT OR REFLECTIVE SUPPORT.
SHUTTER – DESIGNED TO CONTROL THE
TIME DURING WHICH THE LIGHT REACHES
THE FILM
SHUTTER SPEED - IS THAT PART OF THE
CAMERA WHICH REGULATES THE TIME
EXPOSURE OF THE FILM THUS, AFFECTING
THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT REACHING THE
SENSITIZED MATERIAL. IT IS USUALLY
EXPRESSED IN A FRACTION OF A SECOND.
SILVER BROMIDE PAPER - USED
PROJECTION, PRINTING AND ENLARGING
PROCESS. THIS IS ONE OF THE MOST IDEAL
PHOTO PAPER USED FOR POLICE
PHOTOGRAPHY. WILL GIVE A BLACK TONE
WHEN PROPERLY DEVELOPED.
SILVER CHLORIDE PAPER - USED FOR
CONTACT PRINTING, THE SIZE OF THE
POSITIVE PRINT IS THE SAME AS THE SIZE OF
THE NEGATIVE USED. SENSITIVITY TO LIGHT
IS LOW AND GIVE BLUE-BLACK TONES
WHEN PROPERLY DEVELOPED.
SILVER CHLOROBROMIDE PAPER - USED
BOTH FOR PROJECTION AND CONTACT
PRINTING. SLOW EMULSION.
SINGLE LENS REFLEX CAMERA – IT IS A TYPE
OF CAMERA BEST SUITED FOR POLICE
WORK DUE TO ITS INTERCHANGEABILITY OF
THE LENS
SINGLE WEIGHT - PAPERS USED FOR SMALL
PRINTS OR WHICH ARE NEED TO BE
MOUNTED ON SOLID AND FINE DETAILS
NECESSARY IN THE PRODUCTION. USED IN
ORDINARY PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES.
SODIUM BICARBONATE OR BORAX POWDER
- SERVES AS ACCELERATOR
SODIUM SULFATE - SERVES AS THE
PRESERVATIVE
SODIUM THIOSULFATE (HYPO) - IS THE MAIN
FIXING AGENT THAT DISSOLVES
UNEXPOSED SILVER HALIDES.
SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY - IS THE
RESPONSIVENESS OF THE FILM EMULSION
TO THE DIFFERENT WAVELENGTH OF THE
LIGHT COURSE.
SPHERICAL ABERRATION - INABILITY OF THE
LENS TO FOCUS LIGHT PASSING THE SIDE
OF THE LENS PRODUCING AN IMAGE THAT IS
SHARP IN THE CENTER AND BLURRED AT
THE SIDE.
SPLIT IMAGE FOCUSING - AN IMAGE IN SPLIT
OR TWO PARTS ONCE THE OBJECT IS NOT
IN FOCUS THE TWO PARTS OF THE IMAGE
HAS BEEN UNITED THEN THE OBJECT IS
ALREADY FOCUSED. V
STOP BATH - NORMALLY COMPOSED OF
WATER WITH LITTLE AMOUNT OF DILUTE
ACETIC ACID THAT SERVES AS A MEANS TO
PREVENT CONTAMINATION BETWEEN THE
TELEPHOTOGRAPHY - THE PROCESS OF
TAKING PHOTOGRAPH OF A FAR OBJECT
WITH THE AID OF A LONG FOCUS AND
TELEPHOTO LENS.
TRANSMITTED - WHEN THE LIGHT HITS A
TRANSPARENT GLASS WHICH WOULD
ALLOW THE LIGHT TO PASS THROUGH ITS
MEDIUM
TWIN LENS REFLEX CAMERA – A TYPE OF
CAMERA WITH DUAL LENS, ONE FOR
FOCUSING AND THE OTHER FOR FORMING
THE IMAGE.
ULTRA-VIOLET RAY (BEYOND THE VIOLET) -
RADIATION HAVING A WAVELENGTH OF 30
TO 400 NANOMETERS DESIGNED TO
PHOTOGRAPH FINGERPRINTS IN MULTI
COLORED BACKGROUND, DOCUMENTS
THAT ARE ALTERED, DECIPHERMENT OF
ERASE WRITING AND DEVELOPING
INVISIBLE WRITING. IT IS COMMERCIALLY
KNOWN AS “BLACK LIGHT”.
VARIABLE CONTRACT PAPER - COMBINES
THE CONTRAST RANGE IN ONE PAPER IT
USES A SPECIAL CHLOROBROMIDE
EMULSION THAT PRODUCES VARYING
CONTRAST RESPONSES UPON EXPOSURE
TO DIFFERENT COLORS OF LIGHT.
VELOX NO. 0 - USED FOR PRINTING
EXTREMELY CONTRAST NEGATIVE OR
EXTREMELY EXPOSED FILM.
VELOX NO. 1 - USED FOR HIGH CONTRAST
NEGATIVE (OVER EXPOSED FILM)
VELOX NO. 2 - USED FOR NORMAL EXPOSED
FILM
VELOX NO. 3 - USED FOR NEGATIVE WITH
WEAK CONTRAST (UNDER EXPOSED)
VELOX NO. 4 - USED TO PROVIDE
SUFFICIENT CONTRAST TO COMPENSATE
FOR VERY THIN OR WEAK NEGATIVES. IT IS
USEFUL IMPRINTING WHICH HIGH
CONTRAST IS DESIRED.
VELOX NO. 5 - FOR FLAT NEGATIVE THAT ARE
UNPRINTABLE.
VIEW FINDER – DESIGNED TO DETERMINE
THE FIELD OF VIEW OF THE CAMERA OR THE
EXTENT OF THE COVERAGE OF THE GIVEN
LENS
VIEW FINDER TYPE – IT IS CONSIDERED AS
THE SMALLEST AND THE SIMPLEST TYPE OF
CAMERA
VIEWING SYSTEM - IS THAT PART OF THE
CAMERA WHICH PROVIDES THE MEANS OF
SHOWING TO THE PHOTOGRAPHER THE
ENTIRE SCENE COVERAGE THAT CAN BE
RECORDED IN THE SENSITIZED MATERIAL.
VIEW OR PRESS TYPE – IS CONSIDERED THE
BIGGEST AND EXPENSIVE TYPE OF CAMERA,
USED FOR MOVIE MAKING

VIGNETTING - IS THE GRADUAL FADING OF

THE IMAGE TOWARDS THE SIDE THROUGH
SKILLFUL ADJUSTMENT ON THE DODGING
BOARD.

VISIBLE LIGHT (1) - IS THE TYPE OF LIGHT

THAT PRODUCES DIFFERENT SENSATION
WHEN REACH THE HUMAN EYE. IT IS THE
TYPE OF LIGHT, WHICH IS CAPABLE OF
EXCITING THE RETINA OF THE HUMAN EYE.

VISIBLE LIGHT (2) - IT REFERS TO THE TYPE

OF RADIATION HAVING A WAVELENGTH OF
400 TO 700 MILLIMICRONS DESIGNED FOR
ORDINARY PHOTOGRAPHING PURPOSES.

WAVE THEORY (HUYGENS) - IT IS THE

THEORY THAT WAS TRANSCRIBED FROM
THE MOTION OF THE WATER THAT IF WE
OBSERVE A PIECE OF LOG FLOATING IN THE
OCEAN AND WITH THE FORCE OF THE AIR
FORENSIC
WOULD NATURALLY WILL MAKE THE LOG
MOVE UP AND DOWN. BALLISTICS
WHITE - BETTER USED IN POLICE ACCURATE RANGE - THE DISTANCE WITHIN
PHOTOGRAPHY. WHICH THE SHOOTER OR GUNNER HAS
CONTROL OF HIS SHOTS.
WIDE ANGLE OR SHORT FOCUS - WITH
FOCAL LENGTH NOT LONGER THAN THE AIR RESISTANCE - REFERS TO THE FORCE
DIAGONAL HALF OF THE NEGATIVE. USEFUL OF THE AIR ENCOUNTER BY THE BULLET IN
IN TAKING PHOTOGRAPH AT SHORT ITS FLIGHT.
DISTANCE WITH WIDER AREA COVERAGE.
ALFRED NOBEL (1846) - INVENTED A
X-RAY - LIGHT WITH THE WAVELENGTH SMOKELESS POWDER WITH
BETWEEN .01 TO 30 MILLIMICRONS. IT IS NITROGLYCERINE (40%0 AND
PRODUCED BY PASSING AN ELECTRIC NITROCELLULOSE (60%) AS THE MAIN
CURRENT THROUGH A SPECIAL TYPE OF COMPOSITION AND CALLED IT
VACUUM TUBE. IT WAS INCIDENTALLY “BALLISTITE”.
DISCOVERED BY CONRAD WELHELM
ROENTGEN. THIS TYPE OF LIGHT WORKS IN ALEXANDER JOHN FORSYTH - FATHER OF
THE PRINCIPLE OF SHADOW THE PERCUSSION POWDER.
PHOTOGRAPHY.
ZOOM LENS - LENS WITH VARIABLE FOCAL AMMUNITION (LEGAL DEFINITION) - REFERS
LENGTH OR THAT WHICH CAN BE ADJUSTED TO LOADED SHELL FOR RIFLES, MUSKETS,
CONTINUOUSLY BY THE MOVEMENT OF CARBINE, SHOTGUN, REVOLVERS AND
ONE OR MORE ELEMENTS IN THE LENS PISTOLS FROM WHICH A BALL, SHOT SHELL
SYSTEM. OR OTHER MISSILES MAYBE FIRED BY
MEANS OF GUN POWDER OR OTHER
EXPLOSIVE. THE TERM ALSO INCLUDES
AMMUNITION FOR AIR RIFLES AS
MENTIONED ELSEWHERE IN THE CODE.

AMMUNITION (TECHNICAL DEFINITION) -

REFERS TO A GROUP OF CARTRIDGE OR TO
A SINGLE CARTRIDGE. CARTRIDGE IS A
COMPLETE UNFIRED UNIT CONSISTING OF
BULLET (BALL), PRIMER (CAP), CARTRIDGE
CASE (SHELL) AND GUNPOWDER
(PROPELLANT).

ANTIQUE FIREARMS - FIREARMS WHICH WAS

MANUFACTURED AT LEAST SEVENTY FIVE
(75) YEARS PRIOR TO THE CURRENT DATE
BUT NOT INCLUDING REPLICAS. FIREARMS
WHICH IS CERTIFIED BY THE NATIONAL
MUSEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES TO BE CURIO
OR RELIC OF MUSEUM INTEREST. ANY
OTHER FIREARM WHICH DERIVES A
SUBSTANTIAL PART OF ITS MONETARY
VALUE FROM THE FACT THAT IT IS NOVEL
RARE, BIZARRE OR BECAUSE OF ITS
ASSOCIATION WITH SOME HISTORICAL
FIGURE, PERIOD OR EVENT.
ANVIL - IS THAT PORTION OF THE PRIMER
WHICH PROVIDES SOLID SUPPORT AND
ABSORBS THE BLOW OF THE FIRING PIN
CAUSING FRICTION THAT WOULD INITIATES
IGNITION.
ARMOR PIERCING – IS A TYPE OF MILITARY
BULLET DESIGNED TO PENETRATE LIGHT
STEEL ARMOR. ITS MECHANICAL
CONSTRUCTION MAKES IT CAPABLE OF
PENETRATING THROUGH SOME LIGHT
VEHICLES.
ARTILLERY - REFERS TO THOSE TYPE OF
FIREARMS THAT PROPELS PROJECTILE
WITH MORE THAN ONE INCH DIAMETER.
AUTOMATIC FIREARM - TYPE OF FIREARMS
THAT CONSTITUTES A CONTINUOUS FIRING
IN A SINGLE PRESS OF THE TRIGGER AND
WHILE THE TRIGGER IS PRESS.
BALLISTICS (1) - DERIVED FROM TWO GREEK
WORDS. THE WORD “BALLO” AND
“BALLEIN” WHICH LITERALLY MEAN, “TO
THROW”.
BALLISTICS (2) - IS THE SCIENCE OF THE
MOTION OF THE PROJECTILE AND THE
CONDITION THAT AFFECTS THEIR MOTION.
BALL TYPE – IS A TYPE OF BULLET, WHICH IS
INTENDED FOR ANTI-PERSONNEL AND
GENERAL USE.
BASE - THE BOTTOM PORTION OF THE
CARTRIDGE CASE WHICH CONTAINS THE
HEAD STAMP MARKING ON THE BASE OF
THE SHELL CONTAINING THE CALIBER,
MANUFACTURER AND IN SOME CASES
INCLUDING THE DATE, TRADE NAME, AND
BATCH NUMBER.
BATTERY – USED FOR SHOTGUN
BELTED TYPE - A CARTRIDGE WITH A
PROMINENT RAISE BELT AROUND ITS BODY
JUST IN FRONT OF THE EXTRACTION
GROOVE.
BERDAN IS A TYPE OF PRIMER
CONSTRUCTION, WHICH WAS DESIGNED IN
1860S BY COLONEL HIRAM S. BERDAN OF
THE U.S ARMY ORDINANCE DEPARTMENT.
(TWO HOLE)
BERTHOLD SCHWARTZ (CONSTANTIN
ANKLITZEN) - A MYSTERIOUS MONK OF
FREIBURG, WHO ACCORDING TO LEGEND
THAT IS SUPPORTED BY AN ENGRAVING
DATED 1643, WHILE EXPERIMENTING ON
SOME POWDER IN A CAST IRON VESSEL, HE
IGNITED A CHARGE AND THUS BLEW OFF
THE LID, AND FROM THIS DEDUCED THE
PRINCIPLE OF CONTAINING A CHARGE IN A
TUBE AND PROPELLING A SHOT
BLACK POWDER - BLACK POWDER, THE
OLDEST KNOWN EXPLOSIVE, WAS INITIALLY
MADE FROM SALTPETER (75%), CHARCOAL
(15%) AND SULFUR (10%).
BLANK AMMUNITION – WITHOUT A BULLET
BODY - IS THE CYLINDRICAL PART OF THE
SHELL WHICH HOUSE THE GUNPOWDER.
BOLT ACTION TYPE - TYPE OF FIREARMS IN
WHICH RELOADING TAKES PLACE BY
MANIPULATING THE BOTH BACK AND
FORTH.
BORE DIAMETER - (CALIBER OR GAUGE) IT IS
DIAMETER TO WHICH THE BORE WAS
REAMED. THE DISTANCE MEASURED
BETWEEN TWO OPPOSITE LANDS INSIDE
THE BORE IN A HUNDREDTHS OR
THOUSANDTHS OF AN INCH. IN MOST
EXPRESS IN EITHER CALIBER IN INCH OR IN
MILLIMETERS.
BOXER - DEVELOPED BY COL. EDWARD M.
BOXER OF THE ROYAL LABORATORY AT
WOOLWICH ARSENAL IN THE YEAR 1866.
(ONE HOLE)
BREECH FACE MARK - MARK FOUND AT THE
BASE PORTION OF THE SHELL CAUSE BY
BACKWARD MOVEMENT TO THE BREECH
FACE OF THE BLOCK OF THE FIREARM.
BROWNING - TYPE OF RIFLING HAVING (6)
LANDS AND GROOVES, RIGHT HAND TWIST,
THE WIDTH OF THE GROOVES IS TWICE THE
WIDTH OF THE LANDS.
BUCK SHOT - A LARGE SIZE LEAD SHOT FOR
USED IN SHOTGUN
BULLETS - THE WORD “BULLET” WAS
DERIVED FROM FRENCH WORD
“BOULLETTE” WHICH MEANS A SMALL BALL.
THIS TERM IS GENERALLY USED WHEN WE
ARE REFERRING TO PROJECTILE FIRED
FROM ANY SMALL ARMS, WHICH HAS A
VARIETY OF FORM, ESPECIALLY DURING
THE EARLIER HISTORY. IN A MORE
TECHNICAL SENSE, BULLET REFERS TO A
METALLIC OR NON-METALLIC CYLINDRICAL
BALL PROPELLED FROM A FIREARM IT IS
SOMETIMES CALLED AS SHOTS OR SLUGS.
CANNELURE - IS THE CYLINDRICAL GROOVE
IN THE OUTER SURFACE OF THE CARTRIDGE
CASE DESIGNED TO SECURE THE SHELL TO
THE CHAMBER AS WELL AS PREVENT
BULLET FROM BEING PUSH DOWN TO THE
POWDER CHARGE. IN SOME INSTANCE IT IS
EVEN BEING UTILIZED FOR IDENTIFICATION.
CAPT. E. SCHULTZE OF THE PRUSSIAN
ARMY, MADE THE 1ST SUCCESSFUL USED OF
SMOKELESS POWDER IN SHOTGUN IN THE
YEAR 1864.
CARBINE - A SHORT BARREL RIFLE, WITH ITS
BARREL RIFLE, MEASURING NOT LONGER
THAN 22 INCHES. IT FIRES A SINGLE
PROJECTILE THOUGH A RIFLE-BORE EITHER
SEMI-AUTOMATIC OR FULLY AUTOMATIC,
FOR EVERY PRESS OF THE TRIGGER.
CARBINE TYPE - RIFLING HAVING (4) LANDS
AND GROOVES, RIGHT TWIST, THE WIDTH OF
THE GROOVES IS TWO (2) TIMES THE WIDTH
OF THE LANDS
CARTRIDGE CASE - IS THE METALLIC OR
NON-METALLIC TABULAR CONTAINER
USUALLY OF BRASS (70% COPPER AND 30%
ZINC) DESIGNED TO UNITE THE BULLET,
PRIMER AND THE GUNPOWDER INTO ONE
UNIT. IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS SHELL OR
CASING.
CENTER FIRE - T REFERS TO A CARTRIDGE IN
WHICH PRIMER CUP (IGNITION CAP) IS
CENTRALLY PLACED IN THE BASE OF THE
CARTRIDGE CASE AND THE PRIMING
MIXTURE IS EXPLODED BY THE IMPACT OF
THE FIRING PIN AND WITH THE SUPPORT OF
THE ANVIL.
CHAMBER MARK - MARK MOSTLY FOUND
AROUND THE BODY OF THE FIRED
CARTRIDGE CASE CAUSE BY THE
IRREGULARITIES OF NIPS INSIDE THE
WALLS OF THE CHAMBER.
CHILLED OR HARD SHOT - IS A TYPE OF
SHOT WITH A SMALL AMOUNT OF ANTIMONY
MIXED WITH LEAD TO INCREASE HARDNESS.
IT DOES NO DEFORM EASILY, BETTER
PATTERNS, LESS STRING AND MORE
UNIFORM VELOCITY AND PENETRATION.
CHOKE BORED GUN - DESIGNED WITH A
DIMINISHING OR REDUCING BORE
DIAMETER TYPE TOWARDS THE MUZZLE.
THIS TYPE IS DESIGNED TO CAUSE AN
EFFECT TO THE TRAVEL OF THE SHOTS. IT
MAKES THE SHOTS TRAVEL LONGER
BEFORE IT SPREADS.
CLASS CHARACTERISTICS - ARE THOSE
PROPERTIES OR ATTRIBUTES OF A
FIREARMS WHICH CAN BE DETERMINED
EVEN BEFORE THE MANUFACTURE OF THE
GUN. THIS IS TRUE FOR SUCH
CHARACTERISTICS ARE CONSIDERED TO
BE A MANUFACTURE’S DESIGNS OR
SPECIFICATIONS AND SECURITY.
COATED OR PLATED SHOT - ALSO CALLED
AS “LUBALOY” SHOT. A CHILLED SHOT
COATED WITH THIN COPPER THROUGH
ELECTROPLATING DESIGN FOR GREATER
STRENGTH AND ELASTICITY, GREAT
RESISTANCE TO DEFORMATION AND
LEADING AND BETTER PATTERN.
COL. CALVIN H. GODDARD - FATHER OF
MODERN BALLISTICS.
COLT - TYPE OF RIFLING HAVING SIX (6)
LANDS AND GROOVES, LEFT TWIST, THE
WIDTH OF THE GROOVES IS TWICE (2) THE
WIDTH OF THE LANDS.
CRIMP - IS THE CYLINDRICAL GROOVE ON
THE MOUTH OF THE SHELL DESIGNED FOR
TWO PURPOSES: ONE (1) IS TO HOLD THE
BULLET AND PREVENT IT FROM BEING PULL
OUT FROM THE SHELL AND TWO (2) TO
OFFERS RESISTANCE TO THE BULLET OUT
OF THE NECK TO ENSURE BURNING OF THE
GUN POWDER.
CYLINDER BORE TYPE - WHICH THE BORE
SIZE IS THE SAME THROUGHOUT THE
BARREL
DANIEL B. WESSON - ASSOCIATES OF
HORACE SMITH IN THE MAKING OF
REVOLVER.
DAVID “CARBINE” WILLIAMS - MAKER OF THE
FIRST HAD KNOWN CARBINE.
DEPTH OF THE GROOVES - THE GROOVE’S
DEPTH IF MEASURED ON A RADIUS OF THE
BORE. GROOVES ARE USUALLY FEW
THOUSANDTHS OF AN INCH DEEP, WHICH
EQUAL TO THE HEIGHT OF THE LANDS.
DIRECT MOTION - IS THE FORWARD MOTION
OF THE BULLET OR SHOTS OUT OF THE
SHELL BY THE ACTION OF THE EXPANSIVE
FORCE OF GASES FROM A BURNING
GUNPOWDER.
DIRECTION OF TWIST - RIFLING INSIDE THE
BARREL OF THE GUN IS EITHER TWISTED TO
THE LEFT OR TO THE RIGHT WHICH CAUSE
BULLET TO ROTATE AS IT PASSES THROUGH
THE BORE, IN ORDER TO ENSURE
GYROSCOPIC STABILITY IN ITS FLIGHT.
DISC - IS A THIN PAPER OR FOIL WHICH IS
PRESSED OVER THE PRIMING MIXTURE IN
ORDER TO PROTECT IT FROM MOISTURE
ATTACK.
DOUBLE ACTION - A TYPE OF REVOLVER
THAT DOES NOT NEED MANUAL COCKING.
JUST PRESS THE TRIGGER AND IT BOTH
COCKED AND RELEASED THE HAMMER
CAUSING A MUCH FASTER FIRING.
DRILL AMMUNITION – WITHOUT CONTAINS
GUN POWDER
DUMMY AMMUNITION – IT USED AS MODEL
EFFECTIVE RANGE - THE DISTANCE WITHIN
WHICH WHEN THE BULLET WAS FIRED IT IS
STILL CAPABLE OF INFLICTING FATAL
INJURY.
EJECTOR MARK - MARK GENERALLY FOUND
ON CARTRIDGE CASE FIRED FROM AN
AUTOMATIC FIREARMS. IT IS LOCATED NEAR
THE RIM OF THE CASE CAUSE BY THE
THROWING OF SHELL FROM THE FIREARM
TO THE AREA OF SHOOTING.
EUGENE STONER - DESIGNED THE U.S. M16
ARMALITE UNDER LICENSED BY COLT
COMPANY FROM JULY 1959 ONWARDS.
EXPLOSIVE BULLET - IS A SMALL BULLET
CONTAINING A CHARGE OF EXPLOSIVE,
WHICH WILL DETONATE ON IMPACT.
EXTERIOR (EXTERNAL) BALLISTICS - TREATS
OF THE ATTRIBUTES OR MOVEMENT OF THE
PROJECTILE AFTER LEAVING THE GUN
MUZZLE.
EXTRACTING GROOVES - IS THE CIRCULAR
GROOVE NEAR THE RIM OF THE SHELL
DESIGNED FOR AUTOMATIC WITHDRAWAL
OF THE CASE FROM THE CHAMBER.
EXTRACTOR MARK - MARK MOSTLY FOUND
AT THE EXTRACTING GROOVE OF THE FIRED
CARTRIDGE CASE. CAUSE BY ITS
WITHDRAWAL FROM THE CHAMBER.
FIREARMS OR ARMS (1) - AS HEREIN USED,
INCLUDES RIFLES, MUSKETS, CARBINES,
SHOTGUN, PISTOL, REVOLVERS, AND ALL
OTHER DEADLY WEAPONS, TO WHICH A
BULLET, BALL, SHOT, SHELL, OR OTHER
MISSILES MAYBE DISCHARGE BY MEANS OF
GUN POWDER OR OTHER EXPLOSIVES. THIS
TERM ALSO INCLUDES AIR RIFLE, EXCEPT
SUCH OF BEING OF SMALL CALIBER AND
LIMITED RANGE USED AS TOYS. THE BARREL
OF ANY FIREARM SHALL BE CONSIDERED A
COMPLETE FIREARM FOR ALL PURPOSES
HEREOF. (SEC 877 REVISED
ADMINISTRATIVE CODE/ SEC. 290
NATIONAL INTERNAL REVENUE CODE).
FIREARM (2) - IS AN INSTRUMENT USED FOR
THE PROPULSION OF PROJECTILE BY
MEANS OF THE EXPANSIVE FORCE GASES
COMING FROM BURNING GUNPOWDER. (FBI
MANUAL OF FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION).
FIREARM (3) - REFERS TO ANY HANDHELD OR
PORTABLE WEAPON, WHETHER SMALL ARM
OR LIGHT WEAPON, THAT EXPEL OR IS
DESIGNED TO EXPEL BULLET, SHOT, SLUG,
MISSILE, OR ANY PROJECTILE, WHICH IS
CHARGED BY MEANS OF EXPANSIVE FORCE
OF GASSES FROM BURNING GUN POWDER
OR OTHER FORM OF COMBUSTION OR ANY
SIMILAR INSTRUMENT OR IMPLEMENT:
FIRING PIN MARK - MARK GENERALLY FOUND
AT THE BASE PORTION OF THE CARTRIDGE
CASE MORE SPECIFICALLY NEAR CENTER
OF THE PRIMER CUP IN A CENTER FIRE
CARTRIDGE OR AT THE RIM CAVITY OF A RIM-
FIRE CARTRIDGE. CONSIDERED AS ONE OF
THE MOST IMPORTANT MARKS FOR
IDENTIFICATION OF FIREARMS USING FIRED
SHELL.
FLARE GUN - DESIGNED FOR TRACING OR
SENDING SIGNALS OR LOCATING ENEMY
TROOPS.
FORENSIC BALLISTICS - IS DEFINED AS THE
STUDY OF THE MOTION OF THE PROJECTILE
AS APPLIED TO LAW OR SIMPLY THE
SCIENCE OF FIREARM IDENTIFICATION BY
MEANS OF THE AMMUNITION FIRED
THROUGH THEM.
FREAKISH GUN - A TOOL IN WHICH FIREARM
MECHANISM IS ATTACHED TO PREVENT
EASY IDENTIFICATION.
GAS GUN - GENERALLY REFERRING TO ALL
GUN DESIGNED FROM FIRING TEAR GAS.
GEORGE HYDE - A WELL-KNOWN EXPERT IN
THE FIELD OF SUB-MACHINE GUN (GREASE
GUN) DEVELOPED IN 1941. M3A1 (USA).
GUN POWDER (PROPELLANT OR POWER
CHARGE) - IS THAT MIXTURE OF CHEMICALS
OF VARIOUS COMPOSITIONS DESIGNED TO
PROPEL THE PROJECTILE BY MEANS OF ITS
EXPANSIVE FORCE OF GAS WHEN BURNED
GROOVES - ARE THE DEPRESSED PORTION
OF THE BORE BETWEEN THE LANDS.
GROOVE MARKS - MARKS FOUND ON A
FIRED BULLET CAUSED BY THE GROOVES
OF THE BARREL WHICH IS THE SAME
NUMBER AS THAT OF THE LANDMARKS.
GYROSCOPIC ACTION - IS THE STILLNESS
OR THE STEADINESS OF THE BULLET IN
FLIGHT.
HARPOON GUNS - REFERS TO A BARBED
SPEAR IN HUNTING LARGE FISH.
HORACE SMITH - FOUNDED THE GREAT FIRM
OF SMITH AND WESSON AND PIONEERED IN
MAKING BREECH LOADING RIFLES.
IGNITION OF THE PRIMING MIXTURE - THE
PRIMING MIXTURE (COMPOSING OF THE
KCLO3, SULFUR AND CARBON) LOCATED
EITHER AT THE CAVITY RIM OR AT THE
CENTER OF THE PRIMER UPON THE
STRIKING EFFECT OF THE FIRING PIN WILL
IGNITE AND SUCH ACTION IS KNOWN AS
“PERCUSSION ACTION”
INCENDIARY BULLET –TYPE OF MILITARY
BULLET USED TO CAUSE FIRE IN A TARGET,
GENERALLY DESIGNED TO USE BY
AIRCRAFT ARMAMENT IN ORDER FOR THE
FUEL TANKS TO IGNITE.
INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS - ARE MEANT
FOR THOSE CHARACTERISTICS WHICH ARE
BEING DETERMINED ONLY AFTER THE
FIREARM WAS ALREADY BEEN
MANUFACTURED. THEY ARE THE PRODUCT
OF MACHINE IMPERFECTIONS AND SOME
LATER DUE TO THE USED OF THE FIREARMS.
INTERIOR (INTERNAL) BALLISTICS - IT
TREATS OF THE MOTION OF THE
PROJECTILE WHILE IT IS STILL INSIDE THE
FIREARM (CHAMBER /BARREL) WHICH
EXTENDS FROM THE BREECH TO THE
MUZZLE.
JACKETED TYPE – IS A TYPE OF BULLET
CONSISTING OF THE REGULAR LEAD CORE,
COATED WITH A COPPER ALLOY IN ORDER
TO PREVENT LEAD FOULING OF THE
BARREL AND IS GENERALLY USED IN
PISTOLS AND OTHER HIGH POWER GUNS.
JOHN C. GARAND - DESIGNED AND
INVENTED THE SEMI-AUTOMATIC U.S. RIFLE
CAL. 30. M1 GARAND.
JOHN M. BROWNING - WIZARD OF THE
MODERN FIREARMS AND PIONEERED THE
BREECH LOADING SINGLE SHOT RIFLED
WHICH WAS ADOPTED BY WINCHESTER.

JOHN T. THOMPSON - DEVELOPED IN THE
COURSE OF WW1 THE THOMPSON M1A1
AND MODEL OF 1928 A1 (USA). PIONEERED
THE MAKING OF THOMPSON SUB-MACHINE
GUN.
JUMP - IS ANOTHER PORTION OF THE
RECOIL ACTION CHARACTERIZED AS THE
BACKWARD AND UPWARD MOVEMENT OF
THAT TAKES PLACE BEFORE THE BULLET
LEAVES THE MUZZLE.
KEY HOLE SHOT - TUMBLING OF BULLET IN
FLIGHT HITTING THE TARGET SIDEWAYS.
LANDS - ARE THE ELEVATED PORTION OF
THE BORE OF THE FIREARM
LAND MARKS - MARKS LEFT ON A FIRED
BULLET CAUSED BY ITS CONTACT TO THE
ELEVATED PORTION (LANDS) OF THE BORE
OF THE FIREARM. IT APPEARS AS SLIGHT
DEPRESSIONS OR SCRATCHES THE
CYLINDRICAL SURFACE OF THE FIRED
BULLET.
L.C. SMITH - DEVELOPED SHOTGUN
BEARING HIS NAME NOW THE ITHACA GUN
COMPANY.
LEAD TYPE – IS A TYPE OF A BULLET THAT IS
BASICALLY COMPOSED OF LEAD METAL.
IT’S USED WAS DUE TO ITS DENSITY; HAVING
A GOOD WEIGHT IS A SMALL SIZE AND EASY
FOR CASTING.
LEVER TYPE (BREAK TYPE) - LOADING TAKES
PLACE BY LEVER ACTION ON THE
FIREARMS.
LIBERATOR - U.S. GOVERNMENT MADE
SMOOTH BORE GUN USED IN EUROPE
DURING WAR DESIGNED TO FIRE AN
AUTOMATIC COLT PISTOL CARTRIDGE
CALIBER .45.
LYDDITE - GREAT BRITAIN, THEY UTILIZED
PICRIC ACID IN ADDITION TO CELLULOSE
POWDER.
MACHINE GUNS - MACHINE GUN IS A TYPE OF
FIREARM THAT IS PRIMARILY DESIGNED FOR
MILITARY USE. EVEN IN INVESTIGATION OF
SHOOTING CASES DONE IN THE CITY, IT IS
NOT USUAL OR COMMON TO ENCOUNTER
THIS TYPE OF FIREARM HAVING BEEN USED.
MAGAZINE LIP MARK - MARKING FOUND AT
THE TWO SIDES OF THE RIM CAUSE BY THE
MAGAZINE LIPS DURING THE LOADING OF
THE CARTRIDGE INTO THE MAGAZINE FOR
FIRING.
MAJOR UZIEL GAL - AN ISRAELI ARMY WHO
DESIGNED UZI (ISRAEL) IN THE YEAR 1950.
MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RANGE - THE
FARTHEST DISTANCE OF THE BULLET CAN
TRAVEL AND STILL LETHAL.
MAXIMUM RANGE - THE DISTANCE THAT A
PROJECTILE CAN BE PROPELLED FROM A
FIREARM. THE FARTHEST DISTANCE THE
BULLET COULD TRAVEL.
MICHAEL KALASHNIKOV - DESIGNED THE
A.K. 47 ADOPTED BY THE RUSSIAN ARMY IN
THE YEAR 1951
MOTION - REFERS TO THE MOBILITY OR
MOVEMENT OF THE PROJECTILE FROM THE
TIME IT LEAVES THE SHELL EMPTY; IT
LEAVES THE GUN MUZZLE AND UNTIL IT
REACHES ITS TARGET OR FALL IN THE
GROUND.
MULTI –BARRELED GUN - REFERS TO ALL
TYPES OF GUN CONTAINING A NUMBER OF
BARRELS.
MUSKETS - IS AN ANCIENT SMOOTHBORE
AND MUZZLE LOADING MILITARY SHOULDER
ARMS DESIGNED TO FIRE A SHOTS OR A
SINGLE ROUND LEAD BALL. A MORE
DETAILED DISCUSSION OF MUSKETEERS
CAN BE FOUND ON CHAPTER 8 IN THE
DISCUSSION OF IGNITION SYSTEM.
MUZZLE BLAST - THE NOISE CREATED AT
THE MUZZLE POINT OF THE GUN.
MUZZLE ENERGY - ENERGY GENERATED AT
THE MUZZLE POINT MEASURED IN FOOT-
POUND.
M. VIEILLE OF FRENCH DEVELOPED THE
FIRST SMOKELESS POWDER FOR RIFFLE IN
THE YEAR 1884 AND NAMED IT “POUDRE B”
TAKEN AFTER GEN. BOULANGER’S NAME.
NECK - IS THAT PART OF THE SHELL WHICH
IS ACTUALLY OCCUPIED BY THE BULLET.
THIS IS OBVIOUS IN A BOTTLENECK TYPE OF
SHELL BUT NOT WITH THE STRAIGHT TYPE.
OLIVER WINCHESTER - ONE OF THE
EARLIEST RIFLE AND PISTOL MAKERS.
PARADOX GUN- STILL IN A VERY REAR
OCCASIONS ANOTHER TYPE OF SHOTGUN
CAN BE OBSERVED TO BE HAVING RIFLING
ONLY A FEW INCH FROM ITS MUZZLE
POINTS.
PIN-FIRE - IS A TYPE OF CARTRIDGE IN WHICH
THE IGNITION CAP (PRIMER) IS CONCEALED
INSIDE THE CARTRIDGE CASE AND HAS A
PIN RESTING UPON IT.
PITCH OF RIFLING - IT IS THE MEASURE OF
THE TWISTING OF THE LANDS AND
GROOVES. IT REFERS TO THE MEASURE OF
THE DISTANCE ADVANCE BY THE RIFLING IN
ORDER TO MAKE A COMPLETE TURN INSIDE
THE BARREL.
PISTOL - IN EARLY FIREARM HISTORY, ALL
HANDGUNS ARE GENERALLY CALLED AS
PISTOLS. THERE WERE THREE CLASSES OF
PISTOLS IN THE PERIOD. THE SINGLE SHOT
PISTOL, THE SEMI-AUTOMATIC AND THE
REVOLVING PISTOLS NOW KNOWN AS THE
REVOLVER.
PRIMER (ALSO CALLED CAP) - IS THE
IGNITION SYSTEM OF THE CARTRIDGE USED
IN A CENTER FIRE TYPE, CONTAINING A
HIGHLY SENSITIVE CHEMICAL COMPOUND
THAT WOULD EASILY IGNITE OR BURSTS
INTO FLAME WHEN STRUCK BY THE FIRING
PIN.. IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE
PERCUSSION CUP.
PRIMER CUP - IS THE BRASS GILDING METAL
CUP WHICH CONTAINS THE PRIMING
MIXTURE, THE DISC AND THE ANVIL.
PRIMER POCKET - IS THAT PART OF THE
SHELL WHICH PROVIDES THE MEANS FOR
THE PRIMER TO BE PUT IN THE CENTRAL
POSITION. ITS FUNCTION IS EXTENDED TO:
(A) HOLD THE PRIMER IN PLACE; (B) TO
PROVIDE MEANS TO PREVENT THE ESCAPE
OF GAS; (C) TO PROVIDE SOLID SUPPORT
FOR PRIMER ANVIL.
PRIMING MIXTURE - IS THE HIGHLY SENSITIVE
CHEMICAL COMPOUND WHICH IGNITES BY
THE MECHANICAL BLOW OF THE FIRING PIN.
IT IS ALSO CALLED AS PERCUSSION
POWDER.
PROF. ABEL (1889) - A BRITISH WAR DEPT.
CHEMIST DEVELOPED “CORDITE” A
SMOKELESS POWDER WITH SAME
COMPOSITION AS NOBEL IN THE FORM OF
CORDS OR STICKS. AND IN EARLY 1890’S
SMOKELESS POWDER HAD REPLACED
BLACK POWDER AND BECAME UNIFORMLY
USED WORLDWIDE BY THE YEAR 1900.
PROJECTILE - IS ANY METALLIC ON NON-
METALLIC BALL WHICH IS PROPELLED
FROM A FIREARM.
PULL OF GRAVITY - IT IS THE DOWNWARD
REACTION OF THE BULLET TOWARDS THE
EARTH SURFACE DUE TO ITS WEIGHT.
RANGE - IT REFERS TO THE IMAGINARY
STRAIGHT DISTANCE BETWEEN THE
MUZZLE OF THE GUN AND THE TARGET.
REBATED TYPE - REFERS TO THE CARTRIDGE
WITH RIMLESS PATTERN, BUT WHICH HAS A
RIM DIAMETER SMALLER THAN THE BODY
OF THE CASE
RECOCHET - BOUNCING OF BULLET AS A
RESULT OF NOT PENETRATING OR HITTING
A HARD OBJECT.
RECOIL OF THE GUN - IS THE EQUAL AND
OPPOSITE REACTION OF THE GUN AGAINST
THE FORWARD MOVEMENT OF THE BULLET
UPON EXPLOSION. THE BACKWARD OR
REARWARD MOVEMENT OF THE GUN IN
RELATION TO THE FORWARD MOVEMENT
OF THE BULLET.
REPEATING ARMS - A TYPE OF FIREARMS
DESIGNED TO FIRE SEVERAL LOADS (SHOT)
IN ONE LOADING.
REPUBLIC ACT 10591 – COMPREHENSIVE
FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION REGULATION
ACT
UNDER NEW LAW ON FIREARMS THE
FOLLOWING SHALL BE CONSIDERED
FIREARMS (BARREL, RECEIVER & FRAME).
EXCEPT. (MAGAZINE)
REVOLVER - REVOLVER IS A TYPE OF
FIREARM DESIGNED TO POSITION
CARTRIDGE INTO POSITION FOR FIRING
WITH THE AID OF A ROTATING CYLINDER
SERVING AS ITS CHAMBER. THERE ARE TWO
TYPES OF REVOLVERS ACCORDING TO ITS
MECHANICAL FIRING ACTION.
RIFLED BORE FIREARMS - FIREARMS THAT
HAVE RIFLING INSIDE THEIR GUN BARREL.
RIFLES - A SHOULDER WEAPON DESIGNED
TO FIRE A PROJECTILE WITH MORE
ACCURACY THROUGH A LONG RIFLED BORE
BARREL, USUALLY MORE THAN 22 INCHES.
RIFLING - THIS PROCESS NECESSARY FOR
THE MAKING OF THE HELICAL GROVES
INSIDE THE BARREL AND SUCH CAN BE
PERFORMED IN ANY OF THE FOLLOWING
METHODS:
RIM - THE PART OF THE CARTRIDGE
DESIGNED TO LIMIT THE FORWARD
MOVEMENT OF THE CARTRIDGE TO
CHAMBER.
RIM FIRE - IS A TYPE OF CARTRIDGE IN WHICH
THE PRIMING MIXTURE IS LOCATED AT THE
HALLOW RIM OF THE CASE CAN BE FIRED IF
THE CARTRIDGE IS TUCK BY THE FIRING PIN
ON THE RIM OF THE CASE
ROGER BACON, (1242 A.D.) A FRANCISCAN
MONK, WHO WROTE THE “DE MIRABILI
POTESTATE ARTIS ET NATURAE” (ON THE
MARVELOUS POWER OF ART AND NATURE).
ROTATORY MOTION - IS THE ACTION OF THE
BULLET PASSING THROUGH A RIFLED BORE
BARREL FIREARM WHICH IS EITHER
TWISTED TO THE LEFT OR TO THE RIGHT.
SAMUEL COLT - PATENTED THE FIRST
PRACTICAL REVOLVER AND MAKER OF THE
COLT PEACE MAKER, A FAMOUS REVOLVER
IN THE HISTORY.
SHAVING MARKS - MARKS COMMONLY
FOUND ON BULLET FIRED FROM A
REVOLVER CAUSE BY ITS FORWARD
MOVEMENT TO THE BARREL THAT IS
POORLY ALIGNED TO THE CYLINDER.
SHEARING MARK - SOMETIMES CALLED
“SECONDARY FIRING PIN MARK” FOUND IN
THE PRIMER NEAR THE FIRING PIN MARK.
SHOTGUN - A SMOOTH BORE AND A BREECH
LOADING SHOULDER ARMS DESIGNED TO
FIRE A NUMBER OF LEAD PELLETS OR A
SHOTS IN ONE CHARGE (FBA MANUAL).
SHOTGUN CARTRIDGE - IT REFERS TO A
COMPLETE UNIT OF UNFIRED CARTRIDGE
CONSISTING OF THE PELLETS, PRIMER,
CASE, WADS AND GUNPOWDER.
SHOULDER - THAT PART OF THE CARTRIDGE
CASE WHICH SUPPORT THE NECK OF THE
CARTRIDGE WHICH IS EVIDENT IN A
BOTTLENECK TYPE.
SHOULDER ARMS - ARE THOSE TYPES OF
FIREARM THAT WERE NORMALLY FIRED
FROM THE SHOULDER.
SINGLE ACTION - A TYPE OF REVOLVER THAT
NEEDS A MANUAL COCKING OF THE
HAMMER BEFORE SQUEEZING THE TRIGGER
SINGLE SHOT FIREARMS - TYPES OF
FIREARMS DESIGNED TO FIRE ONLY ONE
SHOT EVERY LOADING.
SKID MARKS - MARKS THAT ARE GENERALLY
FOUND ON FIRED BULLET FROM A
REVOLVER. IT IS MORE OR LESS LOCATED
AT THE ANTERIOR PORTION OF THE FIRED
BULLET DUE TO ITS FORWARD MOVEMENT
FROM THE CHAMBER TO THE BARREL OF
THE GUN BEFORE IT INITIALLY ROTATES.
SLIDE ACTION TYPE - TYPES OF FIREARMS IN
WHICH LOADING TAKE PLACE BY BACK AND
FORTH MANIPULATION OF THE
UNDER/OVER FOREARMS OF THE GUN.
SLIPPAGE MARKS - MARKS FOUND ON FIRED
BULLETS PASSING THROUGH EITHER ON
OILY OR OVERSIZE BARREL.
SMALL ARMS - ARE FIREARMS THAT
PROPELS PROJECTILE WITH LESS THAN
ONE INCH DIAMETER AND IT CAN BE
HANDLED, MOVED AND OPERATED BY ONE
MAN.
SMITH & WESSON - RIFLING HAVING (5)
LANDS AND GROOVES, RIGHT HAND TWIST,
THE WIDTH OF THE LAND AND GROOVES
ARE EQUAL.
SMOOTH BORE FIREARMS - FIREARMS THAT
HAVE NO RIFLING (LANDS AND GROOVES)
INSIDE THEIR GUN BARREL.
SOFT OR DROP SHOTS - MADE BY PURE OR
NEARLY PURE LEAD, TO WHICH A SMALL
AMOUNT OF ARSENIC HAS BEEN ADDED TO
MAKE IT TAKE ON THE FORM OF A
SPHERICAL DROP AS IT FALLS DOWN THE
SHOT TOWER. THIS TYPE IS EASY TO
DEFORMED OR FLATTENED, LOOSE THEIR
VELOCITY QUICKER, LOW PENETRATING
POWER AND STRING OUT MORE.
STEYER TYPE - IS THE TYPE OF RIFLING
HAVING FOUR (4) LANDS AND GROOVES,
RIGHT TWIST AND THE WIDTH OF THE
LANDS GROOVES.
STRIPPING MARKS - MARKS FOUND ON
THOSE BULLET FIRED FROM A “LOOSE-FIT”
BARREL WHEREIN THE RIFLING ARE
ALREADY BEEN BADLY WORN-OUT.
SUB MACHINE GUN - IS A LIGHT, PORTABLE
FORM OF MACHINE GUN, UTILIZING A
PISTOL SIZE AMMUNITION, HAVING A
SHOULDER STOCK THAT MAY OR MAY NOT
BE FOLDED AND DESIGNED TO BE FIRED
WITH BOTH HANDS.
TERMINAL ACCURACY - IT REFERS TO THE
SIZE OF THE BULLET GROUPING ON THE
TARGET.
TERMINAL BALLISTICS - IS THAT BRANCH OF
BALLISTICS WHICH DEALS WITH THE
EFFECTS OF THE IMPACT OF THE
PROJECTILE ON THE TARGET.
TERMINAL ENERGY - IS THE ENERGY OR
FORCE OF THE PROJECTILE WHEN IT
STRIKES THE TARGET SAME AS STRIKING
ENERGY.
TERMINAL PENETRATION - IS THE DEPTH OF
ENTRY OF THE BULLET IN THE TARGET.
TERMINAL VELOCITY - IS THE SPEED OF THE
BULLET UPON STRIKING THE TARGET.
TNT (TRI-NITROLOLEUNE) - WAS THE ONE
USED, MORE POWERFUL THAN PICRIC ACID
BUT MUCH DIFFICULT TO DETONATE.
TRACER BULLET – A TYPE OF MILITARY
BULLET CAPABLE OF LEAVING VISIBLE
MARKS OR TRACES WHILE IN FLIGHT GIVING
THE GUNNER THE CHANCE TO OBSERVE
THE STRIKE OF THE SHOT OR MAKE
ADJUSTMENTS IN THE EVENT OF A MISS
TRAJECTORY - REFERS TO THE PARABOLA-
LIKE FLIGHT OF THE PROJECTILE FROM THE
TIME IT LEAVES THE MUZZLE UNTIL IT HITS
THE TARGET. IT IS ALSO DESCRIBED AS THE
ACTUAL CURVE PATH TAKEN BY A BULLET
DURING ITS.
TRANSLATIONAL - IS THE ACTION OF
BULLET ONCE IT HITS A TARGET AND
SUBSEQUENTLY RICOCHETED
VELOCITY - REFERS TO THE RATE OF SPEED
OF THE BULLET (DURING ITS FLIGHT) PER
UNIT OF TIME USUALLY EXPRESS IS FEET
PER SECOND (FT/SEC.)
VELOCITY OF THE BULLET INSIDE THE
BARREL - IT IS THE RELATIVE SPEED OF THE
BULLET PER UNIT OF TIME WHILE IT IS STILL
INSIDE THE BARREL EXPRESSED IN FEET
PER SECOND.
VENT OR FLASH HOLE - IS THE HOLE AT THE
BOTTOM OF THE PRIMER POCKET AS THE
PASSAGE WAY FOR THE PRIMING MIXTURE
TO IMPART AN IGNITION TO THE
PROPELLANT CHARGE.
WEBLEY - RIFLING HAVING SEVEN (7) LANDS
AND GROOVES, RIGHT HAND TWIST, THE
WIDTH OF THE GROOVE IS THREE TIME
LARGER THAN THE BOARDER OF THE
LANDS.
WIDTH OF THE GROOVES - IS MEASURED AS
THE SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN THE
TWO DIES OR EDGE OF A GROOVES.
WIDTH OF THE LANDS - IS DEPENDENT UPON
THE BORE DIAMETER OF THE GUN,
GROOVES, WIDTH AND NUMBER. THE
LANDS ARE THE REMAINDERS OF THE
CIRCUMFERENCE AFTER SUBTRACTING
ALL THE GROOVES WIDTH.
WINCHESTER - RIFLING HAVING SIX (6)
LANDS AND GROOVES, RIGHT HAND TWIST,
THE WIDTH OF THE GROOVES IS THREE TIME
LARGER THE WIDTH OF THE LANDS.
YAW - UNSTABLE ROTATION MOTION OF
BULLET.
ZIP GUN - REFERS TO ALL TYPE OF
HOMEMADE GUN.
QUESTIONED
DOCUMENT
ACTUAL BREAKAGE – ANY PECULIARITY OF
TYPEWRITING CAUSED BY ACTUAL DAMAGE
TO THE TYPE FACE METAL.
ALTERATION - REFERS TO ANY FORM OF
CHANGES EITHER AN ADDITION OR A
DELETION TO THE ORIGINAL CONTENT OF
THE DOCUMENT WHICH IS NOT A PART OF
ITS ORIGINAL PREPARATION.
ANCIENT DOCUMENT - DOCUMENT WHICH
ARE MORE THAN 30 YEARS, FOUND IN A
PLACE WHERE IT IS NORMALLY TO BE
FOUND IF GENUINE AND NOT EMBELLISHED
BY ANY ALTERATION.
ARC – THE ROUNDED INNER PART OF AN
UPPER CURVE, BEND OR CROOK,
BALL POINT PEN – BY JOHN LOUD,
CONSISTING OF A BALL BEARING AT THE
POINT OF THE PEN.
BASELINE - AN IMAGINARY OR STRAIGHT
LINE IN WHICH THE WRITING REST.
BEARD – IS AN INTRODUCTORY UP AND
DOWN STROKES FOUND IN SOME CAPITAL
LETTERS. ALSO CALLED AS DOUBLE HITCH.
BLUNT – IS A PART OF A STROKE
CHARACTERIZED BY AN ABRUPT BEGINNING
OR END AT WHICH THE PEN DOES NOT
CREATES A DIMINISHING STROKES.
BUCKLE KNOT - IS A HORIZONTAL OR LOOP
STROKES USED TO COMPLETE LETTERS.
CARBON INK OR CHINESE INK OR INDIA INK
– THE OLDEST INK MATERIAL
CARBONS-OUTLINE PROCESS – USED OF
CARBON PAPER.
CARELESS SCRIBBLE – USED FOR NOT SO
IMPORTANT DOCUMENT.
CENTRAL PART – IS THE BODY OF THE
LETTER. CHARACTERIZED BY A SMALL
ROUNDED OR CIRCULAR STROKES.
CHARACTERS – IN CONNECTION TO
TYPEWRITING, IT IS USED TO INCLUDE
LETTERS, SYMBOLS, NUMERALS OR POINTS
OF PUNCTUATION.
CHARACTERISTICS – REFERS TO ANY
PROPERTY, MARKS OR AN ELEMENT WHICH
DISTINGUISHES. ALSO REFERRED TO AS
IDENTIFYING DETAILS.
CHARRED DOCUMENT – REFERS TO PARTLY
BURNED OR BRITTLE DOCUMENT.
DECIPHERMENT IS USUALLY
ACCOMPLISHED WITH THE USED OF INFRA-
RED LIGHT EXAMINATION.
CHROMATOGRAPHY - USED FOR ANALYSIS
OF INK THROUGH ABSORPTION METHOD
CLASS CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS OR PROPERTIES WHICH
-
ARE COMMON OR WHICH CAN BE FOUND IN
THE SPECIMEN WRITING OF OTHER PERSON
OTHERWISE KNOWN GROSS
CHARACTERISTICS
CHEMICAL ERASURE – DONE WITH THE AID
OR USE OF BLEACHING AGENT CALLED
INK ERADICATOR.
CLOGGED TYPE FACE (DIRTY) – IS A
TYPEFACE DEFECTS CHARACTERIZED BY
DIRTY PRINTS DUE TO CONSTANT USED
WITHOUT CLEANING OF THE TYPE BAR OR
DUE TO USE OF NEW CARBON.
COLLECTED/PROCURED STANDARD –
STANDARD SPECIMEN EXECUTED IN THE
REGULAR COURSE OF MAN’S ACTIVITY OR
THAT WHICH ARE EXECUTED ON THE DAY TO
DAY WRITING ACTIVITY.
COLORED WRITING INK – COMPOSED OF
SYNTHETIC ANILINE DYESTUFFS
DISSOLVED IN WATER. MORE PERMANENT
COMMERCIAL DOCUMENT - ANY DOCUMENT
DEFINED AND REGULATED BY THE CODE OF
COMMERCE.
CONTACT WRITING – REFERS TO PARTIALLY
VISIBLE INK STROKES CAUSE BY SUDDEN
CONTACT BETWEEN A SHEETS OF PAPER
WITH ANOTHER PAPER CONTAINING FRESH
INK. CAN BE ENHANCED THROUGH FUMING
OR ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT PROCESS.
CONTEMPORARY DOCUMENT -
DOCUMENTS WHICH NOT MORE THAN FIVE
(5) YEARS BEFORE OR ARE AFTER.
COPY BOOK FORM – IS AN ILLUSTRATION
OF THE BASIC DESIGNS OF LETTERS THAT
IS FUNDAMENTAL TO THE WRITING SYSTEM.
CURSIVE – WRITING IN WHICH THE LETTERS
ARE FOR THE MOST PART JOINED
TOGETHER.
DIACRITICS - STROKES ADDED TO
COMPLETE CERTAIN LETTERS. THEY ARE
NECESSARY TO THE LEGIBILITY OF THE
LETTERS.
DISGUISED – A SPECIMEN OF WRITING
EXECUTED DELIBERATELY WITH AN
ATTEMPT OF CHANGING ITS USUAL WRITING
HABITS IN THE HOPE OF HIDING ONE’S
IDENTITY.
DUCTUS-LINK & DUCTUS-BROKEN- REFERS
TO THE CONNECTION BETWEEN LETTERS,
EITHER JOINED OR DISCONNECTED.
DOCUMENT - ANY MATERIAL THAT
CONTAINS A MARK SYMBOL OR SIGN,
EITHER VISIBLE, PARTIALLY VISIBLE OR
INVISIBLE THAT MAY PRESENTLY OR
ULTIMATELY CONVEY A MEANING OR A
MESSAGE TO SOMEONE
ELITE TYPEFACE – TYPE FACE IMPRESSION
ORDINARILY SPACED TWELVE (12)
CHARACTERS TO THE HORIZONTAL INCH.
EMBELLISHMENTS - ADDED STROKES THAT
SERVES AS AN ORNAMENTAL OR FLOURISH
TO THE DESIGN OF THE LETTERS. THEY
CONSIDERED UNNECESSARY TO THE
LEGIBILITY OF THE WRITING.
ERASURE – REFERS TO REMOVAL OF A
WRITINGS OR ANY PART OF A DOCUMENT
EITHER BY MECHANICAL OR CHEMICAL
PROCESS.
EVIDENTIAL SIGNATURE – SPECIMEN
SIGNATURE WHICH WAS EXECUTED IN
PARTICULAR DATE, PARTICULAR TIME AND
PLACE, UNDER A PARTICULAR WRITER’S
CONDITION AND FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE.
EYELET/ EYELOOP – REFERS TO SMALL
OBLONG STROKES.
FIBER PEN - ORIGINALLY DESIGNED BY
HONGKONG
FINGER MOVEMENT - USED BY THE
BEGINNERS.
FOREARM MOVEMENT - MOST SKILLFUL
TYPE OF MOVEMENT.
FORGERY – IS AN ACT OF FALSIFYING OR
COUNTERFEITING ANY TREASURE OR BANK
NOTES, PAPER BILLS OR ANY DOCUMENTS
WHICH ARE PAYABLE TO THE BEARER. ACT
OF SIMULATING OR TRACING SOMEBODY’S
SIGNATURE WITHOUT THE LATTER’S
CONSENT FOR PROFIT.
FORMAL OR COMPLETE – USED IN SIGNING
VERY IMPORTANT DOCUMENT.
FOUNTAIN PEN – BY LEWIS WATTERMAN,
CONSISTING OF PEN NIB POINT.
GALLOTANNIC INK OR NUTGALL INK – USED
FOR MAKING ENTRIES IN RECORD BOOKS
AND FOR BUSINESS PURPOSES. MADE OF A
SOLUTION OF IRON SALT AND NUTGALL.
GUIDED/ASSISTED – A SPECIMEN OF
WRITING EXECUTED WHILE THE WRITER’S
HAND IS AT STEADIED. USUALLY EMPLOYED
BY BEGINNERS IN WRITING.
HAND LETTERING – REFERS TO WRITING
CHARACTERIZED BY A DISCONNECTED
STYLE.
HAND MOVEMENT - WRIST SERVES AS THE
POINT OF PIVOTAL & OF LIMITED FREEDOM.
HANDWRITING – IS A VISIBLE EFFECT OF
BODILY MOVEMENT WHICH IS AN ALMOST
UNCONSCIOUS EXPRESSION OF FIXED
MUSCULAR HABITS, REACTING FROM FIXED
MENTAL IMPRESSION OF CERTAIN IDEAS
ASSOCIATED WITH SCRIPT FORM.
HANDWRITING SLOPE MEASURING TEST
PLATE – USED TO EXAMINE HANDWRITING
SLANT.
HIATUS - AN OBVIOUS GAP BETWEEN
LETTERS.
HITCH – AN INTRODUCTORY BACKWARD
STROKE FOUND IN MOST CAPITAL LETTERS
AND IN SOME SMALL LETTERS.
HOLOGRAPH DOCUMENT – A DOCUMENT
THAT IS COMPLETELY WRITTEN AND
SIGNED BY ONE PERSON
HORIZONTAL MAL ALIGNMENT – AN
ALIGNMENT DEFECT IN WHICH THE
CHARACTERS ARE PRINTED TO THE LEFT
OR RIGHT OF ITS PROPER POSITION.
HUMPS – IS THE OUTER PORTION OF AN
UPPER CURVE BEND OR CROOK.
INDENTION PROCESS - USED OF
CONSIDERABLE PRESSURE, CANAL-LIKE
PROCESS.
INDIAN RUBBER - OLDEST RUBBER
INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS -
CHARACTERISTICS WHICH ARE HIGHLY
PERSONAL OR PECULIAR. THAT WHICH IS
UNLIKELY TO OCCUR IN OTHER’S
HANDWRITING.
INFORMAL OR CURSORY – USED FOR
ROUTINE DOCUMENT.
INITIAL & TERMINAL SPUR – A LONG
RUNNING INITIAL OR TERMINAL STROKES.
INVISIBLE WRITING – WRITING THAT HAS NO
READILY VISIBLE INK STROKES. MADE BY
SYMPATHETIC INKS SUCH AS ACIDS, JUICE
AND OTHERS. THEY ARE POSSIBLE OF
DEVELOPMENT DEPENDING ON THE INK
USED. METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT CAN
BE BY HEAT. WATER, CHEMICAL FUMING OR
BY ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT PROCESS.
KNOB – IS A TINY POOL OF AN INK AT THE
BEGINNING OR ENDING STROKES.
LASER METHOD – USED OF HOLOGRAM.
LINE QUALITY – IS THE VISIBLE RECORDS IN
THE WRITTEN STROKES OF THE BASIC
MOVEMENTS AND MANNER OF HOLDING
INSTRUMENT. IT IS DERIVED FROM A
COMBINATION OF FACTORS, INCLUDING
WRITING SKILL, SPEED, AND RHYTHM,
FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT, SHADING AND
PEN EMPHASIS.
LOGWOOD INK – THE COLOR IS
DEPENDENT ON THE INORGANIC SALT
ADDED BUT ON DRYING AND STANDING
THEY TURN BLACK. THIS INK IS
INEXPENSIVE, DOES NOT CORRODE STEEL
PEN.
LOOP – IS AN OBLONG STROKES
MAL ALIGNMENT OR ALIGNMENT DEFECTS
– REFERS TO DEFECT IN THE PRINTING
CONDITION OF THE TYPE CHARACTER IN
WHICH THE LETTERS ARE PRINTED EITHER
AT THE TOP OR BOTTOM, LEFT OR RIGHT OF
INCLINED FROM ITS PROPER POSITION.
MECHANICAL ERASURE – DONE BY MEANS
OF ABRASIVE METHOD THROUGH RUBBING
OR SCRAPPING.
MODEL SIGNATURE – GENUINE SIGNATURE
WHICH HAS BEEN USED IN PREPARING A
SIMULATED OR TRACED FORGERY.
MONGOL PENCIL – ORIGINALLY DESIGNED
BY RUSSIA
NATURAL WRITING – A SPECIMEN OF
WRITING THAT IS EXECUTED NORMALLY
AND WITHOUT ANY ATTEMPT OF ALTERING
ITS USUAL WRITING HABITS.
NATURAL VARIATIONS – IS THE USUAL OR
NORMAL DEVIATION FOUND IN A REPEATED
SPECIMEN OF AN INDIVIDUAL’S
HANDWRITING OR IN THE PRODUCT OF ANY
TYPEWRITER
NIGROSINE INK OR ANILINE INK – MADE OF
COAL TAR PRODUCT CALLED NIGROSINE
DISSOLVED IN WATER. IT EASILY SMUDGE,
AFFECTED BY MOISTURE MAYBE WASHED
OFF FROM PAPER WITH LITTLE DIFFICULT.
OBLITERATION – IS THE PROCESS OF
SMEARING OVER AN ORIGINAL WRITING TO
MAKE IT UNDECIPHERABLE OR ILLEGIBLE.
DONE WITH THE USED OF SUPERIMPOSING
INKS. USUALLY EXAMINED WITH THE USED
OF INFRA-RED LIGHT.
OFFICIAL DOCUMENT - A DOCUMENT WHICH
IS ISSUED BY A PUBLIC OFFICIAL IN THE
EXERCISE OF THE FUNCTIONS OF HIS
OFFICE.
OFF-ITS-FEET – IS A CONDITION OF THE
TYPE FACE PRINTING AT WHICH THEN
CHARACTER OUTLINE IS NOT EQUALLY
PRINTED THAT IS THE PRINTING IS HEAVIER
IN ONE SIDE THAN THE REMAINDER OF THE
OUTLINE OF THE CHARACTER.
PAPYRUS – EGYPTIAN PLANT FROM THE
WORD PAPER WAS DERIVED
PEN EMPHASIS – IS THE ACT OF
INTERMITTENTLY FORCING THE PEN
AGAINST THE PAPER SURFACE WITH AN
INCREASE IN SPEED.
PEN-LIFT – AN INTERRUPTION IS STROKES
CAUSED BY SUDDEN REMOVAL OF THE
WRITING INSTRUMENT FROM THE PAPER
SURFACE.
PEN POSITION – IS THE RELATIVE LOCATION
OF THE PEN IN RELATION TO THE PAPER
SURFACE.
PEN PRESSURE – IS THE AVERAGE OR
USUAL PRESSURE APPLIED IN THE WRITING.
PEN SCOPE – REPRESENTS THE REACH OF
THE HAND WITH THE WRIST AT REST.
PERMANENT DEFECTS – ANY IDENTIFYING
TYPEWRITING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
TYPE FACE WHICH CANNOT BE CORRECTED
BY SIMPLY CLEANING THE MACHINE OR
REPLACING THE RIBBON.
PICA TYPEFACE – TYPE FACE IMPRESSION
ORDINARILY SPACED TEN (10)
CHARACTERS TO THE HORIZONTAL INCH.
PRIVATE DOCUMENT - A DEED OR
INSTRUMENT EXECUTED BY A PRIVATE
PERSON WITHOUT THE INTERVENTION OF A
NOTARY PUBLIC OR OTHER PERSON
LEGALLY AUTHORIZED, BY WHICH
DOCUMENTS, SOME DISPOSITION OR
AGREEMENT IS PROVED, EVIDENCED OR
SET FORTH.
PROJECTION OR TRANSMITTED LIGHT
PROCESS- USED OF LIGHT FROM THE BACK
OR BOTTOM.
PROPORTIONAL SPACING MACHINE – A
TYPEWRITER WITH A TYPE LETTER SPACING
SIMILAR TO THE TYPE SPACING OF
CONVENTIONAL PRINTED IN WHICH ALL
LETTERS ARE ALLOTTED HORIZONTAL IN
CONFORMITY WITH THEIR RELATIVE
WIDTHS.
PUBLIC DOCUMENT - A DOCUMENT
CREATED, EXECUTED OR ISSUED BY A
PUBLIC OFFICIAL IN RESPONSE TO THE
EXIGENCIES OF THE PUBLIC SERVICE, OR IN
THE EXECUTION OF WHICH A PUBLIC
OFFICIAL INTERVENED.
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT – DOCUMENT TO
WHICH AN ISSUE HAS BEEN RAISED OR
WHICH IS UNDER SCRUTINY. THE FOCAL
POINT OF THE EXAMINATION AND TO WHICH
THE DOCUMENT EXAMINER RELIES AS TO
THE EXTENT OF THE PROBLEM.
REBOUND – TYPEFACE DEFECT IN WHICH A
CHARACTER PRINTS A DOUBLE
IMPRESSION WITH THE LIGHTER ONE
SLIGHTLY OFF-SET TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT.
REQUESTED/DICTATED (POST LITEL
MOTAM STANDARD) – A STANDARD
DOCUMENT WHICH ARE EXECUTED UPON
REQUEST, THEY ARE PREPARE AT ONE TIME.
RETOUCHING OR PATCHING – IS A STROKE,
WHICH GOES BACK OVER A DEFECTIVE
PORTION OF A WRITING TO REPAIR OR
CORRECT AN ERROR.
RETRACING OR RETRACED – IS THE
STROKES WHICH GOES BACK OVER
ANOTHER WRITING STROKES THAT IS
SLIGHTLY TO OCCUR IN OTHER’S WRITING.
RHYTHM – IS THE HARMONIOUS OR
BALANCE RECURRENCE OF STROKES OR
IMPULSES.
SHADING – REFERS TO THE MORE OBVIOUS
INCREASE IN THE WIDTH OF THE LETTER
STROKES.
SIGNATURE – A NAME OF PERSON SIGNED
BY HIMSELF ON A DOCUMENT AS A SIGN OF
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.
SIGNIFICANT WRITING HABITS – ELEMENTS
OF ONE’S WRITING THAT ARE SUFFICIENTLY
UNIQUE AND WELL-FIXED TO SERVE AS A
STRONG BASIS OF INDIVIDUALITY.
SIMPLE FORGERY (SPURIOUS) – A FORGES
SIGNATURE WHERE NO ATTEMPT HAS BEEN
MADE TO MAKE A COPY OR FACSIMILE OF
THE GENUINE WRITING OF A PERSON
PURPORTED TO SIGN THE DOCUMENT.
SIMULATED OR COPIED FORGERY – A
FORGED SIGNATURE WHICH RESEMBLES
THE GENUINE SIGNATURE WRITTEN IN FREE-
HAND. CONSIDERED AS THE MOST
SKILLFUL TYPE OF FORGERY.
SKILLS – REFERS TO THE DEGREE OF
WRITER’S PROFICIENCY IN WRITING
SLANT - REFERS TO THE RELATIVE DEGREE
OF WRITING INCLINATION RELATIVE TO THE
BASELINE.
SPEED – CANNOT BE MEASURED
PRECISELY FROM THE FINISHED
HANDWRITING BUT IT CAN BE INTERPRETED
IN BROAD TERM AS TO EITHER FAST, SLOW
OR MODERATE.
STANDARD DOCUMENT – DOCUMENT IN
WHICH THE ORIGIN IS KNOWN CAN BE
PROVEN AND CAN LEGALLY BE USED AS
SAMPLE TO COMPARE WITH OTHER THINGS
IS QUESTIONED.
STEM/SHANK/STAFF – IS CONSIDERED AS
THE BACKBONE OF THE LETTER
CHARACTERIZED BY A LONG DOWNWARD
STROKES
SYSTEM OF WRITING – IS THE COMBINATION
OF THE BASIC SHAPE AND DESIGNS OF
LETTER AND THE WRITING MOVEMENT
WHICH WAS TAUGHT IN SCHOOL.
THROUGH – REFERS TO ANY GARLAND
FORM OF A LETTER STROKES
TRACED FORGERY (DRAWING) – FORGED
SIGNATURE WHICH CLOSELY RESEMBLES
THE GENUINE MADE BY SOME TRACING
PROCESS OR OUTLINE FORM.
TRANSITORY CHANGE – ARE MEANT TO
THOSE CHANGES WHICH ONLY CONTINUE
TO EXIST WHILE THE BASIC CAUSE OF THE
DETERIORATION IS STILL AFFECTING THE
WRITER, ONCE THE SUCH CAUSE HAS BEEN
REMOVED FROM THE WRITER, THE WRITING
WILL REVERTS IN ITS NORMAL FORM.
TRANSITORY DEFECTS – IS AN IDENTIFYING
TYPEWRITER CHARACTERISTIC WHICH CAN
BE ELIMINATED BY SIMPLY CLEANING THE
MACHINE OR REPLACING THE RIBBON.
TREMOR – IS THE WEAKENING OF THE
STROKES CHARACTERIZED BY WAVERING
OR SHAKY STROKES.
TWISTED LETTERS – LETTERS AND
CHARACTERS ARE DESIGNED TO BE
PRINTED AT A CERTAIN ANGLE TO THE
BASELINE. ONCE LETTERS LEANS TO THE
LEFT OR RIGHT OF ITS PROPER POSITION
SUCH IS CALLED TWISTED LETTERS.
TYPEFACE – IS THE PRINTING SURFACE OF
THE TYPE BLOCK IN A CONVENTIONAL
TYPEWRITER. IN ELECTRIC TYPEWRITER IT
IS THE PRINTING SURFACE OF THE
ROTATING HEAD SPHERE.
TYPEFACE DEFECT – ANY FORM OF
PECULIARITY OF THE TYPE PRINTING
CAUSED BY ACTUAL DAMAGE TO THE
TYPEFACE METAL OR WHICH MAYBE AN
ABNORMALITY IN ITS PRINTING CONDITION.
TYPEWRITING MEASURING TEST PLATES –
FOR TYPEWRITING EXAMINATION.
VERTICAL MAL ALIGNMENT – A CHARACTER
PRINTING ABOVE OR BELOW OF ITS PROPER
POSITION.
WHIRL – IS THE LONG UPWARD STROKES
USUALLY FOUND OPPOSITE THE STEM
WHOLE ARM MOVEMENT - USED FOR
ORNAMENTAL OR LARGE WRITINGS.
WRITING – IS THE VISIBLE RESULT OF A
VERY COMPLICATED SERIES OF ACTS,
BEING AS A WHOLE OR A COMBINATION OF
CERTAIN FORMS WHICH ARE THE VERY
VISIBLE RESULT OF MENTAL AND
MUSCULAR HABITS ACQUIRED BY LONG
CONTINUED PAINSTAKING EFFORT.
WRITING CONDITIONS – REFERS TO ALL AND HAS CONSIDERABLE PSYCHOLOGICAL
FACTORS AFFECTING THE OVER-ALL IMPACT AS WELL.
QUALITY OF WRITING SUCH AS THE
WRITER’S CONDITION UNDER WHICH THE AYUR VIDA - A HINDU BOOK OF SCIENCE AND
WRITING WAS PREPARED. HEALTH AROUND 500B.C. CONSIDERED AS
AN EARLIEST KNOWN REFERENCE TO A
WRITING HABITS – REFERS TO ANY METHOD OF DETECTING DECEPTION.
REPEATED ELEMENTS OF ONCE
HANDWRITING WHICH SERVES AS BEADED CHAIN – USED TO LOCK THE
IDENTIFYING CHARACTERISTICS. RUBBER CONVOLUTED TUBE.

WRITING MOVEMENT – REFERS TO BLOOD PRESSURE CUFF – ATTACHED TO

FACTORS RELATIVE TO THE MOTION OF THE THE UPPER RIGHT ARM OF THE SUBJECT,
PEN. ABOVE THE BRACHIAL ARTERY.

CARD TEST - THE SUBJECT IS PRESENTED

WITH SEVEN (7) PREVIOUSLY NUMBERED
CARDS FACE DOWN. HE WILL BE
INSTRUCTED TO TAKE ONE, LOOK AT IT AND
RETURN IT WITH THE REST OF THE CARDS.
THE EXAMINER WILL SHUFFLE THE CARDS
AND EACH CARD WILL BE SHOWN TO HIM,
WITH THE INSTRUCTION THAT HE WILL
ANSWER “NO” TO ALL CARDS, EVEN IF THE
ONE BEING SHOWN TO HIM IS THE ONE HE
HAS SEEN EARLIER.
CASE INVESTIGATION – A TEST COMMONLY
CONDUCTED IN THE FIELD TODAY WHEN
THERE IS AN INCIDENT OR ISSUE UNDER

POLYG
QUESTION.

CESARE LOMBROSO (1895) - CREDITED TO

BE THE FIRST TO CONCEIVED THE IDEA OF
UTILIZING SCIENTIFIC LIE DETECTION

RAPHY CHART – (APPROXIMATELY 100 FT.) ROLLED

ACTUAL TEST - IS THE ACTUAL CONDUCT OF
THE TEST ADMINISTERED BY A POLYGRAPH
EXAMINER.
ADMISSION - IS A STATEMENT OF FACTS,
PARTIAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF GUILT
AND USUALLY GIVEN WITH SOME
JUSTIFICATION OR EXEMPLIFICATION IN
ADMITTING.
ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES - THE SUBJECT IS
MADE TO DRINK HARD LIQUOR IN SUCH A
MOUNT THAT WOULD MAKE HIM LOSE
CONTROL OR INHIBITIONS. INFORMATION
GATHERED THROUGH THIS METHOD IS NOT
ADMISSIBLE IN COURT.
AMPLIFIER UNIT – DESIGNED TO SUPPORT
THE GALVANOMETER IN CONVERTING
ELECTRICAL TO MECHANICAL CURRENT.
ANGELO MOSSO (1895) - UTILIZED A
SCIENTIFIC CRADLE AND FOCUS ON THE
IMPORTANCE OF FEAR AS A STRONG
INFLUENCE TO DECEPTION
ATTACHE COMPARTMENT – STORAGE FOR
ALL FORMS AND SUPPLIES.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM – DANIEL DEFOE - IN 1730, A YEAR BEFORE
INVOLVED THOSE INVOLUNTARY
PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY
GRAPH PAPER COMPOSED OF TWELVE
DIVISION IN ONE MINUTES RUN DESIGNED
TO MEASURE THE RATE OF VARIOUS BODY
FUNCTIONING.
CLEVE BACKSTER - FORMULATED THE
NUMERICAL SCORING ON THE POLYGRAPH
CHART AND STANDARDIZING QUANTITATIVE
POLYGRAPH TECHNIQUE.
COMPARISON QUESTION – A QUESTION
WHICH IS THE SAME IN NATURE WITH THAT
OF THE RELEVANT QUESTION BUT BROAD
IN SCOPE. COLOR CODED GREEN IN
COMPUTERIZED INSTRUMENTS. IT IS USED
FOR COMPARATIVE PURPOSES WITH THE
RELEVANT QUESTION. CODE LETTER “C”.
CONFESSION - DIRECT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF GUILT OR A
STATEMENT OF GUILT.
CONNECTING PLUG – DESIGNED TO
ATTACHED THE SYSTEM TO THE MACHINE
CONTROL QUESTIONS QUESTION –
QUESTIONS THAT EITHER RELEVANT OR
IRRELEVANT DESIGNED TO ESTABLISHED
RESPONSE FROM AN INNOCENT SUBJECT.
CUTTER BAR - USED TO CUT THE PAPER AT
THE END OF THE TEST
DANIEL DEFOE DIE, HE WROTE AN ESSAY
ENTITLED “AN EFFECTUAL SCHEME FOR
THE IMMEDIATE PREVENTING OF THE
STREET ROBBERIES AND SUPPRESSING ALL
OTHER DISORDERS OF THE NIGHT” WHERE
HE SUGGESTED THE USE OF THE PULSE TO
DETECT DECEPTION. DEFOE’S ESSAY
CALLED UPON THE ATTENTION OF MANY
SCIENTISTS TO EMPLOY MEDICAL SCIENCE
IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CRIME.
DECEPTION - IS THE ACT OF DECEIVING OR
MISLEADING USUALLY ACCOMPANIED BY
LYING.
DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE - REFERS TO
THE DOWNWARD BLOOD PRESSURE
REPRESENTING THE LOW PRESSURE TO
THE CLOSING OF THE VALVES AND HEART
RELAXED.
DICROTIC NOTCH - REFERS TO THE SHORT
HORIZONTAL NOTCH IN A CARDIO-TRACING
LOCATED AT THE MIDDLE OF THE
DIASTOLIC STEM.
DIRECTED LIE COMPARISON QUESTION
(DLC) - A COMPARISON QUESTION IN WHICH
THE EXAMINEE IS INSTRUCTED BY THE
EXAMINER TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
UNTRUTHFULLY. SOME EXAMINERS
ACTUALLY GET ADMISSION TO
COMPARISON QUESTIONS AND THEN
INSTRUCT THE EXAMINEE TO LIE TO THAT
QUESTION WHEN IT IS ASKED.
DONKEY’S TAIL (ASH TAIL) ORDEAL – A
METHOD OF ORDEAL WHERE ALL ACCUSED
PERSON WILL BE INSTRUCTED TO SELECT A
CAGE WITH A DONKEY, USING A DONKEY’S
TAIL THEY WILL STRIKE THE DONKEY AND
WHICHEVER CRIES FIRST WILL BE
ADJUDGED GUILTY. BUT ONCE ONE OF THE
DONKEYS CRIED, THEY WILL ALL BE
REQUESTED TO GET OUT OF THE CAGE AND
SHOW THEIR HANDS. THE TRUE TEST IS
WHOSOEVER BEARS A CLEAN HAND IS THE
GUILTY PERSON. THIS IS BASED ON THE
FACT THAT THE DONKEY’S TAIL IS COATED
WITH A LAMPBLACK. EVIDENCE SHOWING A
CLEAN HAND WOULD INDICATE THAT THE
PERSON DID NOT HOLD IT TIGHT AND DID
NOT REALLY STRIKE THE DONKEY TO AVOID
DETECTION.
ELECTRODERMAL RESPONSE - IT REFERS
TO HUMAN BODY PHENOMENON IN WHICH
THE SKIN CHANGES RESISTANCE
ELECTRICALLY UPON THE APPLICATION OF
CERTAIN EXTERNAL STIMULI. ALSO
REFERRED TO A PSYCHO GALVANIC SKIN
REFLEX OR GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE.
EMOTION - IT REFERS TO AN EMOTIONAL
RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC DANGER THAT
APPEARS TO BE BEYOND A PERSON’S
DEFENSIVE POWER.
ENVIRONMENT - IS THE SUM TOTAL OF THE
DISSIMULATION THAT A PERSON ACQUIRED
FROM THE TIME HE WAS CONCEIVED AND
HIS EXPOSURE TO HIS SURROUNDINGS.
EPINEPHRINE – IS THE HORMONAL
STIMULATOR OF THE SYMPATHETIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM. IT ACTS TO CONSTRICT
PERIPHERAL BLOOD FLOW, RAISE BLOOD
PRESSURE, INCREASE CARDIAC ACTIVITY,
PROMOTE METABOLIC ACTIVITY THROUGH
THE RELEASE OF GLUCOSE, AND INHIBIT
DIGESTIVE PROCESSES. IT IS CONSIDERED
A PSYCHOGENIC HORMONE BECAUSE IT
ALTERS PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES
WHEN RELEASED IN LARGE QUANTITIES,
SUCH AS UNDER STRESS. IT IS PRODUCED
IN THE ADRENAL MEDULLA, LOCATED
IMMEDIATELY ABOVE EACH KIDNEY. IN
BRITISH, IT IS CALLED ADRENALINE.
EVIDENCE CONNECTING QUESTION –
DESIGNED TO OBTAIN LINK BETWEEN THE
SUBJECT AND THE CRIME.
EXTERNAL REACTION – REACTION OF AN
INDIVIDUAL WHICH ARE OBSERVABLE AND
WHICH CAN EITHER BE: FACIAL OR
POSTURAL
FINGER ELECTRODE PLATE & RETAINER
BOND – ATTACHED TO THE LEFT INDEX AND
RING FINGER OF THE SUBJECT.
FOAM PEN HOLD-DOWN – KEEPS PENS IN
PLACE WHEN INSTRUMENT IS BEING
TRANSPORTED.
FORENSIC PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGIST –
MODERN TERM FOR POLYGRAPH EXAMINER
GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE MODULE –
RECORDING PART OF GALVANIC SKIN
RESPONSE CHANNEL.
GALVANOGRAPH – TO DETECT CHANGES IN
SKIN RESISTANCE OF THE SUBJECT.
GENERAL QUESTION TEST - CONSIST OF
SERIES OF RELEVANT AND IRRELEVANT
QUESTIONS IN A PLANNED ORDER.
GUILT COMPLEX TEST - USED PRIMARILY
FOR OVERLY RESPONSIVE SUBJECTS. A
TOTALLY FICTITIOUS INCIDENT BUT A
SIMILAR NATURE TO THE MATTER BEING
INVESTIGATED AND MAKE HIM BELIEVE IT IS
REAL. THE PURPOSE IS TO COMPARE THE
RESPONSE WITH THOSE RESPONSE MADE
CONCERNING THE ACTUAL MATTER UNDER
INVESTIGATION
GUILTY KNOWLEDGE – DESIGNED TO
PROBE WHETHER THE SUBJECT
POSSESSES INFORMATION REGARDING
THE IDENTITY OF THE OFFENDER OR THE
FACTS OF THE CASE UNDER QUESTION.
HAROLD BURTT - CONSIDERED
RESPIRATION AS A WEAK BASIS IN
DETERMINING DECEPTION AND
INCORPORATE THE SYSTOLIC BLOOD
PRESSURE TO RESPIRATION.
HEREDITY - IS THE TRANSMISSION OF
PHYSICAL AND MENTAL TRAITS OF THE
PARENTS TO THEIR OFFSPRING THROUGH
THE GENES.
HOMEOSTASIS – IS COMPLEX INTERACTIVE
REGULATORY SYSTEM BY WHICH THE BODY
STRIVES TO MAINTAIN A STATE OF
INTERNAL EQUILIBRIUM.
HYPNOTISM - INFORMATION GATHERED
THROUGH THIS METHOD IS ALSO NOT
ADMISSIBLE IN COURT.
HYPOTHALAMUS – IS A SERIES OF GROUPS
OF NERVE CELLS OF THE BRAIN THAT
CONTROL THE ENTIRE ENDOCRINE-
HORMONAL SYSTEM.
INITIAL INTERVIEW - CONDUCTED BY AN
INVESTIGATOR HANDLING THE CASE,
DESIGNED FOR THE OBTAINING OF
PERTINENT INFORMATION NECESSARY FOR
THE CONDUCT OF THE TEST. THIS IS
FALLING SHORT OF THE BASIC PROCESS
OF INVESTIGATION. ALL INFORMATION
GATHERED BY THE INVESTIGATOR WILL BE
COPIED FURNISHED TO THE INVESTIGATOR.
AS A RULE NO POLYGRAPH TEST CAN BE
CONDUCTED IF THERE IS INSUFFICIENT
AMOUNT OF DATA GATHERED.
INTERNAL REACTION – REACTION OF THE
INTERNAL ORGANS WHICH MAY NOT BE
READILY NOTICEABLE.
INTERVIEW - SIMPLE QUESTIONING OF ONE
WHO IS WILLING AND COOPERATIVE.
INTERROGATION - FORCEFUL QUESTIONING
OF A PERSON WHO IS RELUCTANT TO
DIVULGE INFORMATION.
IRRELEVANT – QUESTIONS PERTAINING TO
THE BASIC BACKGROUND OF THE SUBJECT
AND ARE GENERALLY NOT RELATED TO THE
CASE IN ISSUE BUT ARE DESIGNED TO
OBTAIN OR ESTABLISHED THE INDIVIDUAL
NORMS OF THE SUBJECT.
JAMES MACKENZIE - A HEART SPECIALIST
WHO PUBLISHED IN TWO BRITISH JOURNAL
THE MACHINE HE USED IN HIS WORK AND
NAMED IT “INK POLYGRAPH”
JOHN A. LARSON (1921) - DEVISED THE SO-
CALLED “BREAD LIE DETECTOR”, A
SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT CAPABLE OF
SIMULTANEOUSLY RECORDING CHANGES
IN BLOOD PRESSURE, PULSE BEAT AND
RESPIRATION.
JOHN E. REID – DEVELOPED THE REID
POLYGRAPH WITH AN INCORPORATION OF
MUSCULAR RESISTANCE COMPARE TO THE
KEELERS AND THE STOELTING. ALSO
DEVELOPED THE SAT TEST AND CONTROL
QUESTION TEST.
KNOWLEDGE QUESTION– QUESTIONS
GIVEN FOR THE PURPOSES OF
DETERMINING INFORMATION KNOWN OR
THE SUBJECT POSSESS.
KYMOGRAPH (CHART DRIVE MODULE) –
LEONARDE KEELER DEVELOPED THE
KYMOGRAPH MACHINE AND THE KEELER’S
POLYGRAPH IN THE YEAR 1926 AS ONE OF
THE GREAT ADVANCEMENT TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE POLYGRAPH
MACHINE.
LYING - IS THE ACT OF UTTERING OR
CONVEYING FALSEHOOD OR CREATING A
FALSE OR MISLEADING IMPRESSION WITH
THE INTENTION OF AFFECTING
WRONGFULLY.
MECHANICAL LEG BASIC PREMISE -
POLYGRAPH IS CAPABLE OF MAKING
GRAPHIC RECORD CONTAINING RELIABLE
INFORMATION REGARDING PHYSIOLOGICAL
RESPONSES OF THE SUBJECT.
MECHANICAL PNEUMO MODULE –
RECORDING PART OF MECHANICAL
PNEUMO CHANNEL.
MIXED TEST - CONSIST ESSENTIALLY OF AN
ARRANGEMENT OF THE FIRST AND THIRD
TEST QUESTIONED. ADMINISTERED
RESPONSE ON EARLIER TEST OR TO
COMPARE THE DEGREE OF REACTION
BETWEEN RELEVANT AND CONTROL
QUESTIONS
MULTI-FUNCTION MODULE – SELECTABLE
RECORDING MODULE WHICH CAN BE USED
AS ELECTRONIC PNEUMO CHANNEL,
ELECTRONIC CARDIO CHANNEL, CARDIO
ACTIVITY MONITOR OR OTHER
ACCESSORIES.
NARCO-ANALYSIS TEST/ADMINISTRATION
OF TRUTH SERUM - USE OF NARCOTIC OR
ANAESTHETIC DRUG. DRUGS INJECTED
HYPODERMICALLY OR INTRAVENOUSLY.
DANGEROUS AND NOT ADMISSIBLE.
NOREPINEPHRINE – IS A HORMONE
SECRETED BY THE ADRENAL GLAND, IT
WORKS ALONGSIDE WITH
EPINEPHRINE/ADRENALINE TO GIVE THE
BODY SUDDEN ENERGY IN TIMES OF
STRESS, KNOWN AS THE "FIGHT OR FLIGHT"
RESPONSE. IT IS CALLED NORADRENALINE
IN BRITISH.
NORMAL RESPONSE - REFERS TO ANY
ACTIVITY OR INHIBITION OF A PREVIOUS
ACTIVITY OF AN ORGANISM OR PART OF THE
ORGANISM RESULTING FROM
STIMULATION.
ORDEAL - REFERS TO THE OLDEST FORM OF
CRIME DETECTION DONE BY SUBJECTING A
SUBJECT TO AN OBSTACLE OR TRIAL AND
SOMETIMES EVEN INVOLVING THIRD
DEGREE.
ORDEAL OF HEAT AND FIRE – THIS METHOD
OF ORDEAL ENCOMPASSES A NUMBER OF
SUB CLASSIFICATIONS OF TESTS SUCH AS
THE RED HOT IRON ORDEAL, ORDEAL OF
HOT NEEDLE, THE BOILING WATER ORDEAL
AND OTHERS. IN THIS TEST THE SUSPECT
WALKED A CERTAIN DISTANCE, USUALLY
NINE FEET, OVER RED-HOT PLOWSHARES
OR HOLDING A RED-HOT IRON. INNOCENCE
WAS SOMETIMES ESTABLISHED BY A
COMPLETE LACK OF INJURY, BUT IT WAS
MORE COMMON FOR THE WOUND TO BE
BANDAGED AND REEXAMINED THREE DAYS
LATER BY A PRIEST, WHO WOULD
PRONOUNCE THAT GOD HAD INTERVENED
TO HEAL IT, OR THAT IT WAS MERELY
FESTERING - IN WHICH CASE THE SUSPECT
WOULD BE EXILED OR EXECUTED.
ORDEAL OF HOT WATER – THIS TEST
REQUIRES THAT THE WATER HAD TO BE
BOILED, AND THE DEPTH FROM WHICH THE
STONE HAD TO BE RETRIEVED WAS UP TO
THE WRIST FOR ONE ACCUSATION, AND UP
TO THE ELBOW FOR THREE. THE ORDEAL
WOULD TAKE PLACE IN THE CHURCH, WITH
SEVERAL IN ATTENDANCE, PURIFIED AND
PRAYING GOD TO REVEAL THE TRUTH.
AFTERWARDS, THE HAND WAS BOUND AND
EXAMINED AFTER THREE DAYS TO SEE
WHETHER IT WAS HEALING OR FESTERING.
IF IT IS HEALING, THE ACCUSED WOULD BE
CONSIDERED INNOCENT, AND IF
FESTERING, THE ACCUSED IS SAID TO BE
GUILTY. IT WAS PRACTICED BY THE
CATHOLIC CHURCHES UNTIL 12TH
CENTURY.
ORDEAL OF RED WATER (FOOD AND DRINK
ORDEAL) – IN THIS METHOD THE ACCUSED
WILL BE REQUIRED TO RUN FAST FOR
TWELVE (12 HOURS), TAKE A CAP OF RICE
AND DRINK A DARK COLORED WATER (AS
MUCH AS ONE GALLON). THE DARK WATER
IS BELIEVED TO BE SACRED WATER. ONCE
IN ENTERS THE BODY IT WILL SEARCH THE
HEART AND ONCE IT FOUND THAT THE
ACCUSED IS INNOCENT, IT WILL SERVE AS
AN EMETICS CAUSING THE ACCUSED
PERSON TO VOMIT THE RICE AS EVIDENCE
OF HIS INNOCENCE. THIS WAS ALSO
CALLED “THE TRIAL OF THE EUCHARIST”.
ORDEAL OF RICE CHEWING – A METHOD OF
DETECTING DECEPTION WHEREBY AN
ACCUSED WILL BE REQUIRED TO TAKE RICE
(TO CLERGY BREAD OR CHEESE).IF THE
ACCUSED FAILED TO SWALLOW EVEN A
SINGLE GRAIN OF CONCENTRATED RICE
HE/SHE WILL BE ADJUDGED GUILTY.
PAIRED TESTING – A POLYGRAPH TEST
CONDUCTED WHEN THERE ARE TWO
PERSONS WHO ASSERT CONTRADICTORY
STATEMENT. IN THIS TEST, BOTH
SIMULTANEOUSLY UNDERGO POLYGRAPH
TEST IN A SEPARATE ROOM WITH
DIFFERENT EXAMINERS.
PAPER RAIL GUIDE – SERVES AS THE
SECURITY FOR THE UNNECESSARY
MOVEMENT OF THE CHART PAPER OR TO
ENSURE THE PAPER’S FORWARD
MOVEMENT WITHOUT SHAKING.
PAPER TEAR BAR – PROVIDES CUTTING
EDGE FOR CONVENIENT REMOVAL OF
CHART.
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
(PNS) – THE HOUSE KEEPING OR BRAKING
SYSTEM. IT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR
CONSERVING ENERGY AND MAKING SURE
NECESSARY BODILY FUNCTIONS. IT
RESTRAINS SYMPATHETIC AROUSAL AND
ATTEMPT TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTATIC
(HOMEOSTASIS) NORMAL.
PEAK OF TENSION TEST - CONSIST OF ONLY
ONE RELEVANT AND A SERIES OF
IRRELEVANT QUESTIONS. RESEMBLE, IN
EVERY GENERAL WAY, THE CARD TEST, FOR
IT CONSIST ESSENTIALLY OF THE ASKING
OF A SERIES OF QUESTION IN WHICH ONLY
ONE HAS ANY BEARING UPON THE MATTER
UNDER INVESTIGATION.
PEN LIFTER – RAISES OR LOWERS PENS TO
THREE POSITIONS.
PEN AND INKING SYSTEM - THE ONE THAT
PROVIDES FOR THE PERMANENT RECORD
OF THE TEST.
PEN TABLE - FLAT PORTION WHERE THE PEN
WRITE ON THE CHART.
PERIODIC AUDIT – A TEST USED TO
DETERMINE THE HONESTY AND INTEGRITY
OF THE PRESENT EMPLOYEE WITH THE
COMPANY.
PHYSIOLOGICAL LEG BASIC PREMISE - THAT
AMONG THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES
THAT MAY BE RECORDED ARE THOSE THAT
AUTOMATICALLY OCCUR ONLY
FOLLOWING THE STIMULATION OF
SPECIFIC NERVOUS COMPONENT SYSTEM.
PNEUMOGRAPH – DESIGNED TO DETECT
CHANGES IN RESPIRATION OF THE
SUBJECT CONSISTING OF THE CHEST AND
THE ABDOMINAL ASSEMBLY
POLYGRAPH - (DERIVED FROM THE GREEK
WORDS POLY) = MANY OR SEVERAL AND
GRAPH - (WRITING CHART) IS A SCIENTIFIC
INSTRUMENT CAPABLE OF RECORDING
SIMULTANEOUSLY CHANGES IN BLOOD
PRESSURE, PULSE RATE, RESPIRATION AND
SKIN RESISTANCE AS INDICATIVE OF
EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE ESPECIALLY OF
A LYING SUBJECT WHEN BEING
QUESTIONED.
POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION - IT IS A PROCESS
THAT ENCOMPASSES ALL ACTIVITIES THAT
TAKE PLACE BETWEEN A POLYGRAPH
EXAMINER AND AN EXAMINEE DURING A
SPECIFIC SERIES OF INTERACTIONS. FOR A
VALID POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION TO EXIST,
RESPIRATION, EDA, AND CARDIOVASCULAR
ACTIVITY MUST BE MONITORED AND
RECORDED.
POLYGRAPH EXAMINER - A POLYGRAPH
EXAMINER IS ONE WHO IS CAPABLE OF
DETECTING DECEPTION AND VERIFYING
THE TRUTHFULNESS OF STATEMENT
THROUGH THE USE OF A POLYGRAPH
INSTRUMENT. HE IS SOMEONE WHO HAS
SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED FORMAL
EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN CONDUCTING
POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION AND IS
CERTIFIED BY HIS AGENCY TO CONDUCT
SUCH EXAMINATION.
POLYGRAPHY – IS SCIENTIFIC METHODS OF
DETECTING DECEPTION DONE WITH THE
AID OF A POLYGRAPH MACHINE.
POLYGRAPHY TEST - AID AND NOT A
SUBSTITUTE OR REPLACEMENT FOR
INVESTIGATION. NOT ADMISSIBLE IN COURT
TO PROVE THE GUILT OF THE SUBJECT.
CANNOT BE CONDUCTED IF INSUFFICIENT
AMOUNT OF INFORMATION WERE
GATHERED.
POST-CONVICTION SEX OFFENDER
TESTING – A TEST CONDUCTED TO THOSE
CONVICTED OF SEX CRIMES TO MONITOR
THEIR BEHAVIOR WHILE UNDER PAROLE OR
PROBATION. PRESENTLY, THIS PROVIDES
AND EFFECTIVE MONITORING
PROCEDURES IN THE FIELD TODAY.
POST-TEST INTERVIEW OR INTERROGATION
- IS AN INTERVIEW OR AN INTERROGATION
ADMINISTERED BY A POLYGRAPH EXAMINER
AFTER THE TEST DESIGNED TO OBTAIN
CONFESSION OR ADMISSION BY THE
SUBJECT?
PRE-EMPLOYMENT SCREENING – A TEST
USED TO SCREEN APPLICANTS FOR
EMPLOYMENT. SOME PRIVATE COMPANIES
IN THE PHILIPPINES REQUIRE THEIR
APPLICANTS TO UNDERGO POLYGRAPH
SCREENING TEST.
PRE-TEST INTERVIEW - AN INTERVIEW
CONDUCTED BY THE POLYGRAPH
EXAMINER DESIGNED TO PREPARE OR
CONDITION THE SUBJECT FOR THE ACTUAL
TEST. IT USUALLY LAST FOR ABOUT 20 – 30
MINUTES. THERE ARE FOUR BASIC THINGS
BEING UNDERTAKEN IN THIS STAGE.
PRIMARY RELEVANT – ADDRESSES THE
PRIMARY ISSUE OR DIRECT INVOLVEMENT
OF THE SUBJECT ON THE MATTER UNDER
QUESTION. IT IS USE PRIMARILY WITH THE
SINGLE-ISSUE EXAMINATION.
PROGRAM PACER – A PROGRAMMABLE
CUEING DEVICE FOR QUESTION AND
ANSWER SPACING.
PSYCHOLOGICAL LEG BASIC PREMISE -
STATES THAT SPECIFIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
COMPONENT WHOSE STIMULATION CAN
THUS BE DIAGNOSED ARE SO STIMULATED
BY THE INVOLUNTARY AND EMOTIONAL
PROCESSES OF THE INDIVIDUAL WHO IS
CONTINUOUSLY ATTEMPTING
CONCEALMENT OF DECEPTION
ESPECIALLY IF THAT INDIVIDUAL HAS
SOMETHING AT STAKE AND THE PREVAILING
CIRCUMSTANCES LEAD HIM TO BELIEVE
THAT EXPOSURE TO DECEPTION IS QUITE
POSSIBLE ALTHOUGH UNDESIRABLE.
PUMP BULB – IT IS USED TO INFLATE THE
ARM CUFF
RECORDING PEN UNIT – CONSISTING OF
TWO 5 INCHES RECORDING PEN AND ONE 7
INCHES
RED HOT IRON ORDEAL – THE ACCUSED
WILL BE REQUIRED TO TOUCH HIS TONGUE
TO AN EXTREMELY HOT METAL NINE (9)
TIMES (UNLESS BURNED SOONER), ONCE
HIS TONGUE IS BURNED, HE WILL BE
ADJUDGED GUILTY. IN SOME COUNTRY
INSTEAD OF HOT IRON, THEY USED A HOT
NEEDLE TO TEASE THE LIPS AND ONCE THE
LIPS BLEEDS IT IS AN INDICATION OF GUILT.
RELEVANT - THE PRIMARY OF KEY
QUESTIONS ASKED BY THE EXAMINER IN
ORDER TO RESOLVE SPECIFIC SUBJECT
MATTER.
RICHARD O. ARTHUR - THE PERSON WHO
DEVELOPED A POLYGRAPH MACHINE WITH
“TWO GALVANIC SKIN RESISTANCES”
RUBBER CONVULATED TUBE – A 10 INCHES
CORRUGATED RUBBER ATTACHED TO THE
BODY OF THE SUBJECT.
RUBBER ROLLER – THE ONE RESPONSIBLE
FOR PULLING THE PAPER OUT OF THE
MACHINE.
SACRIFICE QUESTION – QUESTIONS
DESIGNED TO DETERMINE TRUTHFULNESS
OF THE SUBJECT.
SACRIFICE RELEVANT QUESTION – IT
INTRODUCES THE RELEVANT QUESTION TO
THE SUBJECT. THIS IS DESIGNED TO
ABSORB THE RESPONSE GENERATED BY
THE INTRODUCTION OF RELEVANT
QUESTION IN THE SERIES.
SECONDARY RELEVANT – DEALS WITH THE
PHYSICAL ACTS THAT SUPPORT THE
PRIMARY ISSUE. THIS IS USUALLY USE IN
MULTI-ISSUE EXAMINATION.
SILENT ANSWER TEST - SUBJECT IS
INSTRUCTED NOT TO GIVE ANY VERBAL
ANSWER; THE SUBJECT WILL ONLY
ANSWER IN HIS MIND.
SPECIFIC RESPONSE - REFERS TO THE
RESPONSE GIVEN BY THE SUBJECT WHICH
CONSIDERED A DEVIATION FROM THE
NORMAL TRACING OR NORMS OF THE
SUBJECT.
SPHYGMAMONOMETER – USED TO
INDICATE THE AMOUNT OF AIR PRESSURE
INFLATED TO THE SYSTEM. USUALLY
ABOUT 60 MM OF MERCURY FOR MALE
SUBJECT.
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM – IS INVOLVE
WITH VOLUNTARY COMPARATIVE OVER
SKELETAL MUSCLES
STICKER - WORKS ON THE GALVANOGRAPH
COMPONENT AND STUDY THE INFLUENCE
OF THE SWEAT GLANDS TO SKIN
RESISTANCE.
STIMULUS - REFERS TO ANY FORCE OR
MOTION COMING FROM THE ENVIRONMENT
AND WHICH REACH AN ORGANISM HAS THE
TENDENCY TO AROUSE.
STRONG RELEVANT – DIRECTLY PROVING WEAK RELEVANT – INDIRECTLY PROVING
THE GUILT OF THE SUBJECT THE GUILT OF THE SUBJECT

SUBJECT - SUBJECT OR EXAMINEE IS ANY WILLIAM M. MARSTON (1915) - HE MADE

PERSON WHO UNDERGOES POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION.
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (SNS) – IS
OUR EMERGENCY, OR ACTION SYSTEM. IT IS
A SYSTEM WHICH CAUSES THE SUDDEN
AND DRAMATIC CHANGE.
SYMPTOMATIC QUESTION – IS DESIGNED
TO ENSURE THAT THE EXAMINER WILL NOT
ASK UN-REVIEWED QUESTIONS OR THAT
THE EXAMINEE IS NOT AFRAID THAT THE
EXAMINER WILL ASK UN-REVIEWED
QUESTIONS.
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR - TO RUN THE
CHART PAPER AT THE UNIFORM RATE
SPEED REGARDLESS OF THE VOLTAGE
CHANGE.
SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE - THE UPWARD
BLOOD PRESSURE AS THE APEX OF THE
CURVE CAUSED BY THE CONTRACTION OF
THE HEART, VALVES ARE OPEN AND BLOOD
IS RUSHING INTO THE ARTERIES.
THOMAS JEFFERSON - FIRST MAN TO USE
THE WORD POLYGRAPH.
TRIAL BY COMBAT (WAGER OF BATTLE,
TRIAL BY BATTLE OR JUDICIAL DUEL) - IT
WAS A METHOD TO SETTLE ACCUSATIONS
IN THE ABSENCE OF WITNESSES OR A
CONFESSION, IN WHICH TWO PARTIES IN
DISPUTE FOUGHT IN SINGLE COMBAT. THE
WINNER OF THE FIGHT WAS PROCLAIMED
TO BE INNOCENT WHILE THE LOSER WILL
BE ADJUDGED GUILTY. IT WAS ONE OF THE
ANCIENT JUDICIAL MEANS OF
DETERMINING GUILT IN ENGLAND. IT
REMAINED IN USE THROUGHOUT THE
EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES AND GRADUALLY
DISAPPEARED IN THE COURSE OF THE 16TH
CENTURY.
USED OF A SPHYGMOMANOMETER AND
FOCUS ON THE IMPORTANCE OF THE
SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE. HE ALSO
DEVISED THE DISCONTINUOUS TECHNIQUE
IN QUESTIONING.
WORD ASSOCIATION TEST - GROUP OF
WORDS, OBJECTS OR PHOTOGRAPHS WILL
BE PRESENTED. TIME PRESSURE. THIS WAS
FIRST DEVISED BY F. GALTON IN 1870 AND
LATER WAS MODIFIED AND IMPROVED BY
OTHERS SUCH AS MUNSTERBERG,
ORELAND, LURIA AND JUNG. IN THE
GALTON’S TECHNIQUE THERE ARE TWO
MAIN CRITERIA FOR DETECTING
INDICATIONS OF DECEPTION AND THESE
ARE: (1) INCRIMINATING ANSWER WORDS,
AND (2) DELAYED ANSWER.
ZONE CONCEPT - COINED BY CLEVE
BACKSTER. A ZONE IS A TWENTY TO THIRTY-
FIVE SECONDS BLOCK OF POLYGRAPH
CHART TIME INITIATED BY A QUESTION
HAVING A UNIQUE PSYCHOLOGICAL
FOCUSING APPEAL TO A PREDICTABLE
GROUP OF EXAMINEES. IN HIS ZCT,
BACKSTER USED COLOR-CODING TO
IDENTIFY THE THREE ZONES IN THE ZCT:
RED; GREEN; AND BLACK. RESPECTIVELY,
THE RED ZONE IS FOR RELEVANT
QUESTIONS, THE GREEN ZONE FOR
COMPARISON QUESTIONS, AND THE BLACK
ZONE FOR SYMPTOMATIC QUESTIONS.

TRIAL BY ORDEAL - A JUDICIAL PRACTICED

BY WHICH THE GUILT OR INNOCENCE OF
THE ACCUSED IS DETERMINED BY
SUBJECTING THEM TO AN UNPLEASANT,
USUALLY DANGEROUS EXPERIENCE OR IN
THE PRESENT TERM WOULD MEAN AN
EMPLOYMENT OF “3RD DEGREE”. THE WORD
“ORDEAL” WAS DERIVED FROM THE
MEDIEVAL LATIN WORD “DEI INDICUM”
WHICH MEANS “A MIRACULOUS DECISION”.
IN SOME CASES, THE ACCUSED WAS
CONSIDERED INNOCENT IF THEY SURVIVED
THE TEST, OR IF THEIR INJURIES HEALED; IN
OTHERS, ONLY DEATH WAS CONSIDERED
PROOF OF INNOCENCE.

VERAGUTH - FORMULATED THE TERM

PSYCHO-GALVANIC SKIN REFLEX
FOLLOWING THE STUDY OF STICKER
LEGAL
VITTORIO BENNUSSI - FOCUS ON THE
FORMULATION OF THE INHALATION AND
EXHALATION RATIO.
MEDICINE
ABRASION - (GRAZES) - SUPERFICIAL WOUND
IN WHICH THE TOP MOST LAYER OF THE
SKIN IS SCRAPED OFF. ARE OFTEN CAUSED
BY A SLIDING FALL INTO A ROUGH SURFACE.
ANTE-MORTEM CLOT - FIRM IN
CONSISTENCY, SURFACE OF THE BLOOD
VESSEL RAW AFTER THE CLOTS ARE
REMOVED. CLOTS HOMOGENOUS IN
CONSTRUCTION SO IT CANNOT BE
STRIPPED INTO LAYERS. CLOT WITH
UNIFORM COLOR.
APPARENT DEATH/ STATE OF SUSPENDED
ANIMATION - A TRANSIENT LOSS OF
CONSCIOUSNESS OF TEMPORARY
CESSATION OF THE VITAL FUNCTION OF
THE BODY ON ACCOUNT OF DISEASE,
EXTERNAL STIMULUS OTHER FORMS OF
INFLUENCE.
ATAXIC GAIT - A GAIT WHICH THE FOOT IS
RAISED HIGH, THROWN FORWARD AND
BROUGHT DOWN SUDDENLY.
AUTOLYSIS OR AUTODIGESTIVE CHANGES
AFTER DEATH - AFTER DEATH, PROTEOLYTIC
GLYCOLYTIC AND LIPOLYTIC FERMENTS OF
GLANDULAR TISSUES CONTINUE TO ACT
WHICH LEAD TO THE AUTO-DIGESTION OF
ORGANS. THIS IS FACILITATED BY WEAK
ACID AND HIGHER TEMPERATURE. THIS IS
ALSO SEEN IN THE MACERATION OF THE
DEAD FETUS INSIDE THE UTERUS. THE
STOMACH MAY BE PERFORATED,
GLANDULAR TISSUES BECOME SOFT AFTER
DEATH DUE TO AUTO DIGESTION AND THE
ACTION OF AUTOLYTIC ENZYMES.
DECOMPOSITION BY ENZYMES
AUTOPSY - POST MORTEM EXAMINATION OF
A CORPSE.
BARTOLOMEO DE VARIGNANA-
CONDUCTED THE FIRST MEDICO-LEGAL
AUTOPSY IN ITALY IN 1302.
BOLOGNA, ITALY - WHERE THE FIRST
MEDICO-LEGAL AUTOPSY WAS DONE.
BURIAL - INHUMATION OR INTERMENT IS A
METHOD OF PLACING THE DEAD BODY IN
THE GRAVE.
BURNS & SEALDS - SCARS ARE LARGE,
IRREGULAR IN SHAPE AND MAY BE KELOID.
CADAVER - ALSO CALLED CORPSE, IS A
DEAD HUMAN BODY.
CADAVERIC SPASM - SUDDEN RIGIDITY OF
THE MUSCLE IMMEDIATELY AFTER DEATH. A
RARE FORM OF MUSCULAR STIFFENING
THAT OCCURS AT THE MOMENT OF DEATH,
PERSISTS INTO THE PERIOD OF RIGOR
MORTIS AND CAN BE MISTAKEN FOR RIGOR
MORTIS.
CADAVER TAG - AN IDENTIFICATION TAG
ATTACHED TO THE CADAVER CONTAINING
TAG NUMBER, NAME IF IDENTIFIED,
DATE/TIME AND PLACE OF RECOVERY,
DATE/TIME OF INCIDENT, GENDER, OTHER
PERTINENT INFORMATION AND NAME OF
THE INVESTIGATOR.
CARCASS - DEAD BODY OF AN ANIMAL.
CEREBELLAR GAIT- A GAIT ASSOCIATED
WITH STAGGERING MOVEMENT.
CEREBRAL CONCUSSION - CONDITION OF
THE BRAIN RESULTING FROM A SUDDEN
JARRING OR STUNNING OF THE BRAIN
WHICH FOLLOWS A BLOW ON THE HEAD
CHARACTERIZED BY HEADACHE OR
DIZZINESS, UNCONSCIOUSNESS OR SEMI-
UNCONSCIOUSNESS, RELAXED AND
FLACCID MUSCLES, SLOW AND SHALLOW
RESPIRATION AND RAPID BUT WEAK PULSE
CESSATION OF HEART AND CIRCULATION -
THERE MUST BE AN ENTIRE AND
CONTINUOUS CESSATION OF THE HEART
ACTION AND FLOW OF BLOOD IN THE
WHOLE VASCULAR SYSTEM. A TEMPORARY
SUSPENSION OF THE HEART ACTION IS
STILL COMPATIBLE WITH LIFE. THE LENGTH
OF TIME THE HEART MAY CEASE TO
FUNCTION AND LIFE IS STILL MAINTAINED
DEPENDS UPON THE LENGTH OF TIME IT IS
READILY REESTABLISHED AND UPON THE
OXYGENATION OF BLOOD AT THE TIME OF
THE SUSPENSION. AS A GENERAL RULE, IF
THERE IS NO HEART ACTION FOR A PERIOD
OF FIVE MINUTES DEATH IS REGARDED AS
CERTAIN.
CESSATION OF RESPIRATION - CESSATION
OF RESPIRATION IN ORDER TO BE
CONSIDERED AS A SIGN OF DEATH MUST BE
CONTINUOUS AND PERSISTENT. A PERSON
CAN HOLD HIS BREATH FOR A PERIOD OF
NO LONGER THAN 3 – ½ MINUTES. IN CASE
OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK, RESPIRATION MAY
CEASE FOR SOME TIME BUT MAYBE
RESTORED BY CONTINUOUS ARTIFICIAL
RESPIRATION.
CLINICAL DEATH OR SOMATIC DEATH - TYPE
OF DEATH USUALLY DECLARE BY MEMBERS
OF THE IMMEDIATE FAMILY OF THE
DISEASED OR BY THE PHYSICIAN.
IMMEDIATE SIGNS OF THE IN A PERSON ARE;
SUDDEN CESSATION OF THE UPWARD AND
DOWNWARD MOVEMENT OF THE CHEST IN
THE PROCESS OF RESPIRATION (10-15
MINUTES), SUDDEN PALE COLOR OF THE
FACES AND LIPS, PULSE AND HEART BEAT
STOPS, THE JAW OR HEAD DROPS DOWN
AND FLACCIDITY OF MUSCLES OCCUR;
PRESENCE OF DILATED PUPIL AS WELL AS
LOSS OF CORNEAL AND LIGHT REFLEXES.
CLINICAL FORENSIC MEDICINE - INVOLVES
AN APPLICATION OF CLINICAL METHODS
FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.
CLOSED WOUND - SUPERFICIAL CLOSED
WOUND AND DEEP CLOSED WOUND,
PETECHIAE, CONTUSION OR BRUISE,
HEMATOMA OR BLOOD CYST, SPRAIN,
FRACTURE, DISCOLORATION,
CONCUSSION, AND INTERNAL
HEMORRHAGE
COAGULATION OF THE BLOOD - THE STASIS
OF THE BLOOD DUE TO THE CESSATION OF
CIRCULATION ENHANCES THE
COAGULATION OF BLOOD INSIDE THE
BLOOD VESSEL. BLOOD CLOTHING IS
ACCELERATED IN CASES OF DEATH BY
INFECTIOUS FEVERS AND DELAYED IN
CASES OF ASPHYXIA, POISONING BY OPIUM,
HYDROCYANIC ACID OR CARBON
MONOXIDE POISONING. BLOOD MAY
REMAIN FLUID INSIDE THE BLOOD VESSEL
AFTER DEATH FOR 6 TO 8 HOURS.
COFFIN BIRTH - (POST MORTEN FETAL
EXTRUSION) - IS THE EXPULSION OF A NON
VIABLE FETUS THOUGH THE VAGINAL
OPENING OF THE DECOMPOSING BODY OF
A PREGNANT WOMAN AS A RESULT OF THE
INCREASING PRESSURE OF THE INTRA
ABDOMINAL GASES.
COOLING OF THE BODY (ALGOR MORTIS) -
AFTER DEATH THE METABOLIC PROCESS
INSIDE THE BODY CEASES. NO MORE HEAT
IS PRODUCED BUT THE BODY LOSES
SLOWLY ITS TEMPERATURE BY
EVAPORATION OR BY CONDUCTION TO THE
SURROUNDING ATMOSPHERE. THE
PROGRESSIVE FALL OF THE BODY
TEMPERATURE IS ONE OF THE MOST
PROMINENT SIGNS OF DEATH. GRADUAL
DECREASING OF THE BODY TEMPERATURE
UNTIL SUCH TIME IT ASSUMES THE
TEMPERATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENT
WHICH IS FASTER DURING THE FIRST TWO
(2) HOURS AFTER DEATH AND SLOWER
DURING THE NEXT 6 TO 9 HOURS AND
EQUAL TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL
TEMPERATURE BEYOND 12 HOURS. THE
FALL OF TEMPERATURE OF 15 TO 20
DEGREES FAHRENHEIT IS CONSIDERED S A
CERTAIN SIGN OF DEATH.
COLD STIFFENING - DUE TO SOLIDIFICATION
OF FAT WHEN THE BODY IS EXPOSED TO
FREEZING TEMPERATURE.
COMPARISON – WITH THE USED OF
STANDARD SPECIMEN, EVIDENCE UNDER
QUESTION CAN BE COMPARED IN ORDER
TO EFFECT IDENTIFICATION.
CONTUSION (BRUISE) - WOUND IN THE
SUBSTANCE OF THE TRUE SKIN AND IN THE
SUBCUTANEOUS CELLULAR TISSUES
CHARACTERIZED BY SWELLING AND
DISCOLORATION OF TISSUE DUE TO
EXTRAVASATION OF BLOOD.
CORONER SYSTEM - THE CORONER SYSTEM
IS HEADED BY A COUNTRY CORONER OR
BOROUGH CORONER WHO MAY BE A
BARRISTER, SOLICITOR OR A LEGALLY
QUALIFIED PRACTITIONER OF NOT LESS
THAN FIVE (5) YEARS STANDING IN HIS
PROFESSION AND IS ELECTED BY THE
COUNTY COUNCIL OR BOROUGH COUNCIL.
COW’S GAIT - A SWAYING MOVEMENT DUE
TO KNOCK-KNEE.
CREMATION - IS THE BURNING OF THE DEAD
BODY INTO ASHES OR PULVERIZATION OF
THE BODY INTO ASHES BY THE
APPLICATION OF HEAT OR FLAMES.
REQUIREMENT: PERMIT FOR CREMATION,
EXACT IDENTIFICATION OF THE DECEASED
AND EXACT CAUSE OF DEATH HAS BEEN
ASCERTAINED.
CONTRE COUP- INJURY FOUND OPPOSITE
THE SIDE OF APPLICATION.
COUP CONTRE COUP- INJURY BOTH AT THE
SIDE AND OPPOSITE SIDE OF APPLICATION.
COUP INJURY - INJURY AT THE SIDE OF
APPLICATION.
DEATH - IS THE STATE OF COMPLETE
PERSISTENT CESSATION OF THE VITAL
FUNCTION OF THE BODY SUCH AS THE
FUNCTION OF THE HEART, THE LINGS AND
THE BRAIN.
DEFLORATION - THE LACERATION OR
RUPTURE OF THE HYMEN AS A RESULT OF
SEXUAL INTERCOURSE.
DERMABRASION - A SMALL PORTION OF THE
TATTOO IS SPRAYED WITH A SOLUTION
THAT FREEZES THE AREA. THE TATTOO IS
THEN “SANDED” WITH ROTARY ABRASIVE
INSTRUMENT CAUSING THE SKIN TO PEEL.
BECAUSE SOME BLEEDING IS LIKELY TO
OCCUR, A DRESSING IS IMMEDIATELY
APPLIED TO THE AREA.
DEMI-VIRGINITY - A CONDITION OF A WOMAN
WHO PERMITS ANY FORM OF SEXUAL
LIBERTIES AS LONG AS THEY ABSTAIN FROM
RUPTURING THE HYMEN BY SEXUAL ACT.
DISEASE - IS AN ABNORMAL CONDITION
AFFECTING THE BODY OF AN ORGANISM.
DIFFUSION LIVIDITY - IT IS A FIXED OR
PERMANENT DISCOLORATION WHEN THE
BLOOD CLOTTED, INSIDE THE BLOOD
VESSELS OR HAS DIFFUSED TO DIFFERENT
PARTS OF THE BODY.
DISLOCATION - DISPLACEMENT OF THE
ARTICULAR SURFACES OF THE BONES
FORMING THE JOINTS USUALLY
SECONDARY TO TRAUMA
EUTHANASIA - (MERCY KILLING) - IT MEANS
PRODUCING PAINLESS DEATH OF A
PERSON SUFFERING FROM HOPELESSLY
INCURABLE AND PAINFUL DISEASE. IT IS
NOT ALLOWED BY LAW IN THE PHILIPPINES.
EXCISION - INVOLVES AN INJECTION OF A
LOCAL ANESTHETIC TO NUMB THE AREA
AFTER WHICH THE TATTOO IS REMOVED
SURGICALLY. THE EDGES ARE THEN
BROUGHT TOGETHER AND SUTURED.
EXCLUSION - IS TWO OR MORE PERSONS
HAVE TO BE IDENTIFIED AND ALL BUT ONE IS
NOT YET IDENTIFIED, THEN THE ONE WHOSE
IDENTITY HAS NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED MAY
BE KNOWN BY THE PROCESS OF
ELIMINATION.
EXHUMATION (DISINTERRING) - IT IS THE
RAISING OR DISINTERRING OF THE DEAD
BODY OR REMAINS FROM THE GRAVE.
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE - A MEDICAL
WITNESS MAY BE ALLOWED BY THE COURT
TO CONFIRM HIS ALLEGATION OR AS A
CORROBORATED PROOF TO AN OPINION
HE PREVIOUSLY STATED.
EXPERT WITNESS - A PHYSICIAN ON
ACCOUNT OF HIS TRAINING AND
EXPERIENCE CAN GIVE HIS OPINION ON A
SET OF MEDICAL FACTS. HE CAN DEDUCE
OF INFER SOMETHING, DETERMINE THE
CAUSE OF DEATH OR RENDER OPINION
PERTINENT TO THE ISSUE AND MEDICAL IN
NATURE.
EXTENSIVE INJURY - INVOLVES A GREATER
AREA OF DAMAGE.
FALSE PHYSICAL VIRGINITY - A CONDITION
WHEREIN THE HYMEN IS NOT RUPTURED
BUT THE ORIFICE IS WIDE AND ELASTIC TO
ADMIT TWO OR MORE FINGERS OF THE
EXAMINER WITH A LESSER DEGREE OF
RESISTANCE.
FIBERS - ARE THE SMALLEST UNIT OF A
TEXTILE MATERIAL THAT HAS A LENGTH
MANY TIMES GREATER THAN ITS DIAMETER.
CONSIDERED A FORM OF TRACE EVIDENCE
THAT CAN BE TRANSFERRED FROM THE
CLOTHING OF A SUSPECT TO THE
CLOTHING OF A VICTIM DURING THE
COMMISSION OF A CRIME
FOOT LINE - THE LONGITUDINAL LINE
DRAWN ON EACH FOOT MARK.
FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY - IS THE USE OF
INSECTS AND THEIR ARTHROPOD
RELATIVES THAT INHABIT DECOMPOSING
REMAINS TO AID IN LEGAL INVESTIGATIONS.
FORENSIC MEDICINE - USE OF MEDICAL
SCIENCE TO ELUCIDATE LEGAL PROBLEMS
IN GENERAL WITHOUT SPECIFIC
REFERENCE OR APPLICATION TO A
PARTICULAR CASE. IT ENCOMPASSES A
VARIETY OF FIELDS IN FORENSIC SCIENCE
SUCH AS PATHOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY,
ODONTOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY,
ENTOMOLOGY, AND OTHERS.
FORENSIC PATHOLOGY - DEALS WITH THE
STUDY AND APPLICATION OF THE EFFECTS
OF VIOLENCE OR UNNATURAL DISEASE IN
ITS VARIOUS FORMS IN OR ON THE HUMAN
BODY, IN DETERMINING THE CAUSE AND
MANNER OF DEATH IN CASE OF VIOLENCE,
SUSPICIOUS, UNEXPLAINED, UNEXPECTED,
SUDDEN, AND MEDICALLY UNATTENDED
DEATH.
FORTUNATOFEDELE - AN ITALIAN
PHYSICIAN WHO IN 1602 PUBLISHED THE
FIRST BOOK ON FORENSIC MEDICINE.
FRACTURE - IT IS A BREAK OR SOLUTION IN
THE CONTINUITY OF THE BONE TISSUES
RESULTING FROM VIOLENCE.
FROG GAIT - A HOPING GAIT IN INFANTILE
PARALYSIS.
FUNERAL - IT IS THE PROCESSION OF THE
DEAD BODY FOLLOWED BY GRIEVING
RELATIVES, FRIENDS AND OTHER PERSONS
TO THE PLACE OF BURIAL IN ACCORDANCE
WITH THE RELIGION, CUSTOM AND
TRADITIONS.
GAIT LINE - THE STRAIGHT LINE
CONNECTING THE CENTER OF THE
SUCCEEDING STEPS. IT IS MORE OR LESS IN
ZIGZAG FASHION ESPECIALLY WHEN THE
LEGS ARE FAR APART WHILE WALKING
GUMMA - DEPRESSED SCAR FOLLOWING
LOSS OF TISSUE
GUNSHOT WOUNDS - DISC LIKE WITH
DEPRESSED CENTER. THEY MAY BE
ADHERENT TO THE UNDERLYING TISSUES.
HEAT STIFFENING - BODY IS EXPOSED TO
TEMPERATURE ABOVE 77 DEGREE CELSIUS.
PUGILISTIC ATTITUDE. MORE OR LESS
PERMANENT
HEMATOMA - LARGE EXTRAVERSION OF
BLOOD IN A NEWLY FORMED CAVITY
SECONDARY TO TRAUMA CHARACTERIZED
BY SWELLING, DISCOLORATION AND
EFFUSION OF BLOOD UNDERNEATH THE
TISSUES.
HIPPOCRATES - FATHER OF MEDICINE,
DISCUSSED LETHALITY OF WOUNDS AND
FORMULATED MEDICAL ETHICS.
HYPOSTACTIC LIVIDITY - IT IS THE LIVIDITY
WHEN THE DISCOLORATION IS DUE TO THE
BLOOD POOLED IN THE MOST DEPENDENT
AREAS OF THE BODY.
INCISED WOUND - CAUSED BY A CLEAN,
SHARP EDGED OBJECT SUCH AS A KNIFE,
RAZOR OR A GLASS SPLINTER.
INDECENCY & IMPROPRIETY –
PRESENTATION OF EVIDENCE MAY BE
NECESSARY TO SERVE THE BEST INTEREST
OF JUSTICE BUT NOTION OF DECENCY AND
DELICACY MAY CAUSE INHIBITION OF ITS
PRESENTATION.
INFLAMMATION - IS A SPECIFIC TISSUE
RESPONSE TO INJURY BY THE LIVING OR
INANIMATE AGENTS, OR TO ELECTRICAL,
CHEMICAL ETC., CHARACTERIZED BY
VASCULAR DILATATION, FLUID EXUDATION
AND ACCUMULATION OF LEUKOCYTES IN
THE TISSUES.
INJURY - IS THE SCIENTIFIC IMPAIRMENT OF
THE BODY STRUCTURE OR FUNCTION
CAUSED BY OUTSIDE FORCE OR AGENT.
INSENSIBILITY OF THE BODY AND LOSS OF
POWER TO MOVE - NO KIND OF STIMULUS IS
CAPABLE TO LETTING THE BODY HAVE
VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT.
INTERNAL HEMORRHAGE - IT IS THE
BLEEDING USUALLY IN THE CAVITY OR
ORGANS INSIDE THE BODY.
JURISPRUDENCE - A SCIENCE OF GIVING
WISE INTERPRETATION OF THE LAWS.
LACERATION - IRREGULAR TEAR LIKE
WOUND CAUSED BY SOME BLUNT TRAUMA.
LAW - A RULE OF CONDUCT, JUST AND
OBLIGATORY, LAND DOWN BY LEGITIMATE
AUTHORITY FOR THE COMMON
OBSERVANCE AND BENEFIT.
LEGAL - REFERS TO ANYTHING
CONFORMABLE TO THE LETTERS OR RULES
OF LAW AS IT IS ADMINISTERED BY THE
COURT.
LEGAL MEDICINE - THE BRANCH OF
MEDICINE WHICH DEALS WITH THE
APPLICATION OF MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE TO
THE PURPOSES OF LAW AND IN THE
ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.
LIFE – IS THE SUM TOTAL OF ALL VITAL
PROCESSES BY WHICH THE PHYSICAL
INTEGRITY OF THE BODY IS MAINTAINED.
LIQUEFACTION OF THE SOFT TISSUES - AS
DECOMPOSITION PROGRESSES, THE SOFT
TISSUES OF THE BODY UNDERGO
SOFTENING AND LIQUEFACTION. THE
EYEBALLS, BRAIN, STOMACH, INTESTINE,
LIVER AND SPLEEN PUTREFY RAPIDLY
WHILE HIGHLY MUSCULAR ORGANS AND
TISSUES RELATIVELY PUTREFY LATE.
LOCUS MINORIS RESISTENCIA - INJURY IS
FOUND ON SOME AREA OFFERING THE
LEAST RESISTANCE TO THE FORCE
APPLIED.
MACERATION - IT IS A CONDITION OF THE
DEAD BODY, USUALLY THE FETUS,
CHARACTERIZED BY THE SOFTENING AND
DISCOLORATION OF THE TISSUES AS WELL
AS FORMATION OF BLISTERS IN THE SKIN
DUE TO THE ACTION OF AUTOLYTIC OR
PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES IN THE ABSENCE
OF UTERO IS IMPORTANT IN THE
CONSIDERATION OF LEGAL LIVE-BIRTH
WHICH SHOWS EVIDENCE OF MACERATION
BY THE FOLLOWING MANIFESTATIONS: 1)
REDDISH GREEN TO REDDISH-BROWN
DISCOLORATION OF SKIN; 2) SOFTNESS
AND LIMPNESS OF THE BODY; AND 3) BLEBS
FORMATION AND SEPARATION OF THE
EPIDERMIS FROM THE UNDERLYING
TISSUES.
MANNERISMS - THESE ARE THE
CHARACTERISTIC MOVEMENT OF THE BODY
PECULIAR TO A PERSON. SUCH AS: WAY OF
SITTING, MOVEMENT OF THE HANDS,
MOVEMENT OF THE BODY, MOVEMENT OF
THE FACIAL MUSCLES, EXPRESSION OF THE
MOUTH WHILE ARTICULATING, MANNER OF
LEARNING, HANDS AND FEET, FACES, LEFT
OR RIGHT HANDEDNESS (AMBIDEXTROUS),
DEGREE OF NUTRITION (THIN, MEDIUM
BUILT OR STOUT), CHANGES IN THE EYE
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE - BRANCH OF
LAW WHICH CONCERNS WITH THE ASPECTS
OF LAW AND LEGAL CONCEPTS TO
MEDICAL PRACTICE. IT INCLUDES RIGHTS,
DUTIES, AND LIABILITIES OF PHYSICIAN,
PATIENT AND HEALTH INSTITUTION.
MEDICAL JURIST - MEDICAL JURIST
RECORDS ALL INJURIES TO QUALIFY THE
CRIME OR JUSTIFY THE ACT.
MEDICINE - A SCIENCE AND ART OF DEALING
WITH PREVENTION, CURE AND ALLEVIATION
OF DISEASE. IT IS THAT PART OF SCIENCE
AND ART OF RESTORING AND PRESERVING
HEALTH.
MEDICAL ETHICS - DEALS WITH THE MORAL
PRINCIPLES WHICH SHOULD GUIDE
MEMBERS OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSION IN
THEIR DEALINGS WITH EACH OTHER, THEIR
PATIENTS AND THE STATE.
MEDICAL ETIQUETTE - DEALS WITH THE
CONVENTIONAL LAWS OF COURTESY
OBSERVED BETWEEN MEMBERS OF THE
MEDICAL PROFESSION. A DOCTOR SHOULD
BEHAVE WITH HIS COLLEAGUES AS HE
WOULD HAVE THEM BEHAVE WITH HIMSELF.
MEDICAL EXAMINER SYSTEM - THIS IS A
SYSTEM UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE
CHIEF MEDICAL EXAMINER THAT IS A
DOCTOR OF MEDICINE AND APPOINTED BY
THE MAYOR FROM THE CLASSIFIED LISTS
COMPILED BY THE CIVIL SERVICE BY THE
BASIS OF COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION.
MEDICO-LEGAL OFFICE SYSTEM - THE
SYSTEM USED IN THE PHILIPPINES, WHICH IS
HANDLED BY A MEDICAL JURIST WHO IS A
REGISTERED PHYSICIAN DULY QUALIFIED
TO PRACTICE MEDICINE IN THE PHILIPPINES.
MOLECULAR OR CELLULAR DEATH - TYPE
OF DEATH CHARACTERIZED BY DEATH OF
INDIVIDUAL CELLS (ONE AT A TIME) AFTER
THE SOMATIC DEATH. THE NERVE CELLS
AND BRAIN CELLS DIE EARLIER AT ABOUT 5
MINUTES DUE TO LOSS OF FOOD AND
OXYGEN WHILE THE MUSCLES LIVE LONGER
UNTIL THE ONSET OF THE RIGOR MORTIS
WHICH ABOUT TWO TO THREE HOURS
AFTER DEATH.
MORAL VIRGINITY - STATE OF NOT KNOWING
THE NATURE OF SEXUAL LIFE AND NOT
HAVING EXPERIENCED SEXUAL RELATION.
MUMMIFICATION - A CONDITION AT WHICH
THE BODY FLUIDS ARE REMOVED BEFORE
DECOMPOSITION SETS IN RESULTING TO
SHRUNKENING AND PRESERVATION OF THE
DEAD BODY. MUMMIFICATION CAN BE
EITHER NATURAL OF ARTIFICIAL
(EMBALMING). NATURAL FOR THE FORCES
OF NATURE SUCH AS SUNLIGHT, WARM
CLIMATE AND HOT DRY SOIL INFLUENCE
THE DEAD BODY. ARTIFICIAL WHEN THE
PRESERVATION IS DONE WITH THE
INTRODUCTION OF SOME CHEMICAL LIKE
FORMALIN, ALCOHOL, PHENOL, MERCURY,
ARSENIC AND GLYCERINE AND COVERING
THE SKIN WITH THE VASELING OR PLASTER
OF PARIS BEFORE DECOMPOSITION SETS
IN.
NECROPHAGUS- THIS TYPE OF ORGANISM
FEEDS DIRECTLY ON DECOMPOSING
TISSUE.
NEGATIVE AUTOPSY - AN AUTOPSY WHICH
FAILED TO ESTABLISH CAUSE OF DEATH
AFTER ALL EFFORTS HAVE BEEN
EXHAUSTED. AN AUTOPSY WHICH AFTER A
METICULOUS EXAMINATION WITH THE AID
OF OTHER EXAMINATION DOES NOT YIELD
ANY DEFINITE CAUSE OF DEATH.
NEGLIGENT AUTOPSY - AN AUTOPSY
WHEREIN NO CAUSE OF DEATH IS FOUND
ON ACCOUNT OF IMPRUDENCE,
NEGLIGENCE, LACK OF SKILL AND LACK OF
FORESIGHT OF THE EXAMINER.
NEMO MORITUROS PRAESUMITUR MENTIRI -
A DYING PERSON IS NOT PRESUMED TO LIE.
OPEN WOUND - INCISED, LACERATED,
PUNCTURED, STAB WOUND, AVULSION,
AND GUNSHOT AND SHOTGUN WOUND.
ORDINARY PHYSICIAN - AN ORDINARY
PHYSICIAN IS TO ARRIVE AT A DEFINITE
DIAGNOSIS AND INSTITUTE PROPER
TREATMENT
ORDINARY WITNESS - A PHYSICIAN: WHO
TESTIFIES IN COURT ON MATTERS BE
PERCEIVED FROM HIS PATIENT IN THE
COURSE OF PHYSICIAN-PATIENT
RELATIONSHIP IS CONSIDERED AS AN
ORDINARY WITNESS.
PARETIC GAIT - A GAIT IN WHICH THE STEPS
ARE SHORT, THE FEET DRAGGED, THE LEGS
HELD MORE OR LESS WIDELY APART.
PATHOLOGIST - A MEDICAL DOCTOR WHO
CONDUCTS AN AUTOPSY.
PATHOLOGY - IS THE PRECISE STUDY AND
DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASE.
PAULUS ZACCHIAS- FATHER OF LEGAL
MEDICINE AS WELL AS FATHER OF
FORENSIC PSYCHIATRY.
PENETRATION WOUND - CAUSED BY AN
OBJECT SUCH AS A KNIFE ENTERING AND
COMING OUT FROM THE SKIN.
PETECHIAE - ARE MINUTE, PIN POINT,
CIRCUMSCRIBED EXTRAVASATION OF
BLOOD IN THE SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES
OR UNDERNEATH THE MUCOUS
MEMBRANE.
PHYSICAL INJURY - IS AN INJURY OF THE
BODY CAUSED BY PHYSICAL AGENTS
WHICH IS THE APPLICATION OF STIMULUS
TO THE BODY PRODUCING DAMAGE OR
INJURY TO THE TISSUE.
PHYSICAL VIRGINITY - A CONDITION
WHEREBY A WOMAN IS CONSCIOUS OF THE
NATURE OF THE SEXUAL LIFE BUT NOT
EXPERIENCED SEXUAL INTERCOURSE.
APPLIES TO WOMEN WHO HAVE REACHED
SEXUAL MATURITY BUT NOT EXPERIENCED
SEXUAL INTERCOURSE.
POST MORTEM CALORICITY IS THE RISE OF
TEMPERATURE OF THE BODY AFTER DEATH
DUE TO RAPID AND EARLY PUTREFACTIVE
CHANGES OR SOME INTERNAL CHANGES. IT
IS USUALLY OBSERVED IN THE FIRST TWO
HOURS OF DEATH. OCCUR IN THE
FOLLOWING CONDITION: CHOLERA,
TETANUS, SMALL POX & PERITONITIS
POST-MORTEM CLOT - SOFT IN
CONSISTENCY. SURFACE OF THE BLOOD
VESSELS SMOOTH AND HEALTHY AFTER
THE CLOTS ARE REMOVED. CLOTS CAN BE
STRIPPED OFF IN LAYERS. CLOT WITH
DISTINCT COLOR
POST MORTEM LIVIDITY - IT IS THE
DISCOLORATION OF THE BODY AFTER
DEATH WHEN THE BLOOD TENS TO POOL IN
THE BLOOD VESSELS FOR THE MOST
DEPENDENT PORTION TO THE POOL IN THE
BLOOD VESSELS FOR THE MOST
DEPENDENT PORTION OF THE BODY. THE
BLOOD REMAINS FLUID IN THE BODY AFTER
FOR 6-8 HOURS AND GRADUALLY CLOT
UNTIL IT IS FULLY DEVELOPED AT ABOUT 12
HOURS, THE APPEARANCE OF POST
MORTEM LIVIDITY USUALLY STARS ABOUT
20-30 MINUTES AFTER DEATH, THUS, IT CAN
ALSO BE A MEANS IN APPROXIMATING THE
TIME OF DEATH OF THE PERSON.
PRIMARY FLACCIDITY (PERIOD OF THE
MUSCLE IRRITABILITY) - MUSCLES ARE
RELAXED AND CAPABLE OF CONTRACTING
WHEN STIMULATED. PUPIL ARE DILATED,
INCONTINENCE OF URINATION AND
DEFECTION. LASTS 3- 6 HOURS AFTER
DEATH.
PUTREFACTION - IT IS THE BREAKING DOWN
OF THE COMPLEX PROTEIN INTO SIMPLER
COMPONENTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE
EVOLUTION OF FOUL SMELLING GASES
AND ACCOMPANIED BY THE CHANGE OF
COLOR OF THE BODY.
RACE - IN THE LIVING, RACE MAY BE
PRESUMED ON: COLOR OF THE SKIN,
CAUCASIANS- FAIR, MALAYANS- BROWN &
NEGROES- BLACK
REPULSIVE OBJECTS TO THOSE OFFENSIVE
TO SENSIBILITIES - FOUL SMELLING
OBJECTS, PERSONS SUFFERING FROM
HIGHLY INFECTIOUS AND COMMUNICABLE
DISEASE, OR OBJECTS WHICH WHEN
TOUCH MAY MEAN POTENTIAL DANGER TO
THE LIFE AND HEALTH OF THE JUDGE MAY
NOT BE PRESENTED.
RULE OF HAASE- IS USED TO ESTIMATE AGE
OF FETUS.THE LENGTH OF THE FETUS IN
CM. DIVIDED BY FIVE, IS THE DURATION OF
PREGNANCY IN MONTHS.

SALABRASION - A CENTURIES OLD
PROCEDURE USING LOCAL ANESTHETIC
APPLIED AROUND THE TATTOO AREA AFTER
WHICH A SOLUTION OF ORDINARY TAP
WATER DIPPED IN TABLE SALT IS APPLIED
AND AN ABRADING APPARATUS SUCH AS
THE ONE USED IN DERMABRASION OR EVEN
A SIMPLER DEVICE IS USED SUCH AS A
WOODEN BLOCK WRAPPED IN GAUZE.
SAPONIFICATION (ADIPOCERE FORMATION)
- IS THE FORMATION OF A SOFT, FRIABLE
AND BROWNISH- WHITE GREASY
SUBSTANCE IN THE SOFT FATTY TISSUES
OF THE BODY AFTER DEATH. THIS
SUBSTANCE IS CALLED ADIPOCERE THAT IS
FORMED BY HYDROGENATION OF THE
BODY FATS. IT CAN BE POSSIBLY BEING
SEEN IN THE BUTTOCKS, TRUNK, LIMBS,
BREAST AND CHEEKS. IT PREVENTS OR
DELAYS THE PUTREFACTION OF THE BODY.
ORGANS HAVE NOT BEEN ALTERED BY
CARNAL CORRECTION.
VIRGO INTACTA - APPLIED TO WOMEN WHO
HAVE HAD PREVIOUS SEXUAL ACT BUT NOT
YET GIVEN BIRTH.
WADDLING GAIT - A GAIT RESEMBLING DUCK
WET CUPPING - SHORT PARALLEL SCARS
ON THE LOWER PART OF THE BACK AND
LOIN.
WOUND - IS A BREAK OR SOLUTION IN THE
CONTINUITY OF THE SKIN OR TISSUES OF
THE BODY.
ZOMBIE - AN ANIMATED CORPSE BROUGHT
BACK TO LIFE BY MYSTICAL MEANS SUCH
AS WITCHCRAFT.

SCARS - THEY ARE COMPOSED OF FIBROUS

TISSUES WHICH TAKE THE PLACE OF THE
ORIGINAL TISSUES WHICH HAVE BEEN
INJURED OR DESTROYED. THEY ARE DEVOID
OF SPECIALIZED TISSUE SO THEY DO NOT
CONTAIN PIGMENT LAYERS, SWEAT OR
SEBACEOUS GLANDS.

SECONDARY FLACCIDITY (SECONDARY

RELAXATION) - DUE TO THE DISSOLUTION
OF THE MUSCLES PROTEIN, ONSET OF
PUTREFACTION. THE BODY BECOMES LIMP
AGAIN AND THE MUSCLES ARE NO LONGER
CAPABLE OF RESPONDING TO
MECHANICAL OR ELECTRICAL STIMULUS.
NOTED ABOUT 48 HOURS AFTER DEATH

SPASTIC GAIT - A GAIT IN WHICH THE LEGS

ARE HELD TOGETHER AND MOVE IN STIFF
CRIME
MANNER, AND THE TOES TO DRAG AND
CATCH. DETECTION
SPRAIN - THE STRAINING OR TEARING OF
THE ARTICULAR TENDONS, LIGAMENTS AND
MUSCLES CHARACTERIZED BY SWELLING,
AND
INVESTIGATI
DISCOLORATION OF TISSUES INVOLVE AND
EXTREME PAIN.

ON
SURGICAL OPERATION - REGULAR FORM
AND LOCATION WITH STITCH MARKS.

TRUE PHYSICAL VIRGINITY - A CONDITION

WHEREIN THE HYMEN IS INTACT, WITH THE
EDGES DISTINCT AND REGULAR, AND THE
OPENING IS SMALL TO BARELY ADMIT THE
TIP OF THE SMALLEST FINGER OF THE
EXAMINER EVEN IF THE THIGHS ARE
SEPARATED.

TUBERCULOUS SINUS - IRREGULAR IN

SHAPE, FURROWED, WITH EDGES
HARDENED AND UNEVEN.

VENESECTION - LOCATED AT BEND OF

ELBOW, DORSUM OF FEET, OR AT THE
TEMPORAL REGION.

VIRGINITY - A CONDITION OF A FEMALE WHO

HAS NOT EXPERIENCED SEXUAL
INTERCOURSE AND WHOSE GENITAL

FUNDAMENTALS
OF CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION
ABC SHADOWING METHOD - REDUCES THE
RISK OF LOSING THE SUBJECT, AFFORDS
GREATER SECURITY AGENTS DETECTION
ADMISSION - A SELF-INCRIMINATORY
STATEMENT BY THE SUBJECT FALLING
SHORT OF AN ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF
GUILT. IT IS AN ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF A
FACT OR CIRCUMSTANCES FROM WHICH
GUILT MAYBE INFERRED. IT IMPLICATES BUT
DOES NOT INCRIMINATE. IT IS ALSO AN
ACKNOWLEDGMENT THAT A FACT, ACTION
OR CIRCUMSTANCES ARE TRUE WHICH
STRONGLY INFER OR DIRECTLY ADMIT
GUILT BUT LACKS THE DETAIL OF THE
ELEMENTS OF THE CRIME.
ANONYMOUS INFORMANT - DO NOT WISH TO
BE IDENTIFIED
ARREST – ARREST IS THE TAKING OF A
PERSON INTO CUSTODY IN ORDER THAT HE
MAY BE BOUND TO ANSWER FOR THE
COMMISSION OF AN OFFENSE.
ARTIFICIAL COVER - THE MANUFACTURE OF
DOCUMENTS, FALSE DOCUMENTS,
PASSPORTS, OR FORGED DOCUMENTS.
ARTIST’S ASSISTANCE — THE
IDENTIFICATION MAY BE MADE BY THE
EMPLOYMENT OF AN ARTIST TO DEPICT A
COMPOSITE OF THE FEATURES DESCRIBED
BY THE EYEWITNESS. THE WITNESS IS
SHOWN A CHART WHICH CONTAINS
REPRESENTATIONS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF
HUMAN FEATURES AS NOSES, EYES, EARS,
ETC., AND IS REQUESTED TO SELECT THE
INDIVIDUAL FEATURES PRESENT IN THE
UNKNOWN CRIMINAL. FROM THIS
SELECTION, THE ARTIST DRAWS A THE SUBJECT FOR HIS COOPERATION.
COMPOSITE OF THE FACE WHICH MAYBE A
CLOSE APPROXIMATION TO THAT OF THE
CRIMINALS.
ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE - THESE ARE
PHYSICAL EVIDENCES WHICH LINK A
SUSPECT TO THE CRIME.
AUTOMOBILE SURVEILLANCE - THE
METHODS OF AUTO SURVEILLANCE TO BE
USED DEPENDS UPON THE NUMBERS AND
TYPE OF SURVEILLANCE VEHICLES
AVAILABLE, THE VOLUME OF VEHICULAR
TRAFFIC IN THE AREA, THE IMPORTANCE OF
CONCEALING THE SURVEILLANCE FROM
THE SUBJECT, AND THE SUBJECT’S
ESTIMATED ABILITY TO DETECT AND ELUDE
SURVEILLANCE. AT ALL TIMES EACH
VEHICLE SHOULD BE OCCUPIED BY AT
LEAST TWO AGENTS; ONE TO
CONCENTRATE ON DRIVING, AND THE
OTHER TO OBSERVE, TAKE NOTES,
OPERATE RADIO EQUIPMENT, OR TO
DISMOUNT AND CONTINUE THE
SURVEILLANCE ON FOOT.
BLUFF ON A SPLIT PAIR - THIS IS APPLICABLE
WHEN THERE ARE MORE THAN ONE
SUSPECT. THE SUSPECT ARE SEPARATED
AND ONE IS INFORMED THAT OTHER HAS
TALKED.
CARDINAL RULE IN CRIME SCENE
INVESTIGATION – “DO NOT TOUCH OR
MOVE ANYTHING IN THE CRIME SCENE
UNLESS IT HAS BEEN PROPERLY
PHOTOGRAPH, SKETCH AND RECORDED.”
CHAIN OF CUSTODY - IT IS THE NUMBER OF
PERSONS WHO HANDLE THE EVIDENCE
BETWEEN THE TIME OF THE COMMISSION
OF THE OFFENSE AND THE ULTIMATE
DISPOSITION OF THE CASE AND SHOULD BE
KEPT TO MINIMUM.
CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE - THE PROOF
OF FACT OR FACTS FROM WHICH, TAKEN
EITHER SINGLY OR COLLECTIVELY, THE
EXISTENCE OF THE PARTICULAR FACT IN
DISPUTE MAY BE INFERRED AS A
NECESSARY OR PROVABLE
CONSEQUENCE.
PROGRESSIVE/ LEAP FROG SHADOWING
METHOD - POOR CHANCES OF OBTAINING
GOOD RESULTS, AGENTS ARE STATIONS AT
A FIXED POINT ASSUMING THAT SUBJECT
FOLLOWED THE SAME GENERAL ROUTE
EACH DAY.
COMMAND POST - AN AREA WHICH, IS
IDEALLY LOCATED ADJACENT TO THE
CRIME SCENE WHERE THE CSI EVIDENCE
CUSTODIAN STAYS AND RECEIVES THE
PIECES OF EVIDENCE TURNED OVER TO HIM
FOR SAFEKEEPING BY THE OTHER
EVIDENCE COLLECTORS.
CONCLUSIONS — AFTER THE INTERVIEW, IT
IS BUT PROPER TO CLOSE THE INTERVIEW
WITH OUTMOST COURTESY AND THANKING
CONDUCT OF FINAL SURVEY - THE TEAM
LEADER MAKES A FINAL REVIEW ON THE
CRIME SCENE TO DETERMINE WHETHER OR
NOT THE PROCESSING HAS BEEN
COMPLETED.
CONFESSION — IT IS THE DECLARATION OF
AN ACCUSED
EXPRESSING/ACKNOWLEDGING HIS GUILT
OF THE OFFENSE CHARGED.
CORPUS DELICTI DEFINED- IT MAY REFER
TO: THE BODY OF THE CRIME OR; THE
ACTUAL COMMISSION OF THE CRIME
CHARGED; OR THE FACT THAT A CRIME HAS
BEEN ACTUALLY COMMITTED.
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION - IT IS THE
CONDUCT OF PROCESSES, MORE
PARTICULARLY, THE RECOGNITION,
HANDLING, PRESERVATION AND
DOCUMENTATION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
TO INCLUDE THE IDENTIFICATION AND
INTERVIEW OF WITNESSES AND THE
ARREST OF SUSPECT/S AT THE CRIME
SCENE.
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR - A CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATOR IS A PERSON WHO IS
CHARGED WITH THE DUTY OF CARRYING ON
THE OBJECTIVES OF CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION,
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION - THE ART WHICH
DEALS WITH THE IDENTITY AND LOCATION
OF THE OFFENDER AND PROVIDES
EVIDENCE OF GUILT THROUGH CRIMINAL
PROCEEDINGS.
CULTIVATED SOURCE - ARE INFORMATION
FURNISHED BY INFORMANTS/ INFORMERS.
DETAILS (SKETCH) - THE IMMEDIATE SCENE
ONLY
DOCUMENTATION - ARE MADE BY THE CRIME
SCENE INVESTIGATOR FOR PURPOSES OF
FUTURE CRIME SCENE RECONSTRUCTION
WHICH HELP THE PROSECUTOR AND THE
JUDGE UNDERSTAND CONDITIONS AT THE
CRIME SCENE.
DOUBLE CROSSER INFORMANT - TO GET
MORE INFORMATION
EMOTIONAL APPEAL - PLACE THE SUBJECT
IN THE PROPER FRAME OF MIND. THE
INVESTIGATOR SHOULD PROVIDE
EMOTIONAL STIMULI THAT WILL PROMPT
THE SUBJECT TO UNBURDEN HIMSELF BY
CONFIDING. ANALYZE THE SUBJECT’S
PERSONALITY AND DECIDE WHAT
MOTIVATION WOULD PROMPT HIM TO TELL
THE TRUTH, THEN PROVIDE THOSE MOTIVES
THROUGH APPROPRIATE EMOTIONAL
APPEALS.
EXPLODED/ CROSS PROJECTION (SKETCH)
- GIVES THE CLEAR IMPRESSION OF THE
SCENE IN CASES WHERE BLOOD STAINS OR
BULLET HOLES ARE FOUND
EXTENUATION - THE INVESTIGATOR
INDICATES HE DOES NOT CONSIDER HIS
SUBJECT’S INDISCRETION A GRAVE
OFFENSE.
EXTRA- JUDICIAL CONFESSION - MADE BY
THE SUSPECT/ ACCUSED IN OUTSIDE THE
COURT
FALSE INFORMANT – INFORMATION HAS NO
VALUE
FLOOR SEARCH – THE SUBJECT IS IN A
PRONE POSITION, FACE DOWN TOUCHING
THE GROUND, WITH ARMS EXTENDED OVER
HIS HEAD. THE INVESTIGATOR CROUCHES
AT THE SIDE OF THE SUBJECT AT THE
REGION OF THE WAIST OF THE SUBJECT.
FORENSIC SEROLOGY WAS DISCOVERED
BY KARL LANDSTEINER IN 1901 THE
AGGLUTINATION OF HUMAN BLOOD.
FRIGHTENED INFORMANT - MOTIVATED BY
ANXIETY
GENERAL PHOTOGRAPH — THE
INVESTIGATOR SHOULD SHOW THE
WITNESS THE VARIETY OF FACIAL TYPES
WHICH DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT
THE CRIMINAL. THE PICTURE ONLY
REPRESENTS DIFFERENT FEATURES OF
THE FACE. THE IMAGE OF VARIOUS
FEATURES SUCH AS THE DEGREE OF
BALDNESS, LENGTH OR SHAPE OF THE
NOSE, THE SHAPE OF MOUTH EAR, ETC.
GRAPEVINE SOURCE - ARE INFORMATION
GIVEN BY THE UNDERWORLD CHARACTERS
SUCH AS PRISONERS OR CRIMINALS.
GROUND (SKETCH) - PICTURE OF THE SCENE
OF THE CRIME WITH ITS NEAREST PHYSICAL
SURROUNDING.
IDENTITY — PRIOR TO THE COMMENCEMENT
OF AN INTERVIEW, THE INVESTIGATOR
SHOULD IDENTIFY HIMSELF TO THE
SUBJECT BY NAME, RANK AND AGENCY.
EXCEPT WHEN THERE IS NO NEED TO KNOW
THE OFFICER’S IDENTITY.
INFORMATION - IT IS THE KNOWLEDGE/
DATA WHICH AN INVESTIGATOR ACQUIRES
FROM RECORDS AND PERSONS. REGULAR
SOURCE IS ACQUIRED FROM OPEN
SOURCES, RECORDS, AND FILES.
INQUIRY — AFTER ALL INFORMATION HAVE
BEEN GIVEN BY THE SUBJECT THAT IS THE
TIME FOR THE INVESTIGATOR TO AS
QUESTION TO CLARIFY HIM ABOUT THE
CASE UNDER INVESTIGATION.
INSTRUMENTATION (1) - IS THE APPLICATION
OF INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS OF
PHYSICAL SCIENCE TO THE DETECTION OF
CRIME. IT IS THE APPLICATION OF PHYSICS,
CHEMISTRY, AND BIOLOGY IN CRIME
DETECTION.
INSTRUMENTATION (2) - IT IS THE
APPLICATION OF INSTRUMENTS AND
METHODS OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE TO THE
DETECTION OF CRIMES. IN CASES WHERE
THERE ARE NO SIGNIFICANT PHYSICAL
EVIDENCE TO BE FOUND, THEN THE USE OF
INSTRUMENTATION IS RELATIVELY
UNIMPORTANT.
INTENT - THE RESULT OR
ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE ACT
INTERROGATION - IS A QUESTIONING OF A
PERSON SUSPECTED OF HAVING
COMMITTED AN OFFENSE OR A PERSON
WHO IS RELUCTANT TO MAKE FULL
DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION IN HIS
POSSESSION WHICH IS PERTINENT TO THE
INVESTIGATION.
INTERVIEW - IS A CONVERSATION WITH A
PURPOSE, MOTIVATED BY A DESIRE TO
OBTAIN CERTAIN INFORMATION FROM THE
PERSON BEING INTERVIEWED AS TO WHAT
WAS EITHER DONE, SEEN, FELT, HEARD,
TASTED, SMELL OR KNOWN. THIS IS THE
QUESTIONING OF A PERSON BELIEVED TO
POSSESS KNOWLEDGE THAT IS IN OFFICIAL
INTEREST TO THE INVESTIGATOR.
INVESTIGATION - THE COLLECTION OF
FACTS TO ACCOMPLISH A THREEFOLD AIM:
TO IDENTIFY THE GUILTY PARTY; TO LOCATE
THE GUILTY PARTY; AND TO PROVIDE
EVIDENCE OF HIS GUILT.
JOLTING - MAYBE APPLIED TO CALM AND
NERVOUS SUBJECTS. BY CONSTANTLY
OBSERVING THE SUSPECTS, THE
INVESTIGATOR CHOOSES A PROPITIOUS
MOMENT TO SHOUT A PERTINENT
QUESTION AND APPEAR AS THOUGH HE IS
BESIDE HIMSELF WITH RAGE. THE SUBJECT
MAYBE UNNERVED TO THE EXTENT OF
CONFESSING.
JUDICIAL CONFESSION - MADE BY THE
SUSPECT/ ACCUSED IN OPEN COURT
KINDNESS - THE SIMPLEST TECHNIQUE IS TO
ASSUME THAT THE SUSPECT WILL
CONFESS IF HE IS TREATED IN A KIND AND
FRIENDLY MANNER.
KNEELING SEARCH – THIS IS USED WHERE
NO WALL OR UPRIGHT OBJECT IS
AVAILABLE FOR THE WALL SEARCH. THE
SUBJECT IS REQUIRED TO KNEEL WITH
HANDS RAISED OR SECURED BEHIND HIM
WITH HANDCUFFS. THE SEARCH IS THAT
WHICH IS SIMILAR TO THE ONE USED IN THE
WALL METHOD. THE SUBJECT SHOULD BE
DIRECTED TO REMAIN MOTIONLESS AND TO
FACE THE FRONT. THE OFFICER SHOULD
PLACE ONE FOOT ON THE HEEL OF THE
SUBJECT’S FOOT. SHOULD THE SUBJECT
ATTEMPT TO RESIST, THE INVESTIGATOR
CAN PIN THE HEEL OF THE SUBJECT TO THE
GROUND.
KNOWN FUGITIVES - IF THE CRIMINAL IS
KNOWN, THEN POLICE RECORDS AND
PICTURES ARE AVAILABLE. HIS RELATIVES
AND FRIENDS CAN OFFER A DESCRIPTION.
FURTHER DESCRIPTION MAY BE OBTAINED
FROM LOCAL POLICE FILES, BACKGROUND
INVESTIGATION AND FROM VERBAL
DESCRIPTIONS OF OTHERS.
LEGITIMATE INFORMANT - OPERATORS OF
LEGIT BUSINESS
LOCALITY (SKETCH) - GIVE PICTURE OF THE
SCENE, THE CRIME AND ITS ENVIRONS,
INCLUDING NEIGHBORING BUILDINGS,
ROADS ETC.
MENTAL RECONSTRUCTION — FROM THE
PHYSICAL RECONSTRUCTION, SOME
CONCLUSIONS CAN BE MADE
CONCERNING THE CONSISTENCY OF THE
ACCOUNTS OF VARIOUS WITNESSES. NO
ASSUMPTION SHOULD BE MADE
CONCERNING ACTIONS WHICH ARE NOT
SUPPORTED BY EVIDENCES. THE FINAL
THEORY DEVELOPED BY THE INVESTIGATOR
SHOULD PROVIDE A LINE OF INVESTIGATIVE
ACTION.
MERCENARY INFORMANT - SELL
INFORMATION
MIRANDA DOCTRINE: - THE ORIGIN IS OF
AMERICA JURISPRUDENCE, MR. ERNESTO
MIRANDA, A LATINO WAS ACCUSED OF A
SERIOUS OFFENSE SOMEWHERE IN THE
STATE OF ARIZONA. HE WAS
INTERROGATED EXHAUSTEDLY BY THE
ARIZONA POLICE LEADING TO HIS
CONFESSION. BASED ON HIS CONFESSION,
HE WAS CHARGED, TRIED AND CONVICTED.
APPEAL OF HIS CONVICTION WAS MADE
BEFORE THE ARIZONA SUPREME COURT
BUT HIS CONVICTION WAS AFFIRMED. THE
APPEAL WAS THEN ELEVATED TO THE US
SUPREME COURT WHERE THERE WAS A
REVERSAL OF THE DECISION AND HE WAS
ACQUITTED ON CONSTITUTIONAL
GROUNDS.
MODUS OPERANDI - THE METHOD OF
OPERATIONS. IT ENABLES THE
INVESTIGATORS TO RECOGNIZE A PATTERN
OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR, TO PREDICT,
APPROXIMATE THE NEXT TARGET OF THE
CRIMINALS AND TO ASSIST COMPLAINANTS
TO RECOGNIZE THE SUSPECT BY MEANS OF
RECORDED INFORMATION CONCERNING
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIMINAL
ACTIVITIES.
MOTIVE - INDUCES THE PERSON TO ACT. IT
MAY BE INFERRED FROM CIRCUMSTANCES
AND FROM THE STATEMENTS OF
WITNESSES THAT THE SUSPECT HAS BEEN
MOTIVATED BY A DESIRE FOR REVENGE OR
PERSONAL GAIN. MOTIVE IS HARD TO
ESTABLISH IN CRIME COMMITTED BY
MENTALLY DERANGED PERSONS.
MUTT AND JEFF (TWO (2) AGENTS ARE
EMPLOYED) - MUTT, THE RELENTLESS
INVESTIGATOR, WHO IS NOT GOING TO
WASTE ANY TIME BECAUSE HE KNOWS THE
SUBJECT IS GUILTY & JEFF, ON THE OTHER
HAND, IS OBVIOUSLY A KIND-HEARTED MAN.
NARRATION —THE WITNESS SHOULD BE
ALLOWED TO TELL ALL HE KNOWS WITH
LITTLE INTERRUPTIONS FROM THE
INVESTIGATOR.
NARRATIVE REPORT - REPRESENT SCENE IN
A GENERAL TO SPECIFIC SCHEME,
CONSIDER STRUCTURED FACTORS SUCH
AS: LIGHTS ON/OFF, NEWSPAPER ON
DRIVEWAY/IN HOUSE, DRAPES PULLED,
OPEN OR SHUT. THIS WRITTEN RECORD
COULD SERVE AS THE ONLY SOURCE OF
INFO FOR REFRESHING ONE’S MEMORY
MONTH OR YEARS AFTER A CRIME HAS
BEEN PROCESSED. THE TEAM LEADER USES
THE SYSTEMATIC APPROACH IN MAKING A
NARRATIVE REPORT.
NATURAL COVER - USING THE INDIVIDUAL’S
TRUE IDENTITY, OCCUPATION OR
PROFESSION.
ONE MAN SHADOWING - EXTREMELY
DIFFICULT AND SHOULD BE AVOIDED, IF
UNAVOIDABLE KEEP SUBJECT IN VIEW AT
ALL TIMES.
OPENING STATEMENT — THE INVESTIGATOR
MUST HAVE TO INDICATE WHY THE SUBJECT
IS BEING CONTRACTED.
OPPORTUNITY — THIS IS THE PHYSICAL
POSSIBILITY THAT THE SUSPECT COULD
HAVE COMMITTED THE CRIME.
PHILOSOPHY OF INTERVIEW AND
INTERROGATION: “THE RIGHT OFFICER
ASKING THE RIGHT QUESTIONS IN THE
RIGHT MANNER AT THE RIGHT TIME AND IN
THE RIGHT PLACE WILL GET THE RIGHT
ANSWERS.”
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILES — (ROGUE’S
GALLERY)—THE WITNESS MAY BE TAKEN TO
THE HEADQUARTERS TO EXAMINE THE
PHOTOGRAPHS IN FILE. THE MODUS
OPERANDI FILE MAY ALSO BE SHOWN UPON
KNOWLEDGE OF THE TECHNIQUE OF THE
COMMISSION OF THE CRIME. THE
ATTENTION TO ANY STRONG SIMILARITY IN
THE PHOTOGRAPH OF A SINGLE FEATURE,
AS THE NOSE OR MOUTH.
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE - THESE ARE THE
ARTICLES AND MATERIALS WHICH RE
FOUND IN CONNECTION WITH THE
INVESTIGATION AND AID IN ESTABLISHING
THE IDENTITY OF THE SUSPECT.
PHYSICAL LINE - UP- MEANS OF SELECTING A
SUSPECT FROM A GROUP OF INNOCENT
PERSONS USUALLY COMPOSED OF SEVEN
TO TEN PERSONS. THE PURPOSE OF LINE-
UP IS TO ELIMINATE THE POWER OF
SUGGESTION.
PHYSICAL RECONSTRUCTION — THE
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE OF THE CRIME
SCENE IS RECONSTRUCTED FROM THE
DESCRIPTION OF WITNESSES AND THE
INDICATION OF THE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE.
PHYSICAL SHOW - UP- ONLY ONE PERSON IS
SHOWN TO THE WITNESS USUALLY AT THE
SCENE OF THE CRIME AND MADE
IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE ARREST OF THE
SUSPECT.
POINT TO POINT SEARCH - SEARCHER WILL
STAND IN A STRAIGHT LINE AND MOVE
FORWARD TOGETHER.
PRETENSE OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE - THE
INVESTIGATOR MAY PRETEND THAT
CERTAIN PHYSICAL EVIDENCE HAS FOUND
BY LABORATORY EXPERTS AGAINST HIM
PROGRESSIVE/ LEAP FROG SHADOWING
METHOD - POOR CHANCES OF OBTAINING
GOOD RESULTS, AGENTS ARE STATIONS AT
A FIXED POINT ASSUMING THAT SUBJECT
FOLLOWED THE SAME GENERAL ROUTE
EACH DAY.
RAPPORT — IT IS GOOD TO GET THE POSITIVE
FEELING OF THE SUBJECT TOWARDS THE
INVESTIGATORS, SUCH FRIENDLY
ATMOSPHERE IS A VITAL FOR BOTH THE
SUBJECT AND THE INVESTIGATOR TO HAVE
A BETTER INTERACTION.
RELEASE OF THE CRIME SCENE - THE
RELEASE OF THE CRIME SCENE IS DONE IF
THE INVESTIGATOR IS SATISFIED THAT ALL
PIECES OF EVIDENCE HAVE BEEN
RECOVERED. THUS, THE INVESTIGATOR
MUST EVALUATE THE ITEMS RECOVERED
FROM THE RESULTS OF THE
INTERROGATIONS OF THE SUSPECT/S AND
THE INTERVIEW OF THE WITNESSES. HE
MUST BEAR IN MIND THAT UPON THE
FORMAL RELEASE OF THE CRIME SCENE TO
THE PROPER AUTHORITY, THE WARRANT IS
ALREADY REQUIRED FOR HIS RE- ENTRY TO
THE CRIME SCENE.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CRIME - AFTER
COMPLETION OF THE SEARCH, AN EFFORT
MUST BE MADE TO DETERMINE FROM THE
APPEARANCE OF THE PLACE AND ITS
OBJECTS WHAT ACTUALLY OCCURRED AND
WHAT THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF A CRIME
WERE. THIS IS KNOWN AS
RECONSTRUCTING THE CRIME.
RIVAL- ELIMINATION INFORMANT -
ELIMINATE COMPETITION
ROUGH SKETCH - IS PREPARED INDICATING
THE ACTUAL MEASUREMENT OF THINGS
WITH SCALE AND PROPORTION OBSERVED
AND ORIENTED TO THE NORTH POLE. ALL
NECESSARY INFORMATION ARE PLACED IN
THE SKETCH.
SEARCH WARRANT – A SEARCH WARRANT
IS AN ORDER IN WRITING AND ISSUED IN THE
NAME OF THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES;
SIGNED BY A MUNICIPAL OR CITY JUDGE
AND DIRECTED TO A PEACE OFFICER,
COMMANDING HIM TO SEARCH FOR
PERSONAL PROPERTY AND BRING IT
BEFORE THE COURT.
SELF-AGGRANDIZING INFORMANT - HANGS
ABOUT THE FRINGES OF THE CRIMINALS
SHIFTING THE BLAME - THE INTERROGATOR
MAKES CLEAR HIS BELIEF THAT THE
SUBJECT IS OBVIOUSLY NOT THE SORT OF
PERSON WHO USUALLY GETS MIXED UP IN A
CRIME LIKE THIS. THE INTERROGATOR
COULD TELL FROM THE START THAT HE
WAS NOT DEALING WITH A FELLOW WHO IS
A CRIMINAL BY NATURE AND CHOICE.
SHADOWING - THE ACT OF FOLLOWING A
PERSON DEPENDS ON THE NUMBER OF
SURVEILLANT AVAILABLE, VOLUME OF
PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC AND IMPORTANCE OF PROCEED OUTWARD ALONG RADIO OR
CONCEALING THE SURVEILLANCE. SPOKES.

SPIRALSEARCH - THE SEARCHERS WILL WOMAN INFORMANT - MOST DANGEROUS

FOLLOW EACH OTHER IN THE PATH OF A SPECIE
SPIRAL, BEGINNING IN THE OUTSIDE AND
SPIRALING TOWARDS THE CENTER. ZONE SEARCH - THE AREA TO BE SEARCHED
CLOCKWISE/ COUNTER CLOCKWISE. IS DIVIDE INTO FOUR QUADRANTS AND
EACH SEARCHER IS ASSIGNED TO ONE
STANDING SEARCH – THE SUBJECT IS IN A QUADRANT.
STANDING POSITION WITH FEET APART AND
HANDS RAISED. THE SEARCHER STANDS TO
THE REAR AND USES THE TECHNIQUES AS
IN WALL SEARCH. THIS METHOD IS ONLY
APPLIED OR EMPLOYED WHEN THERE ARE
TWO OR MORE ARRESTING OFFICERS.

STRIP SEARCH - THE SEARCHERS WILL

PROCEED AT THE SAME PACE ALONG THE
PATH PARALLEL TO ONE SIDE OF THE
RECTANGLE.

SURVEILLANCE - IT IS THE SECRET

OBSERVATION OF PLACES, PERSONS, AND
VEHICLES FOR THE PURPOSE OF
OBTAINING INFORMATION CONCERNING
THE IDENTITIES OR ACTIVITIES OF THE
SUBJECT.

SYMPATHETIC APPEAL - THE SUSPECT MAY

FEEL THE NEED FOR SYMPATHY OR
FRIENDSHIP. HE IS APPARENTLY IN
TROUBLE. GESTURES OF FRIENDSHIP MAY
WIN HIS COOPERATION.

TWO MAN SHADOWING - TWO AGENTS ARE

EMPLOYED TO FOLLOW THE SUBJECT.

UNDERCOVER - AN INVESTIGATIVE
TECHNIQUE IN WHICH THE
AGENT’S/INVESTIGATOR’S OFFICIAL
IDENTITY IS CONCEALED TO ACCOMPLISH
AN INVESTIGATIVE MISSION.

UNKNOWN CRIMINALS - IDENTIFIED OF

UNKNOWN CRIMINALS BY EYEWITNESSES
MUST BE APPROACHED WITH CAUTION BY
THE INVESTIGATOR. THE DESCRIPTION AND
CHARACTERISTICS MAY BE VAGUE THAT
IDENTIFICATION IS DIFFICULT.
VERBAL DESCRIPTION — THE VALUE OF THE
DESCRIPTION MUST DEPEND ON THE
CAPACITY OF THE WITNESS TO DESCRIBE
THE CRIMINAL.
WALL SEARCH – THE PRISONER IS PLACED
ABOUT TEN INCHES OUT OR ARMS REACH
FROM THE WALL. HE IS THEN MADE TO LEAN
FORWARD AGAINST THE WALL WITH HIS
HEAD DOWN. IN THIS POSITION, HE IS OFF
BALANCE. IF HE MOVES HIS HAND FROM
THE WALL, HE WILL FALL DOWN. HIS LOSS
OF BALANCE PROHIBITS ANY SUDDEN
MOVEMENT OR ATTEMPT TO STRIKE A
BLOW.
WHEEL SEARCH - FOR AREA TO BE
SEARCHED APPROXIMATELY CIRCULAR OR
OVAL. IF THE AREA TO BE SEARCHED IS
APPROXIMATELY CIRCULAR OR OVAL, THE
WHEEL METHOD MAY BE USED. THE
SEARCHERS GATHER AT THE CENTER AND
TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT
AND ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION
ACCIDENT- THAT OCCURRENCE IN A
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS WHICH USUALLY
PRODUCES UNINTENDED INJURY, DEATH
OR PROPERTY DAMAGE
ADJUDICATION - IT IS COURT FUNCTION, THE
POLICE PROVIDES INFLUENCE ON THIS
STEP BY AS A WITNESS TO THE
PROSECUTION BY SUPPLYING ADDITIONAL
EVIDENCE. IT DETERMINES THE GUILT OR
INNOCENCE OF THE ACCUSED.
ADVANCE SIGNS - THESE ARE THE NAMES
AND DISTANCES OF THE PRINCIPAL
DESTINATION OR DESTINATION SERVED BY
THE INTERSECTING ROADS.
AMBER LIGHT – MEANS TO SLOWDOWN
ANCIENT CHINESE KITE - BASED ON KOREAN
TRADITION, THE KITE WAS FIRST USED FOR
TRANSPORT WHEN A KOREAN GENERAL
EMPLOYED ONE IN BUILDING BRIDGE.
ANIMAL POWER - THE DOMESTICATION OF
ANIMALS GREATLY INCREASED THE
POTENTIAL POWER AVAILABLE FOR
TRANSPORTATION. PACK ANIMALS WERE
INTRODUCED AS CONVEYANCES MAINLY TO
SAVE LABOR. A MAN CAN TEND SEVERAL
PACK ANIMALS MOVING TOGETHER, EACH
OF WHICH (EXCEPT DOGS) CAN CARRY
MORE THAN HE USUALLY CAN. LITTLE
ADVANTAGE IN SPEED IS GAINED PART OF
THE ANIMALS’ CARRYING CAPACITY IS
SACRIFICED.
APPREHENSION - A POLICE RESPONSIBILITY
WHEREIN THE POLICE ARE REQUIRED
ACTION TO PREVENT CONTINUED AND
FUTURE VIOLATION.
AREA PATROL - TYPE OF PATROL ASSIGNED
TO AN AREA OF VICINITY
BACK LOAD AND TUMPLINE - IN MANY PARTS
OF THE WORLD, GOODS ARE CARRIED ON
THE BACK. POTS ARE CARRIED ON A
WOODEN FRAMEWORK SUPPORTED BY A
TUMPLINE ACROSS THE FOREHEAD, THE
LOAD IS HELD ON THE BACK BY A STRAP
PASSING OVER THE CHEST.
BARANGAY ROAD- FROM MARKET TO TOWN
NOT LESS THAN 2 METERS
BICYCLE - BICYCLES ARE CHEAP AND EASY
TO MAINTAIN, 1700, EARLIST BICYCLES
“DANDYHORSE”. 1865, BICYCLES WITH
PEDALS APPEARED, 1883, “PENNY
FARTHING” BICYCLE.
BIORHYTHM - THE THEORY ASSERTING THAT
MAN EXHIBIT CONSTANT VARIATION OF
ENERGY AND MOOD STATES
BROKEN YELLOW LINE - MEANS PASSING IS
ALLOWED IF THE WAY AHEAD AND REAR IS
CLEAR.
CAMEL - THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF CAMEL,
THE TWO-HUMPED BACTIRIAN OF CENTRAL
ASIA AND THE ONE-HUMPED DROMEDARY
OF ARABIA HAVE LONG BEEN USED FOR
TRANSPORT. THE BACTIRIAN CAMEL HAS
PLODDED ALONG THE CARAVANS ROUTES
BETWEEN CHINA AND IRAN AT LEAST 2,000
YEARS. IT IS ALSO USED TO DRAW CARTS.
THE DROMEDARY, WHICH HAS LESS
ENDURANCE BUT IT IS FLEETER AND
SPECIAL FAST-PACED RIDING CAMEL.
CANALS - A BODY OF WATER USED TO BE
CHANNEL OF SEA TRANSPORTATION. THE
FIRST CANAL WAS CONSTRUCTED BY ENGR.
JAMES BRINDLEY
CARNAPPING - IS THE TAKING, WITH INTENT
TO GAIN, OF A MOTOR VEHICLE BELONGING
TO ANOTHER WITHOUT THE LATTER'S
CONSENT, OR BY MEANS OF VIOLENCE
AGAINST OR INTIMIDATION OF PERSONS,
OR BY USING FORCE UPON THINGS.
CARRYING POLE - BALANCED ON ONE
SHOULDER IS A POPULAR CARRYING
DEVICE. THE ENDS OF THE POLE ARE
SUPPORTED BY TWO MEN, WITH GOODS
SUSPENDED FROM THE POLE IN BETWEEN.
CENTER LANE - FOR THRU MOVING VEHICLE
AND FAST AND OVERTAKING VEHICLE
CITY ROAD- INTERLINK IN THE CITY, ROW
NOT LESS THAN 15 METERS
COMMERCIUM – DERIVED FROM LATIN
WORD MEANS MOVEMENT AND CONTROL
OF GOODS IN TRANSIT.
CONCEALED TRAFFIC OBSERVATION -
OBSERVER IS NOT VISIBLE TO THE PUBLIC
CONDUCTOR - LICENSED PERSON
ALLOWING LIMITED NUMBER OF
PASSENGERS, FREIGHT OR CARGO IN
PUBLIC UTILITY TRUCK OR BUSES
CONGRESS AND LOCAL COUNCIL - THE
BRANCH OF GOVERNMENT PRIMARILY
TASKED TO CREATE LAWS FOR THE
WELFARE OF THE PUBLIC
CONSPICUOUS TRAFFIC OBSERVATION -
OFFICER ATTRACTS ATTENTION
COURT TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT-
PERFORMED BY THE COURT THROUGH
ADJUDICATION AND PENALIZATION
CYCLE TIME PHASE- TOTAL TIME REQUIRED
FOR ONE SIGNAL EXPRESS IN SECONDS
DANGER WARNING SIGNS - THESE SIGNS
ARE INTENDED TO WARN ROAD USERS OF
DANGER THAT LIES AHEAD OF ITS NATURE.
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND
COMMUNICATION (DOTC) - IN CHARGE OF
PLANNING PROGRAMS COORDINATING
IMPLEMENTING AND PERFORM
ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTION AND
PROMOTION DEVELOPMENT AND
REGULATION OF DEPENDABLE AND
COORDINATED NETWORK OF
TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION
IN ORDER TO HAVE FAST, SAFE, EFFICIENT
AND RELIABLE POSTAL TRANSPORTATION
AND COMMUNICATION SERVICES (EO NO.
125.) NOW DEPARTMENT OF
TRANSPORTATION (DOTR)
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND
HIGHWAYS (DPWH) - HAS RESPONSIBILITY
OF DETERMINING TRAFFIC FLOW PLANNING
APPROVAL OF PROGRAM AND BUDGET
FINDING OF CONSTRUCTION AND
MAINTENANCE OF ROAD AND INSTRUMENT
DETECTION - WHOLLY POLICE ACTIVITIES
AND ENTAILS LOOKING FOR DEFECTS IN
THE BEHAVIOR MOTORIST, PEDESTRIAN,
VEHICLE, EQUIPMENT AND ROADWAY
CONDITION.
DIPLOMATIC VEHICLE – VEHICLES OWNED
BY FOREIGN GOVERNMENT OR THEIR
DIPLOMATIC OFFICERS IN PHILIPPINES
DISENGAGEMENT – IT IS THE SEPARATION
OF A TRAFFIC UNIT IN MOTION FROM AN
OBJECT WITH WHICH IT HAS COLLIDED; THE
FORCE BETWEEN THE OBJECT CEASES AT
THIS TIME
DIRECTION SIGNS - DIRECTION SIGNS
SHALL BE PLACED AT THE RIGHT OF
INTERSECTION TO SHOW THE DIRECTION
AND DESTINATION OF A ROUTE.
DOG - THE FIRST ANIMAL DOMESTICATED, IS
TOO SLIGHT TO CARRY HEAVY LOADS. THE
PLAIN INDIANS SOMETIMES PACKED LIGHT
LOADS ON DOGS’ BACKS, AND PILED
GOODS ON TRAVOIS WHICH THE DOGS
DRAGGED. IN THE FAR NORTH, THE DOGS
TEAM DRAWING SLEDGES ARE THE CHIEF
MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION; AND IN
EUROPE, THE DOGS ARE USED TO DRAW
SMALL CARTS.
DONKEY - THE DONKEY OR ASS, FIRST
DOMESTICATED IN THE MIDDLE EAST.
DONKEY CARAVANS CARRY GOODS
BETWEEN THE CITIES OF SOUTHWEST ASIA
AND EGYPT AND THE DONKEY IS STILL THE
CHIEF BEAST OF BURDEN AMONG FARMERS
OF THE NEAR EAST, THE MEDITERRANEAN
AREA AND MEXICO, WHERE IT WAS
INTRODUCED FROM SPAIN.
DOUBLE-LINE WITH BOTH BROKEN AND
SOLID MARKINGS. - A DOUBLE LINE
CONSISTING OF A SINGLE BROKEN YELLOW
LINE PARALLEL TO A SINGLE SOLID YELLOW
LINE IS USED TO SHOW A TWO-WAY ROAD
OR HIGHWAY WHERE PASSING IS
PERMITTED ON THE SIDE OF THE BROKEN
LINE, BUT NOT ON THE SIDE OF THE SOLID
LINE. THIS TYPE OF MARKING IS OFTEN
SEEN ON TWO AND THREE-LANE
ROADWAYS.
DRIVER - LICENSED OPERATOR OF A UNTIL THE INTRODUCTION OF MECHANIZED
VEHICLE
DRIVER’S LICENSE - ISSUED TO PERSON,
WHO HAS ALL THE QUALIFICATION AS
PROVIDED BY LAW. IT IS NOT A RIGHT BUT
ONLY A PRIVILEGE. IT IS ALSO A PUBLIC
DOCUMENT, WHICH HAD THE LEGAL
PRESUMPTION OF GENUINENESS. A TO DRIVERS WHO FAILED TO STOP AT A
TOURIST IS ALLOWED TO OPERATE A
MOTOR VEHICLE IF HE HAS BEEN ISSUED A
LICENSE IN HIS ORIGIN COUNTRY WITHIN 90
DAYS.
DRUNKEN DRIVERS- IT IS A DRIVER WHO
DRIVES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF
ALCOHOL WITH 10% OF INTOXICATING
LEVEL
ELEMENTARY - TASKED TO EDUCATE
CHILDREN TO OBEY TRAFFIC RULES
THROUGH THEIR PROGRAMMED
CURRICULA
ELEPHANT - THE CATHAGINIANS USED
AFRICAN ELEPHANT IN THEIR WAR AGAINST
ROME BUT IN RECENT CENTURIES, THESE
ANIMALS HAVE NOT BEEN TAMED. IN INDIA,
ELEPHANTS WERE FORMERLY USED IN WAR
AND ARE STILL EMPLOYED TO SOME
EXTENT FOR CEREMONIAL PROCESSIONS
AND BIG GAME HUNTING. IN BURMA AND
THAILAND, THIS HUGE ANIMALS ARE WIDELY
USED IN THE LUMBER INDUSTRY.
ETIENNE LENOIR - FRENCHMAN, WHO MADE
POSSIBLE THE INTRODUCTION OF
MOTORIZED CARRIAGES. INVENTED THE
“INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE” IN THE
1860’S AND 70’S.
EXPRESSWAY - A THROUGH TRAFFIC FOR
FREE-FLOW OF VEHICULAR MOVEMENT
FATAL - IT IS ANY MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT
THAT RESULTS IN FATAL INJURIES TO ONE
OR MORE PERSONS.
FEEDER ROADS - INTENDED FOR FARM-TO-
MARKET ROADS.
FOR HIRE VEHICLE - VEHICLES COVERED BY
CERTIFICATE OF PUBLIC CONVENIENCE OR
SPECIAL PERMIT ISSUED BY LTFRB.
GOVERNMENT VEHICLE - VEHICLES OWNED
BY THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT OR NAY
OF ITS POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS
GREEN LIGHT – MEANS TO GO
HENRY FORD - INTRODUCED THE MODEL T,
WHICHWAS PROVED SO POPULAR THAT BY
1914. FORD HAD ADOPTED MASS
PRODUCTION METHODS TO MEET THE
DEMAND.
HORSE - AROUND 2,000 B.C., HORSE DRAWN
CHARIOTS APPEARED IN THE SOUTHWEST
ASIA AND 1,000 YEARS LATER. IN EUROPE,
HORSES WERE USED TO DRAW WHEELED
VEHICLES AND FOR RIDING FOR SOMETIME
VEHICLES.
HIGHER EDUCATION - THEY OFFER
SUBJECTS ON DRIVING AND TRAFFIC
SAFETY COURSE OR ANY ALLIED SUBJECTS
HIT AND RUN INVESTIGATION THIS APPLIES
ROAD ACCIDENT
INFORMATIVE SIGNS - THESE SIGNS ARE
INTENDED TO GUIDE ROAD USERS WHILE
TRAVELING,
INJURY – IT IS RECEIVING BODILY HARM;
THIS EVENT DOES NOT NECESSARILY
OCCUR AFTER THE ACCIDENT BUT WITHIN
ANY OF THE CHAIN OF EVENTS; IT MAY ALSO
HAPPEN RIGHT AFTER THE EVASIVE ACTION
TAKEN BY THE DRIVERS INVOLVED OR
DURING THE INITIAL CONTACT
INITIAL CONTACT – THE FIRST ACCIDENTAL MAJOR HIGHWAY - SERVES AS MAIN ARTERY
TOUCHING OF AN OBJECT COLLISION THAT CATERS ON BIG VOLUMES OF
COURSE OR OTHERWISE AVOIDS A HAZARD VEHICULAR TRAFFIC ON NATIONAL
ROADWAY.
INNER LANE - FOR LEFT TURN ONLY; FAST
OR OVERTAKING VEHICLE AND DON’T MANAGEMENT - THE SKILLFUL HANDLING
OVERLAP THE LANE AT THE LEFT OR CONTROLLING OF SOMETHING
SUCCESSFULLY
JOHN L.. MACADAM - HE ADVOCATED THE
THEORY OF FEEDER ROAD BUILDING AND MANDATORY SIGNS - THESE SIGNS ARE
PERFECTED THE MACADAMIZED ROAD IN INTENDED TO GUIDE ROAD USERS OF
ENGLAND ABOUT 1815. SPECIAL RULES IN WHICH THEY MUST
COMPLY FOR THE SAFETY, CONVENIENCE
JUDICIARY - THE BRANCH OF GOVERNMENT AND SMOOTH FLOW OF TRAFFIC.
THAT INTERPRETS THE LAW THROUGH
ADJUDICATION OF CASES MANPOWER - EARLY MAN, WHO HAD NO
DOMESTICATED ANIMALS, CARRIED HIS
KEEP RIGHT - (TWO LANES, TWO WAYS) IN OWN BURDENS. MANPOWER IS IMPORTANT
CASE OF ONE WAY THE LEFT LANE SHALL IN TRANSPORTATION IN MANY PARTS OF
BE THE FAST LANE AND THE SLOW LANE IS THE WORLD.
THE RIGHT.
MAXIMUM ENGAGEMENT – IT IS THE
LAND TRANSPORTATION FRANCHISING GREATEST COLLAPSE OR OVERLAP IN A
AND REGULATORY BOARD (LTFRB) - TASKED COLLISION; THE FORCE BETWEEN THE
TO REGULATE TRANSPORT ROUTE; TRAFFIC UNIT AND THE OBJECT COLLIDED
REGULATE FRANCHISING; PRESCRIBE FARE WITH ARE GREATEST AT MAXIMUM
RATES; INVESTIGATE TRAFFIC CASES; ENGAGEMENT
PERFORM JUDICIAL FUNCTION;
PROMULGATE RULES; IMPOSE AND METRO MANILA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
COLLECT FEES; FORMULATE AND (MMDA) - CREATED UNDER RA. 7924 AND
ENFORCE RULES AND REGULATION FOR SETS POLICIES CONCERNING TRAFFIC IN
TRANSPORT OPERATION FOR PROMOTION METRO MANILA, COORDINATES AND
OF SAFETY AND CONVENIENCE OF PUBLIC; REGULATES IMPLEMENTATION OF
COORDINATE WITH CONCERNED AGENCIES PROGRAM RELATED TO TRAFFIC
AND ENFORCE E.O. NO 125,124-A AND E.O.
202 DATED JUNE 19, 1987 MINOR VISIBLE INJURY IT IS AN ABRASION,
BRUISE, SWELLING, LIMPING, OR
LAND TRANSPORTATION OFFICE (LTO) - OBVIOUSLY PAINFUL MOVEMENT.
TASKED TO ENFORCE LAWS, RULES AND
REGULATION GOVERNING THE MONTGOLFIER BALLOON - THE
REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES, MONGOLFIER BROTHERS OF FRANCE
OPERATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE AND JOSEPH MICHEL AND JACQUES ENTIENNE
TRAFFIC RULES AND REGULATION AS HAVE SUCESSFULLY RELEASED SEVERAL
PROVIDED BY RA 4136 AS AMENDED. BALLOONS. THE BALLOONS
CONSTRUCTED OF LINEN AND INFLATED
LILIENTHAL GLIDER - OTTO LILIENTHAL, A WITH HOT AIR TRAVELED 9,000 YARDS AND
GERMAN INVENTOR EXPERIEMENTED REMAINED IN AIR FOR 20 MINUTES.
ORNITHOPTERS. HIS CHIEF WORK WAS
WITH GLIDERS. HIS GLIDER FLIGHTS EXERT MOTOR VEHICLE - IS ANY VEHICLE
PROFOUND INFLUENCE ON THE PROPELLED BY ANY POWER OTHER THAN
DEVELOPMENT OF AVIATION. MUSCULAR POWER USING THE PUBLIC
HIGHWAYS, BUT EXCEPTING ROAD
LLAMA - IN PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA, THE ROLLERS, TROLLEY CARS, STREET-
LLAMA WAS THE ONLY NEW WORLD ANIMAL SWEEPERS, SPRINKLERS, LAWN MOWERS,
OTHER THAN THE DOG CAPABLE OF BULLDOZERS, GRADERS, FORK-LIFTS,
DOMESTICATION FOR USE IN TRANSPORT. AMPHIBIAN TRUCKS, AND CRANES IF NOT
IN THE HIGH ANDES, THE LLAMA WAS USED USED ON PUBLIC HIGHWAYS, VEHICLES,
AS A PACK ANIMAL BY THE INCAS AND THEIR WHICH RUN ONLY ON RAILS OR TRACKS,
SPANISH CONQUERORS, AS IT’S MEANS OF AND TRACTORS, TRAILERS AND TRACTION
TRANSPORTATION BY MODERN ANDEAN ENGINES OF ALL KINDS USED EXCLUSIVELY
PEOPLE.ARAB NOMADS FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES. TRAILERS
HAVING ANY NUMBER OF WHEELS, WHEN
LINE PATROL - IT IS ASSIGNED TO A PROPELLED OR INTENDED TO BE
PARTICULAR PLACE PROPELLED BY ATTACHMENT TO A MOTOR
VEHICLE, SHALL BE CLASSIFIED AS
LOCAL COLLECTOR ROADS - INTENDED TO SEPARATE MOTOR VEHICLE WITH NO
COLLECT TRAFFIC FROM FEEDER ROAD TO POWER RATING.
MUNICIPAL ROAD.
MOTOR VEHICLE NON-TRAFFIC ACCIDENT -
MAJOR COLLECTOR ROADS - INTENDED AS ANY MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT WHICH
MAJOR ARTERIES TO COLLECT INTER- OCCURS ENTIRELY IN ANY PLACE OTHER
LOCALITY TRAFFIC TO PROVINCIAL ROAD. THAN A TRAFFIC WAY
MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT - ANY
MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT OCCURRING
ON A TRAFFIC WAY
MUNICIPAL ROAD- WITHIN TOWN PROPER
ROW NOT LESS THAN 10 METERS
NATIONAL ROAD- RIGHT OF WAY 20 TO 120
METERS
NICOLAUS OTTO AND GOTTLIEB DAIMLER -
THEY PIONEERED THE MANUFACTURE OF
GAS ENGINES, AND LATER THEY BECAME
SUCCESSFUL AUTOMOBILE
MANUFACTURER.
NON-FATAL - IS ANY MOTOR VEHICLE
ACCIDENT THAT RESULTS IN INJURIES
OTHER THAN FATAL TO ONE OR MORE
PERSONS.
NON-MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT -
REFERS TO ANY ACCIDENT OCCURRING ON
A TRAFFIC WAY INVOLVING PERSONS USING
THE TRAFFIC WAY OR TRAVEL OR
TRANSPORTATION, BUT NOT INVOLVING A
MOTOR VEHICLE IN MOTION
NON-PROFESSIONAL DRIVER’S LICENSE –
THOSE AT LEAST 17 YEARS OLD FOR NON-
PROFESSIONAL. ALLOWED TO DRIVE OWN
VEHICLE OR ANY PRIVATE VEHICLE NOT TO
EARN LIVELIHOOD.
NON-VISIBLE INJURY IT IS COMPLAINT OF
PAIN WITHOUT VISIBLE SIGNS OF INJURY;
OR MOMENTARY UNCONSCIOUSNESS.
OBSERVE ROAD COURTESY - YIELD TO
EMERGENCY VEHICLE, PEDESTRIANS,
TRAINS, VEHICLE WITH RIGHT OF WAY,
VEHICLES AHEAD, LARGE VEHICLES, AND
UPHILL TRAFFIC, VEHICLES WITH
MOMENTUM, STRAIGHT TRAFFIC, AND
TRAFFIC SIGNS.
OBSERVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
MEASURES - OBSERVE AND OBEY TRAFFIC
NOTICES SIGN LIKE NOTICES AND
PAVEMENT MARKINGS.
ORDINANCE VIOLATIONS RECEIPT (OVR) -
TRAFFIC CITATION USED IN THE
ENFORCEMENT OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
MEASURES. THE CITY AND/ OR MUNICIPAL
TRAFFIC ORDINANCES MTPB IN CASE OF
MANILA, LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICERS
OUTER LANE - SLOW MOVING VEHICLE
ONLY; RIGHT TURNING VEHICLE AND
STOPPING, LOADING OR UNLOADING
VEHICLE.
OX - WERE USED AS DRAFT ANIMALS TO
DRAW WAR CHARIOTS. OXEN ARE STILL
USED AS DRAFT ANIMALS IN MANY REGIONS
OF THE WORLD. IN SOME PARTS OF AFRICA,
THEY ARE USED AS PACK ANIMALS AND FOR
RIDING.
PAVEMENT MARKINGS - LINES AND
SYMBOLS ON ROADWAYS ARE USED TO
WARN AND DIRECT DRIVERS AND TO
CONTROL THE FLOW OF TRAFFIC
PENALIZATION - THE IMPOSITION OF
PENALTY UPON THE ACCUSED. PENALTY
CAN BE INFLUENCED BY PREVIOUS
RECORDS OF CONVICTION AS PROVIDED BY
THE POLICE.
PERCEPTION OF HAZARD – IT IS SEEING,
FEELING OR HEARING AND
UNDERSTANDING THE USUAL OR
UNEXPECTED MOVEMENT OR CONDITION
THAT COULD BE TAKEN AS A SIGN OF AN
ACCIDENT ABOUT TO HAPPEN
PLACE IDENTIFICATION SIGNS - THESE MAY
BE USED TO SHOW THE FRONTIER
BETWEEN TWO COUNTRIES OR FOR THE
PURPOSE OF SHOWING THE BEGINNING
AND/OR END OF BUILT-UP AREAS.
POINT/ AREA CONTROL - IT IS THE PART OF
THE TRAFFIC DIRECTION CONCERNING THE
CONTROL OF VEHICULAR/ PEDESTRIAN
MOVEMENT
POLICE TRAFFIC DIRECTION - IT INVOLVES
TELLING THE PUBLIC HOW AND WHEN THEY
SHOULD NOT STAND AND MOVE
POLICE TRAFFIC ESCORT - IT INVOLVES
MOBILE SUPERVISION OF TRAFFIC
MOVEMENT, DIRECTING ORALLY AND
VISUALLY ARE DONE TO ALLOW FREE AND
SAFE MOVEMENT OF ESCORTED VEHICLES.
POLICE TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT - THE
PART PERFORMED BY THE POLICE AND
OTHER AGENCIES WITH POLICE POWER
INCLUDING DETERRENT TO LAW
VIOLATIONS CREATED BY THE PRESENCE
OF UNIFORMED POLICE OFFICER AND
THEIR SPECIAL EQUIPMENT, SPECIAL
ASSISTANCE TO COURT AND PROSECUTOR
AND INCIDENTAL SERVICE TO HIGHWAY
USERS
PROSECUTION - IT IS A COURT FUNCTION,
THE POLICE ALSO PROVIDES
CORRESPONDING INFLUENCE THROUGH
PREPARATION AND INTRODUCTION OF
EVIDENCE OR CLOSE CONTACT WITH THE
PROSECUTION OFFICE.
PROVINCIAL ROAD- LINK BETWEEN TO
MUNICIPALITIES, ROW FROM 15 TO 60
METERS
PRIORITY SIGNS - THESE ARE SIGNS
INTENDED TO REGULATE PRIORITY OVER A
PARTICULAR ROAD SECTION OR ROADWAY
INTERSECTION.
PRIVATE VEHICLE – NOT USE HIRE UNDER
ANY CIRCUMSTANCES
PROFESSIONAL DRIVER’S LICENSE –
THOSE AT LEAST 18 YEARS OLD FOR
PROFESSIONAL. CAN DRIVE OWN VEHICLE
AND USE DRIVING AS A MEANS OF
LIVELIHOOD
PROHIBITORY OR RESTRICTIVE SIGNS -
THESE SIGNS CAN BE USED ON SPECIFIED
SECTION OF THE ROAD WHICH WILL BE
EASILY SEEN BY MOTORIST TO INDICATE
REGULATION WHICH IS PROHIBITIVE OR
RESTRICTIVE IN NATURE.
PROPERTY DAMAGE - IT IS NAY MOTOR
VEHICLE ACCIDENT IN WHICH THERE IS NO
INJURY TO ANY PERSON BUT DAMAGE TO
THE MOTOR VEHICLE, TO OTHER PROPERTY
INCLUDING INJURY TO ANIMALS.
RAILWAYS - CHANNEL OF TRANSPORTATION
WHEREIN A PARALLEL LINE OF IRONS WERE
USED AS ROADS. THE FIRST RAILROAD IS
THE STOCKTON AND DARLINGTON LINE
(1925)
RED LIGHT – MEANS TO STOP
REGULATORY SIGNS - THESE ARE INTENDED
TO WARN ROAD USERS OF SPECIAL
OBLIGATIONS, RESTRICTIONS OR
PROHIBITION WITH WHICH THEY MUST
COMPLY.
REINDEER - FIRST DOMESTICATED IN
SIBERIA IN THE BEGINNING OF CHRISTIAN
ERA. IN ALTAI MOUNTAINS, THEY WERE
RIDDEN WITH SADDLES. ELSEWHERE, THEY
DRAW SLEDGES SOMEWHAT LIKE THE DOG
SLEDGES OF THE FAR NORTH.
REMEMBER THE INTERNATIONAL SAFETY
REMINDER - “SAFETY FIRST”
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6539 - AN ACT
PREVENTING AND PENALIZING
CARNAPPING "ANTI-CARNAPPING ACT OF
1972."
RESTRICTION CODE NO 1 - LIMITED TO
DRIVE MOTOR MOTORCYCLES
RESTRICTION CODE NO 2 - LIMITED TO
DRIVE VEHICLE WEIGHING NOT MORE THAN
4500 KG
RESTRICTION CODE NO 3 - LIMITED TO
DRIVE VEHICLES WEIGHING MORE THAN
4500 KG
RESTRICTION CODE NO 4 - LIMITED TO
DRIVE WEIGHING 4500 KG AND WITH
AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION ONLY
RESTRICTION CODE NO 5 - LIMITED TO
DRIVE VEHICLE WITH AUTOMATIC CLUTCH
AND WEIGHING MORE THAN 4500 KG
RIGHT OF WAY RULE - THE RIGHT TO
PROCEED AHEAD OF ANOTHER VEHICLE OR
PEDESTRIAN
ROMANS - THEY BROUGHT ROAD BUILDING
TO ITS HIGHEST POINT OF PERFECTION IN
ANCIENT TIMES. ROMAN ROAD NETWORKS
REACHED A TOTAL OF ABOUT 50,000 MILES
(80, 000 KM) WITH FEEDER ROADS
BRANCHING OUT OF THE MAIN HIGHWAYS.
IT WAS COSTLY BECAUSE ITS DEEP
FOUNDATION, FORMED BY LAYER AFTER
HEAVY STONES, WAS NECESSARY TO MAKE
ROADS THAT WOULD CARRY HEAVY
TRAFFIC FOR MANY YEARS.
RUDOLF DIESEL - A GERMAN ENGINEER,
DEVELOPED AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINE WHICH IS SIMILAR WITH THE
GASOLINE ENGINE. IT REQUIRES NO
ELECTRICAL IGNITION SYSTEM OR
CARBURETOR AND USES OTHER FORM OF
LIQUID FUEL, THE DIESEL FUEL.
RULE TO PREVENT OR UNTANGLE TRAFFIC
JAMS - KEEP LANES AND INTERSECTION
OPEN IN HEAVY AND SLOW TRAFFIC TO
AVOID OVERTAKING. IN A CONSTRUCTION,
VEHICLES SHOULD MERGE ALTERNATELY.
SAFETY CAMPAIGN - THE AIM OF THIS
CAMPAIGN IS TO MAKE ROAD USERS
BEHAVE PROPERLY, FOCUSES ON PUBLIC
INFORMATION ATTITUDES; THIS IS
CHARACTERIZED AS ROAD PROPAGANDA
SANTOS DUMONT’S AIRSHIP - ALBERTO
SANTOS DUMONT, ONE OF THE PIONEERS
OF LIGHTER-THAN-AIR CRAFT. HE BUILT THE
FIRST AIRSHIP, HE MADE A 30-MINUTE
ROUND TRIP FLIGHT BETWEEN ST. LOUIS
AND THE EIFFEL TOWER.
SECONDARY - TASKED TO EDUCATE
STUDENTS IN OBEYING THE TRAFFIC RULES
BY IMPOSING SCHOOL POLICIES INTENDED
FOR THE WELFARE OF THE STUDENTS
SERIOUS VISIBLE INJURY - IT IS A BLEEDING
WOUND, DISTORTED MEMBER, OR ANY
CONDITION THAT REQUIRES THE VICTIM TO
BE CARRIED FROM THE SCENE OF THE
ACCIDENT. CONSIDER THE INJURY TO BE
VISIBLE IF SYMPTOMS ARE PRESENT EVEN
THOUGH THE INJURY ITSELF IS NOT VISIBLE.
SIDEWALK - INTEGRAL PART OF ROADWAY,
ANSWER TO THE SAFETY OF PEDESTRIANS
OF ANY ROAD HAZARDS.
SIGNAL CYCLE PHASE - COMPLETE
SEQUENCE OF SIGNAL INDICATION, RED,
YELLOW, GREEN
SIGNAL TIMING PASE - AMOUNT OF TIME
ALLOCATED TO SIGNAL INDICATION
SKYWAY - A MODERN URBAN SYSTEM OF
ROADWAY ABOVE STREET LEVEL FOR FREE-
FLOW TRAFFIC.
SLEDGE ON ROLLERS - THE MOVING OF
HEAVY BURDENS WAS TO PLACE THEM ON
SLEDGE WHICH RESTED ON A SERIES OF
ROLLERS.
SLEDGE ON RUNNERS - A SIMPLE SLEDGE,
PROBABLY MAN-DRAWN, WAS IN USE AT THE
END OF THE OLD STONE AGE IN NORTHERN
EUROPE, AS EVIDENCED BY FRAGMENTS OF
WOODEN RUNNERS WHICH SURVIVED.
SOLID BROKEN WHITE LINE - MEANS
PASSING TO THE LEFT OR RIGHT IS
ALLOWED PROVIDED THE WAY IS CLEAR.
SOLID DOUBLE YELLOW LINES - AT THE
LEFT LANE MEAN IT IS UNSAFE TO PASS.
NEVER CROSS IT TO PASS ANOTHER
VEHICLE. THE LINE MAYBE CROSSED ONLY
TO ENTER OR LEAVE A DRIVEWAY OR
PRIVATE ROAD OR TO MAKE A PERMITTED
"U" TURN.
SOLID YELLOW LINE - AT THE LEFT LANE
MEANS, IT IS NOT SAFE TO PASS
SPLIT PHASE - NUMBER ALLOCATED TO
EACH PHASE
START OF EVASIVE ACTION – IT IS THE FIRST
ACTION TAKEN BY A TRAFFIC UNIT TO
ESCAPE FROM A COLLISION COURSE OR
OTHERWISE AVOID A HAZARD
STATIONARY TRAFFIC OBSERVATION -
OFFICER IS ASSIGNED AT SPECIFIC PLACE
STOPPING – THIS IS WHEN THE TRAFFIC
UNITS INVOLVED COME TO REST; IT
USUALLY STABILIZES THE ACCIDENT
SITUATION
STUDENT DRIVER’S PERMIT - THOSE AT
LEAST 16 YEARS OLD AND ALLOWED TO
DRIVE ONLY IN A PRESENCE OF A DULY
LICENSE DRIVER.
SUBWAY - AN UNDERGROUND CONDUCT
RUNNING ENTIRELY UNDER THE GROUND
FOR FAST TRAVEL ROUTE OF COMMUTERS.
SUPERVISED ROUTE - A STREET OR
HIGHWAY ON WHICH TRAFFIC IS
SUPERVISED TO SOME CONSIDERABLE
DEGREE
TEMPORARY OPERATOR’S PERMIT (TOP) -
TRAFFIC CITATION USED IN THE
ENFORCEMENT OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
MEASURES (DOTC MC NO. 93 – 693) AND
OTHER SPECIAL LAWS BY LTO TRAFFIC LAW
ENFORCERS.
THE BUS STOP RULE - THE BUSES QUEUE UP
IN A SINGLE FILE IN THEIR ORDER ARRIVAL.
LEAD BUS MOVING TOWARD THE CENTER
OF COLUMN OF BUSSES LINING ON THE
BUS STOP ZONE, AND REMAIN UNTIL ZONE
IS FILLED WITH BUSSES, BUT LONGER THAN
THREE MINUTES.
THE PHILOSOPHY OF PINOY DRIVER -
MOTORIST SHOULD OBSERVE EQUITY OF
THE LEAD VEHICLE, DOCTRINE OF THE LAST
CLEAR CHANCE ON ROTUNDA DRIVE.
TRAFFIC - MOVEMENT OF PERSONS, GOODS
AND VEHICLES, EITHER POWERED BY
ANIMALS OR ANIMAL DRAWN VEHICLES OR
BY COMBUSTION SYSTEM FROM ONE PLACE
TO ANOTHER FOR THE PURPOSE OF SAFE
TRAVEL. IT REFERS TO THE MOVEMENT OF
TRAFFIC UNITS IN A TRAFFIC WAY.
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT - AN ACCIDENT
INVOLVING TRAVEL TRANSPORTATION ON A
TRAFFIC WAY
TRAFFIC ARREST - THE TAKING OF A
PERSON INTO CUSTODY OF THE LAW. IT IS
MADE WHEN: THE OFFENSE IS SERIOUS;
DETECTION IS NEEDED TO AVOID
CONTINUED VIOLATION; AND THERE IS
REASONABLE DOUBT THAT VIOLATORS MAY
NOT APPEAR IN COURT.
TRAFFIC CITATION - MADE TO COMPEL
VIOLATORS TO APPEAR IN COURT IN
ABSENCE OF ARREST. TICKET ISSUED TO
AN ERRING DRIVER APPREHENDED FOR
CERTAIN VIOLATIONS IN EXCHANGE OF HIS
CONFISCATED DRIVER’S LICENSE FOR THE
PERIOD PROVIDED IN THE TICKET.
TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL - IT IS
THE CONTROL DIRECTION OF TRAFFIC
UNITS ACCORDING TO PROPORTIONATE
TIME TO PREVENT TRAFFIC ACCIDENT TO
MAINTAIN SMOOTH FLOW OF TRAFFIC.
TRAFFIC ECONOMICS - DEALS WITH THE
BENEFITS AND ADVERSE EFFECTS OF
TRAFFIC TO OUR ECONOMY. DEALS WITH
THE PRODUCTIVE RESOURCES TO
PRODUCE COMMODITIES AND
DISTRIBUTION AND CONSUMPTION
TRAFFIC EDUCATION - IS PRICELESS GEM IN
THE ENTIRE SCALE OF SOCIAL ORDER OF
THE ROAD; IS THE PROCESS OF
INCULCATING TO AN INDIVIDUAL THE
KNOWLEDGE, SKILL, RESPONSIBILITIES
AND VALUES TO BECOME A FULLY
DEVELOPED PERSON. THE KEY TO SMOOTH
TRAFFIC FLOW IS DISCIPLINE AND TO
ACQUIRE DISCIPLINE PEOPLE MUST BE
EDUCATED
TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT - TAKEN BY THE
TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCERS AND THE COUNT
TO COMPEL OBEDIENCE TO TRAFFIC LAWS
AND ORDINANCES. REGULATING THE
MOVEMENT AND USE OF MOTOR VEHICLE
FOR THE PURPOSE OF CREATING
DETERRENCE TO UNLAWFUL BEHAVIOR BY
ALL POTENTIAL VIOLATORS
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING - THE SCIENCE OF
MEASURING TRAFFIC AND TRAVEL, THE
STUDY OF BASIC LAWS RELATIVE TO THE
TRAFFIC LAW AND GENERATION; THE
APPLICATION OF THESE KNOWLEDGE TO
THE PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE OF
PLANNING, DECIDING, AND OPERATING
TRAFFIC SYSTEM TO ACHIEVE SAFE AND
EFFICIENT TRANSPORTATION OF PERSONS
AND GOODS. DEFINED AS CALCULATING
MANIPULATION OR DIRECTION. IT INCLUDES
FORECASTING OF FUTURE TRAFFIC
DEMANDS.
TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT - THE STUDY OF
POTENTIALLY DISASTROUS POPULATION
EXPLOSION, CHANGES IN URBAN
ENVIRONMENT DUE TO THE SCALE AND
DENSITY OF NEW URBAN CONCENTRATION
AND NEW ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT, AIR
POLLUTION, WATER POLLUTION AND
CROWDING, TRANSPORT CONGESTION
WHICH RESULT THEREIN
TRAFFIC JAM (TRAFFIC CONGESTION) - IT IS
CAUSED BY SUCH FACTORS AS VEHICULAR
ACCIDENT, STALLED VEHICLE, ABSENCE OF
TRAFFIC ENFORCER AND ROAD
CONSTRUCTION.
TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCER - A PERSON DULY
DEPUTIZED BY AN AGENCY OF
GOVERNMENT AUTHORIZED BY LAW TO
ENFORCE TRAFFIC LAWS, RULES AND
REGULATIONS
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT - IT IS AN EXECUTIVE
FUNCTION SUCH AS PLANNING,
ORGANIZING, DIRECTING AND
SUPERVISING, COORDINATING OPERATING
RECORDING AND BUDGETING TRAFFIC
AFFAIRS. IS DESIGNED TO MAKE THE
TRAFFIC WAY SAFER FOR TRAVELERS,
EXPEDITE THE MOVEMENT OF TRAFFIC, AND
TO PROVIDE CONVENIENCE TO THE
TRAFFIC FACILITIES’ USERS.
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT GROUP (TMG) - THE
BASIC SERVICE OF THE PNP TASKED TO
DIRECT AND CONTROL TRAFFIC, PERFORM
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION, ENFORCE THE
LAWS AND ISSUE CITATIONS.
TRAFFIC PATROL - PART OF TRAFFIC
SUPERVISION BY PATROLLING TO ENSURE
PUBLIC OBEDIENCE
TRAFFIC SIGNS – DEVICE MOUNTED OR ON
A PORTABLE SUPPORT WHERE A MESSAGE
IS CONVEYED BY MEANS OF WORDS OR
SYMBOLS.
TRAFFIC SUPERVISION, DIRECTION AND
CONTROL - AN ACT OF OVERSEEING THE
TRAFFIC TO KEEP ORDER ON STREET AND
HIGHWAYS WITHIN EXISTING LAWS
TRAFFIC WARNING - AN ACT REMINDING THE
DRIVER OF HIS VIOLATION IN ORDER FOR
HIM TO NOT DO IT AGAIN. NO ARREST OR
CITATION IS MADE.
TRANSPORTATION - HEIGHTS WERE HORSES AND ORDINARY
MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE AND GOODS FROM
ONE LOCATION TO ANOTHER. FROM THE
LATIN WORD “TERANS” MEANING ACROSS
OR AND MOVE AND “PORTARE” MEANS TO
CARRY
TRAVOIS - THIS TRAVOIS, AS THE POLE
ARRANGEMENT CALLED, SERVES AS A
PLATFORM ON WHICH THE BURDENS ARE
PLACED.
TUNNEL ROAD - A PASSAGE OF WIDE
SECTION CUT THROUGH A HILL OR SEA TO
SHORTEN CIRCUITOUS ROADWAY.
VERBAL WARNING - FORM OF SAFETY
EDUCATION, ORAL WARNING MADE WHEN
THERE IS NEWLY ENACTED LAW
VISIBLE TRAFFIC OBSERVATION -
STATIONARY OBSERVATION THAT THE
OBSERVER IS IN FULL VIEW
VISUAL WARNING - USUALLY USED WHEN
YOU OBSERVED MINOR VIOLATION, USING
GESTURES AND SIGNALS.
WHITE LANE LINES - ARE WHITE LINES
SEPARATING LANES OF TRAFFIC MOVING IN
THE SAME DIRECTION. CROSSING OF SOLID
WHITE LINE REQUIRES SPECIAL CARE AND
IS DISCOURAGED
WHEEL - INVENTED PROBABLY IN WESTERN
ASIA. ONE OF MAN’S GREAT INVENTIONS. IT
ENABLED HIM TO TRANSPORT BURDENS
BEYOND THE POWER OF MAN OR ANIMALS
TO CARRY OR DRAG, AND PERMITTED MUCH
GREATER FACILITY OF MOVEMENTS
WHEN IN DOUBT, DO NOT OVERTAKE -
OVERTAKING LANE IS THE LANE TO THE
LEFT OF OVERTAKEN VEHICLE GOING IN
THE SAME DIRECTION, OVERTAKEN
VEHICLE IS THE PRIVILEGED VEHICLE
WIND POWER - MAN REALIZED THE ENERGY
FROM THE MASS MOVING AIR AND LEARNED
TO UTILIZE SUCH POWERS TO LIFT RATHER
TO DRAG. THIS PAVED WAY TO INVENTION
OF AIR LIFTED TRANSPORTATION VESSELS
WRIGHT BROTHERS FLYING MACHINE -
INSPIRED BY LILIENTHAL’S GLIDER
EXPERIMENTS. ORVILLE AND WILBUR
WRIGHT BUILT BIPLANE KITE WITH OVER
200 DIFFERENT WING TYPES WHICH THEY
TESTED IN A WIND TUNNEL OF THEIR OWN
INVENTION. THEY CONDUCTED THEIR FIRST
MAN-CARRYING POWERED MACHINE ON
DEC. 17, 1903 AT KITTY HAWK, NORTH
CAROLINA.
WRITTEN WARNING - COMBINATION VERBAL
WARNING AND CITATION. IT HAS MORE
DETERRENCE EFFECT THAN VERBAL
WARNING
YAK - A LONG-HAIRED TYPE OF CATTLE THAT
LIVES AT HIGH ALTITUDES ON THE TIBETAN
PLATEAU. USED AS A PACK ANIMAL AT
ANIMAL COULD NOT SURVIVE.
YELLOW LANE LINES - ARE DIVIDING LINES
SEPARATING TRAFFIC TRAVELING
OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS
SPECIAL CRIME
INVESTIGATION
AMATEURS ROBBERS - MOTIVATED BY
GREED, THE DESIRE FOR A THRILL AND
SELF-TESTING.
ANTI-CATTLE RUSTLING LAW OF 1974 (P.D.
533) - CATTLE RUSTLING - IS THE TAKING
AWAY BY ANY MEANS, METHODS OR
SCHEME, WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF THE
OWNER/RAISER, OR ANY OF THE ABOVE
ANIMALS (COW, CARABAO, HORSE, MULE
OR OTHER DOMESTICATED MEMBER OF
THE BOVINE FAMILY) WHETHER OR NOT FOR
PROFIT OR GAIN, OR WHETHER COMMITTED
WITH OR WITHOUT VIOLENCE AGAINST OR
INTIMIDATION OF ANY PERSON OR FORCE
UPON THINGS. IT INCLUDES THE KILLING OF
LARGE CATTLE, OR TAKING ITS MEAT OR
HIDE WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF
OWNER/RAISER
ANTI-PIRACY AND ANTI-HIGHWAY ROBBERY
LAW OF 1974 (P.D. 532) - PIRACY - ANY
ATTACK UPON OR SEIZURE OF ANY VESSEL,
OR TAKING AWAY OF THE WHOLE OR PART
THEREOF OR ITS CARGO, EQUIPMENT OR
THE PERSONAL BELONGING OF ITS
COMPLEMENTS OR PASSENGERS,
IRRESPECTIVE OF VALUE THEREOF, BY
MEANS OF VIOLENCE AGAINST OR
INTIMIDATION OF PERSONS OR FORCE
UPON THINGS, COMMITTED BY ANY
PERSONS, INCLUDING A PASSENGERS OR
MEMBER OF THE COMPLIMENTS OF SAID
VESSELS IN PHILIPPINE WATERS.
BACK DRAFT - FIREFIGHTER OPERATING AT
FIRES IN BUILDING MUST USE
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES WHEN
OPENING A BUILDING TO GAIN ENTRY BY
PROVIDING VENTILATION EITHER BY THE
HORIZONTAL/ CROSS VENTILATION (
OPENING DOORS OR WINDOWS ) OR
VERTICAL VENTILATION ( OPENING A HOLE
AT THE HIGHEST PORTION OF THE
AFFECTED PART OF THE BUILDING. AS THE
FIRE GROWS IN THE CONFINE AREA, LARGE
VOLUME OF HOT, UNBURNED FIRE GASES
CAN COLLECT IN UNVENTILATED SPACES.
THESE GASES MAY BE AT OR ABOVE THEIR
IGNITION TEMPERATURE BUT HAVE
INSUFFICIENT OXYGEN AVAILABLE TO
ACTUALLY IGNITE. ANY ACTION TAKEN
DURING FIREFIGHTING OPERATIONS THAT
ALLOWS AIR TO MIX WITH THESE HOT
GASES CAN RESULT IN AN EXPLOSIVE
IGNITION CALLED BACKDRAFT. THE
DANGER FOR BACKDRAFT CAN BE
MINIMIZED WITH PROPER APPLICATION OF
VERTICAL VENTILATION CAUSING THE
UNBURNED GASES RISE AND RELEASE
THROUGH THE OPENING BEFORE AN ENTRY
IS MADE.
CLASS A – MATERIAL INVOLVING
VEGETABLE FIBERS, WOOD, PAPER STRAW,
GAIN AND GRASS; COMBUSTIBLE MINERALS
SUCH AS COAL AND COKE. NEARLY ALL
THRASH FIRES ARE CONSIDERED AS CLASS
A.
CLASS B – MATERIAL INCLUDING
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS SUCH AS
GASOLINE, FUELS OIL, LUBRICANTS OILS,
AND GREASES; ANIMAL FATS SUCH AS
BUTTER, LARD, AND TALLOW, VEGETABLE
EXTRACT SUCH AS ALCOHOL, LINSEED OIL,
AND TURPENTINE; VEGETABLE COMPOUND
SUCH AS SHORTENING AND
OLEOMARGARINES; NATURAL GASES AND
COMPRESSED GASES SUCH AS BUTANE,
PROPANE, HYDROGEN, AND ACETYLENE.
CLASS C - THIS TYPE OF FIRE INVOLVES
ELECTRICAL MOTORS, ELECTRICAL
APPLIANCES, AND APPARATUS. ACTUALLY A
CLASS C FIRE IS COMPOSED USUALLY OF
CLASS A AND CLASS B MATERIALS
COMBINATION OF BOTH. USE OF WATER IS
USUALLY DANGEROUS BECAUSE OF THE
RISK OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK.
CLASS D – THESE ARE MATERIALS
INVOLVING COMBUSTIBLE METALS,
ALLOYS, OR METALS COMPOUND EITHER IN
A SOLID, SEMI-SOLID OR LIQUID STATE.
THEY MAY FURTHER REDUCE IN SHAVINGS,
GRINDING, GRANULES, OR DUST. SOME
LIQUID METALS ARE KEPT IN A LIQUID STATE
UNDER PRESSURE. USUALLY THESE LIQUID
METALS ARE; SODIUM (NA), MAGNESIUM,
TITANIUM, SODIUM POTASSIUM, AND
URANIUM AS WELL AS PYROPHORIC
ORGANOMETALLIC REAGENTS SUCH AS
ALKYLITHIUMS, GRIGNARD’S AND DIETHYL
ZINC. THESE TYPE OF MATERIALS BURN AT
HIGH TEMPERATURE AND WILL REACT
VIOLENTLY WITH WATER, AIR, AND/OR
OTHER CHEMICALS.
CLOTHING - SOMETIMES THE ROBBERS
EXCHANGE THEIR OWN JACKETS WITH THAT
ONE FOUND.
COLLECT AND PACKAGE EVIDENCE - MAKE
SURE ALL ITEMS COLLECTED ARE
PHOTOGRAPHED, LOCATED ON SKETCH,
AND LOGGED

BLACK SMOKE – COMING FROM A MATERIAL COMBUSTION - FIRE AND COMBUSTION ARE
WITH PETROLEUM BASE SUCH AS RUBBER, TERM THAT ARE OFTEN USED
TAR, COALS, TURPENTINE, OR PETROLEUM INTERCHANGEABLE. TECHNICALLY
GUM. SPEAKING, FIRE IS A FORM OF
COMBUSTION. COMBUSTION IS A SELF-
CHAIN OF CUSTODY - IT IS THE NUMBER OF SUSTAINING CHEMICAL REACTION
PERSONS WHO HANDLE THE EVIDENCE PRODUCING ENERGY OR PRODUCTS THAT
BETWEEN THE TIME OF THE COMMISSION CAUSE MORE REACTION OF THE SAME KIND.
OF THE OFFENSE AND THE ULTIMATE COMBUSTION IS AN EXOTHERMIC
DISPOSITION OF THE CASE AND SHOULD BE REACTION
KEPT TO MINIMUM.
COMMAND POST - AN AREA WHICH, IS
CHARRING (ALIGATORING) – THE CHAR WILL IDEALLY LOCATED ADJACENT TO THE
GENERALLY BE DEEPEST FROM THE WHERE CRIME SCENE WHERE THE CSI EVIDENCE
FIRE ORIGINATED. WHEN THE FIRE IS CUSTODIAN STAYS AND RECEIVES THE
EXTINGUISHED QUICKLY THE CHARRING IS PIECES OF EVIDENCE TURNED OVER TO HIM
ONLY SLIGHTLY BELOW THE SURFACE. FOR SAFEKEEPING BY THE OTHER
EVIDENCE COLLECTORS.

CONDUCTION - IT IS THE TRANSMISSION OF
HEAT THROUGH AN OBJECT/MEDIUM OR
CONDUCTOR, SUCH AS PIPE, METAL, HOT-
AIR, WIRE, OR OVEN WALL.
CONVECTION - IT IS THE TRANSMISSION OF
HEAT BY MOVING CURRENT OF LIQUID OR
GAS. WHEN THESE GASES OR LIQUIDS ARE
HEATED, THEY START TO MOVE WITHIN
THEMSELVES; AND BY THEIR FREE MOTION,
CIRCULATION STARTS.
CRIME SCENE - A CRIME SCENE CAN BE
DEFINED AS A LOCATION AT WHICH AN
OFFENSE WAS COMMITTED AND WHERE
THE POTENTIAL FOR EVIDENCE OF THAT
CRIME MAY EXIST. A CRIME SCENE MAY
INCLUDE A HOME, AUTOMOBILE OR A
REMOTE LOCATION IN THE WOODS.
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION - IT IS THE
CONDUCT OF PROCESSES, MORE
PARTICULARLY, THE RECOGNITION,
HANDLING, PRESERVATION AND
DOCUMENTATION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
TO INCLUDE THE IDENTIFICATION AND
INTERVIEW OF WITNESSES AND THE
ARREST OF SUSPECT/S AT THE CRIME
SCENE.
CONTUSION - AN INJURY IN THE SUBSTANCE
OF THE SKIN, DISCOLORATION OF THE
SURFACE DUE TO EXTRAVASATION OF
BLOOD. THIS IS DUE TO THE APPLICATION
OF A BLUNT INSTRUMENT.
DETERMINATION OF TIME OF DEATH - A
DETERMINATION OF THE TIME OF DEATH
SHOULD BE ATTEMPTED IN ALL HOMICIDE
INVESTIGATIONS. THIS FACT IS SIGNIFICANT
BECAUSE OF ITS INVESTIGATIVE
IMPORTANCE IN CORROBORATING OR
DISPUTING ALIBIS, OR IN ESTABLISHING THE
VICTIM’S MOVEMENTS PRIOR TO DEATH.
DETERMINING DEATH IS NOT AN EXACT
SCIENCE.
DOCUMENTATION - IS MADE BY THE CRIME
SCENE INVESTIGATOR FOR PURPOSES OF
FUTURE CRIME SCENE RECONSTRUCTION
WHICH HELP THE PROSECUTOR AND THE
JUDGE UNDERSTAND CONDITIONS AT THE
CRIME SCENE.
FENCE - INCLUDES ANY PERSON, FIRM,
ORGANIZATION, ASSOCIATION OR
CORPORATION OR PARTNERSHIP AND
OTHER ORGANIZATION WHO/ WHICH
COMMITS THE ACT OF FENCING.
FENCING - IS THE ACT OF ANY PERSON,
WHO, WITH INTENT TO GAIN, FOR HIMSELF
OR FOR ANOTHER SHALL BUY, POSSESS,
KEEP, ACQUIRE, CONCEALED, SELL OR IN
ANY OTHER WAY, DEAL ON ANY ARTICLES,
ITEMS, OBJECTS, OR ANYTHING OF VALUE
WHICH HE KNOWS TO HAVE BEEN DERIVED
FROM THE PROCEEDS OF CRIME OR
ROBBERY OR THEFT.
FINISHED SKETCH —A PRECISE RENDERING
OF THE CRIME SCENE, USUALLY DRAWN TO
SCALE. THIS TYPE IS NOT NORMALLY
COMPLETED AT THE CRIME SCENE
FIRE GASES – ARE THOSE THAT REMAIN
WHEN OTHER PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
COOL TO NORMAL TEMPERATURE.
COMMON COMBUSTIBLES CONTAIN
CARBON, WHICH FORMS CARBON DIOXIDE
AND CARBON MONOXIDE WHEN BURNED.
OTHER FIRE GASES INCLUDE HYDROGEN
SULFIDE, SULFUR DIOXIDE, AMMONIA,
HYDROGEN CYANIDE, NITROUS AND NITRIC
OXIDE, PHOSGENE, HYDROGEN CHLORIDE.
FIRE TETRAHEDRON - THE FIRE TRIANGLE
THEORY DESCRIBE THE THREE ELEMENTS
OF FIRE AS SHOWN IN FIGURE.
FIRE TRIANGLE THEORY - THE GRAPHICAL
PRESENTATION OF THE THREE ELEMENTS
OF FIRE, NAMELY: OXYGEN, HEAT, AND
FUEL.
FIRST RESPONDER - MUST BE ABLE TO
PROPERLY PRESERVE THE CRIME SCENE IN
ORDER TO GET MAXIMUM SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION THAT WILL HELP IN THE
SUCCESSFUL PROSECUTION OF THE
PERPETRATOR OF THE CRIME.
FLAME - IT IS THE LUMINOUS BODY OF A
BURNING GAS WHICH GETS HOTTER AND
LESS LUMINOUS WHEN MIXED WITH MORE
OXYGEN. FLAME FADES WHEN CARBONS
BURNS COMPLETELY, SO FLAME IS
CONSIDERED A PRODUCT OF INCOMPLETE
COMBUSTION.
FLAME CONTACT - HEAT MAY BE
CONDUCTED FROM ONE BODY TO
ANOTHER BY DIRECT FLAME CONTACT. FIRE
SPREADS ALONG OR THROUGH BURNING
MATERIAL BY FLAME CONTACT. WHEN A
MATERIAL IS HEATED TO THE POINT WHERE
FLAMMABLE VAPORS ARE RELEASE, THE
VAPORS MAY BE IGNITED. ANY OTHER
FLAMMABLE MATERIALS MAY BE HEATED TO
ITS IGNITION TEMPERATURE BY DIRECT
CONTACT WITH THE FLAME OR BURNING
VAPORS.
FLASHOVER - FLASHOVER OCCURS WHEN A
ROOM OR OTHER AREA IS HEATED ENOUGH
THAT FLAMES SWEEP OVER THE ENTIRE
SURFACE. FIREFIGHTER ORIGINALLY
BELIEVE THAT COMBUSTION GASES
RELEASED DURING THE EARLY STAGES OF
THE FIRE CAUSE FLASHOVER BY
COLLECTING AT THE CEILING AND MIXING
AIR UNTIL THEY BURST INTO FLAMES.
FUEL (1) – ANY SUBSTANCES WHICH
REACTS CHEMICALLY WITH OXYGEN AND
PRODUCES FLAMES.
FUEL (REDUCING AGENTS) (2) - THE
MATERIALS OR SUBSTANCES BEING
BURNED IN THE COMBUSTION PROCESS. IN
SCIENTIFIC TERMS, THE FUEL IN A
COMBUSTION REACTION IS KNOWN AS THE
REDUCING AGENTS. MOST COMMON FUELS
CONTAIN CARBON ALONG WITH
COMBINATION OF HYDROGEN AND
OXYGEN.

GAS - MOLECULES ARE FREE TO REMOVED
GRAYISH SMOKE - CAUSE BY ASHES AND
SOOT’S OF LOOSELY PACKED MATERIALS
SUCH AS STRAW OR HAY.
GROUP FIRE SETTER – AS A MEANS OF
VANDALISM BY TEENAGER OR BY PEER
PRESSURE, RIOT FIRE IS ALSO DONE BY
GROUP AS AN OUTBURST OF VIOLENCE,
TENSION OR SOCIAL UNREST AS A RESULT
OF MOB ROLE.
HEAT (1) – A FORM OF ENERGY GENERATED
BY THE TRANSMISSION OF SOME OTHER
FORM OF ENERGY, AS IN COMBUSTION OR
BURNING.
HEAT (TEMPERATURE) (2) - HEAT IS THE
ENERGY COMPONENTS OF THE FIRE
TETRAHEDRON, WHEN HEAT COMES IN
CONTACT WITH A FUEL, THE ENERGY
SUPPORTS THE COMBUSTION PROCESS.
HEAT (3) - A FORM OF ENERGY MEASURED IN
DEGREE OF TEMPERATURE, IT IS THE
PRODUCT OF COMBUSTION THAT SPREAD
THE FIRE. IT CAUSE BURNS AND OTHER
INJURIES SUCH AS DEHYDRATION, HEAT
EXHAUSTION, AND RESPIRATION TRACT
INJURIES. HEAT, OXYGEN DEPLETION, AND
CARBON MONOXIDE FORMATION ARE THE
PRIMARY HAZARDS IN FIRES
HEMATOMA- THIS IS THE EXTRAVASATION
OF BLOOD IN THE NEWLY FORMED CAVITY.
HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION - HOMICIDE
INVESTIGATION IS THE OFFICIAL INQUIRY
MADE BY THE POLICE ON THE FACTS AND
CIRCUMSTANCES SURROUNDING THE
DEATH OF A PERSON WHICH IS EXPECTED
TO BE UNLAWFUL.
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE (HCL) – A GAS WHICH
CAN BE FATAL AFTER ONLY A FEW BREATHS
IS PRODUCED IN FIRE INVOLVING
CHLORIDE-CONTAINING PLASTIC. PLASTIC
CAN BE FOUND ANYWHERE; FROM
FURNISHING TO ELECTRICAL INSULATION,
CONDUIT AND PIPING’S.
HYDROGEN CYANIDE (HCN) – A TOXIC FIRE
GAS FOUND IN OXYGEN-STARVE FIRES
INVOLVING NITROGEN-CONTAINING
MATERIALS SUCH AS WOOL, SILK,
URETHANE, POLYIMIDES, AND ACRYLICS.
THIS GAS IS ALSO USED AS FUMIGANT
WHICH CAN POSE SERIOUS DANGER TO
FIRE FIREFIGHTERS WORKING IN RECENTLY
FUMIGATED BUILDINGS. HYDROGEN
CYANIDE SMELLS LIKE BITTER ALMONDS
WHICH MAY NOT BE EASILY DETECTED.
HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S) – A FIRE GAS
FORMED DURING FIRES INVOLVING
ORGANIC MATERIAL CONTAINING SULFUR,
SUCH AS: RUBBER, HAIR, WOOD, MEATS,
AND HIDES. IT IS COLORLESS, HIGHLY,
TOXIC GAS WITH THE STRONG ODOR OF
ROTTEN EGGS. EXPOSURE FOR EVEN A
SHORT TIME IS DANGEROUS. IT WILL IGNITE
AT 500D DEGREES F (260 DEGREES C).
INCISED WOUND- PRODUCED BY FORCIBLE
CONTACT ON THE BODY BY SHARP EDGE
INSTRUMENT.
INDOOR CRIME SCENES - AFFORDS THE
CRIME SCENE PROTECTION FROM
WEATHER, ALLOWS TO TAKE TIME AND
PROCESS THE SCENE IN A SLOW,
METHODICAL MANNER WITHOUT CONCERN
FOR WEATHER INFLUENCES.
INTENSITY - INTENSITY OF FIRE MEANS
SIMPLY “HOW HOT THE FIRE IS BURNING.”
SOME TYPES OF FUELS NATURALLY BURN
HOTTER (MORE INTENSELY) THAN OTHERS.
FOR EXAMPLES, A GASOLINE FIRE BURNS
HOTTER THAN A WOOD FIRE, WHILE AN
ACETYLENE FLAME IS HOTTER THAN A
GASOLINE FLAME.
INTERROGATION DEFINED: -
INTERROGATION IS MADE TO GATHERED
INFORMATION FROM THE SUSPECT IN
WHICH CASE FOR THE SOLUTION OF THE
PROBLEM OR CRIME BUT NOT IN THE
PARAMETER THAT INVADES THE RIGHT OF
THE SUSPECT UNDER CUSTODIAL
INVESTIGATION OR RA 7438.
INTERROGATION IS A FORCEFUL / RIGID
QUESTIONING OF A PERSON SUSPECTED
OF HAVING COMMITTED AN OFFENSE OR A
PERSON WHO IS RELUCTANT TO MAKE FULL
DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION IN HIS/HER
POSSESSION WHICH IS PERTINENT TO THE
INVESTIGATION
INVESTIGATION DEFINED: (LIE) - THE
COLLECTION OF FACTS TO ACCOMPLISH A
THREEFOLD AIM. TO IDENTIFY THE
OFFENDER, TO LOCATE THE OFFENDER, TO
PROVIDE EVIDENCE AGAINST THE
OFFENDER IN A JUDICIAL PROCEEDING
LACERATED WOUND- TEARING OF THE SKIN
DUE TO FORCIBLE CONTACT OF A BLUNT
INSTRUMENT.
LIQUID - MOLECULES ARE LOOSELY
PACKED
LOW POINT BURNING – THE LOWEST POINT
OF BURNING SHOULD BE GIVEN THE OUT
MOST CONSIDERATION IN LOCATING THE
ORIGIN OF FIRE. FIRE WILL BURN UPWARD.
MAGNITUDE OF FIRE - THE MAGNITUDE OF
FIRE MEANS THE SIZE OF A FIRE, AND IT IS
GOVERNED BY THE SURFACE AREA OF FUEL
EXPOSED TO THE AIR. THE MAGNITUDE OF
FIRE IS NOT ALWAYS DETERMINED BY THE
AMOUNT OF FUEL INVOLVE BUT MORE
OFTEN BUY THE AMOUNT OF FUEL
EXPOSED TO THE AIR.
MARKINGS ON THE SPECIMEN - THESE ARE
INFORMATION TO ENSURE THAT THE ITEMS
CAN BE IDENTIFIED BY THE COLLECTOR AT
ANY TIME IN THE FUTURE.
THIS PRECAUTION WILL HELP
IMMEASURABLY TO ESTABLISH THE
CREDIBILITY OF THE COLLECTOR’S REPORT
OR TESTIMONY AND WILL EFFECTIVELY
AVOID ANY SUGGESTIONS THAT THE ITEM
HAS BEEN MISIDENTIFIED.
NIGHTTIME OUTDOOR CRIME SCENE
PRESENTS THE MOST PROBLEMS
OUTDOOR CRIME SCENE - MOST
VULNERABLE TO WEATHER CONDITION
OXYGEN (1) – A COLORLESS, ODORLESS,
GAS AND ONE OF THE COMPOSITION OF
THE AIR WHICH IS APPROXIMATELY 21% BY
VOLUME
OXYGEN (OXIDIZING AGENT) (2) - OXIDIZING
AGENTS ARE THOSE MATERIALS THAT YIELD
OXYGEN OR OTHER OXIDIZING GASES
DURING THE PROCESS OF A CHEMICAL
REACTION. OXIDIZER ARE NOT
THEMSELVES COMBUSTIBLE, BUT THEY
SUPPORT COMBUSTION WHEN COMBINE
WITH A FUEL FOR PURPOSES OF
DISCUSSION, THE OXYGEN IN THE AIR THE
SURROUNDING AREA IS CONSIDER THE
PRIMARY OXIDIZING AGENTS
PUNCTURED WOUND- PENETRATION OF A
SHARP POINTED WEAPON
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE - THESE ARE THE
ARTICLES AND MATERIALS WHICH RE
FOUND IN CONNECTION WITH THE
INVESTIGATION AND AID IN ESTABLISHING
THE IDENTITY OF THE SUSPECT.
PLANT - IT IS DESIGNED TO FEED THE FIRE
AS RAPIDLY AS POSSIBLE WHEN THE
IGNITION DEVICE IS LIGHTED.
POINT TO POINT SEARCH- SEARCHER WILL
STAND IN A STRAIGHT LINE AND MOVE
FORWARD TOGETHER
PROFESSIONALS ROBBERS - ARE THOSE
PEOPLE WHO WORKED AS A ROBBERY AS A
TRADE MAKING IT THEIR LIVING AND HAVING
NO OTHER MEANS OF INCOME.
RADIATION - THE TRANSMISSION THROUGH
THE DISCHARGE AND SPREAD OF HEAT
FORM A HEATED OR BURNING SOURCE.
THIS RADIATION TAKES PLACE THROUGH
THE AIR OR THROUGH SPACE THAT CAUSE
ANOTHER FLAMMABLE OBJECT TO IGNITE.
REDDISH BROWN OF YELLOW SMOKE –
PRESENCE OF NITRATES OR SUBSTANCES
COMPOUNDED WITH NITRATES SUCH AS
NITRIC ACID PLASTICS, FILMS, OR
CELLOPHANES.
ROBBERY - THIS IS THE TAKING OR
PERSONAL PROPERTY BELONGING TO
ANOTHER, WITH INTENT TO GAIN, BY MEANS
OF VIOLENCE AGAINST, OR INTIMIDATION
OF ANY PERSON, OR USING FORCE UPON
ANYTHING.
ROUGH SKETCH —A DRAFT
REPRESENTATION OF ALL ESSENTIAL
INFORMATION AND MEASUREMENTS AT A
CRIME SCENE. THIS SKETCH IS DRAWN AT
THE CRIME SCENE. IT SHOWS ALL
RECOVERED ITEMS OF PHYSICAL
EVIDENCE, AS WELL AS OTHER IMPORTANT
FEATURES OF THE CRIME SCENE
-
SEAL - TO MAINTAIN INTEGRITY OF THE
SPECIMEN; TO FURTHER PROVE THAT NO
TAMPERING TOOK PLACED.
SKETCH OF LOCALITY- GIVE PICTURE OF
THE SCENE, THE CRIME AND ITS ENVIRONS,
INCLUDING NEIGHBORING BUILDINGS,
ROADS ETC.
SKETCH OF BACKGROUND - PICTURE OF
THE SCENE OF THE CRIME WITH ITS
NEAREST PHYSICAL SURROUNDING.
SKETCH OF DETAILS- THE IMMEDIATE
SCENE ONLY
SKETCH OF EXPLODED/ CROSS
PROJECTION- GIVES THE CLEAR
IMPRESSION OF THE SCENE IN CASES
WHERE BLOOD STAINS OR BULLET HOLES
ARE FOUND
STEAM AND SMOKE - PRESENCE OF HUMID
SUBSTANCES IN CONTACT WITH
COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS
SOLID - MOLECULE ARE CLOSELY PACKED
TOGETHER
SOLITARY FIRE SETTERS – THEY SET FIRES
SECRETLY FOR REVENGE OR SPITE. THE
REASONS ARE LOW INTELLECT, SENILITY,
INTOXICATION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS. INCLUDE IN THIS CATEGORY
ARE PYROMANIACS, SECURITY GUARDS
WHO WANT TO BE A HERO, THE TEENAGER
WHO WILL SET FIRE TO HELP THE FIREMAN
THE HOUSE WIFE WHO WANTS THE
HUSBAND TO COME HOME AT NIGHT, THE
PSYCHOTIC FIRE SETTER AND THE SEXUAL
DERIVES SEXUAL GRATIFICATION FOR
SEEING THE FIRE.
SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION - DEALS
WITH THE STUDY OF MAJOR CRIMES BASED
ON THE APPLICATION OF SPECIAL
INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUE. THE STUDY
CONCENTRATES MORE ON PHYSICAL
EVIDENCE, ITS COLLECTION, HANDLING,
IDENTIFICATION AND PRESERVATION IN
COORDINATION WITH THE CRIME
LABORATORY. SPECIAL CRIME
INVESTIGATION INVOLVES A CLOSE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PROBER IN
THE FIELD AND THE CRIME LABORATORY
TECHNICIAN. THEY WORK TOGETHER AS A
TEAM, REACTING TO AND EXTENDING ONE
ANOTHER’S THEORIES AND FINDINGS BOTH
WORKING PATIENTLY AND THOROUGHLY TO
SOLVE A CRIME FROM THEIR INVESTIGATIVE
DISCOVERIES. THE PRESENT CRIMINAL
JUSTICE SYSTEM IN OUR COUNTRY, THE
COURT RELIES MORE ON PHYSICAL
EVIDENCE RATHER THAN EXTRA- JUDICIAL
CONFESSION.
SPIRAL SEARCH - THE SEARCHERS WILL
FOLLOW EACH OTHER IN THE PATH OF A
SPIRAL, BEGINNING IN THE OUTSIDE AND
SPIRALING TOWARDS THE CENTER.
CLOCKWISE/ COUNTER CLOCKWISE.
STAB WOUND- PRODUCED BY THE
FORCIBLE APPLICATION AND PENETRATION
OF A SHARP INSTRUMENT.
STRIP SEARCH - THE SEARCHERS WILL
PROCEED AT THE SAME PACE ALONG THE
PATH PARALLEL TO ONE SIDE OF THE
RECTANGLE.
TRAILER - CAN BE COMPARED WITH THE
WICK THAT MUST CAUSE FIRE NOT ONLY IN
ONE PLACE BUT COULD CONCEIVABLY
CREATE AN INSTANTANEOUS FIRE
THROUGHOUT AN ENTIRE BUILDING.
WHEEL SEARCH - FOR AREA TO BE
SEARCHED APPROXIMATELY CIRCULAR OR
OVAL
WHITE SMOKE – INDICATES THE PRESENCE
OF PHOSPHORUS.
ZONE SEARCH - THE AREA TO BE SEARCHED
IS DIVIDE INTO FOUR QUADRANTS AND
EACH SEARCHER IS ASSIGNED TO ONE
QUADRANT.
ARSON INVESTIGATION - THE DIRECT
RESULT OF THE BASIC OR TECHNICAL
INVESTIGATION OR IT MAY BE BROUGHT
ABOUT FROM OUTSIDE KNOWLEDGE.
BACKDRAFT -. AS THE FIRE GROWS IN A
CONFINE AREA, LARGE VOLUMES OF HOT,
UNBURNED FIRE GASES CAN COLLECT IN
UNVENTILATED SPACES. THESE GASES MAY
BE AT OR ABOVE THEIR IGNITION
TEMPERATURE BUT HAVE INSUFFICIENT
OXYGEN AVAILABLE TO ACTUALLY IGNITE.
ANY ACTION TAKEN DURING FIREFIGHTING
OPERATIONS THAT ALLOWS AIR TO MIX
WITH THESE HOT GASES CAN RESULT IN AN
EXPLOSIVE IGNITION CALLED BACKDRAFT.
BLACK SMOKE WITH DEEP RED FLAME -
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS SUCH AS TAR,
RUBBER, PLASTICS, ETC.
BLACK SMOKE WITH RED AND BLUE GREEN
FLAME- ASPHALT
BOILING POINT - THE CONSTANT
TEMPERATURE AT WHICH THE VAPOR
PRESSURE OF THE LIQUID IS EQUAL TO THE
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.
BRIGHT REDDISH-YELLOW FLAME - CALCIUM
PRODUCTS

BUILDING CODE - A STANDARD RULES FOR

SAFETY IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF
BUILDINGS. BUILDING CODES VARY IN THEIR
FIRE-RESISTANCE REQUIREMENTS IN
ACCORDANCE WITH THE OCCUPANCY
CLASSIFICATION.

BURNED BUILDING - THE TYPE OF BUILDING

MAY INDICATE A SET FIRE UNDER CERTAIN
CIRCUMSTANCES. A FIRE OF
FIRE CONSIDERABLE SIZE AT THE TIME THE FIRST
APPARATUS ARRIVES AT THE SCENE IS
TECHNOLOGY SUSPICIOUS IF A MODERN CONCRETE OR
SEMI-CONCRETE BUILDING IS INVOLVED.
AND ARSON BURNING - THERE MUST BE BURNING OR
CHANGING, I.E., THE FIBER OF THE WOOD
INVESTIGATION MUST BE DESTROYED OR DECOMPOSED,
ITS IDENTITY OR PHYSICAL STATE
ABNORMAL YOUTH - EPILEPTICS, IMBECILES CHANGED.
AND MORONS
CHEMICAL ENERGY - IT IS THE MOST
ACCIDENTAL FIRE - FIRE CAUSES WHERE COMMON SOURCE OF HEAT IN
HUMAN ACTION IS INVOLVED DIRECTLY OR COMBUSTION REACTIONS. WHEN ANY
INDIRECTLY. COMBUSTIBLES ARE IN CONTACT WITH
OXYGEN OXIDATION OCCURS. THE
AQUEOUS FILM FORMING FOAM (AFFF) - HAS REACTION OF THIS PROCESS RESULTS IN
REPLACED PROTEIN FOAM FOR ALL THE PRODUCTION OF HEAT. EXAMPLES:
AROUND FIREFIGHTING PURPOSES. HEAT GENERATED FROM A BURNING
PROTEIN BASE FOAM IS NOW USED MATCH, SELF-HEATING (SPONTANEOUS
PRIMARILY FOR RUNWAY FOAMING HEATING).
OPERATIONS AND FOR SOME TRAINING
PURPOSES. THE AFFF IS DESIGNED TO BE CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) - A NUMBER OF ITS
APPLIED AT A 6 % MIXTURE (94 PARTS PROPERTIES MAKE CO2 A DESIRABLE
WATER TO 6 PARTS AFFF CONCENTRATE). EXTINGUISHING AGENT. IT IS NON-
COMBUSTIBLE AND NON-REACTIVE WITH
ARSON - FIRE CAUSE AS A RESULT OF THE MOST SUBSTANCES. CO2 PROVIDES ITS
WILLFUL AND CRIMINAL ACTION OF SOME PRESSURE FOR DISCHARGE FROM
PERSONS, STORAGE CYLINDERS OR EXTINGUISHERS.
BEING A GAS, CO2 CAN PENETRATE AND IN ITS GAS-PHASED COMBUSTION. A
SPREAD TO ALL PARTS OF FIRE. MATTER THAT IS PRODUCED BY FIRE.

CLASS A FIRE - MATERIALS INVOLVING CONDUCTION - IT IS THE TRANSMISSION OF

VEGETABLE FIBERS, WOOD, PAPER STRAW, OBJECT/MEDIUM OR CONDUCTOR, SUCH
GRAIN, AND GRASS; COMBUSTIBLE AS PIPE, METAL, HOT AIR DUCT, WIRE, OR
MINERALS SUCH AS COAL AND COKE. EVEN WALL.

CLASS B FIRE - MATERIALS INCLUDING CONVECTION - IT IS THE TRANSMISSION OF

PETROLEUM PRODUCTS SUCH AS HEAT BY THE MOVING CURRENTS OF LIQUID
GASOLINE, FUEL OILS, LUBRICATING OILS, OR GAS. WHEN THESE GASES OR LIQUIDS
AND GREASES; ANIMAL FATS SUCH AS ARE HEATED, THEY START TO MOVE WITHIN
BUTTER, LARD, AND TALLOW; VEGETABLE THEMSELVES; AND BY THEIR FREE MOTION,
EXTRACTS SUCH AS ALCOHOL, LINSEED CIRCULATION STARTS.
OIL, AND TURPENTINE; VEGETABLE
COMPOUNDS SUCH AS SHORTENINGS AND COOLING - THE COOLING PROCESS USES
OLEOMARGARINES; NATURAL GASES AND AN EXTINGUISHING AGENT WHOSE PRIMARY
COMPRESSED GASES SUCH AS BUTANE, CHARACTERISTIC, IS HEAT ABSORPTION.
PROPANE, HYDROGEN, AND ACETYLENE. WATER IS THE BEST GENERAL COOLING
AGENT FOR FIREFIGHTING PURPOSES.
CLASS C FIRE - THIS TYPE OF FIRE INVOLVES USED ON CLASS A FIRES, THE WATER
ELECTRICAL MOTORS, ELECTRICAL ABSORBS THE HEAT GENERATED AT THE
APPLIANCES AND APPARATUS. ACTUALLY A SURFACE OF THE BURNING MATERIAL,
CLASS C FIRE IS COMPOSED USUALLY OF THUS, REDUCING THE TEMPERATURE OF
CLASS A AND CLASS B MATERIALS OR A THE MATERIAL BELOW ITS FLASH POINT.
COMBINATION OF BOTH. USE OF WATER IS
USUALLY DANGEROUS BECAUSE OF THE CRIMINAL DESIGN - A WILLFUL AND INTENT
RISK OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK. ACTION DONE MUST BE SHOWN. THE
PRESENCE OF INCENDIARY DEVICES,
CLASS D FIRE- THESE ARE MATERIALS FLAMMABLE SUBSTANCES/MATERIALS
INVOLVING COMBUSTIBLE METALS, SUCH AS GASOLINE AND KEROSENE MAY
ALLOYS, OR METAL COMPOUNDS EITHER IN INDICATE THAT THE FIRE IS NOT
A SOLID, SEMI SOLID OR LIQUID STATE. ACCIDENTAL.
THEY MAY FURTHER REDUCE IN SHAVINGS,
GRINDINGS, GRANULES, OR DUST. SOME DRY CHEMICAL - THE DRY CHEMICAL
LIQUID METALS ARE KEPT IN A LIQUID STATE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS IN USE TODAY ARE
UNDER PRESSURE. USUALLY THESE LIQUID MIXTURES OF POWDERS AND VARIOUS
METALS ARE EXTREMELY DANGEROUS. ADDITIVES THAT IMPROVE THE STORAGE,
SOME OF THE MORE UNUSUAL METALS ARE: FLOW, AND WATER REPELLENCY OF THE
SODIUM, MAGNESIUM, TITANIUM, SODIUM POWDERS. SODIUM BICARBONATE,
POTASSIUM, AND URANIUM AS WELL AS POTASSIUM BICARBONATE, AND MONO
PYROPHORIC ORGANOMETALLIC AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE ARE SOME OF THE
REAGENTS SUCH A ALKYLITHIUMS, POWDERS COMMONLY USED TODAY. DRY
GRIGNARDS, AND DIETHYLZINC. THESE CHEMICAL IS STABLE AT LOW
TYPE OF MATERIALS BURN AT HIGH TEMPERATURES, BUT IT HAS AN UPPER
TEMPERATURES AND WILL REACT STORAGE TEMPERATURE OF 140 ºF. AT
VIOLENTLY WITH WATER, AIR, AND/OR TEMPERATURES ABOVE 140 ºF SOME
OTHER CHEMICALS. CAKING OR STICKING OF THE POWDER
OCCURS. THESE AGENTS ARE SAID TO BE
COLOR OF FLAME - THE COLOR OF THE NON-TOXIC, BUT IN DISCHARGING LARGE
FLAME IS A GOOD INDICATOR OF THE AMOUNTS THEY MAY CAUSE SOME
INTENSITY OF THE FIRE, IT IS AN IMPORTANT BREATHING AND VISIBI1ITY PROBLEMS.
FACTOR IN DETERMINING INCENDIARISM.
DRY POWDER - DRY POWDER IS A
COMBUSTION - FIRE AND COMBUSTION ARE GENERALLY TERM FOR AGENTS USED TO
TERMS THAT ARE OFTEN USED EXTINGUISH COMBUSTIBLE METAL FIRES.
INTERCHANGEABLY. TECHNICALLY NO ONE DRY POWDER HAS BEEN FOUND TO
SPEAKING, FIRE IS A FORM OF BE EFFECTIVE, ON ALL TYPES OF
COMBUSTION. COMBUSTION IS A SELF- COMBUSTIBLE METALS.
SUSTAINING CHEMICAL REACTION
PRODUCING ENERGY OR PRODUCTS THAT ELECTRICAL ENERGY - ELECTRICAL ENERGY
CAUSE MORE REACTIONS OF THE SAME CAN GENERATE TEMPERATURES HIGH
KIND. COMBUSTION IS AN EXOTHERMIC ENOUGH TO IGNITE ANY COMBUSTIBLE
REACTION. FIRE IS A RAPID, SELF- MATERIALS NEAR THE HEATED AREA.
SUSTAINING OXIDIZATION PROCESS
ACCOMPANIED BY THE RELEASE OF HEAT ENDOTHERMIC REACTION - ARE CHANGES
AND LIGHT OF DIFFERENT INTENSITIES. THE WHEREBY ENERGY (HEAT) IS ABSORBED OR
TIME IT TAKES A REACTION TO OCCUR IS ADDED BEFORE THE REACTION TAKES
DETERMINES THE TYPE OF REACTION THAT PLACE.
IS OBSERVED.
EVIDENCE OF INTENT - WHEN VALUABLES
COMBUSTION/FLAME - THE WERE REMOVED FROM THE BUILDING
MANIFESTATION OF FIRE WHEN THE FIRE IS BEFORE THE FIRE, THE ILL-FEELING
BETWEEN THE ACCUSED AND THE
OCCUPANTS OF THE BUILDING INVOLVED
OR BURNED - ABSENCE OF EFFORT TO PUT
OFF THE FIRE AND SUCH OTHER
INDICATIONS.
EXOTHERMIC REACTION - REACTIONS OR
CHANGES THAT RELEASE OR GIVE OFF
ENERGY (HEAT) THUS THEY PRODUCE
SUBSTANCES WITH LESS ENERGY THAN
THE REACTANTS.
EXTINGUISHING AGENTS - THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF AN EXTINGUISHER ON A
PARTICULAR FIRE DEPENDS ON THE
AMOUNT AND TYPE OF AGENT IN THE
EXTINGUISHER.
FE-36 - (HYDROFLUOROCARBON-236FA OR
KNOWN AS HFC-236FA) - IT IS A DUPONT-
MANUFACTURED HALON 1211
REPLACEMENT. THIS AGENT IS LESS TOXIC
THAN BOTH HALON 1211 AND HALOTRON I.
IT HAS A ZERO OZONE-DEPLETING EFFECT
OR POTENTIAL. FE-36 IS NOT SCHEDULED
FOR PHASE-OUT WHEREAS HALOTRON I
PRODUCTION IS SLATED TO CEASE IN 2015.
FINGERPRINT OF FIRE - THIS OCCURS
DURING THE FREE-BURNING STAGE OF THE
FIRE, OR WHEN IT UNDERGOES PYROLYTIC
DECOMPOSITION OR HEATED GASES MOVE
UPWARD ON THE WALLS LEAVING A BURNT
PATTERN.
FIRE EXTINGUISHER DEFINED: - IT IS A
MECHANICAL DEVICE USUALLY MADE OF
METAL, CONTAINING CHEMICALS, FLUIDS,
OR GASES FOR STOPPING FIRES, THE
MEANS FOR APPLICATION OF
CONTENTS FOR THE PURPOSE OF PUTTING
OUT FIRE (PARTICULARLY SMALL FIRE)
BEFORE IT PROPAGATES, AND IS CAPABLE
OF BEING READILY MOVED FROM PLACE TO
PLACE. IT IS A PORTABLE DEVICE USED TO
PUT OUT FIRES OF LIMITED SIZE.
FIRE INVESTIGATION - FIRE INVESTIGATION
IS BY NATURE THE BASIS FOR FIRE
PREVENTION PROGRAM. ONLY AN IN-DEPTH
ANALYSIS OF WHAT SEQUENCES OF
EVENTS ENABLE A FIRE TO START, ENABLED
IT TO SPREAD, AND HOW AND WHERE IT WAS
CONTROLLED (E.G., FIREFIGHTING,
STRUCTURAL DESIGN, LACK OF FUEL) CAN
HELP PREVENT FUTURE FIRES.
ADDITIONALLY, FIRE INVESTIGATION
INCLUDES THE OBSERVATIONS
EVERYONE INVOLVED, AND AT THE FIRES
THEMSELVES THERE ARE MANY
FIREFIGHTERS WHO WILL ABLE TO SHED
LIGHT ON THE NATURE OF THE FIRE, ITS
PROGRESS, AND SO FORTH.
FIRE INVESTIGATION REPORT - IT IS THE
FINAL WRITTEN RESULTS OF TAKING
NOTES, RECORDING OBSERVATIONS AND
INTERVIEWING WITNESSES. IT INCLUDES
THE WRITTEN RESULTS OF THE
CONSTRUCTION AND SIZE OF THE BURNED
STRUCTURE, WHAT THE FIREMEN
OBSERVED AND ENCOUNTERED UPON
THEIR ARRIVAL AT THE FIRE SCENE, THE
COLOR OF THE SMOKE AND FLAME, AND
THE INTENSITY AND LOCATION OF THE FIRE.
FIRE PARTITIONS - FIRE PARTITIONS ARE
INSTALLED TO SEPARATE AREAS OF
HAZARDOUS OCCUPANCIES FROM AREAS
OF ORDINARY OR LIGHT HAZARD
OCCUPANCIES THAT RESIST THE PASSAGE
OF FIRE FROM ONE AREA TO ANOTHER. FIRE
PARTITIONS MUST BE CONSTRUCTED TO
HAVE FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS OF 1 OR 2
HOURS.
FIRE POINT - THE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH
THE MATERIAL WILL GIVE OFF AMPLE
VAPORS TO KEEP BURNING. THERE IS
USUALLY ABOUT 5-TO 10º DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THE FLASHPOINT AND THE FIRE
POINT OF MOST MATERIALS. SINCE THESE
TWO ARE JUST A FEW DEGREES APART.
FIRE RETARDING FEATURES - WHILE A
FACILITY IS STILL BEING DESIGNED,
EVERYTHING POSSIBLE SHOULD BE
PLANNED AND DONE TO MAKE THE FACILITY
EVENTUALLY FIRE SAFE. FIRE RETARDING
FEATURES MUST BE SPECIFIED IN THE
PLANS. FOR THE SAFETY OF PERSONNEL,
IMPORTANT PROVISIONS IN PREVENTING
THE SPREAD OF FIRE (BOTH VERTICALLY
AND HORIZONTALLY IN BUILDINGS SHOULD
BE CONSTRUCTED).
FIRE STOPS - WOOD IS USED AS A FIRE
STOP, IT MUST BE AT LEAST 2 INCHES THICK.
CONCEALED SPACES IN THE BUILDING
SHOULD BE FILLED WITH
NONCOMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL. FIRE STOPS
MUST BE INSPECTED DURING THE
ITS CONSTRUCTION.
FIRE SUPPRESSION, CONTROL AND
EXTINGUISHMENT, AND EXTINGUISHING
AGENTS - THE PROPER SELECTION OF AN
AGENT OR METHOD OF CONTROL OR
EXTINGUISHMENT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT
FACTOR IN DETERMINING THE DEGREE OF A
SUCCESS OF A FIREFIGHTING OPERATION.
FIRE SUPPRESSION - MEANS SHOWING
DOWN THE RATE OF BURNING, WHEREAS,
CONTROL MEANS KEEPING THE FIRE FROM
SPREADING OR HOLDING THE FIRE TO ONE
AREA. EXTINGUISHMENT IS PUTTING THE
FIRE COMPLETELY OUT.
OF FIRE TETRAHEDRON - THE FIRE, TRIANGLE
THEORY DESCRIBES THE THREE ELEMENTS,
OF A FIRE. ANOTHER EXPLANATION OF THE
REQUIREMENT OF COMBUSTION USES A
FOUR-SIDED FIGURE CALLED
TETRAHEDRON.
FIRE WALLS - FIRE WALLS ARE INSTALLED
FOR THE PURPOSE OF PREVENTING THE
PASSAGE OF FIRE FROM ONE BUILDING TO
ANOTHER, OR FROM ONE FIRE AREA OF A
BUILDING TO ANOTHER AREA. FIRE WALL
MUST BE STRUCTURALLY SOUND AND MAY
SERVE AS AN IMPORTANT WALL IF NO
COMBUSTIBLE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS ARE
FRAMED INTO THE WALLS. IT HAS A
PARTICULAR FIRE RESISTANCE RATING
DEPENDING ON ITS CONSTRUCTION AND
THICKNESS. FIRE WALLS MUST HAVE A
PARAPET WITH A MINIMUM HEIGHT OF
THREE (3) FEET ABOVE THE ROOF FOR ALL
TYPES OF ROOF CONSTRUCTION EXCEPT
ROOFS TOP FLOOR ASSEMBLIES WITH A
MINIMUM FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING OF TWO
(2) HOURS. WING WALLS ARE REQUIRED
EXCEPT WHERE EXTERIOR WALLS OF
BUILDING ARE OF CONCRETE OR MADE UP
OF MASONRY CONSTRUCTION. FIRE WALLS
WILL BE BONDED INTO EXTERIOR WALLS.
COMBUSTIBLE EAVE CONSTRUCTION
SHOULD BE INTERRUPTED BY FIRE WALL
PARAPETS CORBELLED OUT TWO (2) FEET
BEYOND THE BUILDING WALL. FIRE WALL
RETURNS AT EXTERIOR BUILDING WALLS
WILL BE TWENTY (20) FEET LONG OF
UNBROKEN EXTERIOR CONCRETE OR
MASONRY WITHOUT WINDOWS, DOORS, OR
OTHER OPENINGS, AND WITHOUT
COMBUSTIBLE CORNICES OR ROOF
OVERHANGS.
FIXED FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM - FIXED
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM INSTALLED WILL
BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH SOUND
ECONOMICAL AND ENGINEERING
PRACTICES. THESE SYSTEMS INSURE THE
MAXIMUM LIFE SAFETY-OR MAXIMUM
DEGREE OF PROPERTY PROTECTION
WHERE THE SIZE, TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION,
OCCUPANCY, OR OTHER CONDITIONS
CREATE SEVERE MONETARY FIRE-LOSS
POTENTIAL.
FLASHOVER - FLASHOVER OCCURS WHEN A
ROOM OR OTHER AREA IS HEATED ENOUGH
THAT FLAMES SWEEP OVER THE ENTIRE
SURFACE. FIREFIGHTERS ORIGINALLY
BELIEVED THAT COMBUSTIBLE GASES
RELEASED DURING THE EARLY STAGES OF
THE FIRE CAUSE FLASHOVER BY
COLLECTING AT THE CEILING AND MIXING
WITH AIR UNTIL THEY BURST INTO FLAMES.
FLASHPOINT - THE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH
A MATERIAL IS NOT HOT ENOUGH TO KEEP
BURNING, BUT STILL GIVES OFF ENOUGH
VAPORS TO CAUSE A FLAME TO “FLASH”
ACROSS THE SURFACE. THE TERM
“FLASHPOINT” IS USED TO EXPRESS THE
CONDITION OF A FUEL VAPORIZING,
WHETHER OR NOT IT IS VAPORIZING FAST
ENOUGH TO KEEP BURNING.
FREE-BURNING PHASE - THE SECOND PHASE
OF BURNING IN WHICH MATERIALS OR
STRUCTURES ARE BURNING IN THE
PRESENCE OF ADEQUATE OXYGEN.
FREE-RADICALS UNDERGO COMBUSTION IF
PROPER AMOUNT OF OXYGEN IS PRESENT.
FUEL - ANY SUBSTANCE WHICH REACTS
CHEMICALLY WITH OXYGEN AND
PRODUCES FLAMES. THE MOST IMPORTANT
ELEMENT OF FIRE.
FUEL (REDUCING AGENT) - FUEL IS THE
MATERIAL OR SUBSTANCE BEING BURNED
IN THE COMBUSTION PROCESS.
FUSION REACTION (A FORM OF NUCLEAR
ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY.
GRAPHITE-BASED POWDERS - THESE ARE
DESIGNED FOR USE ON LITHIUM FIRES. IT IS
ALSO EFFECTIVE ON FIRES INVOLVING HIGH
MELTING METALS SUCH AS ZIRCONIUM AND
TITANIUM.
GREENISH-YELLOW FLAME - CHLORIDE AND
MANGANESE PRODUCTS
HALONS (HALOGENATED AGENTS) - THESE
AGENTS HAVE BEEN USED FOR OVER 50
YEARS. CONTINUOUS RESEARCH HAS
BROUGHT THESE AGENTS TO THE PRESENT
HIGH DEGREE OF EFFECTIVENESS IN
INTERRUPTING THE CHAIN REACTION THEY
POSSESS ALONG WITH A DECREASE IN LIFE
SAFETY HAZARD. THE OLDER (BETTER
KNOWN) AGENTS SUCH AS CARBON
TETRACHLORIDE (HALON 104) AND
CHLOROBROMOMETHANE (HALON 1011)
ARE LESS EFFECTIVE AND MORE TOXIC
THAN THE NEWER AGENTS NOW IN USE.
HALOTRON I EXTINGUISHERS - THESE
EXTINGUISHERS ARE INTENDED FOR USE
ON CLASS B AND CLASS C FIRES.
HALOTRON I IS AN OZONE-FRIENDLY
REPLACEMENT FOR HALON 1211 (WHICH
WAS BANNED BY INTERNATIONAL
AGREEMENTS STARTING 1994). THIS
“CLEAN” AGENT DISCHARGES AS A LIQUID,
HAS A HIGH VISIBILITY DURING DISCHARGE,
DOES NOT CAUSE THERMAL OR STATIC
SHOCK, LEAVES NO RESIDUE AND IS NON-
CONDUCTING. THESE PROPERTIES MAKE IT
IDEAL FOR COMPUTER ROOMS, CLEAN
ROOMS, TELECOMMUNICATIONS
EQUIPMENT, AND ELECTRONICS, AND IT IS
EXPENSIVE.
HEAT - A FORM OF ENERGY GENERATED BY
THE TRANSMISSION OF SOME OTHER FORM
OF ENERGY, AS IN COMBUSTION OR
BURNING.
HEAT (TEMPERATURE) - HEAT IS THE ENERGY
COMPONENT OF THE FIRE TETRAHEDRON.
WHEN HEAT COMES IN CONTACT WITH A
FUEL, THE ENERGY SUPPORTS THE
COMBUSTION PROCESS.
HEAT - A FORM OF ENERGY MEASURED IN
DEGREE OF TEMPERATURE, IT IS THE
PRODUCT OF COMBUSTION THAT SPREAD
THE FIRE. IT CAUSES BURNS AND OTHER
INJURIES SUCH AS DEHYDRATION, HEAT
EXHAUSTION, AND RESPIRATORY TRACT
INJURIES. HEAT, OXYGEN DEPLETION, AND
CARBON MONOXIDE FORMATION ARE THE
PRIMARY HAZARDS IN FIRES.
HEIGHT REQUIREMENTS - OWING TO THE
LIFE HAZARD INVOLVED, IT IS A GOOD
PRACTICE TO LIMIT THE HEIGHT OF
STRUCTURES THAT HAVE AN UNUSUALLY
HIGH DEGREE OF COMBUSTIBILITY. THE
HEIGHT OF BUILDINGS OF MASONRY OR
CONCRETE WALL AND WOOD
CONSTRUCTION IS GENERALLY LIMITED TO
A HEIGHT ASSUMED TO BE THE MAXIMUM AT
WHICH THE FIRE DEPARTMENTS CAN
OPERATE AND FIGHT FIRE EFFECTIVELY,
WORKING FROM THE STREET LEVEL. THE
OPERATIONAL LIMIT IS USUALLY THREE (3)
OR FOUR (4) STORIES. WOOD FRAME
CONSTRUCTION IS GENERALLY GIVEN
LOWER HEIGHT LIMITS. FIRE RESISTIVE,
BUILDINGS ARE COMMONLY PERMITTED
WITHOUT ANY HEIGHT LIMIT, ON THE
THEORY THAT THE STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY
OF THE BUILDINGS WILL BE MAINTAINED.
HERO TYPE - A PERSON RESPONSIBLE
SETTING A BUILDING ON FIRE AND
PRETENDS TO DISCOVER IT, TURN THE
ALARM OR MAKE SOME RESCUE WORKS TO
APPEAR AS “HERO”.
HEAVY BROWN WITH BRIGHT RED FLAME -
NITROGEN PRODUCTS
IGNITION TEMPERATURE OR KINDLING
TEMPERATURE - THE MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE TO WHICH THE SUBSTANCE
IN THE AIR MUST BE HEATED IN ORDER TO
INITIATE OR CAUSE SELF-CONTAINED
COMBUSTION WITHOUT THE ADDITION OF
HEAT FROM OUTSIDE SOURCES.
INCIPIENT/BEGINNING PHASE - IT IS THE
INITIAL STAGE OF FIRE.
INTENDED OCCUPANCY AND USE - A
BUILDING DESIGN IS BASED UPON THE
OCCUPANCY OF THE INDIVIDUAL
STRUCTURE, CONSIDERING BOTH THE
COMBUSTIBILITY OF THE CONTENTS AND
THE HUMAN FACTORS OF OCCUPANCY.
BUILDINGS WHEREIN LARGE OCCUPANTS
ARE ASSEMBLED SUCH AS DORMITORIES,
SCHOOLS, HOSPITALS, WHERE CROWDS
MAY GENERATE PANIC HAZARDS, CALL FOR
A HIGHER AND GREATER DEGREE OF FIRE
SAFETY PROTECTION THAN DO
WAREHOUSES AND BUILDING WHICH ARE
LESS POPULATED. BUILDINGS THAT
CONTAIN HIGH COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS
CALL FOR A GREATER DEGREE OF FIRE
RESISTANCE IN THE STRUCTURE.
INTENT - THE PURPOSE OR DESIGN WITH
WHICH THE ACT IS DONE AND INVOLVES
THE WILL TO DO THE ACT
INVENTORY OF EVIDENCE - AS THE
EVIDENCE IS COLLECTED AND MARKED
FOR IDENTIFICATION PURPOSES, IT
SHOULD BE ENTERED ON SOME TYPE OF
INVENTORY SHEET. IN ALL CASES, IT WILL
IMPROVE THE ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE
BY ESTABLISHING
LIFE SAFETY - THE PROVISION OF
ADEQUATE EXITS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT
FEATURE IN DESIGNING A BUILDING FOR
LIFE SAFETY. ONCE FIRE IS NOTIFIED,
OCCUPANTS CAN LEAVE THE BUILDING IN
THE LEAST POSSIBLE TIME THROUGH EXITS
FREE FROM FIRE, HEAT, AND SMOKE.
ALTHOUGH PANIC IN A BURNING BUILDING
MAY BE UNCONTROLLABLE, IT CAN BE
EASED WITH THE MEASURES DESIGNED TO
HELP PREVENT PANIC-AN EXAMPLE OF THIS
IS THE EXIT SIGNS. PANIC SELDOM
DEVELOPS IN A BURNING BUILDING AS
LONG AS THE OCCUPANTS ARE MOVING
TOWARDS EXITS THAT HAVE NO
OBSTRUCTIONS IN THE PATH OF TRAVEL.
THE LIFE SAFETY FACTOR IS AFFECTED BY
MANY BUILDING DESIGNS AND FEATURES-
DESIGNS AND FEATURES THAT PREVENT,
REDUCE, OR RETARD THE SPREAD OF THE
FIRE, SUCH AS: FIRE STOPS, FIRE WALLS,
AND FIRE DOORS.
MALICE - IT DENOTES HATRED OR A DESIRE
FOR REVENGE.
MOTIVE - THE MOVING CAUSE THAT
INDUCES THE COMMISSION OF THE CRIME.
NATURAL FIRE - FIRE CAUSED NATURALLY
WITHOUT HUMAN INTERVENTION OR AID;
SUCH AS LIGHTNING, SPONTANEOUS
IGNITION, MECHANICAL MALFUNCTION OF
EQUIPMENT.
NUCLEAR ENERGY - NUCLEAR HEAT ENERGY
IS GENERATED WHEN ATOMS EITHER SPLIT
APART (FISSION) OR COMBINE (FUSION).
OXIDATION - A CHEMICAL CHANGE IN WHICH
COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL (FUEL) AND AN
OXIDIZING AGENT REACT.
OXYGEN - A COLORLESS, ODORLESS GAS
AND ONE OF THE COMPOSITIONS OF AIR
WHICH IS APPROXIMATELY 21% BY VOLUME.
OXYGEN (OXIDIZING AGENT) - OXIDIZING
AGENTS ARE THOSE MATERIALS THAT YIELD
OXYGEN OR OTHER OXIDIZING GASES
DURING THE PROCESS OF A CHEMICAL
REACTION.
POINTS OF ORIGIN OF FIRE - INITIALLY, THE
IMPORTANT POINT TO BE ESTABLISHED IS
THE POINT OF ORIGIN OF THE FIRE, OR
WHAT PARTICULAR PLACE IN THE BUILDING
THE FIRE STARTED. THIS MAY BE OBTAINED
OR ESTABLISHED BY AN EXAMINATION OF
WITNESS/ES BY THE ARSON
INVESTIGATOR, BY INSPECTION OF THE
DEBRIS AT THE FIRE SCENE, AND BY
STUDYING THE FINGERPRINT OF FIRE
PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER - PORTABLE
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS OFFER THE
GREATEST POTENTIAL FOR IMMEDIATELY
CONTROLLING WORKPLACE FIRES. THEIR
PORTABILITY AND RELATIVELY EASY
OPERATION OFTEN MAKE THEM READY FOR
USE WITHIN SECONDS. HOWEVER,
TRAINING AND EDUCATION IS CRITICAL TO
KNOW MORE ON THE OPERATIONS AND USE
OF AN EXTINGUISHER. USERS SHOULD
KNOW HOW TO IDENTIFY EXTINGUISHERS,
WHAT TYPES ARE AVAILABLE, WHERE THEY
ARE IN THE WORK PLACE, AND ABOVE ALL,
HOW TO USE THEM.
POWDERED COPPER METAL (CU METAL) -
USED FOR FIRES INVOLVING LITHIUM AND
LITHIUM ALLOYS. IT IS THE ONLY KNOWN
LITHIUM FIREFIGHTING AGENT WHICH WILL
CLING TO A VERTICAL SURFACE THUS
MAKING IT THE PREFERRED AGENT USED ON REGARDLESS OF THE TEMPERATURE,
THREE DIMENSIONAL AND FLOWING FIRES. CANNOT AFFECT THE FUEL, THEREFORE,
THERE IS NO FIRE.
PROPAGATION OF FIRE - PROPAGATION OF
FIRE SIMPLY MEANS THE SPREAD OF FIRE. SMOKE - IT IS THE VISIBLE PRODUCT OF
AS A SUBSTANCE BURNS, FIRE INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION, USUALLY A
PROPAGATION WILL BE INCREASED BY THE MIXTURE OF OXYGEN NITROGEN, CARBON
TRANSMISSION OF HEAT BY NEARBY DIOXIDE, CARBON MONOXIDE, FINELY
MATERIALS. THIS CONDITION CAUSES DIVIDED PARTICLES OF SOOT AND
ADDITIONAL VAPORS TO BE RELEASED CARBON, AND MISCELLANEOUS
THEREBY SPREADING THE FIRE. ASSORTMENT OF PRODUCT RELEASED
FROM THE BURNING MATERIAL.
PURPLE-VIOLET FLAME - POTASSIUM
PRODUCTS SMOKE MARKS - AN EXPERIENCED
INVESTIGATOR WILL DETERMINE THE
PYROMANIA - THE UNCONTROLLABLE VOLUME OF SMOKE INVOLVED AT A FIRE
IMPULSE OF A PERSON TO BURN ANYTHING AND THE CHARACTER AS RESIDUE
WITHOUT ANY MOTIVATION. DEPOSITED ON WALLS OR ELSEWHERE.
SMOKE MARKS HAVE OFTEN BEEN OF
PYROLYSIS - IT REFERS TO THE CHEMICAL ASSISTANCE IN DETERMINING THE
PROCESS WHEREBY FIRE CONSUMES THE POSSIBILITY OF A FIRE HAVING MORE THAN
MOST SOLID PART OF THE FUEL. IT IS THE ONE PLACE OF ORIGIN.
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF A SOLID
FUEL THROUGH THE ACTION OF HEAT. SMOLDERING PHASE - THE FINAL PHASE OF
BURNING WHEREIN FLAME CEASES BUT
RADIATION - THE TRANSMISSION THROUGH DENSE SMOKE AND HEAT COMPLETELY
THE DISCHARGE AND SPREAD OF HEAT FILL THE CONFINED ROOM.
FROM A HEATED OR BURNING SOURCE.
THIS RADIATION TAKES PLACE THROUGH SMOTHERING - EXCLUDES THE OXYGEN
THE AIR OR THROUGH SPACE THAT CAUSE FROM THE FUEL SO THAT THE GASES OR
ANOTHER FLAMMABLE OBJECT TO IGNITE. VAPORS OF THE FUEL CANNOT IGNITE AND
CONTINUE THE COMBUSTION. CO2 AND
SELF-SUSTAINED CHEMICAL REACTION AFFF ARE USED FOR THIS PURPOSE.
(THE FOURTH ELEMENT) - COMBUSTION IS A
COMPLEX REACTION THAT IT REQUIRES A SODIUM CHLORIDE - USED FOR METAL
FUEL (GASEOUS OR VAPOR STATE), AN FIRES INVOLVING MAGNESIUM, SODIUM
OXIDIZER, AND HEAT TO COMBINE IN A VERY (SPILLS AND IN DEPTH), POTASSIUM,
SPECIFIC WAY. ONCE FLAMING STARTS, IT SODIUM/POTASSIUM ALLOYS, URANIUM
CAN ONLY CONTINUE WHEN ENOUGH HEAT AND POWDERED ALUMINUM. HEAT FROM
OR ENERGY IS PRODUCED TO CAUSE THE THE FIRE CAUSES THE AGENT TO HARDEN
CONTINUED CHAIN REACTION. CHAIN AND FORM A CRUST THAT EXCLUDES AIR
REACTION IS A SERIES OF EVENTS THAT AND DISSIPATES HEAT.
OCCUR IN SEQUENCE WITH THE RESULTS
OF EACH INDIVIDUAL REACTION BEING SODIUM-CARBONATE-BASED DRY
ADDED TO THE REST. POWDERS - CAN BE USED WITH MOST
CLASS D FIRES INVOLVING SODIUM,
SEMI-PORTABLE/WHEELED EXTINGUISHER - POTASSIUM OR SODIUM/POTASSIUM
THESE TYPES OF EXTINGUISHERS PROVIDE ALLOYS. THIS AGENT IS RECOMMENDED
A WAY OF GETTING A SIZEABLE AMOUNT OF WHERE STRESS, CORROSION OF
EXTINGUISHING AGENT TO A FIRE RAPIDLY. STAINLESS STEEL MUST BE KEPT TO AN
THESE UNITS ARE DESIGNED FOR IN PLANT ABSOLUTE MINIMUM.
PROTECTION AND OFFER A CONSIDERABLY
LONGER AGENT DISCHARGE PERIOD AND SPACING OF STRUCTURES - PLANNING AND
GREATER FIREFIGHTING POWER. CONSTRUCTION OF AN ADEQUATE
CAPACITIES RANGE FROM 100 TO 350 LBS. SEPARATION OF BUILDINGS AND
OF DRY CHEMICAL AGENT. GENERALLY, STRUCTURES IS VERY IMPORTANT TO
NITROGEN IN A SEPARATE TANK RELEASES PREVENT THE SPREAD OF FIRE FROM AN
THE AGENT THROUGH A FLEXIBLE HOSE ADJACENT BUILDING OR FROM AREA TO
TIPPED WITH A SPRAY NOZZLE. THE UNITS AREA. SPACING REQUIREMENTS THAT
TYPICALLY HAVE A 50 FOOT (15 M) HOSE RESTRICT TYPES OF OCCUPANCIES OR
THAT ALLOWS CONSIDERABLE SPECIFIED AREAS HAVE AN IMPORTANT
MANEUVERABILITY WHILE COMBATING BEARING UPON FIRE SAFETY.
FIRES. CONSIDERATION WILL BE GIVEN TO
CONVENIENCE, EFFICIENCY, AND SAVINGS.
SEPARATE FIRES - WHEN TWO OR MORE WHEN BUILDINGS HAVE DIFFERENT
FIRE BREAKS OUT WITHIN A BUILDING, THE OCCUPANCIES AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF
BUILDING IS CERTAINLY SUSPICIOUS. CONSTRUCTION ARE ADJACENT, MAXIMUM
SPACING REQUIREMENTS HAVE TO BE
SEPARATION - THE REMOVAL OF THE FUEL, OBSERVED.
AS IN THE EXAMPLE OF TURNING OFF A
VALVE IN A GAS LINE PREVENTS THE FUEL SPECIFIC GRAVITY - THE RATIO OF THE
AND OXYGEN FROM COMING TOGETHER. IF WEIGHT OF A SOLID OR SUBSTANCE TO THE
FUEL IS NOT AVAILABLE, THEN HEAT, WEIGHT OF AN EQUAL VOLUME OF WATER
TECHNICAL INVESTIGATION - IT IS AN IN- WILLFULNESS - THE ACT WAS DONE
DEPTH INVESTIGATION TO DETERMINE PURPOSELY AND WITH INTENTION.
MORE SPECIFIC DETAILS OF THE CAUSE
AND EFFECTS, AND TO ESTABLISH
NECESSARY CORRECTIVE ACTION.

TELL TALE SIGNS - THESE SIGNS MAYBE

OBVIOUS THAT THE FIRST FIREMAN AT THE
FIRE SCENE WILL SUSPECT ARSON:

TEMPERATURE - THE MEASURE OF THERMAL

DEGREE OF THE AGITATION OF MOLECULES
OF A GIVEN SUBSTANCE; THE MEASURE OF
THE MOLECULAR ACTIVITY WITHIN A
SUBSTANCE.

UNKNOWN FIRE - FIRES WHICH ARE NOT

CLASSIFIED AS TO CAUSE.

VAPOR DENSITY - THE WEIGHT OF A VOLUME

OF PURE GAS COMPARED TO THE WEIGHT
OF A VOLUME OF DRY AIR AT THE SAME
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

VAPOR DENSITY - THE TERM USED TO

EXPLAIN THE WEIGHT OF VAPORS IS “VAPOR
DENSITY”. IN ORDER TO MEASURE THE
WEIGHT OF THESE VAPORS WE USUALLY
COMPARE THEM TO AIR, WHICH IS
CONSIDERED TO HAVE A VAPOR DENSITY
OF 1.00. THEREFORE, IF WE SAY THAT A
DRUG
SUBSTANCE HAS A VAPOR DENSITY OF 1.5;
IT MEANS THAT IT IS ON-AND-A-HALF TIMES
AS HEAVY AS AIR UNDER THE SAME
EDUCATION
CONDITIONS OF PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE. IF A SUBSTANCE HAS A
AND

VAPOR DENSITY OF .7, IT IS LIGHTER THAN

AIR, WEIGHING ONLY 7/10 AS MUCH AS AN
EQUAL VOLUME OF AIR.
VAPOR PRESSURE - THE FORCE EXERTED BY
THE MOLECULES ON THE SURFACE OF THE
LIQUID AT EQUILIBRIUM.
WATER - USED ONLY ON CLASS A FIRES.
WATER IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE IN
COOLING THE BURNING MATERIAL BELOW
ITS IGNITION TEMPERATURE. IT IS THE MOST
COMMONLY USED AGENT IN FIREFIGHTING.
WATER MIST EXTINGUISHERS - IDEAL USED
FOR CLASS A FIRE, WHERE A POTENTIAL
CLASS C HAZARD EXISTS. UNLIKE AN
ORDINARY WATER EXTINGUISHER, THE
MISTING NOZZLE PROVIDES SAFETY FROM
ELECTRIC SHOCK AND REDUCES
SCATTERING OF BURNING MATERIALS. IN
NON-MAGNETIC VERSIONS, WATER MIST
EXTINGUISHERS ARE THE PREFERRED
CHOICE FOR MRI OR NMR FACILITIES OR
FOR DEPLOYMENT ON MINE SWEEPER.
PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS ARE NO
SUBSTITUTE FOR SPRINKLER SYSTEMS,
HOSE STREAMS, OR OTHER FIREFIGHTING
DEVICES. THEY CONTAIN A LIMITED SUPPLY
OF EXTINGUISHING AGENT, AND THEIR
DISCHARGE RANGE AND TIME IS LIMITED.
BUT THEY ARE NECESSARY EVEN WHEN
PROPERTY IS PROTECTED BY AN
AUTOMATIC FIRE PROTECTION DEVICE.
WHITE SMOKE WITH BRIGHT FLAME
MAGNESIUM PRODUCTS
AND VICE
CONTROL
ABUSIVE DOSE – THE AMOUNT NEEDED TO
PRODUCE THE SIDE EFFECTS AND ACTION
DESIRED BY AN INDIVIDUAL WHO
IMPROPERLY USES IT.
ADDICTION - SEVERE CRAVING FOR THE
DRUG EVEN TO THE POINT OF INTERFERING
WITH THE PERSON’S ABILITY TO FUNCTION
NORMALLY.
ADMINISTER – ANY ACT OF INTRODUCING
ANY DANGEROUS DRUG INTO THE BODY OF
ANY PERSON, WITH OR WITHOUT HIS/HER
KNOWLEDGE, BY INJECTION, INHALATION,
INGESTION OR OTHER MEANS, OR OF
COMMITTING ANY ACT OF INDISPENSABLE
ASSISTANCE TO A PERSON IN
ADMINISTERING A DANGEROUS DRUG TO
HIM/HER UNLESS ADMINISTERED BY A DULY
LICENSED PRACTITIONER FOR PURPOSES
OF MEDICATION.
ALCOHOL - THE KING OF ALL DRUGS WITH
POTENTIAL FOR ABUSE. MOST WIDELY
USED, SOCIALLY ACCEPTED AND MOST
EXTENSIVELY LEGALIZED DRUG
THROUGHOUT THE WORLD.
ALCOHOLISM – STATE OR CONDITION OF A
PERSON PRODUCED BY DRINKING
- INTOXICATING LIQUORS EXCESSIVELY AND
WITH HABITUAL FREQUENCY. (STATE VS.
SAVAGE, 89 ALA. 17 LBA 426, 7 SOUTH, REP.
183). IT IS A CONDITION WHEREIN A
PERSON IS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OR
INTOXICATED WITH ALCOHOL. HIS
PHYSICAL CONDITION AND BEHAVIOR HAS
BEEN MODIFIED TO A CERTAIN EXTENT BY
THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL.
ALCOHOLIC LIQUOR – IS ANY BEVERAGES
OR COMPOUND, WHETHER DISTILLED,
FERMENTED, OR OTHERWISE, WHICH WILL
PRODUCE INTOXICATION OR WHICH
CONTAINS IN EXCESS OF ONE PERCENTUM
OF ALCOHOL AND IS USED AS A BEVERAGE.
(STATE VS. OLIVER, 133 S.C. 125, 130 S.S.
REP. 213).
AMPHETAMINES - USUALLY PRESCRIBED TO
REDUCE APPETITE AND TO RELIEVE MINOR
CASES OF MENTAL DEPRESSION. THIS
DRUG IS REPRESENTATIVE OF A BROAD
CLASS OF STIMULANTS KNOWN AS “PEP
PILLS”. STREET NAME: EYE OPENER, LID
POPERS, UPPERS, HEARTS
AVERSION TREATMENT - THIS TREATMENT
SEEKS TO CREATE AN AVERSION FROM
ALCOHOL BY THE ADMINISTRATION OF A
NAUSEATING DRUG TO BE FOLLOWED BY A
DRINK OF LIQUOR, AND THUS DEVELOPS A
DISLIKE OF ALCOHOL. THE METHOD MAYBE
RATHER COSTLY SINCE HOSPITALIZATION
MAYBE REQUIRED.
BARBITURATES - ARE DRUGS USED FOR
INDUCING SLEEP IN PERSONS PLAGUED
WITH ANXIETY, MENTAL STRESS, AND
INSOMNIA. STREET NAME: LILY, BALA,
DOWNERS, YELLOW JACKETS, BLUE
HEAVENS
BETTOR (MANANAYA) ANY PERSON, WHO
PLACES BETS FOR HIMSELF/HERSELF OR
IN BEHALF OF ANOTHER PERSON, OTHER
THAN THE PERSONNEL OR STAFF OF ANY
ILLEGAL NUMBERS GAME OPERATION.
CALL GIRLS - THESE ARE THE PART-TIME
PROSTITUTES. THEY HAVE THEIR OWN
LEGITIMATE WORK OR PROFESSION BUT
WORKS AS A PROSTITUTES TO
SUPPLEMENT THEIR INCOME. SOMETIMES
THEY ARE TELLERS, SALES-LADIES OF
DEPARTMENT STORES, WAITRESSES,
BEAUTICIANS, OR ENGAGE IN SIMILAR JOBS
THAT THEY USE TO MAKE CONTACTS WITH
CUSTOMERS.
CALL HOUSES -THIS IS WHERE THE
CUSTOMERS CALL AND THE MADAM MAKES
THE ARRANGEMENT AND SENDS THE GIRLS
BY A TRANSPORTER WHO IS A MAN OR
WOMAN TO THE PLACE ARRANGEMENT.
CHINA - THE TRANSIT ROUTE FOR HEROIN
FROM THE “GOLDEN TRIANGLE” TO HONG
KONG. IT IS ALSO THE COUNTRY WHERE THE
“EPHEDRA” PLANT IS CULTIVATED- SOURCE
OF THE DRUG EPHEDRINE- THE PRINCIPAL
CHEMICAL FOR PRODUCING THE DRUG
SHABU.
CHRONIC ALCOHOLICS – PERSON WHO,
FROM THE PROLONGED AND EXCESSIVE
USE ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, FINALLY
DEVELOPS PHYSICAL AND PSYCHO-
CHANGES AND DEPENDENCE TO ALCOHOL.
THE PERSON CONSCIOUSLY OR
UNCONSCIOUSLY BEGINS TO DEMAND ON
ALCOHOL’S NARCOTIC EFFECTS FOR A
“PICK-UP”, TO SLEEP AT NIGHT, TO FEEL
“GOOD”, TO COPE WITH BUSINESS OR
DOMESTIC PROBLEMS, TO ENJOY SOCIAL
GATHERINGS, TO GET AWAY FROM
ONESELF, TO REPRESS INNER URGES OR
REBELLION OR RESENTMENT, AND TO
RELIEVE DISTRESSING RESTLESSNESS.
CLANDESTINE LABORATORY – ANY
FACILITY USED FOR THE ILLEGAL
MANUFACTURE OF ANY DANGEROUS DRUG
AND/OR CONTROLLED PRECURSOR AND
ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL.
COCAINE - THE DRUG TAKEN FROM THE
COCA BUSH PLANT ERTYROXYLON COCA
UNDERSTABLY CALLED “SNOW” IN THE
JUNKIE JARGON. IT IS ONE OF THE
STRONGEST SHORT ACTING STIMULANTS.
TAKEN ORALLY, INJECTED OR SNIFFED AS
TO ACHIEVE EUPHORIA OR AN INTENSE
FEELING OF “HIGHNESS”. STREET NAME:
COKE, CRACK, DUST, HEAVEN’S DUST,
STARDUST, WHITE GIRL, SPEED BALLS
CODEINE - ALSO KNOWN AS
METHYLMORPHINE. ITS EFFECT IS WEAKER
IN INTENSITY. COUGH PREPARATIONS.
STREET NAME: SCHOOL BOYS
COLLECTOR OR AGENT (CABO,
COBRADOR) ANY PERSON WHO COLLECTS,
SOLICITS OR PRODUCES BETS IN BEHALF
OF HIS/HER PRINCIPAL FOR ANY ILLEGAL
NUMBERS GAME WHO IS USUALLY IN
POSSESSION OF GAMBLING
PARAPHERNALIA
COMA – THE SUBJECT IS STUPEROUS OR IN
COMATOUS CONDITION. SOMETIMES IT IS
DIFFICULT TO DIFFERENTIATE THIS
CONDITION WITH OTHER CONDITIONS
HAVING COMA.
COMMONLY ABUSED DRUGS - DRUGS THAT
ARE COMMONLY ABUSED DEPENDING ON
THEIR PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS
CONFIRMATORY TEST – AN ANALYTICAL
TEST USING A DEVICE, TOOL OR EQUIPMENT
WITH A DIFFERENT CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL
PRINCIPLE THAT IS MORE SPECIFIC WHICH
WILL VALIDATE AND CONFIRM THE RESULT
OF THE SCREENING TEST
CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE - THE
CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE ACT OF 1970
SEPARATES DRUGS THAT MAYBE ABUSED
INTO FIVE CATEGORIES (SCHEDULE) BASED
ON THE USE AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF
THE DRUGS.
CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE SCHEDULE 1 -
ALMOST ALL THE DRUGS IN THIS SCHEDULE
ARE ILLEGAL. ALL HAVE A HIGH POTENTIAL
FOR DEPENDENCE AND ABUSE, AND IT IS
ILLEGAL TO HAVE THEM IN YOUR
POSSESSION. EX. HEROIN, LSD, MJ

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE SCHEDULE 2 -
THESE DRUGS ARE HIGHLY ADDICTIVE BUT,
DESPITE THE RISK, THEY REMAIN IN
MEDICAL USE BECAUSE NO SATISFACTORY
NON-ADDICTIVE ALTERNATIVE MEDICATION
IS AVAILABLE. EX. COCAINE, AMP,
MORPHINE AND BARBITURATES.
CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE SCHEDULE 3 -
THIS SCHEDULE INCLUDES DRUGS THAT
HAVE SOME POTENTIAL FOR ABUSE OR
DEPENDENCE. EX. ACETAMINOPHEN OR
ASPIRIN WITH CODEINE AND SOME
APPETITE SUPPRESSANTS.
CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE SCHEDULE 4 -
THESE DRUGS ARE CONSIDERED LESS
LIKELY TO CAUSE DEPENDENCE OR TO BE
ABUSED AS MUCH AS THE DRUGS IN
SCHEDULE 3. EX. DIAZEPAM, CHLORAL
HYDRATE, PHENOBARBITAL
THE CAPACITY TO ALTER MOOD AND
BEHAVIOR WITHOUT THE BENEFIT OF A
PRESCRIPTION. IT REFERS TO THE USE OF A
MEDICALLY USEFUL MOOD-ALTERING DRUG
FOR A PURPOSE DIFFERENT FROM THE ONE
FOR WHICH THE DRUG HAS BEEN
INDICATED. IT REFERS TO THE USE OF A
DRUG WITH SUCH FREQUENCY THAT IT
CAUSES PHYSICAL OR MENTAL HARM TO
THE USER OR IMPAIRS SOCIAL
FUNCTIONING.
DRUG DEPENDENCE (DRUG ADDICTION) -
THE USERS CONTINUE TO TAKE A DRUG
OVER AN EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME. THE
USERS FIND IT DIFFICULT TO STOP USING
THE DRUG.
DRUG DOSAGE - A DOSE OF A DRUG IS THE
AMOUNT TAKEN AT ONE TIME. THE DOSES
TAKEN BECOME AN EXTREMELY IMPORTANT
PART OF DRUG ABUSE.

DANGEROUS DRUG BOARD (DDB) - CREATED DRUGS - ANY CHEMICALLY ACTIVE

BY VIRTUE OF REPUBLIC ACT 6425 SUBSTANCE RENDERING A SPECIFIC
OTHERWISE KNOWN AS DANGEROUS DRUG EFFECT ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS
ACT OF 1972 SUBSEQUENTLY REPEALED SYSTEM OF MAN. A CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE
BY RA 9165. THE POLICY-MAKING & THAT AFFECTS THE PROCESSES OF THE
STRATEGY-FORMULATING BODY IN THE MIND AND BODY. IT CAN EITHER BE
PLANNING & FORMULATION OF POLICIES & NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC/ARTIFICIAL.
PROGRAMS ON DRUG PREVENTION &
CONTROL. IT SHALL DEVELOP AND ADOPT A DRUG SYNDICATE– ANY ORGANIZED GROUP
COMPREHENSIVE, INTEGRATED, UNIFIED OF TWO (2) OR MORE PERSONS FORMING
AND BALANCED NATIONAL DRUG ABUSE OR JOINING TOGETHER WITH THE
PREVENTION AND CONTROL STRATEGY. INTENTION OF COMMITTING ANY OFFENSE
PRESCRIBED UNDER THIS ACT.
DELIVER– ANY ACT OF KNOWINGLY
PASSING A DANGEROUS DRUG TO DRUG TRAFFICKING ( DRUG TRADE) -
ANOTHER, PERSONALLY OR OTHERWISE, GENERALLY REFERS TO THE SALE AND
AND BY ANY MEANS, WITH OR WITHOUT DISTRIBUTION OF ILLEGAL DRUGS. ILLEGAL
CONSIDERATION. PROCESS THROUGH WHICH NARCOTICS
AND OTHER ILLEGAL DRUGS ARE
DEN, DIVE OR RESORT– A PLACE WHERE PRODUCED, TRANSPORTED, AND SOLD.
ANY DANGEROUS DRUG AND/OR ILLEGAL CULTIVATION, CULTURE,
CONTROLLED PRECURSOR AND ESSENTIAL DELIVERY, ADMINISTRATION,
CHEMICAL IS ADMINISTERED, DELIVERED, DISPENSATION, MANUFACTURE, SALE,
STORED FOR ILLEGAL PURPOSES, TRADING, TRANSPORTATION,
DISTRIBUTED, SOLD OR USED IN ANY FORM. DISTRIBUTION, IMPORTATION,
EXPORTATION AND POSSESSION OF ANY
DISORDERLY HOUSES - USUALLY RIDGES DANGEROUS DRUG AND/OR CONTROLLED
SEVERAL NUMBERS OF FACTORY GIRLS OR PRECURSOR AND ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL.
PROFESSIONAL PROSTITUTES AND UNDER
THE CONTROL OF AN ORGANIZED CRIME DRUNK – THE MIND IS CONFUSED,
RING. A “MADAM” OR “MAINTAINER” BEHAVIOR IS IRREGULAR AND THE
SUPERVISES THE OPERATION SUPPORTED MOVEMENT IS UNCONTROLLED. THE
BY A STAFF OF TELLER (CASHIER), BELL OR SPEECH US THICK AND IN COORDINATED.
ROOM BOYS, REGISTER CLERKS, THE BEHAVIOR IS UNCONTROLLABLE
WATCHMEN, PIMPS AND SECURITY GUARDS
KNOWN AS BOUNCER. DRUNKARD – IS A PERSON WHO
HABITUALLY TAKES OR USE ANY
DISPENSE– ANY ACT OF GIVING AWAY, INTOXICATING ALCOHOLIC LIQUOR AND
SELLING OR DISTRIBUTING MEDICINE OR WHILE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF SUCH,
ANY DANGEROUS DRUG WITH OR WITHOUT OR IN CONSEQUENCE OF THE EFFECT
THE USE OF PRESCRIPTION. THEREOF, IS EITHER DANGEROUS TO
HIMSELF OR TO OTHERS, OR IS A CAUSE OF
DOOR KNOCKER - THIS IS THE OCCASIONAL HARM OR SERIOUS ANNOYANCE TO HIS
OR SELECTIVE TYPE OF PROSTITUTE. SHE IS FAMILY OR HIS AFFAIR, OR OF ORDINARY
USUALLY A NEWCOMER IN THE BUSINESS PROPER CONDUCT. HE HAS LESSER
OFTENTIMES, THEY ARE MOTIVATED BY RESISTANCE TO THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL.
EXTREME
EUROPE - MANUFACTURE, SYNTHESIS,
DRUG ABUSE - DELIBERATE USE OF REFINE
MEDICALLY USEFUL DRUGS WHICH HAVE
FACTORY GIRLS - IS THE REAL
PROFESSIONAL TYPE OF PROSTITUTES.
SHE WORKS IN REGULAR HOUSES OF
PROSTITUTION OR BROTHELS. SHE
ACCEPTS ALL COMERS AND HAS NOTHING
TO DO WITH THE SELECTING AND
SOLICITING THE CUSTOMERS.
FINANCIER – ANY PERSON WHO PAYS FOR,
RAISES OR SUPPLIES MONEY FOR, OR
UNDERWRITES ANY OF THE ILLEGAL
ACTIVITIES PRESCRIBED UNDER THIS ACT
FINANCIERS OR CAPITALIST ANY PERSON
WHO FINANCES THE OPERATIONS OF ANY
ILLEGAL NUMBERS GAME.
FURNISHED ROOM HOUSE - USUALLY
OPERATED BY AN EXPERIENCED “MADAM”
WHO RENT ROOMS TO LEGITIMATE
ROOMERS IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN AN
APPEARANCE OF RESPONSIBILITY
PURPOSELY, THE MADAM LEAVES SEVERAL
ROOMS NOT RENTED TO LEGITIMATE
ROOMERS FOR READY USE OF THE
PROSTITUTION.
GAMBLING WAGERING OF MONEY OR
SOMETHING OF MATERIAL VALUE ON AN
EVENT WITH AN UNCERTAIN OUTCOME
WITH THE PRIMARY INTENT OF WINNING
ADDITIONAL MONEY AND/OR MATERIAL
GOODS.
GOLDEN CRESCENT (I-PIA) – IRAN,
AFGHANISTAN, PAKISTAN AND INDIA
GOLDEN TRIANGLE - BURMA/ MYANMAR,
LAOS AND THAILAND
HABITUAL INTOXICATION – WHEN THE
PERSON FINDS THAT DRINKING HAS A
CONSTANT NECESSARY AND THE VICE
ULTIMATELY TAKES HOLD OF HIM.
HABITUATION - CHARACTERIZED BY
CONTINUOUS DESIRE FOR A DRUG. A
PERSON BELIEVES THAT THE DRUG IS
NEEDED TO FUNCTION AT WORK OR HOME
BECAUSE DRUGS OFTEN PRODUCE AN
ELATED/ EXCITED EMOTIONAL STATE.
HALLUCINOGENS/PSYCHEDELICS - DRUGS
WHICH AFFECT SENSATION, THINKING,
SELF-AWARENESS AND EMOTION.
CHANGES IN TIME AND SPACE PERCEPTION,
DELUSIONS (FALSE BELIEFS) AND
HALLUCINATIONS) MAY BE MILD OR
OVERWHELMING, DISPENSING ON DOSE
AND QUALITY OF THE DRUG. THIS INCLUDES
LSD, MESCALINE AND MARIJUANA.
HARD CORE ADDICTS - THOSE, WHOSE
ACTIVITIES REVOLVE ALMOST ENTIRELY
AROUND THE DRUG EXPERIENCE AND
SECURING SUPPLIES. THEY SHOW STRONG
PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE ON THE
DRUG.
HEROIN - MOST COMMONLY ABUSED
NARCOTIC IN THE WORLD. IT WAS
DISCOVERED BY ALDER WRIGHT (1896),
MOST POWERFUL DERIVATIVES OF OPIUM,
BITTERER AND COMMONLY INJECTED.
STREET NAME: BLANCO, BROWN, SUGAR,
KABAYO, KENGKOY, GAMUT, MATSAKO,
PULBOS, SAPSAP, TINIK
HIPPIES - THOSE WHO ARE ADDICTED TO
DRUGS BELIEVING THAT DRUG IS AN
INTEGRAL PART OF LIFE.
HONG KONG - THE WORLD’S
TRANSSHIPMENT POINT OF ALL FORMS OF
HEROIN.
HUSTLER - PROFESSIONAL TYPE OF
PROSTITUTES. SHE MAYBE A BAR OR
TAVERN “PICK-UP” OR A “STREET WALKER”.
THE BAR OR TAVERN “PICK-UP” FREQUENTS
PLACES WHERE LIQUOR IS SOLD,
SOMETIMES OPERATING WITH THE
CONSENT AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE
MANAGEMENT.
IGNORANCE - LACK OF KNOWLEDGE AND
INFORMATION ABOUT HOW DANGEROUS
DRUGS LOOK LIKE, THEIR BAD EFFECTS,
LEGAL RAMIFICATIONS OR
CONSEQUENCES AND OTHER ASPECTS OF
PROHIBITED DRUGS
ILLEGAL NUMBERS GAME ANY FORM OF
ILLEGAL GAMBLING ACTIVITY WHICH USES
NUMBERS OR COMBINATION AS FACTORS
IN GIVING OUT JACKPOTS.
INDIA - THE CENTER OF THE WORLD’S DRUG
MAP, LEADING TO RAPID ADDICTION AMONG
ITS PEOPLE.
INDONESIA - NORTHERN SUMATRA HAS
TRADITIONALLY BEEN THE MAIN CANABBIS
GROWING AREA IN INDONESIA. BALI
INDONESIA IS AN IMPORTANT TRANSIT
POINT FOR DRUGS EN ROUTE TO
AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND.
INHALATION - DRUG IN GASEOUS FORM
ENTER THE LUNGS AND ARE QUICKLY
ABSORBED BY THE RICH CAPILLARY
SYSTEM, IT IS PROBABLY THE SECOND
MOST COMMONLY USED ROUTE OF DRUG
ADMINISTRATION.
INJECTION - THE DRUG CAN BE
ADMINISTERED INTO THE BODY BY THE USE
OF SYRINGE AND HYPODERMIC NEEDLE IN
THE FOLLOWING WAYS.
INTENTIONAL INTOXICATION– WHEN A
PERSON DELIBERATELY DRINKS LIQUOR
FULLY KNOWING ITS EFFECTS, EITHER TO
OBTAIN MITIGATION OR TO FIND THE
LIQUOR AS STIMULANT TO COMMIT CRIME.
INTRAMUSCULAR (IM) - ADMINISTRATION
INVOLVES THE INJECTION OF A DRUG INTO
A LARGE MUSCLE MASS THAT HAS A GOOD
BLOOD SUPPLY, SUCH AS THE GLUTEUS
MAXIMUS, QUADRICEPS, OR TRICEPS.
INTRAVENOUS (IV) - THE MOST EFFICIENT
MEANS OF ADMINISTRATION WHICH
INVOLVES DEPOSITING DRUG DIRECTLY
INTO THE BLOODSTREAM, THIS IS ALSO THE
MOST RAPID METHOD OF DRUG
ADMINISTRATION.
INVOLUNTARY INTOXICATION – WHEN A
DRUNKEN PERSON DOES NOT KNOW THE
INTOXICATING STRENGTH OF BEVERAGE HE
HAS TAKEN.
JAPAN - THE MAJOR CONSUMER OF
COCAINE AND SHABU FROM THE UNITED
STATES AND EUROPE.
JUETENG - ILLEGAL NUMBERS GAME THAT
INVOLVES THE COMBINATION OF NUMBERS
AS A FORM OF LOCAL LOTTERY WHERE
BETS ARE PLACED AND ACCEPTED PER
COMBINATION.
LAST TWO ILLEGAL NUMBERS GAME WHERE
THE WINNING COMBINATION IS DERIVED
FROM THE LAST TWO NUMBERS OF THE
FIRST PRIZE OF THE WINNING
SWEEPSTAKES TICKET.
LETHAL DOSE – THE AMOUNT OF DRUG
THAT WILL CAUSE DEATH.
LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD) -
DERIVED FROM THE FUNGUS CLAVICEPS
PURPUREA WHICH INFECTS WHEAT. IT WAS
DISCOVERED BY DR. ALBERT HOFFMAN
WHILE WORKING IN A SWISS
PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY. KNOWN ON
THE STREET AS “ACID”, IT IS THE BEST
KNOWN AND MOST POWERFUL
HALLUCINOGENS. STREET NAME: XTC,
ADAM, ESSENCE, HERBALS,
MAINTAINER, MANAGER OR OPERATOR ANY
PERSON WHO MAINTAINS, MANAGES, OR
OPERATES ANY ILLEGAL NUMBER GAME IN A
SPECIFIC AREA.
MARIJUANA (CANNABIS SATIVA) - THERAPEUTIC EFFECT.
MARIJUANA IS A MEXICAN TERM MEANING
PLEASURABLE FEELING. THE FLOWERING
TOPS OF BOTH MALE AND FEMALE PLANT
PRODUCE A STICKY RESIN WHICH
CONTAINS TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL OR
THC. STREET NAME: MARY JANE, MJ,
FLOWER, PAMPAPOGI, BROWNIES, DAMO,
POT, JOINT, DOPE
MASIAO ILLEGAL NUMBERS GAME WHERE
THE WINNING COMBINATION IS DERIVED
FROM THE RESULTS OF THE LAST GAME OF
JAI ALAI OR THE SPECIAL LLAVE PORTION
MASSAGE CLINICS - THESE HOUSES ARE
OPERATED UNDER A LICENSED OR PERMIT
ISSUED BY THE GOVERNMENT BUT ACTS AS
A FRONT FOR PROSTITUTION WHERE THE
ACT MAYBE DONE OR AS PER
ARRANGEMENT. THEY OPERATE WITH
BARBERSHOPS WITH MANICURISTS OR
“ATTENDANTS” AND “MASSAGISTS” WHO
WHILE SERVICING THEIR CUSTOMERS MAY
MAKE CONTACTS OR THE PROSTITUTES OR
THEMSELVES.
MAXIMAL DOSE – THE LARGEST AMOUNT OF
A DRUG THAT WILL PRODUCE A DESIRED
THERAPEUTIC EFFECT WITHOUT ANY
ACCOMPANYING SYMPTOMS OF TOXICITY.
MESCALINE - AKA STP WHICH STANDS FOR
SERENITY- TRANQUILITY- PEACE- A DRUG
DERIVED FROM THE DRIED TOPS OF THE
PEYOTE CACTUS, A SMALL CACTUS NATIVE
TO MEXICO. STREET NAME: CACTUS,
BUTTONS, BEAN
METHADONE - A SYNTHETIC NARCOTIC
USED AS TREATMENT OF HEROIN
DEPENDENCE BUT ALSO FALLEN TO
ABUSED. OTHER THAN METHADONE, OTHER
MOST COMMONLY KNOWN SYNTHETIC
OPIATE SUBSTITUTE ARE MEPERIDINE
(DEMEROL) AND DARVON.
METHYLENE DIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE -
(MDMA) - “ECSTASY” - IT IS A WHITE, YELLOW
OR BROWN IN COLOR WITH A BITTER TASTE
AND COMES IN THE FORM OF A TABLET,
CAPSULE OR POWDER. ITS TABLET FORM
COMES IN VARIOUS DESIGNS AND SHAPES
HENCE. IT IS DUBBED AS “DESIGNER
DRUGS”.
MEXICO - IT IS KNOWN IN THE WORLD TO BE
THE NUMBER ONE PRODUCER OF
MARIJUANA.
MIDDLE EAST – DISCOVERY, PLANTATION,
CULTIVATION, HARVEST. THE BECKA
VALLEY OF LEBANON IS CONSIDERED TO
BE THE BIGGEST PRODUCER OF CANNABIS
IN THE MIDDLE EAST. LEBANON IS ALSO
BECAME THE TRANSIT COUNTRY FOR
COCAINE FROM SOUTH AMERICA TO
EUROPEAN ILLICIT DRUG MARKETS.
MINIMAL DOSE – THE AMOUNT NEEDED TO
TREAT OR HEAL, THAT IS, THE SMALLEST
AMOUNT OF DRUG THAT WILL PRODUCE A
MODERATE INEBRIATION – THE PERSON IS
ARGUMENTATIVE AND OVERCONFIDENT.
THERE IS SLIGHT IMPAIRMENT OF MENTAL
DIFFICULTIES, DIFFICULTY OF
ARTICULATION, LOSS OF COORDINATION
OF FINER MOVEMENTS. THE FACE IS
FLUSHED WITH DIGESTED EYEBALL. HE IS
RECKLESS AND SHOWS MOTOR IN
COORDINATION. THE PERSON MAYBE
CERTIFIED BY THE DOCTOR AS BEING
UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF LIQUOR.
MORPHINE - IT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT
ALKALOIDS AND CONSTITUTES ABOUT 10 %
OF THE USE RAW OPIUM. FRIEDRICH
SERTURNER, ISOLATED MORPHINE FROM
OPIUM. STREET NAME; M, DREAMER, EMMA,
EMSEL, PULBOS
NARCOTICS - DRUGS THAT RELIEVE PAIN
AND OFTEN INDUCE SLEEP. THE OPIATES,
WHICH ARE NARCOTICS, INCLUDE OPIUM
AND DRUGS DERIVED FROM OPIUM, SUCH
AS MORPHINE, CODEINE AND HEROIN.
OPERATOR OR MAINTAINER – ONE WHO
OWNS OR MANAGES HOUSES OF ILL-
REFUTE WHERE THE BUSINESS OF
PROSTITUTION IS CONDUCTED.
SOMETIMES THEY ARE
CALLED “MADAME OR MAMA SAN”.
OPIUM - IT IS DERIVED FROM THE ORIENTAL
POPPY PLANT PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM. RAW
OPIUM IS DARK BROWN IN COLOR AND IS
BITTER IN TASTE. STREET NAME: “GUM”,
“GAMOT”, “KALAMAY” OR “PANOCHA”.
OPLAN THUNDERBOLT I – OPERATIONS TO
CREATE IMPACT TO THE UNDERWORLD.
OPLAN THUNDERBOLT II – OPERATIONS TO
NEUTRALIZE SUSPECTED ILLEGAL DRUG
LABORATORIES.
OPLAN THUNDERBOLT III – OPERATIONS
FOR THE NEUTRALIZATION OF BIG TIME
DRUG PUSHERS, DRUG DEALERS AND DRUG
LORDS.
OPLAN ICEBERG – SPECIAL OPERATIONS
TEAM IN SELECTED DRUG PRONE AREAS IN
ORDER TO GET RID OF ILLEGAL DRUG
ACTIVITIES IN THE AREA.
OPLAN HUNTER – OPERATIONS AGAINST
SUSPECTED MILITARY AND POLICE
PERSONNEL WHO ARE ENGAGED IN
ILLEGAL DRUG ACTIVITIES.
OPLAN MERCURIO – OPERATIONS AGAINST
DRUG STORES, WHICH ARE VIOLATING
EXISTING REGULATIONS ON THE SCALE OF
REGULATED DRUGS IN COORDINATION
WITH THE DDB/DOH AND BFAD.
OPLAN TORNADO – OPERATIONS IN DRUG
NOTORIOUS AND HIGH PROFILE PLACES.
OPLAN GREENGOLD – NARCOM’S
NATIONWIDE MJ ERADICATION
OPERATIONS IN COORDINATION WITH THE
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND NGO’S.
OPLAN SAGIP-YAGIT – A CIVIC PROGRAM
INITIATED BY NGO’S AND LOCAL
GOVERNMENT OFFICES TO HELP
ERADICATE DRUG SYNDICATES INVOLVING
STREET CHILDREN AS DRUG CONDUITS.
OPLAN BANAT – THE NEWEST
OPERATIONAL PLAN AGAINST DRUG ABUSE
FOCUSED IN THE BARANGAY LEVEL IN
COOPERATION WITH BARANGAY OFFICIALS.
OPLAN PRIVATE EYE – SUMBONG MO
SHABU KAPALIT PREMYO
ORAL INGESTION - THE DRUGS IS TAKEN BY
THE MOUTH AND MUST PASS THROUGH THE
STOMACH BEFORE BEING ABSORBED INTO
THE BLOODSTREAM, THE ONE OF THE MOST
COMMON WAYS TAKING A DRUG.
PARENTAL INFLUENCES - UNHAPPY HOME,
PARENTS SHOWING LITTLE OR NO
INTEREST IN THEIR CHILDREN, ABUSES
COMMITTED BY PARENTS SUCH AS HARSH
PHYSICAL PUNISHMENTS. LACK OF
PARENTAL VALUES; PARENTS WHO ARE
PERMISSIVE AND LIBERAL; PARENTAL
NEGLECT; DOMESTIC VIOLENCE; ROLE
MODELING.
PEER INFLUENCES - DRUG USING FRIENDS
ENCOURAGE, PRESSURE EVEN, A YOUTH TO
EXPERIMENT WITH DRUGS.
PERSONALITY FACTORS - CURIOSITY OR
THE DESIRE TO EXPERIENCE A NEW STATE
OF CONSCIOUSNESS, ESCAPE FROM
PHYSICAL AND MENTAL PAIN, RELIEF FROM
BOREDOM AND FRUSTRATION, AND DESIRE
TO ESCAPE FROM HARSH REALITIES,
UNABLE TO CONFORM TO SOCIAL
STANDARDS; WEAK PERSONALITY OR LOW
SENSE OF SELF-ESTEEM.
PHENCYCLIDINE (PCP) - CONSIDERED AS A
DANGER AND HIGHLY DANGEROUS DRUG
BECAUSE IT CAN BE EASILY SYNTHESIZED,
IT IS POPULARLY KNOWN AS ANGEL DUST.
PHILIPPINES - THE SECOND IN MEXICO AS TO
THE PRODUCTION OF MARIJUANA. IT ALSO
BECAME THE MAJOR TRANSSHIPMENT
POINT FOR THE WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION
OF ILLEGAL DRUGS PARTICULARLY SHABU
AND COCAINE FROM TAIWAN AND SOUTH
AMERICA. IT IS NOTED THAT PHILIPPINES
TODAY IS KNOWN AS THE DRUG PARADISE
OF DRUG ABUSERS IN ASIA.
PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE - CAN ONLY BE
DISCERNIBLE WHEN DRUG INTAKE IS
DECREASED OR STOPPED AND AN
INVOLUNTARY ILLNESS CALLED THE
WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME OCCURS.
PIMP - ONE WHO PROVIDES GRATIFICATION
FOR THE LUST OF OTHERS.
POVERTY - THIS IS THE MOST PREVALENT
FACTOR THAT PROMPT PUSHERS AND
ABUSERS ALIKE TO INDULGE IN
DANGEROUS DRUGS. PUSHERS WERE
FORCED BY THE CIRCUMSTANCES TO THE
RETAILING OF PROHIBITED DRUGS AS A
MEANT OR SOURCE OF LIVELIHOOD. MANY
ABUSERS USE DANGEROUS DRUGS AS A
VEHICLE TO ESCAPE THE REALITIES OF
POVERTY AND ITS RELATED PROBLEMS.
PROTECTOR/CODDLER – ANY PERSON
WHO KNOWINGLY AND WILLFULLY
CONSENTS TO THE UNLAWFUL ACTS
PROVIDED FOR IN THIS ACT AND USES
HIS/HER INFLUENCE, POWER OR POSITION
IN SHIELDING, HARBORING, SCREENING OR
FACILITATING THE ESCAPE OF ANY PERSON
HE/SHE KNOWS, OR HAS REASONABLE
GROUNDS TO BELIEVE ON OR SUSPECTS,
HAS VIOLATED THE PROVISIONS OF THIS
ACT IN ORDER TO PREVENT THE ARREST,
PROSECUTION AND CONVICTION OF THE
VIOLATOR.
PROGRAM OF ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS -
THIS METHOD IS BASED ON CONVERSION
AND FELLOWSHIP. IT EMPHASIZES THAT
ALCOHOLICS UNDERSTAND ALCOHOLISM
BETTER THAN ANYONE ELSE. MAN IS
DEPENDENT UPON GOD AND MUST TURN TO
HIM FOR HELP; THAT THE ALCOHOLIC MUST SHABU/ “POOR MAN’S COCAINE” -
SINCERELY DESIRE TO STOP DRINKING. HE CHEMICALLY KNOWN AS
MUST ADMIT THAT HE IS AN ALCOHOLIC METHAMPHETAMINE. IT IS A CENTRAL
AND CANNOT DRINK IN MODERATION. NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANT AND
SOMETIMES CALLED “UPPER” OR “SPEED”.
PROSTITUTE - A WOMAN WHO ENGAGE IN IT IS WHITE, COLORLESS CRYSTAL OR
DISCRIMINATE SEXUAL INTERCOURSE OR CRYSTALLINE POWDER WITH A BITTER
ACTS WITH MALES FOR HIRE. NUMBING TASTE. IT CAN BE TAKEN ORALLY,
INHALED (SNORTED), SNIFFED (CHASING
PROSTITUTION- IT IS AN ACT OR PRACTICE THE DRAGON) OR INJECTED. IT IS
OF A WOMAN WHO ENGAGE OR HABITUALLY CONSIDERED AS THE MOST ABUSED
IN SEXUAL INTERCOURSE FOR MONEY OR STIMULANTS IN THE PHILIPPINES. STREET
PROFIT. NAME: SHASHA. SPEED, SPLASH, UABS, S,
ICE, SHA
PROTECTOR OR CODDLER ANY PERSON
WHO LENDS OR PROVIDES PROTECTION, SILVER TRIANGLE – PERU, COLUMBIA AND
OR RECEIVES BENEFITS IN ANY MANNER IN BOLIVIA
THE OPERATION OF ANY ILLEGAL NUMBERS
GAME. SINGAPORE, MALAYSIA AND THAILAND - THE
MOST FAVORABLE SITES OF DRUG
PSILOCYBIN - HALLUCINOGENIC DISTRIBUTION FROM THE “GOLDEN
COMPOUND OBTAINED IN MUSHROOM, TRIANGLE” AND OTHER PARTS OF ASIA.
PSILOCYBE MEXICANA. STREET NAME:
MAGIC MUSHROOM SITUATIONAL USERS - THOSE WHO USE
DRUGS TO KEEP THEM AWAKE OR FOR
PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE - ADDITIONAL ENERGY TO PERFORM AN
EXHIBITED WHEN A USER RELIES ON A DRUG IMPORTANT WORK. INDIVIDUAL MAY OR MAY
TO ACHIEVE A FEELING OF WELL- BEING. NOT EXHIBIT PSYCHOLOGICAL
DEPENDENCE.
PSYCHOTHERAPY METHOD - THIS CURE
DEPENDS UPON SHOWING THAT THE REAL SLIGHT INEBRIATION – THERE IS
PROBLEM OF THE ALCOHOLIC IS NOT THE REDDENING OF THE FACE. THERE IS NO
ALCOHOL ITSELF BUT THE EMOTIONAL SIGN OF MENTAL IMPAIRMENT, IN
PROBLEM THAT LED THE ALCOHOLICS TO COORDINATION AND DIFFICULTY OF
DRINK. SPEECH.

PUSHER – ANY PERSON, WHO SELLS, SNORTING - INHALATION THROUGH THE

TRADES, ADMINISTERS, DISPENSES,
DELIVERS OR GIVES AWAY TO ANOTHER, ON
ANY TERMS WHATSOEVER, OR
DISTRIBUTES, DISPATCHES IN TRANSIT OR
TRANSPORTS DANGEROUS DRUGS OR WHO
ACTS AS A BROKER IN ANY OF SUCH
TRANSACTIONS, IN VIOLATION OF THIS ACT.
SCHOOL OF REGULATORY CONTROL - THIS
METHOD MAINTAINS THE IDEA THAT WE
CANNOT DO AWAY WITH PROSTITUTION
UNLESS WE CONSIDER THE PROBLEMS
AND REMOVE THE CAUSES OF
PROSTITUTION.
SCHOOL OF TOTAL REPRESSION - THIS
METHOD BELIEVES THAT PROSTITUTION IS
BOTH A CRIME AND A VICE AND THEREFORE,
SHOULD BE REPRESSED AND TOTALLY
PROHIBITED.
SECONAL - SUDDEN WITHDRAWAL FROM
THESE DRUGS IS EVEN MORE DANGEROUS
THAN OPIATE WITHDRAWAL.
SEDATIVES - DRUGS WHICH REDUCE
ANXIETY AND EXCITEMENT SUCH AS
BARBITURATES, NON-BARBITURATES,
TRANQUILIZERS AND ALCOHOL.
SELL – ANY ACT OF GIVING AWAY ANY
DANGEROUS DRUG AND/OR CONTROLLED
PRECURSOR AND ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL
WHETHER FOR MONEY OR ANY OTHER
CONSIDERATION.
NOSE OF DRUGS NOT IN GASEOUS FORM, IT
IS SOMETIMES INHALING A POWDER OR
LIQUID DRUG INTO THE NOSE COATS OF
THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE.
SOUTH AMERICA - COLUMBIA, PERU,
URUGUAY, AND CHILE ARE THE PRINCIPAL
SOURCES OF ALL COCAINE SUPPLY IN THE
WORLD DUE TO THE ROBUST PRODUCTION
OF THE COCA PLANTS SOURCES OF THE
COCAINE DRUG. COLUMBIA:
COCA/COCAINE
SOUTHEAST ASIA THE “GOLDEN TRIANGLE”
APPROXIMATELY PRODUCED 60% OF OPIUM
IN THE WORLD, 90% OF OPIUM IN THE
EASTERN PART OF ASIA. IT IS ALSO THE
OFFICIALLY ACKNOWLEDGED SOURCE OF
SOUTHEAST ASIAN HEROIN.
SPAIN - THIS IS KNOWN AS THE MAJOR
TRANSSHIPMENT POINT FROM
INTERNATIONAL DRUG TRAFFICKERS IN
EUROPE AND BECAME “THE PARADISE OF
DRUG USERS IN EUROPE.
SPREE USERS - SCHOOL AGE USERS WHO
TAKE DRUGS FOR “KICKS’, AN
ADVENTUROUS DARING EXPERIENCE, OR
AS A MEANS OF FUN. THERE MAY BE SOME
DEGREE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL
DEPENDENCE BUT LITTLE PHYSICAL
DEPENDENCE DUE TO THE MIXED PATTERN
OF USE.
STIMULANTS - DRUGS WHICH INCREASE VOLATILE SOLVENTS - GASEOUS
ALERTNESS AND ACTIVITY SUCH AS SUBSTANCES POPULARLY KNOWN TO
AMPHETAMINES, COCAINE AND CAFFEINE. ABUSERS AS “GAS”, “TEARDROPS”.
ALSO KNOWN AS “UPPERS” DRUGS WHICH
INDUCE ALERTNESS, WAKEFULNESS,
ELEVATED MOOD, INCREASED SPEECH, WHITE SLAVERY-THE PROCUREMENT AND
MENTAL AND MOTOR ACTIVITY, RELIEVE TRANSPORTATION OF WOMEN
FATIGUE OR BOREDOM AND DECREASED CROSS STATELINESS FOR IMMORAL
APPETITE. PURPOSES.

SUPPOSITORIES - THE DRUG IS WHORES/KNOCKER - IT IS A NAME OFTEN

ADMINISTERED THROUGH THE VAGINA OR USED FOR ALL TYPES OF PROSTITUTE.
RECTUM IN SUPPOSITORY FORM AND THE
DRUG WILL ALSO BE ABSORBED INTO THE
BLOODSTREAM.

TOLERANCE - OCCURS WHEN THE BODY

BECOMES ACCUSTOMED TO A DRUG AS THE
DRUG IS REPEATEDLY TAKEN IN THE SAME
DOSE. IT NOW REQUIRES EVER- INCREASING
LARGER DOSES TO ACHIEVE THE SAME
DESIRED EFFECT.

TOXIC DOSE – THE AMOUNT OF DRUG THAT

PRODUCES UNTOWARD EFFECT OR
SYMPTOMS OF POISONING.

TRANQUILIZERS - ARE DRUGS THAT CALM

AND RELAX AND DIMINISH ANXIETY. THEY
ARE USED IN THE TREATMENT OF NERVOUS
STATES AND SOME MENTAL DISORDERS
WITHOUT PRODUCING SLEEP.

TURKEY - PREPARATION FOR DISTRIBUTION

USA – MARKETING

USE– ANY ACT OF INJECTING,

INTRAVENOUSLY OR INTRAMUSCULARLY,
OF CONSUMING, EITHER BY CHEWING,
SMOKING, SNIFFING, EATING,
SWALLOWING, DRINKING OR OTHERWISE
INTRODUCING INTO THE PHYSIOLOGICAL
SYSTEM OF THE BODY, AND OF THE
DANGEROUS DRUGS.

VAGRANTS AND PROSTITUTES - ANY

PERSON HAVING NO APPARENT MEANS OF
SUBSISTENCE, WHO HAS THE PHYSICAL
ABILITY TO WORK AND WHO NEGLECTS TO
APPLY HIMSELF OR HERSELF TO SOME
LAWFUL CALLING. ANY PERSON FOUND
LOITERING ABOUT PUBLIC OR SEMI-PUBLIC
BUILDING OR PLACES, OR TRAMPING OR
WANDERING ABOUT THE COUNTRY OR TO
THE STREETS WITHOUT VISIBLE MEANS OF
SUPPORT. ANY IDLE OR DISSOLUTE
PERSON WHO LODGES IN HOUSES OF ILL-
ORGANIZE
FAME, RUFFIANS OR PIMPS AND THOSE
WHO HABITUALLY
PROSTITUTES.
ASSOCIATE WITH D CRIME
VERY DRUNK – THE MIND IS CONFUSED AND
DISORIENTED.
SPEECH AND
THERE IS DIFFICULTY IN
MARKED MOTOR
INCOORDINATION AND OFTEN WALKING IS
INVESTIGA
IMPOSSIBLE.

VICE - ANY IMMORAL CONDUCT OR HABIT,

THE INDULGENCE OF WHICH LEADS TO
TION
DEPRAVITY, WICKEDNESS AND ABU SAYYAF GROUP (ASG) - ALIASES: AL-
CORRUPTION OF THE MINDS AND BODY. HARAKAT AL-ISLAMIYYAH, BEARER OF THE
SWORD, FATHER OF THE SWORDSMAN
 BUSINESS OF SEX - ORGANIZED CRIME’S
ALPHONESE GABRIEL “THE SCAR FACE’ INVOLVEMENT IN SEX AS A MONEYMAKER
CAPONE - BOSS OF CHICAGO OUTFIT HAS CHANGED WITH THE TIMES. HOUSE
PROSTITUTION (WHOREHOUSES OR
AL QAEDA - IN ARABIC, THIS MEANS THE BORDELLOS) WAS AN IMPORTANT SOCIAL
BASE. FOUNDED BY OSAMA BIN LADEN IN PHENOMENON DURING THE DAYS OF
1980 LARGE-SCALE IMMIGRATION; IMMIGRANTS
WERE MOST OFTEN UNATTACHED MALES,
AMADO CARILLO FUENTES - LORD OF THE SINGLE OR TRAVELING WITHOUT THEIR
SKIES WIVES. COMMERCIAL SEX, USUALLY
CONFINED TO INFAMOUS VICE (“RED
AMATEUR BOMBER - CAN BE DESCRIBED AS LIGHT”) DISTRICTS IN URBAN AREAS, WAS A
EXPERIMENTS TARGET OF SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS
REFORMERS.
ANTHRAX - A SINGLE CELL ORGANISM THAT
IS PRODUCED BY A FERMENTATION CAMBODIA - DRUG TRAFFICKING AND
PROCESS, SUCH AS THAT BY WHICH BEER IS HUMAN SMUGGLING ARE THE MOST
MADE. CAUSED BY BACILLUS ANTHRACIS NOTABLE ORGANIZED CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES
AND THE EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE INCLUDE IN CAMBODIA WHICH ARE WIDELY
A SEVERE INFECTION THAT ATTACKS THE CONTROLLED BY THE CHINESE AND
SKIN, LUNGS, AND GASTROINTESTINAL MYANMORESE. OTHER ACTIVITIES
TRACT. DIRECT CONTACT WILL CAUSE INVOLVED GAMBLING, CORRUPTION,
FORMATION OF DRY SCABS ALL OVER THE PROSTITUTION AND MONEY LAUNDERING.
VICTIMS BODY AND CAN DEVELOP INTO DUE TO PEOPLE’S BELIEF OF THE EFFECT
SYSTEMATIC INFECTION. WHEN INHALED, OF HAVING SEX WITH VIRGIN WOMEN,
THE AGENT ATTACKS THE RESPIRATORY PROSTITUTION BECAME ONE OF THE MOST
SYSTEM WITH SYMPTOMS APPEARING FROM EXPENSIVE ORGANIZED CRIME.
ONE TO SEVEN DAYS
CHARLES “LUCKY” LUCIANO - FATHER OF
AYMAN MOHAMMED RABIE AL-ZAWAHIRI - “MODERN ORGANIZED CRIME” IN UNITED
BORN JUNE 19, 1951. AN EGYPTIAN STATES
PHYSICIAN, ISLAMIC THEOLOGIAN AND
LEADER OF AL-QAEDA AFTER OSAMA BIN CHOCKING AGENTS - ONE OF THE
LADEN. DEADLIEST CHOKING AGENTS IS
PHOSGENE GAS. THIS AGENT DAMAGES THE
BLACK MARKET – ILLICIT TRADE IN GOODS RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND CAUSES THE
COMMODITIES IN VIOLATION OF OFFICIAL LUNGS TO FILL WITH WATER, AND THUS
REGULATION, IN WHICH CASE THE PRICE IS CHOKES THE VICTIM.
LOWER THAN THE SUGGESTED RETAIL
PRICE(SRP) CHOLERA - AN ACUTE GASTROINTESTINAL
DISEASE CAUSED BY VIBRIO CHOLERA.
BLISTERING AGENTS - THERE ARE THREE SYMPTOMS INCLUDE A SUDDEN ONSET OF
COMMON OF THIS TYPE; THE MOST WIDELY NAUSEA AND OR VOMITING ACCOMPANIED
KNOWN ARE MUSTARD GAS, LEWISITE, AND BY SEVERE DIARRHEA AND A RAPID LOSS d
PHOSGENE OXIME. MUSTARD GAS, FIRST FLUIDS
USED IN WORLD WAR I, WILL CAUSED
BLISTERING ON THE EXPOSED PORTIONS COMPUTER CRIME - ANY CRIME
OF THE BODY, AS WELL AS ON INTERNAL ACCOMPLISHED THROUGH SPECIAL
ORGANS. IT WILL GENERALLY CAUSE KNOWLEDGE OF COMPUTER
BLINDNESS AND THEN DEATH BY TECHNOLOGY. ANY CRIME WHERE
RESPIRATORY FAILURE COMPUTER IS USED AS A TOOL OR AS A
TARGET OR INCIDENTAL TO THE
BOOKMAKING - “BOOK” BETS ON TWO COMMISSION OF A CRIME. ALSO KNOWN AS
TYPES OF EVENTS - HORSE AND SOMETIMES CYBERCRIME.. WILLIAM GIBSON – COINED
DOG RACES AND SPORTING EVENTS SUCH THE WORD CYBERSPACE
AS FOOTBALL, BASKETBALL, BASEBALL,
AND BOXING. IN EARLIER DAYS, “HORSE COMPUTER VIRUS - IS A COMPUTER
PARLORS” OR “WIRE ROOMS,” PROGRAM THAT CAN COPY ITSELF AND
INFECT A COMPUTER WITHOUT
BOTULINUM TOXIN - A PROTEIN MADE BY PERMISSION OR KNOWLEDGE OF THE USER
THE CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM BACTERIA.
EXPOSURE TO THE TOXIN, THE NERVE CELL CONSTITUTE A UNIQUE SUBCULTURE -
SYNAPSES ARE AFFECTED, CAUSING MEMBERS OF THE ORGANIZED CRIME
PALSY, SPASMS, AND THEN PARALYSIS GROUP CONSIDERED THEMSELVES
DISTINCT FROM THE CONVENTIONAL
BUREAUCRATIC - IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY SOCIETY. THEY LOOK AT THE SOCIETY AS
SPECIALIZED FUNCTION. THE “WEAK AND STUPID” AND TREAT THEM WITH
CORPORATION, THE POLICE, AND THE DERISIONS IF NOT CONTEMPT, AND
MILITARY ARE EXAMPLES OF THEREFORE NOT SUBJECT TO ITS RULES.
BUREAUCRACIES, THAT MODE OF THIS IS SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS “THE
ORGANIZATION UNDERWORLD
CORRUPTEE - A PUBLIC OFFICIALS, LAW
ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS OR ANYBODY
WHO NOT A MEMBER OF THE
ORGANIZATION WHO CAN HELPS THE
ORGANIZATION
CORRUPTER - THE ONE WHO CORRUPTS OR
BRIBES, INTIMIDATE OR THREATENS,
NEGOTIATE OR “SWEET TALKS” INTO A
RELATIONSHIP WITH PUBLIC OFFICIALS,
LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER, OR ANYONE
WHO WOULD BE OF HELP IN OBTAINING
SECURITY AND IMMUNITY FROM POSSIBLE
ARREST, PROSECUTION AND
PUNISHMENTS.
COVERED TRANSACTION IS A AS DRUG CARTELS THAT MAKE HUGE
TRANSACTION IN CASH OR OTHER
EQUIVALENT MONETARY INSTRUMENT
INVOLVING A TOTAL AMOUNT IN EXCESS OF
PHP500,000.00 WITHIN ONE (1) BANKING
DAY.
CRACKING - IS A HIGHER FORM OF HACKING
IN WHICH THE UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS
CULMINATES WITH THE PROCESS OF
DEFEATING THE SECURITY SYSTEM FOR THE
PURPOSE OF ACQUIRING MONEY OR
INFORMATION AND/OR AVAILING OF FREE
SERVICES
CRIMINAL SYNDICATES - COMMONLY
INVOLVED IN SOPHISTICATED CRIMES
SUCH AS PROSTITUTIONS, HUMAN
TRAFFICKING AND OTHER ORGANIZED
FORM OF BOTH ARE INVOLVED IN DRUG
TRAFFICKING PARTICULARLY OF HEROIN
FROM THE GOLDEN TRIANGLE AS WELL AS
EXPLOITATION OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN
AND SMUGGLING OF ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS
VICES.
DEMONSTRATE SPECIALIZATION/DIVISION
OF LABOR - THERE IS A NEED FOR
ESTABLISHED FUNCTIONAL POSITION
FILLED WITH QUALIFIED MEMBERS.
DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACKS
- DDOS ATTACKS CAN BE COMMITTED BY
EMPLOYING MULTIPLE COMPUTERS
CONTROLLED BY A SINGLE MASTER
COMPUTER SERVER TO TARGET A WORLD.
PARTICULAR SERVER BY BOMBARDING IT
WITH THOUSANDS OF PACKETS OF DATA IN
AN ATTEMPT TO OVERWHELM THE SERVER
AND CAUSE IT TO CRASH
DOMESTIC TERRORISM - POLITICALLY
ORIENTED EXTREME VIOLENCE THAT IS
PERPETRATED BY RESIDENTS OF A
COUNTRY WITHIN THAT COUNTRY IN ORDER
TO FORCE A CHANGE IN GOVERNMENT OR
HOW IN SOCIETY FUNCTIONS
DRAGON SYNDICATES (HEM) - IS ANOTHER
NAME FOR THE CHINESE TRIADS, A NAME
POPULARIZED BY MARTIN BOOTH’S MUCH
ACCLAIMED STUDY “THE DRAGON
SYNDICATES: THE GLOBAL PHENOMENON
OF THE TRIADS (NEW YORK: CARROLL AND
GRAF, 2000). THE TRIAD CAME FROM THE
SYMBOLIC TRIANGLE IN THEIR FLAG WHICH
INDICATES THE THREE (3) ELEMENTS: THE
HEAVEN, THE EARTH AND THE MAN.
DRUG SYNDICATE. – ANY ORGANIZED
GROUP OF TWO (2) OR MORE PERSONS
FORMING OR JOINING TOGETHER WITH THE
INTENTION OF COMMITTING ANY OFFENSE
PRESCRIBED UNDER THIS ACT. (SEC. 3, RA
9165)
DRUG TRADE - FROM THE FARMERS TO THE
PRODUCERS, THE SMUGGLERS, THE
STREET DEALERS, AND THE USERS, THE
DRUG TRADE IS DEEPLY ROOTED IN THE
GLOBAL ECONOMY. IT IS PROTECTED AND
OVERSEEN BY POWERFUL GROUPS KNOWN
PROFITS FROM THIS MULTIBILLION-DOLLAR
INDUSTRY.
DYNAMIC IP ADDRESS - A TYPE OF IP
ADDRESS THAT CHANGES EVERYTIME THE
INTERNET USER ACCESSES HIS INTERNET
SERVICE PROVIDER. IT IS USUALLY
ASSIGNED TO DIAL-UP OR BASE SPEED
BROADBAND SERVICE SUBSCRIBERS (EG.
ISP BONANZA, SURFMAXX, PLDT MYDSL
128KBPS SERVICE ETC.)
ECONOMIC CRIME - REFERRED TO AS
COMMERCIAL CRIMES AND KNOWN ALSO
AS “WHITE COLLAR” CRIMES. COINED BY
EDWIN SUTHERLAND. ANY ACT
CHARACTERIZED BY FRAUD,
CONCEALMENT, OR A VIOLATION OF TRUST
AND ARE NOT DEPENDENT UPON THE
APPLICATION OR THREAT OF PHYSICAL
FORCE OR VIOLENCE
ENFORCER - THE ONE WHO MAKES FOR THE
ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE KILLING
(INJURING OR CARRYING OUT THE TASK
PHYSICALLY, ECONOMICALLY OR
PSYCHOLOGICALLY) THE MEMBERS OR
NON-MEMBERS.
ETHNOCENTRIC - THE CATEGORY OF
TERRORIST ORGANIZATION WHICH IS AIMED
AT ESTABLISHING A DOMINANT OR
SUPERIOR RACE THAT WILL BE LOOKED
UPON BY THE ENTIRE POPULACE IN THE
ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME - THE DELIBERATE
EVASION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND
REGULATIONS BY INDIVIDUALS AND
COMPANIES IN THE PURSUIT OF “PERSONAL
INTEREST AND BENEFIT.” WHERE THESE
ACTIVITIES INVOLVE MOVEMENTS ACROSS
NATIONAL BOUNDARIES, OR IMPACTS UPON
THE WORLD AS A WHOLE, THEY CAN BE
TERMED "INTERNATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME”
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 265 - CREATING THE
OSETC FOR A STRONGER CAMPAIGN
AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - THE
OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL ENVOY ON
TRANSNATIONAL CRIME IS THE AGENCY
CONCERNED IN RESOLVING OVERLAPS IN
SYSTEMS AND PROCEDURES AND
DETERMINES THE APPROPRIATE AGENCY
COMPETENT TO ADDRESS A SPECIFIC
TRANSNATIONAL CRIME ISSUE
FIREARMS TRAFFICKING - REFERS TO THE
ACT OF ANY PERSON WHO, THROUGH THE
USE OF ANY FRAUDULENT MACHINATIONS,
SHALL IMPORT OR BRING INTO, OR EXPORT
FROM, THE PHILIPPINES, OR ASSIST IN SO
DOING, ANY FIREARM OR PARTS THEREOF,
EXPLOSIVE OR AMMUNITION OR MACHINE,
IMPLEMENTS, EQUIPMENTS OR TOOLS FOR
THE MANUFACTURE OF FIREARMS.
FRANCISCO GROUP - DRAGON OR
KURATONG BALELENG GROUP, NOW LED BY
MANUEL FRANCISCO, OPERATES IN
VISAYAS AND MINDANAO. MINDANAO MAFIA
(1995) FOUNDER – OCTAVIO “ONGKOY”
PAROJINOG
HACKING - IS THE ACT OF ILLEGALLY
ACCESSING THE COMPUTER
SYSTEM/NETWORK OF AN INDIVIDUAL,
GROUP OR BUSINESS ENTERPRISE
WITHOUT THE CONSENT OR APPROVAL OF
THE OWNER OF THE SYSTEM
HAMAS "ENTHUSIASM“- AN ACRONYM OF
ḤARAKAT AL-MUQĀWAMAH AL-ʾISLĀMIYYAH
"ISLAMIC RESISTANCE MOVEMENT"). IS THE
PALESTINIAN SUNNI ISLAMIC OR ISLAMIST
POLITICAL PARTY THAT GOVERNS THE GAZA
STRIP
HAVE NO POLITICAL GOALS - ORGANIZED
CRIME IS BASICALLY MOTIVATED BY MONEY
AND POWER. IT IS NOT SOCIAL DOCTRINE
NEITHER POLITICAL BELIEF NOR
IDEOLOGICAL CONCERNS THAT
MOTIVATED LEADERS AND MEMBERS OF
THE ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS.
POLITICAL INVOLVEMENT MAY BE PART OF
ITS ACTIVITIES FOR THE PURPOSE OF
GAINING PROTECTION FOR ITS ILLEGAL
ACTIVITIES.
HEZBOLLAH - LITERALLY "PARTY OF GOD“. IS
A SHI'A MUSLIM MILITANT GROUP AND
POLITICAL PARTY BASED IN LEBANON.
RECEIVES FINANCIAL AND POLITICAL
SUPPORT FROM IRAN AND SYRIA, AND ITS
PARAMILITARY WING IS REGARDED AS A
RESISTANCE MOVEMENT THROUGHOUT
MUCH OF THE ARAB AND MUSLIM WORLDS
HIERARCHICAL - AN ORGANIZED CRIME HAS
A VERTICAL POWER STRUCTURE WITH AT
LEAST THREE (3) RANKS. THE AUTHORITY IS
INHERENT IN THE POSITION AND DOES NOT
DEPEND ON WHO HAPPENS TO BE
OCCUPYING IT AT ANY GIVEN TIME. SEE
MENTIONED ABOVE THE CORRUPTEE,
CORRUPTER AND ENFORCER
HONG KONG ORGANIZED CRIMINAL
GROUPS - TRIADS, SUCH AS “WO SING WO”
AND 14K ARE TWO OF THE MANY TRIADS IN
HONGKONG. THEY ARE INVOLVED IN
VARIOUS ACTIVITIES RANGING FROM DRUG
TRAFFICKING TO CORRUPTION.
HORSE-RACE WAGERING - THE OLDEST OF
THE MAJOR BOOKMAKING ACTIVITIES,
ILLEGAL HORSE-RACE WAGERING RANKS
BEHIND SPORTS WAGERING.
ICAC- INDEPENDENT COMMISSION AGAINST
CORRUPTION - IS ONE OF THE MOST ACTIVE
CRIMINAL JUSTICE UNIT INVOLVED IN
CONTROLLING ILLICIT ACTIVITIES OF THESE
TRIADS
IDENTITY THEFT - DEFINED AS THE CRIMINAL
ACT OF ASSUMING PERSON’S NAME,
ADDRESS, SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER, AND
DATE OF BIRTH IN ORDER TO COMMIT
FRAUD
IDEOLOGY - BODY OF IDEAS AFFECTING THE
SOCIAL NEEDS AND ASPIRATIONS OF AN
INDIVIDUAL OR GROUP, A CLASS OR A
CULTURE”. BOVIER DEFINES IT AS “A SET OF
DOCTRINES OR BELIEFS THAT FROM THE
BASIS OF A POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND
OTHER SYSTEMS”.
IN-GROUP ORIENTED ORGANIZED CRIME -
MANNED BY SEMI-ORGANIZED INDIVIDUAL
WITH THE END VIEW OF ATTAINING
PSYCHOLOGICAL GRATIFICATION SUCH AS
ADOLESCENT GANGS.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY THEFT - IS USED
INTERCHANGEABLY WITH INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY PIRACY WHICH IS THE
UNAUTHORIZED COPYING OF GOODS, OR
WORKS SUCH AS SOFTWARE, FOR RESALE
BY WAY OF PROFIT OR TRADE; THE
PRODUCTION AND SALE BY WAY OF TRADE
OF COPIES OF GOODS WHICH HAVE BEEN
MADE WITHOUT THE AUTHORITY OF THE
OWNER OF THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY;
THE FACILITATION OF THEIR PRODUCTION,
AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF SUCH GOODS
INCLUDING IMPORTATION AND RETAILING;
COUNTERFEITING OR PIRATING OF GOODS
FACILITATED BY USE OF THE INTERNET OR
SATELLITE TECHNOLOGIES, OR PIRACY OR
THEFT OF INFORMATION OR BROADCASTS,
OR UNAUTHORIZED PHOTOCOPYING OF
BOOKS FOR EDUCATION PURPOSES, OR OF
UNAUTHORIZED END-USER PIRACY OF
SOFTWARE BEYOND THE PURCHASER’S
LICENSE, OR PIRACY OF DOMAIN NAMES OR
COMPANY NAMES, OR COUNTERFEITING OF
CURRENCY; THE UNAUTHORIZED
MANUFACTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF
COPIES OF SUCH GOODS AND WORKS
WHICH ARE INTENDED TO APPEAR TO BE SO
SIMILAR TO THE ORIGINAL AS TO BE PASSED
OFF AS GENUINE EXAMPLES. THIS
INCLUDES USE OF FAMOUS BRANDS ON
CLOTHING NOT MANUFACTURED BY OR ON
BEHALF OF THE OWNER OF THE TRADE
MARK, AND EXACT COPIES OF CDS
CONTAINING ANY MATERIAL OR SOFTWARE,
WHICH ARE TRADED IN A FORM INTENDED
TO BE INDISTINGUISHABLE TO ORDINARY
CONSUMERS FROM THE GENUINE
PRODUCT. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT
IS “THE LEGAL OWNERSHIP BY A PERSON
OR BUSINESS OF A COPYRIGHT, DESIGN,
AND PATENT, TRADE MARK ATTACHED TO A
PARTICULAR PRODUCT OR PROCESS
WHICH PROTECTS THE OWNER AGAINST
UNAUTHORIZED COPYING OR IMITATION.
SUCH PROPERTY RIGHTS ARE AN
IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF PRODUCT
DIFFERENTIATION AND CONFER
TEMPORARY MONOPOLY ADVANTAGES TO
SUPPLIERS” (PASS, LOWES AND DAVIES
1993: 265). THE TERM INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY RIGHTS INCLUDE COPYRIGHT
AND RELATED RIGHTS, TRADEMARKS AND
SERVICE MARKS, GEOGRAPHIC
INDICATIONS, INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS,
PATENTS, LAYOUT-DESIGNS.
INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM - POLITICALLY-
ORIENTED EXTREME VIOLENCE THAT IS
PERPETRATED BY RESIDENTS OR
REPRESENTATIVES OF ONE OR MORE
COUNTRIES AGAINST THE INTEREST OF
ANOTHER COUNTRY OR BY MEMBERS OF A
VIOLENT FOREIGN POLITICALLY DIRECTED
ORGANIZATION NOT AFFILIATED WITH THE
COUNTRY BEING ATTACKED FOR THE
PURPOSE OF FORCING A CHANGE IN
GOVERNMENT OR IN HOW SOCIETY
FUNCTIONS
INTERNET PORNOGRAPHY - THE
TRAFFICKING, DISTRIBUTION, POSTING,
AND DISSEMINATION OF OBSCENE
MATERIAL INCLUDING CHILDREN’S NUDE
PICTURES, INDECENT EXPOSURE, AND
CHILD SEX SLAVERY POSTED INTO THE
INTERNET, LIVE STREAMING VIDEOS AIRED
THROUGH THE INTERNET
IP ADDRESS - SERIES OF NUMBERS
ASSIGNED BY AN INTERNET SERVICE
PROVIDER TO AN INTERNET USER WHEN IT
CONNECTS TO THE INTERNET
ISP - STANDS FOR INTERNET SERVICE
PROVIDER. IT PROVIDES INTERNET SERVICE
TO INTERNET USERS.
JEMAAH ISLAMIYA - DATES OF OPERATION:
1993- PRESENT. ALIASES: "ISLAMIC
CONGREGATION, ISLAMIC COMMUNITY,
ISLAMIC GROUP. BASE OF OPERATION:
INDONESIA; MALAYSIA; PHILIPPINES;
SINGAPORE. FOUNDING PHILOSOPHY:
CREATE AN ISLAMIC STATE ACROSS
SOUTHEAST ASIA TO INCLUDE SINGAPORE,
INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, BRUNEI, SOUTHERN
THAILAND, AND SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES. JI
WAS ADDED TO THE UNITED NATIONS 1267
COMMITTEE'S LIST OF TERRORIST
ORGANIZATIONS LINKED TO AL-QAEDA OR
THE TALIBAN ON 25 OCTOBER 2002 UNDER
UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1267
JIHAD - THE TERM WHICH REFERS TO THE
HOLY WAR WAGED BY MEMBERS OF THE
ISLAMIC RELIGION AGAINST THE JEWS.
KEANDAL EMENING SCARUPS (REPUBLIC
OF KOREA) - ALTHOUGH NOT CONSIDERED
AS CRIMINAL GROUPS, THEY ALSO ENGAGE
IN CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES SOMEWAY TO HELP
THE WEAK AND THE POOR. THEY ARE
NOTABLE FOR THEIR LOYALTY AND
FAITHFULNESS. ORGANIZED CRIMINAL
GROUPS COME IN THE FORM OF POLITICAL
GROUPS USED AS HENCHMEN (RIGHT
HAND) TO ATTACK POLITICAL RIVALS
KINKANG CHINESE – IN COORDINATION
WITH MNDAA, PROTECTS CULTIVATION
AREAS AND REFINING OF DRUGS.
LEGAL RISK - THE POSSIBILITY THAT
LAWSUITS, ADVERSE JUDGMENTS OR
CONTRACTS THAT TURN OUT TO BE
UNENFORCEABLE CAN DISRUPT OR
ADVERSELY AFFECT THE OPERATIONS OR
CONDITION OF A BANK.
LEXUS GROUP - SPECIALIZES IN
CARNAPPING AND OPERATES IN NCR AND
LUZON
LIMITED OR EXCLUSIVE MEMBERSHIP - THE
CRITERIA SUCH AS ETHNIC BACKGROUND,
RACE, KINSHIP, CRIMINAL RECORD AND
OTHER SIMILAR CONSIDERATION SEEMS TO
BE THE BASIS FOR MEMBERSHIP IN AN
ORGANIZED CRIME GROUP. SPONSORSHIP
BY A RANKING MEMBERS AND BEHAVIOR
CHARACTERISTICS ALSO PLAYS
IMPORTANT FACTORS FOR RECRUITMENT
SUCH AS BUT NOT LIMITED TO:
WILLINGNESS TO COMMIT CRIMINAL ACT,
FOLLOW THE RULES AND REGULATIONS
AND SECRECY IN THE ORGANIZATION.
LOGIC BOMB - A SET OF INSTRUCTIONS
SECRETLY INSERTED INTO A PROGRAM
THAT IS DESIGNED TO EXECUTE IF A
PARTICULAR PROGRAM IS SATISFIED. THE
BOMB LIES DORMANT UNTIL A PARTICULAR
DATE IS REACHED OR COMMAND ENTERED
LOVE BUG - BY FAR THE MOST POPULAR
INCIDENCE OF CYBERCRIME IN THE
PHILIPPINES IS THE “ILOVEYOU VIRUS” OR
THE LOVE BUG. THE SUSPECT IN THE CASE,
A 23-YEAR OLD STUDENT (ONEL DE
GUZMAN) FROM A POPULAR COMPUTER
UNIVERSITY IN THE PHILIPPINES DRAFTED
THE VIRUS WITH THE VISION OF CREATING A
PROGRAM THAT IS CAPABLE OF STEALING
PASSWORDS IN COMPUTERS, ULTIMATELY
TO HAVE FREE ACCESS TO THE INTERNET
LUPO RHU GROUP - LEAD BY LUPO MIGUEL
TULIAO; AGUSTIN CAVILAN; AND NESTOR
MERIN.
MAFIA - IS A TERM USED TO DESCRIBE A
NUMBER OF CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS
AROUND THE WORLD. THE FIRST
ORGANIZATION TO BEAR THE LABEL WAS
THE SICILIAN MAFIA BASED IN ITALY,
KNOWN TO ITS MEMBERS AS COSA NOSTRA
(FAMILY – AFFAIR)
MALICIOUS SENDING OF E-MAILS - THE
SENDING OF MALICIOUS AND DEFAMATORY
ELECTRONIC MAILS FOR THE PURPOSE OF
EXTORTING MONEY, OR THREATENING
PROSPECTIVE VICTIMS
MARTIRES KFR GROUP - KILLED IN ACTION
(KIA)
MAX WEBER – COINED THE WORD
”BUREAUCRACY”
MERCENARY/PREDATORY ORGANIZED
CRIME - PERPETUATED FOR THE
ATTAINMENT OF DIRECT PERSONAL GAIN AND ACTING IN CONCERT WITH THE AIM OF
BUT PREY UPON UNWILLING VICTIMS. COMMITTING ONE OR MORE SERIOUS
CRIMES OR OFFENCES IN ORDER TO
MONEY LAUNDERING” IS CALLED WHAT IT IS OBTAIN, DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, A
BECAUSE THE TERM PERFECTLY FINANCIAL OR OTHER MATERIAL BENEFIT.
DESCRIBES WHAT TAKES PLACE, ILLEGAL (UN, PALERMO ITALY, 2000)
OR DIRTY MONEY IS PUT THROUGH A CYCLE
OF TRANSACTIONS, OR “WASHED”, OR ORGANIZED CRIMINAL GROUP - SHALL MEAN
“LAUNDERED”, SO THAT IT COMES OUT THE A STRUCTURED GROUP OF THREE OR MORE
OTHER END AS LEGAL, OR CLEAN MONEY. PERSONS, EXISTING FOR A PERIOD OF TIME
AND ACTING IN CONCERT WITH THE AIM OF
MONOPOLISTIC - AN ORGANIZED CRIME COMMITTING OR MORE SERIOUS CRIMES
GROUP ESCHEW COMPETITION. IT STRIVES OR OFFENSES ESTABLISHED IN
FOR HEGEMONY OVER A PARTICULAR ACCORDANCE WITH THIS CONVENTION, IN
GEOGRAPHIC AREA, A PARTICULAR ORDER TO OBTAIN, DIRECTLY OR
“INDUSTRY”, LEGITIMATE OR ILLEGITIMATE, INDIRECTLY, A FINANCIAL OR MATERIAL
OR A COMBINATION OF BOTH. A BENEFIT
MONOPOLY, OF COURSE, RESTRAINS “FREE
TRADE” AND INCREASES PROFITS. AN OSAMA BIN LADEN - ORGANIZED AL QAEDA.
ORGANIZED CRIME MONOPOLY IS BORN IN 1955 OR 1957 IN THE CITY OF
MAINTAINED BY VIOLENCE, BY THE THREAT RIYADH. RESPONSIBLE FOR TRULY
OF VIOLENCE, OR BY CORRUPT HEINOUS TERRORIST INCIDENTS,
RELATIONSHIPS WITH LAW ENFORCEMENT INCLUDING THE 2001 DESTRUCTION OF
OFFICIALS. A COMBINATION OF BOTH THE WORLD TRADE CENTER. DIED KILLED IN
METHODS, VIOLENCE AND CORRUPTION, PAKISTAN ON MAY 2, 2011 (OPERATION
MAY BE EMPLOYED NEPTUNE SPEAR)

MYANMAR - MYANMAR HAS THE LARGEST OZAMIS GROUP - RESPONSIBLE FOR

ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS CONTROLLED BOMBING AT ROBINSON GALLERIA ON
BY MILITARY JUNTA. MARCH 29, 2012. WILLY ENRIQUEZ,
GREGORIO DELA CRUZ
MYANMAR NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC
ALLIANCE ARMY – CONTROL THE PATRIMONIAL/ PATRON CLIENT (INHERENT)
PLANTATIONS AND REFINE OPIUM INTO - IT IS A CHARACTERISTIC OF TRADITIONAL
HEROIN AND ALSO PRODUCED SOCIETIES THAT CENTERS ON FAMILIES,
METHAMPHETAMINE. TRAFFICKING OF PATRONS AND THEIR CLIENTS, AND OTHER
WOMEN AND CHILDREN TO PAKISTAN AND PERSONALITIES NETWORKS.
THAILAND AND CORRUPTION ARE ALSO
SOME OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE GROUP. PENTAGON GROUP - OPERATES IN
MINDANAO HEADED BY TAHIR ALONTO, A
NATIONALISTIC - THOSE WHO COMMIT ACTS CREATION OF MILF TO GENERATE FUNDS.
OF VIOLENCE DUE TO THEIR LOYALTY OR ALONTO IS A NEPHEW OF MILF CHAIRMAN
DEVOTION TO THEIR COUNTRY. AL HAJ MURAD. LIGUASAN MARSH – SAFE
PLACE. FORMER LEADER – FAISAL
NERVE AGENTS - AGENTS THAT DISRUPT MOROHOMBSAR.
THE MECHANISM BY WHICH NERVES
COMMUNICATE WITH ORGANS THEY PERPETUATES ITSELF (TO LAST LONGER) -
STIMULATE. IN OTHER WORDS THE AGENTS AN ORGANIZED CRIMINAL GROUP
GETS THE NERVES TO SEND THE WRONG CONSTITUTES AN ONGOING CRIMINAL
SIGNAL TO THE MUSCLES THEY CONTROL CONSPIRACY DESIGNED TO PERSIST
AND HENCE, DISRUPT MUSCLE FUNCTION THROUGH TIME; THAT IS, BEYOND THE LIFE
OF THE BODY OF THE CURRENT MEMBERSHIP. IN ORDER
FOR THE GROUP TO SURVIVE, IT MUST HAVE
OMERTA - A CODE OF SILENCE AND AN INSTITUTIONALIZED PROCESS FOR
SECRECY THAT FORBIDS MAFIOSI FROM INDUCTING NEW MEMBERS AND
BETRAYING THEIR COMRADES TO THE INCULCATING THEM WITH THE VALUES AND
AUTHORITIES. IDEAL OF MANLINESS. WAYS OF BEHAVING OF THE SOCIAL
NONCOOPERATION WITH AUTHORITIES. SYSTEM. THIS IS SHOWN BY THE DEPTH OF
SELF-CONTROL IN THE FACE OF ADVERSITY. THE SUB-CULTURAL ORIENTATION
VENDETTA-BLOOD WASHES BLOOD. EXHIBITED BY THE GROUP.
NEITHER GOVERNMENT NOR CHURCH TO PHILIPPINES - THE COUNTRY CONSIDERED
BE TRUSTED AS THE HEAVEN FOR THE SEX INDUSTRY. A
NUMBER OF WOMEN ARE SENT ABROAD AS
OPERATIONAL RISK - THE RISK OF DIRECT ENTERTAINERS BUT LATER END-UP AS
OR INDIRECT LOSS RESULTING FROM PROSTITUTES. THAILAND, JAPAN AND
INADEQUATE OR FAILED INTERNAL OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES ARE COMMON
PROCESSES, PEOPLE AND SYSTEMS OR PLACES OF THEIR DESTINATION. YOUNG
FROM EXTERNAL EVENTS. CHILDREN FOR PEDOPHILES ARE ALSO
BEING CATERED.
ORGANIZED CRIME - AN ORGANIZED
CRIMINAL GROUP SHALL MEAN A PHISHING - SENDING FRAUDULENT E-MAILS
STRUCTURED GROUP OF THREE OR MORE OR WEBSITE POP-UPS, TO GET VICTIMS TO
PERSONS, EXISTING FOR A PERIOD OF TIME DIVULGE SENSITIVE FINANCIAL
INFORMATION SUCH AS CREDIT CARD (SMUGGLING) ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES
NUMBERS OR SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBERS WHERE SUCH TRANSPORTATION IS
FORBIDDEN BY LAW. SMUGGLING IS
PLAGUE - IN NATURAL TRANSMITTAL FORM, USUALLY DONE TO CIRCUMVENT TAXATION
THE PLAGUE MAY THE BUBONIC PLAGUE, OR OR PROHIBITION LAWS WITHIN A
BLACK DEATH THAT ERADICATED A GREAT PARTICULAR JURISDICTION.
NUMBER OF EUROPEAN IN THE MIDDLE
AGES. TRANSMITTED FROM PERSON TO SEMION MOGILEVICH – “DON SEMYON”
PERSON BY RESPIRATORY TRANSMISSION, BOSS OF ALL BOSSES
THROUGH RATS, OR FROM THE BITE OF AN
INFECTED FLEA. SYMPTOMS ARE HIGH SINGAPORE - THIS IS THE COUNTRY WITH
FEVER ACCOMPANIED BY GENERAL ACHES, THE LOWEST CASES OF ORGANIZED
SEVERE WEAKNESS, AND PNEUMONIA ACTIVITIES DUE TO STRINGENT LAWS AND
SEVERE PENALTIES AND THE
POLITICAL - THE CATEGORY OF TERRORIST GOVERNMENT’S STRONG WILL POWER FOR
GROUP WHICH AIMS IN RESTRUCTURING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LAWS. CONSIDER
THE SOCIETY. AS THE SAFEST CITY.

POLITICAL GRAFT - COMMITTED BY SMUGGLING - ALSO KNOWN AS

POLITICAL CRIMINALS FOR PURPOSES OF TRAFFICKING, IS THE CLANDESTINE
GAINING PROFIT THOUGH VIOLENCE OR TRANSPORTATION OF GOODS OR
FORCE FOR THE ATTAINMENT OF POLITICAL PERSONS PAST A POINT WHERE
GOALS OR AMBITIONS SUCH AS USED OF PROHIBITED, SUCH AS OUT OF A BUILDING,
PRIVATE ARMIES, BUYING OF VOTES OR INTO A PRISON, OR ACROSS AN
THREATENING VOTERS. INTERNATIONAL BORDER, IN VIOLATION OF
THE LAW OR OTHER RULES
PROFESSIONAL BOMBER - BUILDS OR
BOMBS OR DOES BOTH FOR PROFIT STATIC IP ADDRESS - A TYPE OF IP ADDRESS
THAT IS CONSTANT REGARDLESS OF THE
PSYCHOPATHIC - ACTS WITHOUT RHYME OR TIME OR NUMBER OF ATTEMPTS THE
REASON INTERNET USER ACCESSES THE INTERNET.
IT IS USUALLY ASSIGNED TO HIGH-SPEED
RAJAH SOLAIMAN MOVEMENT - AKA “BALIK INTERNET USERS OR CORPORATE
ISLAM” OR “BACK TO ISLAM”. FOUNDER ACCOUNTS
HILARION DEL ROSARIO SANTOS III AKA
HANNAH SANTOS, AKA AHMED SANTOS, SUICIDAL - MAJOR ATTACK WEAPON IN
AKA HILARION DEL ROSARIO, CONVERTED RECENT YEARS, PARTICULARLY AMONG
TO ISLAM IN 1993 AND MARRIED INTO THE ISLAMIC TERRORIST GROUPS
TOP RANKS OF THE LEADERSHIP OF THE
ABU SAYYAF GROUP (ASG) SUPERABLE FAMILY - A KIDNAPPING FOR
RANSOM (KFR) GROUP WITH A 1 MILLION
RED SCORPION GROUP - NORTHERN LUZON, PRIZE FOR THE LEADER’S HEAD WHO WAS
KIDNAPPING & JOEY DE LEON KILLED IN ACTION DURING A SHOOT-OUT
WITH LAW ENFORCERS
REPUTATIONAL RISK - THE POTENTIAL THAT
ADVERSE PUBLICITY REGARDING A BANK’S SYNDICATED CRIMES - COMES WITH A
BUSINESS PRACTICES AND ASSOCIATIONS, STRUCTURE ORGANIZATION THAT
WHETHER ACCURATE OR NOT, WILL CAUSE PARTICIPATES IN ILLICIT ACTIVITY IN
A LOSS OF CONFIDENCE IN THE INTEGRITY SOCIETY USING FORCE, OR INTIMIDATION.
OF THE INSTITUTION.
TAIWAN - TAIWAN ORGANIZED CRIME HAS
REVOLUTIONARY - THE CATEGORY OF CLOSE CONNECTION WITH THE CHINESE
TERRORIST GROUP WHICH IS DEDICATED TRIADS AND HONG KONG PARTICULARLY
TO OVERTHROW AN ESTABLISHED ORDER THE UNITED BAMBOO GANG (UBG). THEY
AND REPLACING IT WITH A NEW POLITICAL ARE INVOLVED IN DRUG TRAFFICKING,
OR SOCIAL STRUCTURE. PROSTITUTION, WOMEN AND CHILD
TRAFFICKING. FOUR SEAS GANG (FSG)
REX “WACKY” SALUD GROUP - ENGAGED IN
ILLEGAL GAMBLING AND OPERATES IN TERRORISM - THE WORD TERROR DERIVES
CEBU FROM THE LATIN WORD TERRERE, MEANING
“TO FRIGHTEN”. THE USE OR THREATENED
RICKETTSIA - DISEASE THAT APPEARS IN USE OF FORCE DESIGN TO BRING ABOUT
DOMESTICATED ANIMALS SUCH AS SHEEP, POLITICAL CHANGE. THE UNLAWFUL USE
CATTLE, AND GOATS. SPREAD TO HUMAN OF FORCE OR VIOLENCE AGAINST
THROUGH INHALATION OF PARTICLES PERSONS OR PROPERTY TO INTIMIDATE OR
CONTAMINATED WITH ORGANISM COERCE A GOVERNMENT, THE CIVILIAN
POPULATION, OR ANY SEGMENT THEREOF,
RODRIGO OREJUELA CRIME GROUP IN FURTHERANCE OF POLITICAL OR SOCIAL
(COLUMBIA) - FOUNDER OF CALI COLOMBIA OBJECTIVES (FBI). AN ACTION THE URBAN
“DRUG CARTEL GUERILLA MUST EXECUTE WITH THE COLD-
BLOODEDNESS, CALMNESS AND DECISION
RUM-RUNNING, OR BOOTLEGGING - IS THE (MODERN GODFATHER OF URBAN
ILLEGAL BUSINESS OF TRANSPORTING GUERILLA, CARLOS MARIGHELLA)
 TRANSIT POINT OF DRUGS IN LAOS,
THAILAND - THE COUNTRY CONSIDERED TO MYANMAR, CHINA AND TAIWAN FROM
BE THE MOST NOTORIOUS IN THE WORLD IN CAMBODIA. VIET-CHING - HEADED BY MINK
TERMS OF SEX INDUSTRY. SUPPLIES OR CHEE PHY
IMPORTS ABOUT ONE (1) MILLION WOMEN
IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES IN ASIA. VORY V ZAKONE - AKA “THIEVES WITH CODE
BECAUSE PROSTITUTION IS LEGAL. OF HONOR”. IT IS THE SICILIAN
COUNTERPART, LINKED TO A TERRITORIAL-
TOTO RIINA - “MAFIA BOSS” AND WAS BASED PROVISION OF PROTECTION
ARRESTED ON 1993 SERVICES

TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (TIP) (MODERN- VYACHESLAV “YAPONCHIK” IVANKOV –

DAY SLAVERY) - REFERS TO THE
RECRUITMENT, TRANSPORTATION,
TRANSFER OR HARBORING, OR RECEIPT OF
PERSONS WITH OR WITHOUT THE VICTIM'S
CONSENT OR KNOWLEDGE, WITHIN OR
ACROSS NATIONAL BORDERS BY MEANS OF
THREAT OR USE OF FORCE, OR OTHER
FORMS OF COERCION, ABDUCTION, FRAUD,
DECEPTION, ABUSE OF POWER OR OF
POSITION, TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THE
VULNERABILITY OF THE PERSON, OR, THE
GIVING OR RECEIVING OF PAYMENTS OR
BENEFITS TO ACHIEVE THE CONSENT OF A
PERSON HAVING CONTROL OVER ANOTHER
PERSON FOR THE PURPOSE OF
EXPLOITATION WHICH INCLUDES AT A
MINIMUM, THE EXPLOITATION OR THE
PROSTITUTION OF OTHERS OR OTHER
FORMS OF SEXUAL EXPLOITATION, FORCED
LABOR OR SERVICES, SLAVERY, SERVITUDE
OR THE REMOVAL OR SALE OF ORGANS.
SECTION 3A, RA 9208
TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - A CONTINUING
ILLEGAL ACTIVITY OF GROUP OF PERSON
WHICH IS PRIMARILY CONCERNED WITH THE
GENERATION OF PROFITS, IRRESPECTIVE
OF NATIONAL BOUNDARIES AS A RESULT
OF GLOBALIZATION (UNITED NATION)
TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME - IS A
CRIME PERPETUATED BY ORGANIZED
CRIMINAL GROUP WHICH THE AIM OF
COMMITTING ONE OR MORE SERIOUS
CRIMES OR OFFENSES IN ORDER TO
OBTAIN DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, A
FINANCIAL OR OTHER MATERIAL BENEFITS
COMMITTED THROUGH CROSSING OF
BORDERS OR JURISDICTIONS
FIRST MAJOR ETHICALLY PROSECUTED.
WARAY-WARAY GROUP - AN ETHNIC GROUP
ENGAGED IN KIDNAP FOR RANSOM
OPERATIONS. MEMBERS ARE EITHER
BELONG FROM THE FAMILY CLAN OR
NATIVES FROM SAMAR AND LEYTE. THEIR
LEADER WAS ARRESTED ON SEPTEMBER
24, 2005.
WEBSITE - A PORTFOLIO OF A PERSON /
ORGANIZATION / ENTITY / COMPANY
WHICH IS POSTED ON THE INTERNET FOR
ACCESSIBILITY WORLDWIDE.
WEBSITE DEFACEMENT - IS THE
UNAUTHORIZED MODIFICATION OF A
WEBSITE
WILLINGNESS TO USE ILLEGAL VIOLENCE
AND BRIBERY - VIOLENCE IS READILY
AVAILABLE AND ACCEPTABLE IN AN
ORGANIZED CRIME GROUP AS A MEANS TO
ACHIEVE ITS GOAL. BRIBERY BECOMES
NECESSARY SO AS TO PROTECT ITS
OPERATION AND INSURE LESSER CHANCE
OF DETECTION AND SUPPRESSION.
WORM - SPREAD ITSELF TO OTHER
COMPUTERS WITHOUT NEEDING TO BE
TRANSFERRED AS PART OF A HOST
YAKUZA (8-9-3) OR BORYOKUDAN - IS THE
MOST INFLUENTIAL ORGANIZED CRIME
GROUP IN JAPAN

TROJAN HORSE - IS A FILE THAT APPEARS

HARMLESS UNTIL EXECUTED. TROJAN
HORSES DO NOT INSERT THEIR CODE INTO
OTHER COMPUTER FILES

TYPHOID FEVER - CAUSED BY AN ORGANISM

CALLED SALMONELLA TYPHOSA WHICH
CAUSES FEVER AND FRONTAL HEADACHES

UNITED WA STATE ARMY (UWSA) – UNDER

THE COMMAND OF WEI-HUSEH-KONG – HAS
CONNECTION WITH SOUTHEAST ASIAN AND
NORTH AMERICA.

VIC YU GROUP - ENGAGES IN ILLEGAL

GAMBLING AND OPERATES IN VISAYAS.

VIETNAM - “NAM CAM GANG” IS ONE OF THE

MOST NOTED ORGANIZED CRIME GROUP IN
VIETNAM AND KNOWN FOR DRUG
TRAFFICKING AND ONE OF THE MAJOR
 INTRODUC
TION TO
CRIMINOL
CRIMINA OGY
L ABORTION (ABORTICIDE) - AN ACT OF
DESTROYING (KILLING) A FETUS IN THE
WOMB.

SOCIOL
ACCIDENTAL CRIMINALS – THOSE WHO
COMMIT CRIMINAL ACTS AS A RESULT OF
UNANTICIPATED CIRCUMSTANCES.

ACUTE CRIMINALS – PERSONS WHO

OGY, VIOLATE CRIMINAL LAW BECAUSE OF THE

IMPULSE OF THE MOMENT, FIT OF PASSION
OR ANGER.

ETHICS
ACQUAINTANCE RAPE - FORCIBLE SEX IN
WHICH OFFENDER AND THE VICTIM ARE
ACQUAINTED WITH ONE ANOTHER.

ACQUAINTANCE ROBBERY - ROBBERY WHO

AND
FOCUS THEIR THEFTS ON PEOPLE THEY
KNOW.

ACQUISITIVE CRIME – THE OFFENDER

ACQUIRES SOMETHING EX. ESTAFA, THEFT.

HUMAN ADOLPHE QUETELET - HE REPUDIATED THE

FREE WILL DOCTRINE OF THE CLASSICISTS,
HE FOUNDED WHAT IS KNOWN AS THE

RELATIO
CARTHOGRAPHIC SCHOOL OF
CRIMINOLOGY, TOGETHER WITH ANDRE
MICHAEL GUERRY.

AGGRAVATED RAPE - RAPE INVOLVING

NS
MULTIPLE OFFENDERS, WEAPONS AND
VICTIM INJURIES.

ALBERT ADLER - FOUNDER OF INDIVIDUAL

PSYCHOLOGY AND COINED THE TERM
“INFERIORITY COMPLEX” - PEOPLE WHO
HAVE FEELINGS OF INFERIORITY AND
COMPENSATE FOR THEM WITH A DRIVE FOR
SUPERIORITY.

APPLIED SCIENCE - (INSTRUMENTATION)

 CHARACTERISTICS. ALSO CALLED HATE
ANAL STAGE - FOCUS ON THE ELIMINATION CRIMES.
OF BODILY WASTES DURING THE SECOND
AND THIRD YEARS OF LIFE. BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM - THIS
EXPLANATION FOR THE EXISTENCE OF
ANXIETY – ALSO KNOWN AS ANXIETY STATE CRIMINAL TRAITS ASSOCIATES AN
OR ANXIETY REACTION; CHARACTERIZED BY INDIVIDUAL’S EVIL DISPOSITION TO
THE PERSON FEELING ANXIOUS, FEARFUL PHYSICAL DISFIGUREMENT OR IMPAIRMENT.
ANTICIPATION OR APPREHENSION; THE
PERSON MAY BE IRRITABLE, HAVE POOR BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS - BELIEVES THAT
CONCENTRATION AND OVER REACTS TO CRIME AND VIOLENCE ARE POSSIBLY
THINGS THAT ARE ANNOYING. FUNCTIONS OF BIOCHEMICAL
ABNORMALITY, SUCH AS VITAMIN AND
ARSON - THE INTENTIONAL OR NEGLIGENT MINERAL DEFICIENCIES, HORMONAL
BURNING OF A HOME, STRUCTURE, OR IMBALANCE, IMPROPER DIET AND
VEHICLE FOR CRIMINAL PURPOSES SUCH ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS HAVE
AS PROFIT, REVENGE, FRAUD, OR CRIME BEEN LINKED TO ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR.
CONCEALMENT.
BLUE-COLLAR CRIME – COMMITTED BY
ARSON FRAUD - A BUSINESS OWNER BURNS ORDINARY PROFESSIONAL CRIMINAL TO
HIS OR HER PROPERTY, OR HIRES SOMEONE MAINTAIN HIS LIVELIHOOD.
TO DO IT, TO ESCAPE FINANCIAL
PROBLEMS. BORN CRIMINALS – INDIVIDUALS WITH AT
LEAST FIVE (5) ATAVISTIC STIGMATA.
ARSON FOR PROFIT - PEOPLE LOOKING TO
COLLECT INSURANCE MONEY, BUT WHO BURGLARY - BREAKING INTO AND ENTERING
ARE AFRAID OR UNAFRAID TO SET THE FIRE A HOME OR STRUCTURE FOR THE PURPOSE
THEMSELVES, HIRE PROFESSIONAL OF COMMITTING A FELONY.
ARSONIST.
CARJACKING - THEFT OF A CAR BY FORCE
ASTHENIC – LEAN, SLIGHTLY BUILT, OR THREAT OF FORCE.
NARROW SHOULDERS; THEIR CRIMES ARE
PETTY THIEVERY AND FRAUD. CAREER CRIMINALS - A PERSON WHO
REPEATEDLY VIOLATES LAW AND
ATHLETIC – MEDIUM TO TALL, STRONG, ORGANIZES HIS OR HER NEIGHBORS.
MUSCULAR, COARSE BONES; THEY ARE
USUALLY CONNECTED WITH CRIMES OF CEREBROTONIC – INTROVERT PRONE TO
VIOLENCE. ALLERGIES, SKIN TROUBLES, CHRONIC
FATIGUE, INSOMNIA, SENSITIVE SKIN AND
ATMOSPHERE WATER – ALL BODIES OF SENSITIVE TO NOISE AND WITH RELATIVELY
WATER THAT CONNECT ALL THE ISLANDS SMALL BODY.
SUCH AS BAYS, RIVERS AND STREAMS.
CESARE BONESANA MARCHESE DI
ATTACHMENT –ONE OF THE FACTORS IN BECCARIA - PUBLISHED A BOOK ENTITLED
SOCIAL BOND THEORY, TO PARENTS, TO “ON CRIMES AND PUNISHMENT” IN 1764;
SCHOOL, TO PEERS. THIS BOOK PRESENTED A COHERENT AND
COMPREHENSIVE DESIGN FOR AN
ATTEMPTED CRIME - WHEN THE OFFENDER ENLIGHTENED CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
COMMENCES THE COMMISSION OF A CRIME THAT WAS TO SERVE THE PEOPLE.
DIRECTLY BY OVERT ACTS AND DOES NOT
PERFORM ALL THE ACTS OF EXECUTION CESARE LOMBROSO - CONSIDERED THE
WHICH SHOULD PRODUCE THE FELONY BY FATHER OF MODERN CRIMINOLOGY DUE TO
REASON OF SOME CAUSE OR ACCIDENT HIS APPLICATION OF MODERN SCIENTIFIC
OTHER THAN HIS OWN SPONTANEOUS METHODS TO TRACE CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR,
DESISTANCE. HOWEVER, MOST OF HIS IDEAS ARE NOW
DISCREDITED.
AUGUST AICHORN - HE CONCLUDED THAT
SOCIETAL STRESS, THOUGH DAMAGING, CHARLES GORING - HE BELIEVED THAT
COULD NOT ALONE RESULT IN A LIFE OF CRIMINAL CHARACTERISTICS WERE
CRIME UNLESS A PREDISPOSITION EXISTED INHERITED AND RECOMMENDED THAT
THAT PSYCHOLOGICALLY PREPARED PEOPLE WITH SUCH CHARACTERISTICS
YOUTHS FOR ANTISOCIAL ACTS. SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED TO
REPRODUCE.
BELIEFS – AGREEMENT WITH THE
SOCIETY’S VALUE SYSTEM AND RESPECT CHRONIC CRIMINALS – PERSONS WHO
FOR ITS AUTHORITIES AND LAW. ACTED IN CONSONANCE WITH
DELIBERATED THINKING.
BIAS CRIMES - VIOLENT ACTS DIRECTED
TOWARD A PARTICULAR PERSON OR CHURNING - A WHITE COLLAR CRIME IN
MEMBERS OF A GROUP MERELY BECAUSE WHICH A STOCKBROKER MAKES REPEATED
THE TARGETS SHARE A DISCERNIBLE TRADES TO FRAUDULENTLY INCREASE
RACIAL, ETHNIC, RELIGIOUS OR GENDER HIS/HER COMMISSION.
CLASSICAL THEORY- THIS SCHOOL OF
THOUGHT IS BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION
THAT INDIVIDUALS CHOOSE TO COMMIT
CRIMES AFTER WEIGHING THE
CONSEQUENCES OF THEIR ACTIONS.
ACCORDING TO CLASSICAL
CRIMINOLOGISTS, INDIVIDUALS HAVE FREE
WILL.
CLEARED CRIMES = TWO WAYS BY WHICH
CRIMES ARE CLEARED: (1) WHEN AT LEAST
ONE PERSON IS ARRESTED, CHARGED, AND
TURNED OVER TO THE COURT FOR
PROSECUTION, (2) BY EXCEPTION MEANS,
WHEN SOME ELEMENT BEYOND POLICE
CONTROL PRECLUDES THE PHYSICAL
ARREST OF AN OFFENDER E.G. WHEN
HE/SHE LEAVES THE COUNTRY.
CODE OF DRAKON - KNOWS AS THE
“ULTIMATE IN SEVERITY” CODIFIED BY
DRAKON, THE ATHENIAN LAWGIVER OF THE
SEVENTH CENTURY BC
CODE OF HAMMURABI - IT PROVIDES THE
FIRST COMPREHENSIVE VIEW OF THE LAWS
IN THE EARLY DAYS
CONFLICT THEORY - HAS ONE
FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTION: SOCIETY IS
CHARACTERIZED BY CONFLICT RATHER
THAN CONSENSUS.
CONSUMMATED CRIME – WHEN ALL THE
ELEMENTS NECESSARY FOR ITS
EXECUTION AND ACCOMPLISHMENT ARE
PRESENT
CONTINUING CRIME – COMMITTED IN
SEVERAL PLACES.
COMMITMENT – ASPIRATIONS TO SUCCEED
IN SCHOOL AND CAREER.
COMPLEX CRIME – SINGLE ACT
CONSTITUTING TWO OR MORE GRAVE
FELONIES OR IS A NECESSARY MEANS FOR
COMMITTING THE OTHER.
COMPULSION – A REPETITIVE BEHAVIOR
THAT IS THOUGHT TO PRODUCE OR
PREVENT SOMETHING THAT IS THOUGHT TO
BE MAGICALLY CONNECTED TO THE
BEHAVIOR.
CONTAINMENT THEORY - ACCORDING TO
WALTER RECKLESS, IT IS THE IDEA THAT
STRONG SELF-IMAGE INSULATES A YOUTH
FROM THE PRESSURES AND PULLS OF
CRIMOGENIC INFLUENCES IN THE
ENVIRONMENT.
CORPORATE CRIMES -WHITE COLLAR CRIME
INVOLVING A LEGAL VIOLATION BY
CORPORATE ENTITY, SUCH AS PRICE
FIXING, RESTRAINT OF TRADE, OR
HAZARDOUS WASTE DUMPING.
CRANIOSCOPY - A METHOD TO STUDY THE
PERSONALITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF
MENTAL AND MORAL FACULTIES BASED ON
THE EXTERNAL SHAPE OF THE SKULL
CRIME - AN ACT OR OMISSION IN VIOLATION
OF A PUBLIC LAW FORBIDDING OR
COMMANDING IT.
CRIMINAL LAW - THAT BRANCH OF PUBLIC
LAW WHICH DEFINES CRIMES, TREATS OF
THEIR NATURE AND PROVIDES FOR THEIR
PUNISHMENT
CRIMINOLOGY - THE ENTIRE BODY OF
KNOWLEDGE REGARDING CRIMES,
CRIMINALS AND THE EFFORTS OF SOCIETY
TO PREVENT AND REPRESS THEM. THE
SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE CAUSES OF
CRIME IN RELATION TO MAN AND SOCIETY
WHO SET AND DEFINES RULES AND
REGULATIONS FOR HIMSELF AND OTHERS
TO GOVERN.
CRIMINAL DEMOGRAPHY – THE STUDY OF
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CRIMINALITY
AND POPULATION
CRIMINAL EPIDEMIOLOGY – THE STUDY OF
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
ENVIRONMENT AND CRIMINALITY (MILLEU)
CRIMINAL ECOLOGY – THE STUDY OF
CRIMINALITY IN RELATION TO THE SPATIAL
DISTRIBUTION IN A COMMUNITY
CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY - IS THE STUDY OF THE
CAUSE OR ORIGIN OF CRIME. IT STUDIES
THE PRIMARY REASONS FOR CRIME
COMMISSION.
CRIMINOLOGICAL SENSE, A PERSON IS
ALREADY CONSIDERED A CRIMINAL THE
MOMENT HE COMMITTED A CRIME.
CRIME OF REDUCTION - CRIMES THAT ARE
COMMITTED WHEN THE OFFENDED PARTY
EXPERIENCES A LOSS OF SOME QUALITY
RELATIVE TO HIS HER PRESENT STANDING
SUCH AS WHEN THEY BECOME VICTIMS OF
ROBBERY OR THEFT, BUT THEY MAY ALSO
BE VICTIMIZED IF THEIR DIGNITY IS STRIPPED
FROM THEM WHEN THEY ARE TAUNTED BY
RACISTS
CRIMES OF REPRESSION = CRIMES THAT
ARE COMMITTED WHEN MEMBERS OF A
GROUP ARE PREVENTED FROM ACHIEVING
THEIR FULLEST POTENTIAL BECAUSE OF
RACISM, SEXISM, OR SOME STATUS BIAS.
CRIMINALOIDS - THOSE WITH MAKE-UP OF
AN AMBIGUOUS GROUP THAT INCLUDES
HABITUAL CRIMINALS, CRIMINALS BY
PASSION AND OTHER DIVERSE TYPES.
CRIMINAL PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY –
THE STUDY OF CRIMINALITY IN RELATION TO
PHYSICAL CONSTITUTION OF MEN.
CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY – THE STUDY OF
HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN RELATION TO
CRIMINALITY.
CRIMINAL PSYCHIATRY – THE STUDY OF
HUMAN MIND IN RELATION TO CRIMINALITY.
CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH - STUDY OF
THE CRIME CORRELATED TO WITH
ANTECEDENT VARIABLES, STATE OF CRIME
TREND.
CULPABLE FELONIES - COMMITTED BY
MEANS OF CULPA (FAULT) THE ACT OR
OMISSION OF THE OFFENDER IS NOT
MALICIOUS AND THE INJURY CAUSED BY
THE OFFENDER IS UNINTENTIONAL, IT
BEING THE SIMPLY THE INCIDENT OF
ANOTHER ACT PERFORMED WITHOUT
MALICE.
CULTURE - REFERS TO THE SYSTEM OF
VALUES AND MEANINGS SHARED BY A
GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS INCLUDING THE
EMBODIMENT OF THOSE VALUES AND
MEANINGS IN A MATERIAL OBJECT.
CULTURAL DEVIANCE THEORY - COMBINES
THE ELEMENTS OF BOTH STRAIN AND
DISORGANIZATION THEORIES, THEORIZES
THAT IN ORDER TO COPE WITH SOCIAL
ISOLATION AND ECONOMIC DEPRIVATION,
MEMBERS OF THE LOWER CLASS CREATE
AN INDEPENDENT SUBCULTURE WITH ITS
OWN SET OF RULES AND VALUES.
CULTURAL TRANSMISSION - THE CONCEPT
THAT CONDUCT NORMS ARE PASSED
DOWN FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE
NEXT SO THAT THEY BECOME STABLE
WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES OF A CULTURE.
CYBER-CRIME - THE COMMISSION OF
CRIMINAL ACTS USING THE INSTRUMENTS
OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY SUCH AS
COMPUTERS OR THE INTERNET.
DATE RAPE - FORCIBLE SEX DURING THE
COURTING RELATIONSHIP.
DELUSION - FALSE BELIEF
DELUSIONS OF GRANDEUR – A FALSE
BELIEF THAT YOU ARE GREATER THAN
EVERYBODY ELSE.
DELUSIONS OF PERSECUTION – A FALSE
BELIEF THAT OTHER PEOPLE ARE
CONSPIRING TO KILL, HARM OR
EMBARRASS YOU.
DELUSIONS OF REFERENCE – A FALSE
BELIEF THAT BELIEVING EVERY TIME HE IS
THE SUBJECT OF EVERYTHING.
DEPRESSION – EXTREME FEELING OF LOW
MORALE, SADNESS, LONELINESS, SELF-
PITY, DESPAIR, REJECTION, BOREDOM AND
PESSIMISM; A PERSON IS SAID TO BE
DEPRESSED IF THESE FEELINGS BECOME
PERVASIVE AND CAN ALREADY AFFECT ALL
ASPECTS OF A PERSON’S LIFE.
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY-
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR IS LEARNED IN
INTERACTION WITH OTHER PERSONS IN A
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION.
DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT THEORY –
(1) ACCORDING TO THIS THEORY, PEOPLE
STRIKE A BALANCE BETWEEN BEING “ALL-
DEVIANT” AND “ALL-CONFORMING” (2)
BEHAVIOR PERSISTS DEPENDING ON THE
DEGREE TO WHICH IT WAS REWARDED OR
PUNISHED.
DYNAMIC - CRIMINOLOGY CHANGES AS A
SOCIAL CONDITION CHANGES. IT IS
CONCOMITANT WITH THE ADVANCEMENT
OF OTHER SCIENCES THAT HAVE BEEN
APPLIED TO IT. THAT CRIME IS NORMAL IN
THE SOCIETY
ECONOMIC CRIME - AN ACT IN VIOLATION OF
THE CRIMINAL LAW THAT IS DESIGNED TO
BRING FINANCIAL GAIN TO THE OFFENDER.
ECTOMORPHIC – RELATIVE PRE-
DOMINANCE OF SKIN AND ITS APPENDAGES
WHICH INCLUDES THE NERVOUS SYSTEM; IT
HAS FRAGILE AND DELICATE BONES; WITH
DROOPY SHOULDERS, SMALL FACE AND
SHARP NOSE, FINE HAIR.
EDWIN SUTHERLAND - INTRODUCED HIS
OWN DEFINITION OF THE TERM
“CRIMINOLOGY”. ACCORDING TO HIM,
CRIMINOLOGY IS THE ENTIRE BODY OF
KNOWLEDGE REGARDING CRIME AS A
SOCIAL PHENOMENON. IT INCLUDES
WITHIN ITS SCOPE THE PROCESS OF
MAKING LAWS, OF BREAKING LAWS AND OF
REACTING TOWARDS THE BREAKING OF
THE LAWS.
EGO – THIS IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE
SENSIBLE AND RESPONSIBLE PART OF AN
INDIVIDUAL’S PERSONALITY AND IS
GOVERNED BY THE “REALITY PRINCIPLE”; IT
IS DEVELOPED EARLY IN LIFE AND
COMPENSATES FOR THE DEMANDS OF THE
ID BY HELPING THE INDIVIDUAL GUIDE HIS
ACTIONS TO REMAIN WITHIN THE
BOUNDARIES OF ACCEPTED SOCIAL
BEHAVIOR; IT IS THE OBJECTIVE, RATIONAL
PART OF THE PERSONALITY.
ELDERCIDE - THE MURDER OF A SENIOR
CITIZEN
ELECTRA COMPLEX (GIRL) - A STAGE OF
DEVELOPMENT WHEN GIRLS BEGIN TO
HAVE SEXUAL FEELINGS FOR THEIR
FATHERS.
EMILE DURKHEIM - PUBLISHED A BOOK,
“DIVISION OF SOCIAL LABOR”, WHICH
BECAME A LANDMARK WORK ON THE
ORGANIZATION OF SOCIETIES.
EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS THEORIES - THE
EMOTIONAL PROBLEM THEORIES LOOK AT
THE OFFENDER AS HAVING THE SAME
PSYCHOLOGICAL MAKE-UP AS THAT OF A
NON-OFFENDER. THERE IS NO DISEASE OR
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER PRESENT IN
THE OFFENDER. BUT THE OFFENDER DOES
NOT COPE WELL WITH HIS ENVIRONMENT
AND THIS CREATES FRUSTRATION THAT
RESULTS IN CRIME. THE EMOTIONAL
PROBLEM THEORIES ASSUME THAT THE
LAWBREAKER DOES NOT HAVE A GREAT
MENTAL SICKNESS THAT CAUSES HIM TO
COMMIT CRIMES BUT RATHER, HE COMMITS
CRIME BECAUSE OF EVERYDAY EMOTIONAL
PROBLEMS THAT MADE HIM UNABLE TO
COPE. AS A RESULT, THE OFFENDER ACTS
OUT CRIMINALLY.
ENDOMORPHIC - RELATIVELY LARGE
DIGESTIVE VISCERA; ROUND BODY; SHORT,
TAPERING LIMBS; BONES; SMOOTH,
VELVETY SKIN. .
ENRICO FERRI - HE BELIEVED THAT
CRIMINALS COULD NOT BE HELD MORALLY
RESPONSIBLE BECAUSE THEY DID NOT
CHOOSE TO COMMIT CRIMES BUT WAS
DRIVEN TO COMMIT THEM BY CONDITIONS
OF THEIR LIVES.
ENTERPRISE CRIME = THE USE OF ILLEGAL
TACTICS BY A BUSINESS TO MAKE PROFIT IN
THE MARKET PLACE.
EPISODIAL CRIME – COMMITTED BY A
SERIES OF ACTS IN A LENGTHY SPACE OF
TIME.
ERIK ERIKSON - DESCRIBED THE SO CALLED
“IDENTITY CRISIS”--A PSYCHOLOGICAL
STATE IN WHICH YOUTH FACE INNER
TURMOIL AND UNCERTAINTY ABOUT LIFE
ROLES.
ERNST KRETCHMER - HE CORRELATED
BODY BUILD AND CONSTITUTION WITH
CHARACTERS OR TEMPERAMENTAL
REACTIONS AND MENTALITY.
EROS - THE MOST BASIC HUMAN DRIVE
PRESENT AT BIRTH (THE INSTINCT TO
PRESERVE AND CREATE LIFE). AN
EXPRESSED SEXUALLY.
EUTHANASIA - MERCY KILLING OR THE ACT
OR PRACTICE OF PAINLESSLY PUTTING TO
DEATH A PERSON’S SUFFERING FROM
INCURABLE AND DISTRESSING DISEASE.
EXPRESSIVE CRIME - A CRIME THAT HAS NO
PURPOSE EXCEPT TO ACCOMPLISH THE
BEHAVIOR IN THEIR HAND SUCH AS
SHOOTING SOMEONE.
EXTINCTIVE CRIME – THE CONSEQUENCE
OF THE ACT IS DESTRUCTIVE EX. ARSON,
MALICIOUS MISCHIEF
FELONY - AN ACT OR OMISSION
PUNISHABLE BY LAW WHICH IS COMMITTED
BY MEANS OF DOLO (DECEIT) OR CULPA
(FAULT) AND PUNISHABLE UNDER THE
REVISED PENAL CODE
FIXATED PERSON - EXHIBIT BEHAVIOR
TRAITS CHARACTERISTICS OF THOSE
ENCOUNTERED DURING INFANTILE SEXUAL
DEVELOPMENT E.G. AN INFANT WHO DOES
NOT RECEIVED ENOUGH ORAL
GRATIFICATION DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF
LIFE IS LIKELY AS AN ADULT ENGAGE IN
SUCH ORAL BEHAVIOR AS SMOKING,
DRINKING, OR DRUG ABUSE AND OTHERS.
FRATRICIDE - KILLING OF ONE’S OWN
BROTHER
FRANZ JOSEPH GALL - BORN IN GERMANY, A
RENOWNED NEURO -ANATOMIST AND
PHYSIOLOGIST AND A PIONEER IN THE
STUDY OF THE LOCALIZATION OF MENTAL
FUNCTIONS IN THE BRAIN
FRUSTRATED CRIME – WHEN THE
OFFENDER HAS PERFORMED ALL THE ACTS
OF EXECUTION WHICH WILL PRODUCE THE
FELONY AS A CONSEQUENCE BUT WHICH
NEVERTHELESS DO NOT PRODUCE IT, BY
REASON OF CAUSES INDEPENDENT OF THE
WILL OF THE PERPETRATOR.
GABRIEL TARDE - INTRODUCED THE THEORY
OF IMITATION, WHICH GOVERNS THE
PROCESS BY WHICH PEOPLE BECOME
CRIMINALS.
GANG RAPE - FORCIBLE SEX INVOLVING
MULTIPLE ATTACKER.
GENERALITY - THE PROVISIONS OF THE
CRIMINAL OR PENAL LAW MUST BE APPLIED
EQUALLY TO ALL PERSONS WITHIN THE
TERRITORY REGARDLESS OF SEX, RACE,
NATIONALITY AND OTHER PERSONAL
CIRCUMSTANCES.
GENETIC ABNORMALITIES - BELIEVES THAT
VIOLENT BEHAVIOUR IS POSSIBLY
INHERITED AND A FUNCTION OF A
PERSON’S GENETIC MAKEUP.
GIAMBATTISTA DELA PORTA (1535-1615) -
ITALIAN PHYSICIAN WHO FOUNDED THE
SCHOOL OF HUMAN PHYSIOGNOMY, THE
STUDY OF FACIAL FEATURES AND THEIR
RELATION TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR; THE
STUDY OF JUDGING A PERSON’S
CHARACTER FROM FACIAL FEATURES TO
DETERMINE WHETHER THE SHAPE OF THE
EARS, NOSE AND EYES AND THE DISTANCES
BETWEEN THEM WERE ASSOCIATED WITH
ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR.
GRAND LARCENY - THEFT OF MONEY OR
PROPERTY OF SUBSTANTIAL VALUES,
PUNISHED AS A FELONY.
GRAVE FELONIES – THOSE TO WHICH THE
LAW ATTACHES THE CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
OR AFFLICTIVE PENALTIES OR FINE MORE
THAN 6000 PESOS.
HABITUAL CRIMINALS – THOSE WHO
CONTINUE TO COMMIT CRIMINAL ACTS FOR
SUCH DIVERSE REASONS DUE TO
DEFICIENCY OF INTELLIGENCE AND LACK
OF CONTROL.
HALLUCINATION - FALSE PERCEPTION
WITHOUT OBJECT
HATE CRIMES - ACTS OF VIOLENCE OR
INTIMIDATION DESIGNED TO TERRORIZE OR
FRIGHTEN PEOPLE CONSIDERED
UNDESIRABLE BECAUSE OF THEIR RACE,
RELIGION, ETHNIC ORIGIN, OR SEXUAL
ORIENTATION.
HENRY GODDARD - HE STUDIED THE LIVES
OF THE KALLIKAK FAMILY AND FOUND THAT
AMONG THE DESCENDANTS FROM MARTIN
KALLIKAK’S RELATIONSHIP WITH A FEEBLE-
MINDED LADY, THERE WERE 143 FEEBLE-
MINDED AND ONLY 46 NORMAL, 36 WERE
ILLEGITIMATE, 3 EPILEPTICS, 3 CRIMINALS, 8
KEPT BROTHELS AND 82 DIED OF INFANCY;
HIS MARRIAGE WITH A WOMAN FROM A
GOOD FAMILY PRODUCED ALMOST ALL
NORMAL DESCENDANTS, ONLY 2 WERE
ALCOHOLICS, 1 WAS CONVICTED OF
RELIGIOUS OFFENSE, 15 DIED AT INFANCY
AND NO ONE BECAME CRIMINAL OR
EPILEPTIC.
HOMICIDE - THE KILLING OF HUMAN BEING
BY ANOTHER.
ID – THIS STANDS FOR INSTINCTUAL
DRIVES; THE PRIMITIVE PART OF THE
INDIVIDUAL’S MENTAL MAKE-UP PRESENT
AT BIRTH; IT IS GOVERNED BY THE
“PLEASURE PRINCIPLE” REPRESENTS THE
UNCONSCIOUS BIOLOGICAL DRIVES FOR
PLEASURE.
ILLUSION- FALSE PERCEPTION WITH THE
OBJECT
IMPULSE DISORDER – AN EXCESSIVE OR
UNREASONABLE DESIRE TO DO OR HAVE
SOMETHING; AN IRRATIONAL OR
IRRESISTIBLE MOTIVE; EXAMPLES OF THIS
ARE KLEPTOMANIA, PYROMANIA,
DIPSOMANIA AND OTHERS.
INCHOATE CRIMES - INCOMPLETE OR
CONTEMPLATED CRIMES SUCH AS
CRIMINAL SOLICITATION OR CRIMINAL
ATTEMPTS.
INFANTICIDE - KILLING OF AN INFANT LESS
THAN 3 DAYS OLD.
INFRACTION - AN ACT OR OMISSION IN
VIOLATION OF A CITY OR MUNICIPAL
ORDINANCE
INTENTIONAL FELONIES - COMMITTED BY
MEANS OF DOLO (DECEIT) THE ACT OR
OMISSION IS PERFORMED WITH
DELIBERATE INTENT OR MALICE
INSTANT CRIME – COMMITTED IN THE
SHORTEST POSSIBLE TIME
INSANE CRIMINALS – THOSE WHO ARE NOT
CRIMINALS BY BIRTH; THEY BECOME
CRIMINALS AS A RESULT OF SOME
CHANGES IN THEIR BRAINS WHICH
INTERFERE WITH THEIR ABILITY TO
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN RIGHT AND WRONG
INVOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER - A
HOMICIDE THAT OCCURS AS A RESULT OF
ACTS THAT ARE NEGLIGENT AND WITHOUT
REGARD FOR THE HARM THEY MAY CAUSE
OTHERS, SUCH AS DRIVING WHILE UNDER
THE INFLUENCE OF LIQUOR OR DRUGS.
(ALSO KNOWN AS NEGLIGENT
MANSLAUGHTER)
INVOLVEMENT - PARTICIPATION WITH
SOCIAL AND CIVIC ACTIVITIES.
IRRATIONAL CRIME – COMMITTED BY AN
OFFENDER WHO DOES NOT KNOW THE
NATURE AND QUALITY OF HIS ACT ON
ACCOUNT OF THE DISEASE OF THE MIND
(ABNORMAL)
ISAAC RAY - AN ACKNOWLEDGED AMERICAN
PSYCHIATRIST WHO POPULARIZED THE
CONCEPT OF “MORAL INSANITY” IN HIS
BOOK, “A TREATISE ON THE MEDICAL
JURISPRUDENCE OF INSANITY”.
JEREMY BENTHAM - FOUNDED THE
CONCEPT OF UTILITARIANISM ASSUMES
THAT ALL OUR ACTIONS ARE CALCULATED
IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR LIKELIHOOD
OF BRINGING PLEASURE AND PAIN,
JOHANN KASPAR SPURZHEIM- HE WAS THE
MAN MOST RESPONSIBLE FOR
POPULARIZING AND SPREADING
PHRENOLOGY TO A WIDE AUDIENCE.
JOHANN KASPAR LAVATER - SWISS
THEOLOGIAN WHO BELIEVED THAT
PEOPLE’S TRUE CHARACTERS AND
INCLINATIONS COULD BE READ FROM
THEIR FACIAL FEATURES
LABELING THEORY - HOLDS THAT PEOPLE
ENTER INTO LAW-VIOLATING CAREERS
WHEN THEY ARE LABELED FOR THEIR ACTS
AND ORGANIZE THEIR PERSONALITIES
AROUND THE LABELS.
LARCENY - TAKING FOR ONE’S OWN USE
THE PROPERTY OF ANOTHER, BY MEANS
OTHER THAN FORCE OR THREATS ON THE
VICTIM OR FORCIBLY BREAKING INTO A
PERSON’S HOME OR WORKPLACE; THEFT.
LATENCY - BEGINS AT AGE 6. FEELINGS OF
SEXUALITY ARE EXPRESSED UNTIL THE
GENITAL STAGE BEGINS AT PUBERTY; THIS
MARKS THE BEGINNING OF ADULT
SEXUALITY.
LEGAL SENSE - A CRIMINAL IS ANY PERSON
WHO HAS BEEN FOUND TO HAVE
COMMITTED A WRONGFUL ACT IN THE
COURSE OF THE STANDARD JUDICIAL
PROCESS; THERE MUST BE A FINAL VERDICT
OF HIS GUILT.
LESS GRAVE FELONIES – THOSE TO WHICH
THE LAW ATTACHES CORRECTIONAL
PENALTIES OR FINE MORE THAN 2000 BUT
LESS THAN 6000 PESOS
LIGHT FELONIES – THOSE TO WHICH THE
LAW ATTACHES THE PENALTY OF ARRESTO
MENOR OR A FINE NOT EXCEEDING P200.00
MALA IN SE -ACTS THAT ARE OUTLAWED
BECAUSE THEY VIOLATE BASIC MORAL
VALUES SUCH AS RAPE, MURDER, ASSAULT
AND ROBBERY.
MALA PROHIBITA- ACTS THAT ARE
OUTLAWED BECAUSE THEY CLASH WITH
CURRENT NORMS AND PUBLIC OPINION,
SUCH AS TAX, TRAFFIC AND DRUG LAWS.
MARITAL RAPE - FORCIBLE SEX BETWEEN
PEOPLE WHO ARE LEGALLY MARRIED TO
EACH OTHER.
MATRICIDE - KILLING OF A MOTHER BY HER
OWN CHILD.
MARITIME ZONE – THE TWELVE (12)
NAUTICAL MILE LIMIT BEYOND OUR SHORE
MEASURED AT LOW TIDE
MARXIST THEORY - ATTRIBUTES CRIMES TO
CAPITALISM.
MASS MURDER - THE KILLING OF A LARGE
NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN A SINGLE INCIDENT
BY AN OFFENDER WHO TYPICALLY DOES
NOT SEEK CONCEALMENT OR ESCAPE.
MENTAL DISORDER THEORIES - THERE ARE
TWO GENERAL TYPES OF MENTAL
DISORDERS. FIRST, THE ORGANIC
DISORDER, WHERE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL
CAUSE CAN BE IDENTIFIED, SUCH AS HEAD
INJURIES THAT LEFT THE MIND BLANK,
SENILITY, PARKINSON’S DISEASE AND
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE. ORGANIC
DISORDERS REFER TO THE BRAIN’S
DISORDER OR SICKNESS. SECOND IS THE
FUNCTIONAL DISORDER, WHICH IS
CHARACTERIZED BY STRANGE BEHAVIOR
THAT CANNOT BE TRACED TO ANY KNOWN
ORGANIC DISEASE. EXAMPLES OF
FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS ARE THOSE
PEOPLE WITH NO APPARENT BRAIN
SICKNESS WHO HEAR VOICES THAT OTHER
DO NOT HEAR, OR WHO SEE THINGS THAT
OTHERS DO NOT SEE.
MESOMORPHIC – WITH RELATIVE
PREDOMINANCE OF MUSCLES, BONES AND
MOTOR ORGANS OF THE BODY WITH LARGE
WRIST AND HANDS.
MISSION HATE CRIMES - VIOLENT CRIMES
COMMITTED BY DISTURBED INDIVIDUALS
WHO SEE IT AS THEIR DUTY TO RID THE
WORLD OF EVIL.
MURDER - THE UNLAWFUL KILLING OF A
HUMAN BEING WITH MALICIOUS INTENT.
NATIONALISTIC -THE STUDY OF CRIMES
MUST BE IN RELATION WITH THE EXISTING
CRIMINAL LAW WITHIN A TERRITORY OR
COUNTRY. THE QUESTION AS TO WHETHER
AN ACT IS A CRIME IS DEPENDENT ON THE
CRIMINAL LAW OF A STATE.
NEOCLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY - THIS
THEORY MODIFIED THE DOCTRINE OF FREE
WILL BY STATING THAT FREE WILL OF MEN
MAY BE AFFECTED BY OTHER FACTORS AND
CRIME IS COMMITTED DUE TO SOME
COMPELLING REASONS THAT PREVAIL.
THESE CAUSES ARE PATHOLOGY,
INCOMPETENCE, INSANITY OR ANY
CONDITION THAT WILL MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE
FOR THE INDIVIDUAL TO EXERCISE FREE
WILL ENTIRELY. IN THE STUDY OF LEGAL
PROVISIONS, THIS IS TERMED AS EITHER
MITIGATING OR EXEMPTING
CIRCUMSTANCES.
NEUROSES - A COMMON TYPE OF MENTAL
DISORDER USED TO EXPLAIN CRIMINAL
BEHAVIOR ALSO REFERRED TO AS
HYSTERIA OR NEURASTHENIA.
NEUROLOGICAL PROBLEMS - FOCUSES ON
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BRAIN
ACTIVITY AND BEHAVIOUR.
NEUROTIC CRIMINALS – PERSONS WHOSE
ACTIONS ARISE FROM THE INTRA-PSYCHIC
CONFLICT BETWEEN THE SOCIAL AND ANTI-
SOCIAL COMPONENTS OF HIS
PERSONALITY.
NORMAL CRIMINALS – PERSONS WHOSE
PSYCHIC ORGANIZATION RESEMBLES THAT
OF A NORMAL INDIVIDUAL EXCEPT THAT HE
IDENTIFIES HIMSELF WITH CRIMINAL
PROTOTYPE.
OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR –
PEOPLE WHO SUFFER FROM THIS HAVE
UNWANTED, INTRUSIVE AND REPETITIVE
THOUGHTS OR BEHAVIORS.
OBSESSION – A REPETITIVE AND
IRRESISTIBLE THOUGHTS OR URGE.
OEDIPUS COMPLEX (BOY) = A STAGE OF
DEVELOPMENT WHEN MALE BEGIN TO HAVE
SEXUAL FEELINGS FOR THEIR MOTHER.
OFFENSE - AN ACT OR OMISSION IN
VIOLATION OF A SPECIAL LAW
OFFENSE SPECIFIC - MEANS THAT
OFFENDERS WILL REACT SELECTIVELY TO
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICULAR
OFFENSE.
ORAL STAGE - USUALLY DURING THE FIRST
YEAR OF LIFE WHEN THE CHILD ATTAINS
PLEASURE BY SUCKING AND BITING.
ORDINARY CRIMINALS – THE LOWEST FORM
OF CRIMINAL CAREER; THEY ENGAGE ONLY
IN CONVENTIONAL CRIMES WHICH REQUIRE
LIMITED SKILL.
ORGANIZATIONAL CRIMES - CRIMES THAT
INVOLVES LARGE CORPORATIONS AND
THEIR EFFORTS TO CONTROL THE MARKET
PLACE AND EARN HUGE PROFITS THROUGH
UNLAWFUL BIDDING, UNFAIR ADVERTISING,
MONOPOLISTIC PRACTICES, OR OTHER
ILLEGAL MEANS.
ORGANIZED CRIMES - ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES
OF PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATIONS WHOSE
ACKNOWLEDGED PURPOSE IS PROFIT
THROUGH ILLEGITIMATE BUSINESS
ENTERPRISE.
ORGANIZED CRIMINALS – THESE CRIMINALS
HAVE A HIGH DEGREE OF ORGANIZATION
THAT ENABLES THEM TO COMMIT CRIMES
WITHOUT BEING DETECTED AND
COMMITTED TO SPECIALIZED ACTIVITIES
WHICH CAN BE OPERATED IN LARGE SCALE
BUSINESSES.
PARANOIA - GRADUAL IMPAIRMENT OF THE
INTELLECT, CHARACTERIZED BY
DELUSIONS OR HALLUCINATION.
PARRICIDE - THE ACT OF KILLING ONE’S
OWN FATHER, MOTHER, SPOUSE OR CHILD.
PATRICIDE - KILLING OF A FATHER BY HIS
OWN CHILD.
PHALLIC STAGE - DURING THE THIRD YEAR
WHEN CHILD FOCUS THEIR ATTENTION ON
THEIR GENITALS.
PENOLOGY – IT IS THE STUDY OF
PUNISHMENT AND PENALTY TO THE
OFFENDER.
PETIT (PETTY) LARCENY - THEFT OF A SMALL
AMOUNT OF MONEY OR PROPERTY,
PUNISHED AS A MISDEMEANOR.
PHOBIA – EXCESSIVE AND UNEXPLAINABLE
FEAR OF SOMETHING; GENERALLY
EXAGGERATED FEAR OF THINGS THAT
NORMAL PEOPLE DO NOT FEAR WITH THE
SAME DEGREE.
PHRENOLOGY- THE STUDY THAT DEALS
WITH THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE
SKULL AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR
PHYSIOLOGY OR SOMATOTYPE - THIS
REFERS TO THE STUDY OF THE BODY BUILD
OF A PERSON IN RELATION TO HIS
TEMPERAMENT AND PERSONALITY AND THE
TYPE OF OFFENSE HE IS MOST PRONE TO
COMMIT. IT BECAME POPULAR IN THE 1SY
HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY.
PSYCHOSES - A MORE SERIOUS TYPE OF
MENTAL DISORDER, WHICH CAN BE
ORGANIC OR FUNCTIONAL.
PSYCHOTIC - PEOPLE LOSE CONTACT WITH
REALITY AND HAVE DIFFICULTY
DISTINGUISHING REALITY FROM FANTASY.
PYSCHOLOGICAL DETERMINISM - THIS
EXPLAINS THE PSYCHOLOGICAL
DETERMINANTS WHICH DEFINE BEHAVIOR
OF A PERSON. THIS IDEA HAS LONG BEEN
HATCHED BY THINKERS WHO WERE
CONSUMED BY THE BELIEF THAT IT IS THE
PSYCHOLOGICAL EQUIVALENTS THAT
PROD THE PERSON TO ACT THE WAY HE
DOES.
PILFERAGE - THEFT BY EMPLOYEES
THROUGH STEALTH OR DECEPTION.
POSITIVIST CRIMINOLOGY- POSITIVE
THEORISTS WERE THE FIRST TO CLAIM THE
IMPORTANCE OF LOOKING AT INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCE AMONG CRIMINALS. THESE
THEORISTS FOCUSED ON BIOLOGICAL,
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
CAUSATION OF CRIME.
PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES = ACTS THAT ARE
CONSIDERED ILLEGAL BECAUSE THEY
THREATEN GENERAL WELL-BEING OF
SOCIETY AND CHALLENGE ITS ACCEPTED
MORAL PRINCIPLES. PROSTITUTION, DRUG
USE, AND THE SALE OF PORNOGRAPHY ARE
CONSIDERED PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES.
PROFESSIONAL CRIMINALS – THESE ARE
HIGHLY SKILLED AND ABLE TO OBTAIN
CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF MONEY
WITHOUT BEING DETECTED BECAUSE OF
ORGANIZATION AND CONTACT WITH OTHER
PROFESSIONAL CRIMINALS.
PROFESSIONAL FENCE - AN INDIVIDUAL
WHO EARNS HIS OR HER LIVING SOLELY BY
BUYING AND RETAILING STOLEN
MERCHANDISE.
PROSPECTIVITY - NO PERSON MAY BE
PUNISHED FOR HIS ACT WHEN AT THE TIME
HE COMMITTED THE ACT, IT IS STILL NOT
YET PUNISHABLE BY LAW. HOWEVER,
PENAL LAWS MAY BE GIVEN RETROACTIVE
EFFECT WHEN IT IS FAVORABLE TO THE
ACCUSED.
PYKNIC – MEDIUM HEIGHT, ROUNDED
FIGURES, MASSIVE NECK, BROAD FACE;
THEY TEND TO COMMIT DECEPTION, FRAUD
AND VIOLENCE.
RATIONAL CRIME ---- COMMITTED WITH
INTENT AND THE OFFENDER IS IN FULL
POSSESSION OF HIS SANITY (NORMAL)
REACTIVE HATE CRIME -- PERPETRATORS
BELIEVE THEY ARE TAKING A DEFENSIVE
STAND AGAINST OUTSIDERS WHO THEY
BELIEVE THREATEN THEIR COMMUNITY OR
WAY OF LIFE.
REASONING CRIMINAL - ACCORDING TO THE
RATIONAL CHOICE APPROACH, LAW-
VIOLATING BEHAVIOR OCCURS WHEN AN
OFFENDER DECIDES TO RISK BREAKING
THE LAW AFTER CONSIDERING BOTH
PERSONAL FACTORS SUCH AS NEED FOR
MONEY, REVENGE, THRILLS AND
ENTERTAINMENT AND SITUATIONAL
FACTORS SUCH AS HOW WELL A TARGET IS
PROTECTED AND THE EFFICIENCY OF THE
LOCAL POLICE FORCE.
REGICIDE - THE KILLING OR MURDER OR A
KING.
RETALIATORY HATE CRIME - OFFENSE
COMMITTED IN RESPONSE TO A HATE
CRIME, REAL OR PERCEIVED.
REVISED PENAL CODE (RPC) - THE BOOK
THAT CONTAINS THE PHILIPPINE CRIMINAL
LAW.
RICHARD DUGDALE - HE STUDIED THE LIVES
OF THE MEMBERS OF THE JUKES FAMILY
AND REFERRED TO ADA JUKES AS THE
MOTHER OF CRIMINALS
ROBBERY - TAKING OR ATTEMPTING TO TAKE
SOMETHING OF VALUE BY FORCE OR
THREAT OF FORCE AND/OR BY PUTTING
THE VICTIM IN FEAR.
ROMOTONIC – ACTIVE, DYNAMIC; WALKS,
TALKS AND GESTURES ASSERTIVELY AND
BEHAVES AGGRESSIVELY.
SCHIZOPRENIA – ALSO CALLED DEMENTIA
PRAECOX; CHARACTERIZED BY
DISTORTIONS OR WITHDRAWAL FROM
REALITY, DISTURBANCES OF THOUGHTS
AND LANGUAGE AND WITHDRAWAL FROM
SOCIAL CONTACT.
SEASONAL CRIME – COMMITTED ONLY
DURING A CERTAIN PERIOD OF THE YEAR
SERIAL MURDER - THE KILLING OF A LARGE
NUMBER OF PEOPLE OVER TIME BY AN
OFFENDER WHO SEEKS TO ESCAPE
DETECTION.
SERIAL RAPE - MULTIPLE RAPES COMMITTED
BY ONE PERSON OVER TIME.
SHAW AND MCKAY - WORKS ON SOCIAL
ECOLOGY (ENVIRONMENTAL FORCES THAT
HAVE A DIRECT INFLUENCE ON HUMAN
BEHAVIOR) AS INFLUENCE BY URBAN
SOCIOLOGIST ROBERT EZRA PARK AND
ERNEST BURGESS WAS FOCUSED ON
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS SCHOOL
AND THE FAMILY AND HOW THEIR
BREAKDOWN INFLUENCES DEVIANT AND
ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR. HE POPULARIZED
SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY.
SHOPLIFTING - THE TAKING OF GOODS
FROM RETAIL STORE.
SIGMUND FREUD - HE IS RECOGNIZED AS
THE FATHER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS.
SIMPLE CRIME – SINGLE ACT
CONSTITUTING ONLY ONE OFFENSE
SITUATIONAL CRIME – COMMITTED ONLY
WHEN THE SITUATION IS CONDUCIVE TO ITS
COMMISSION
SITUATIONAL CRIMINALS – THOSE WHO
ARE ACTUALLY NOT CRIMINALS BUT GET IN
TROUBLE WITH LEGAL AUTHORITIES
BECAUSE THEY COMMIT CRIMES
INTERMIXED WITH LEGITIMATE ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES.
SOCIAL NORMS - ALSO CALLED RULES OF
CONDUCT, SHARED STANDARD OF
BEHAVIOR WHICH IN TURN REQUIRE
CERTAIN EXPECTATIONS OF BEHAVIOR IN A
GIVEN SITUATION.
SOCIAL SCIENCE - CRIME IS A SOCIAL
CREATION AND IT EXISTS IN A SOCIETY
BEING A SOCIAL PHENOMENON.
SOCIALIZATION - REFERS TO THE LEARNING
PROCESS BY WHICH A PERSON LEARNS
AND INTERNALIZES THE WAYS OF SOCIETY
SO THAT HE CAN FUNCTION AND BECOME
AN ACTIVE PART OF SOCIETY.
SOCIOLOGY - IT IS THE STUDY OF HUMAN
SOCIETY, ITS ORIGIN, STRUCTURE,
FUNCTIONS AND DIRECTION.
SOCIOBIOLOGICAL THEORY -
CONTEMPORARY FORM OF THE POSITIVIST
THEORY OF CRIME, HOLDS THAT HUMAN
BEHAVIOUR IS A FUNCTION OF THE
INTERACTION OF BIOCHEMICAL,
NEUROLOGICAL AND GENETIC FACTORS
WITH ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULUS.
SOCIAL BONDS THEORY - STATES THAT
CRIME TAKES PLACE WHEN A PERSON’S
BONDS TO SOCIETY ARE WEAKENED OR
BROKEN, THUS, REDUCING PERSONAL
STAKES IN CONFORMITY.
SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY – (1) MAINTAINS
THAT ALL PEOPLE HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO
VIOLATE THE LAW AND THAT MODERN
SOCIETY PRESENTS MANY OPPORTUNITIES
FOR ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES (2) ARGUES THAT
PEOPLE OBEY THE LAW BECAUSE
BEHAVIOR AND PASSIONS ARE BEING
CONTROLLED BY INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL
FORCES.
SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY – (1)
FOCUSES ON THE CONDITIONS WITHIN THE
URBAN ENVIRONMENT THAT AFFECT CRIME
RATES (2) LINKS CRIME RATE TO
NEIGHBORHOOD ECOLOGICAL
CHARACTERISTICS.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY - BELIEVES THAT
CRIME IS A PRODUCT OF LEARNING THE
NORMS, VALUES AND BEHAVIORS
ASSOCIATED WITH CRIMINAL ACTIVITY.
SOCIAL PROCESS THEORY - VIEWS THAT
CRIMINALITY IS A FUNCTION OF PEOPLE’S
INTERACTION WITH VARIOUS
ORGANIZATION, INSTITUTIONS, AND
PROCESS IN SOCIETY.
SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORY - VIEWS THAT
DISADVANTAGE ECONOMIC CLASS
POSITION IS A PRIMARY CAUSE OF CRIME.
SOCIOLOGY OF LAW - ATTEMPT AT
SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS OF THE CONDITION
WHICH THE PENAL/CRIMINAL LAWS HAS
DEVELOPED AS A PROCESS OF FORMAL OR
SOCIAL CONTROL.
SOCIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM -
SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS REFERS TO
THINGS, PLACES AND PEOPLE WITH WHOM
WE COME IN CONTACT WITH AND WHICH
PLAY A PART IN DETERMINING OUR ACTIONS
AND CONDUCT. THESE CAUSES MAY BRING
ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINAL
BEHAVIOR.
SORORICIDE - KILLING ONE’S OWN SISTER.
STRAIN THEORY - HOLDS THAT CRIME IS A
FUNCTION OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN
THE GOALS PEOPLE HAVE AND THE MEANS
THEY CAN USE TO LEGALLY OBTAIN THEM.
STATIC CRIME – COMMITTED IN ONLY ONE
PLACE
STATUTORY CRIMES - CRIMES DEFINED BY
LEGISLATIVE BODIES IN RESPONSE TO
CHANGING SOCIAL CONDITIONS, PUBLIC
OPINION, AND CUSTOM.
STATUTORY RAPE - SEXUAL RELATIONS
BETWEEN AN UNDERAGE MINOR FEMALE
AND AN ADULT MALE.
SUICIDE - TAKING ONE’S OWN
VOLUNTARILY AND INTENTIONALLY
LIFE
SUPEREGO – SERVES AS THE MORAL
CONSCIENCE OF AN INDIVIDUAL; IT IS
STRUCTURED BY WHAT VALUES WERE
TAUGHT BY THE PARENTS, THE SCHOOL
AND THE COMMUNITY, AS WELL AS BELIEF
IN GOD; IT IS LARGELY RESPONSIBLE FOR
MAKING A PERSON FOLLOW THE MORAL
CODES OF SOCIETY. IT IS DIVIDED INTO TWO
PARTS: CONSCIENCE (TELLS WHAT IS RIGHT
OR WRONG) AND EGO IDEAL (DIRECTS THE
INDIVIDUAL TO MORALLY ACCEPTABLE AND
RESPONSIBLE BEHAVIORS, WHICH MAY NOT
BE PLEASURABLE).
TERRITORIALITY - AS PART OF THE RIGHT OF
A STATE TO SELF-PRESERVATION, EACH
INDEPENDENT COUNTRY HAS THE RIGHT TO
PROMULGATE LAWS ENFORCEABLE WITHIN
ITS TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION, SUBJECT
ONLY TO THE LIMITATIONS IMPOSED BY
TREATIES OF PREFERENTIAL
APPLICATIONS AND BY THE OPERATION OF
INTERNATIONAL LAW OF NATIONS.
TRILL-SEEKING HATE CRIME - POLICE DEPARTMENT (MPD), JULY 31, 1901.
HATEMONGERS WHO JOIN FORCES TO
HAVE FUN BY BASHING MINORITIES OR
DESTROYING PROPERTY; INFLICTING PAIN
ON OTHERS GIVE A SADISTIC THRILL.
UXORCIDE - ACT OF ONE WHO MURDERS HIS
WIFE.
VATICIDE - THE KILLING OF A PROPHET.
VICTIMOLOGY – THE STUDY OF THE ROLE
OF THE VICTIM IN THE COMMISSION OF A
CRIME
VICTIMLESS CRIMES - CRIMES THAT VIOLATE
THE MORAL ORDER BUT IN WHICH THERE IS
NO ACTUAL VICTIM OR TARGET. IN THESE
CRIMES WHICH INCLUDE DRUG ABUSE AND
SEX OFFENSES, IT IS SOCIETY AS A WHOLE
AND NOT AN INDIVIDUAL WHO IS
CONSIDERED THE VICTIM.
VISCEROTONIC – GENERALLY RELAX AND
COMFORTABLE SMALL PERSON LOVES
LUXURY AND ESSENTIALLY EXTROVERT.
VOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER - A HOMICIDE
COMMITTED IN THE HEAT OF PASSION OR
DURING A SUDDEN QUARREL; ALTHOUGH
INTENT MAY BE PRESENT, MALICE IS NOT.
WHITE-COLLAR CRIME – COMMITTED BY A
PERSON BELONGING TO THE UPPER SOCIO-
ECONOMIC CLASS IN THE COURSE OF HIS
OCCUPATIONAL ACTIVITIES
PHILIPPINE
CRIMINAL
JUSTICE
SYSTEM
ABSOLUTE PARDON- THE EXTINCTION OF
THE CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF THE INDIVIDUAL
TO WHOM IT IS GRANTED WITHOUT ANY
CONDITION AND RESTORES TO THE
INDIVIDUAL HIS CIVIL RIGHTS.
AMNESTY – AN ACT OF SOVEREIGN POWER
GRANTING OBLIVION OR GENERAL PARDON
FOR THE PAST OFFENSE, USUALLY
GRANTED IN FAVOR OF CERTAIN CLASSES
OF PERSONS WHO HAVE COMMITTED
CRIMES OF POLITICAL CHARACTER, SUCH
AS TREASON OR REBELLION.
ACT NO 175 – ENTITLED “AN ACT
PROVIDING FOR THE ORGANIZATION AND
GOVERNMENT OF AN INSULAR
CONSTABULARY”, ENACTED ON JULY 18,
1901.
ACT NO 183 – CREATION OF THE MANILA
ACT NO 255 – THE ACT THAT RENAMED THE
INSULAR CONSTABULARY INTO PHILIPPINE
CONSTABULARY, ENACTED ON OCTOBER 3,
1901.
APPELLATE – WHEN THE COURT CAN TRY A
CASE ALREADY HEARD AND DECIDED BY A
LOWER COURT, REMOVED FROM THE
LATTER BY APPEAL.
BATAS PAMBANSA 129 - OTHERWISE
KNOWN AS THE JUDICIARY
REORGANIZATION ACT OF 1980
CARABINEROS DE SEGURIDAD PUBLICA –
ORGANIZED IN 1712 FOR THE PURPOSE OF
CARRYING THE REGULATIONS OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF STATE; THIS WAS ARMED
AND CONSIDERED AS THE MOUNTED
POLICE; YEARS AFTER, THIS KIND OF
POLICE ORGANIZATION DISCHARGED THE
DUTIES OF A PORT, HARBOR AND RIVER
POLICE.
CAUSE OF ACTION – AN ACT OR OMISSION
OF ONE PARTY IN VIOLATION OF THE LEGAL
RIGHTS OF ANOTHER FOR WHICH THE
LATTER SUFFERS DAMAGE WHICH
AFFORDS A PARTY TO A RIGHT TO JUDICIAL
INTERVENTION.
CITY PRISONERS – ONE WHO IS
SENTENCED TO SERVE A PRISON TERM OF
ONE DAY TO THREE YEARS.
CONDITIONAL PARDON - THE EXTINCTION
OF THE CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF AN
INDIVIDUAL FROM THE PUNISHMENT WHICH
THE LAW INFLICTS FOR THE OFFENSE HE
HAS COMMITTED, WITHIN CERTAIN LIMITS
OR CONDITIONS.
COURT - AN ORGAN OF THE GOVERNMENT
BELONGING TO THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
WHOSE FUNCTION IS THE APPLICATION OF
THE LAWS TO CONTROVERSIES BROUGHT
BEFORE IT AND THE PUBLIC FOR THE
ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.
COURT OF APPEALS - HEADED BY A
PRESIDING JUSTICE, HAS APPELLATE
JURISDICTION OVER CASES DECIDED BY
THE RTC, HAS THE POWER TO ORDER NEW
TRIAL.
COURT OF TAX APPEALS- HAS EXCLUSIVE
APPELLATE JURISDICTION TO REVIEW ON
APPEAL DECISIONS OF THE
COMMISSIONER OF THE BUREAU OF
INTERNAL REVENUE INVOLVING INTERNAL
REVENUE TAXES AND DECISIONS OF THE
COMMISSIONER OF THE BUREAU OF
CUSTOMS INVOLVING CUSTOMS DUTIES.
COMMENSURATE – PENALTY MUST BE
PROPORTIONAL TO THE GRAVITY OR
SERIOUSNESS OF THE CRIME COMMITTED.
COMMUTATION OF SENTENCE - REDUCTION
OF THE SENTENCE, FROM A HEAVIER
SENTENCE TO A LESS SERIOUS ONE, OR
FROM LONGER PRISON TERM TO A
SHORTER ONE.
COMPLAINT - A SWORN, WRITTEN
STATEMENT CHARGING A PERSON WITH AN
OFFENSE, SUBSCRIBED BY THE OFFENDED
PARTY, ANY PEACE OFFICER OR OTHER
PUBLIC OFFICERS CHARGED WITH THE
ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAW.
COMPLAINANT – THE PERSON WHO FILED
THE COMPLAINT AGAINST THE
RESPONDENT.
CONCILIATION – THE PROCESS WHEREBY
DISPUTANTS ARE PERSUADED BY THE
PUNONG BARANGAY OR PANGKAT TO
AMICABLY SETTLE THEIR DISPUTES.
CONCURRENT – WHEN ANY OF TWO OR
MORE COURTS MAY TAKE COGNIZANCE OF
A CASE.
CORRECTION - IS THAT BRANCH OF
ADMINISTRATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE
CHARGED WITH THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR
THE CUSTODY, SUPERVISION AND
REHABILITATION OF CONVICTED
OFFENDERS.
CRIMINAL APPREHENSION – IT IS A POLICE
RESPONSIBILITY TO IDENTIFY, LOCATE AND
APPREHEND OFFENDERS.
CRIME PREVENTION – THE PREVENTION
AND SUPPRESSION OF CRIMES HAVE
TRADITIONALLY BEEN ACCEPTED AS THE
PRIMARY GOAL OF THE LOCAL POLICE
FORCES.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM - THE SUM
TOTAL OF INSTRUMENTATION WHICH A
SOCIETY USES IN THE PREVENTION. THE
MACHINERY OF THE STATE OR
GOVERNMENT WHICH ENFORCES THE
RULES OF CONDUCT NECESSARY TO
PROTECT LIFE AND PROPERTY AND TO
MAINTAIN PEACE AND ORDER.
DECISION - THE JUDGMENT RENDERED BY A
COURT OF JUSTICE OR OTHER COMPETENT
TRIBUNALS.
DEFINITE – PENALTY MUST BE SPECIFIC
AND EXACT.
DETENTION PRISONERS – THOSE HELD FOR
SECURITY REASONS, INVESTIGATION;
THOSE AWAITING OR UNDERGOING TRIAL
AND AWAITING JUDGMENT.
EQUAL – PENALTY MUST BE APPLIED TO ALL
WHO COMMITTED THE OFFENSE.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 389 – ORDERED THAT
THE PHILIPPINE CONSTABULARY BE ONE OF
THE FOUR SERVICES OF THE ARMED
FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES, ENACTED ON
DECEMBER 23, 1940.
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO 1012 –
TRANSFERRED TO THE CITY AND MUNICIPAL
GOVERNMENT THE OPERATIONAL
SUPERVISION AND DIRECTION OVER ALL
INP UNITS ASSIGNED WITHIN THEIR
LOCALITY.
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO 1040 –
TRANSFERRED THE ADMINISTRATIVE
CONTROL AND SUPERVISION OF THE INP
FROM THE MINISTRY OF NATIONAL
DEFENSE TO THE NATIONAL POLICE
COMMISSION.
EXCLUSIVE – WHEN THE COURT CAN TRY
AND DECIDE A CASE WHICH CANNOT BE
PRESENTED BEFORE ANY OTHER COURT.
EXEMPLARITY – THE STATE PUNISHES THE
CRIMINAL TO SERVE AS AN EXAMPLE TO
OTHERS AND DISCOURAGE OTHERS FROM
COMMITTING CRIMES.
EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY - COLLECTIVE TERM
FOR ABSOLUTE PARDON, CONDITIONAL
PARDON, AND COMMUTATION OF
SENTENCE.
GENERAL – WHEN THE COURT IS
EMPOWERED TO DECIDE ALL DISPUTES
WHICH MAY COME BEFORE IT EXCEPT
THOSE ASSIGNED TO OTHER COURTS.
GUARDIA CIVIL – THIS WAS CREATED BY A
ROYAL DECREE ISSUED BY THE CROWN ON
12 FEBRUARY 1852 TO PARTIALLY RELIEVE
THE SPANISH PENINSULAR TROOPS OF
THEIR WORK IN POLICING TOWNS; IT
CONSISTED OF A BODY OF FILIPINO
POLICEMEN ORGANIZED ORIGINALLY IN
EACH OF THE PROVINCIAL CAPITALS OF
THE CENTRAL PROVINCES OF LUZON
UNDER THE ALCALDE MAYOR.
GUARDRILLEROS – THIS WAS A BODY OF
RURAL POLICE ORGANIZED IN EACH TOWN
AND ESTABLISHED BY THE ROYAL DECREE
OF 18 JANUARY 1836; THIS DECREE
PROVIDED THAT 5% OF THE ABLE-BODIED
MALE INHABITANTS OF EACH PROVINCE
WERE TO BE ENLISTED IN THIS POLICE
ORGANIZATION FOR THREE YEARS.
INFORMATION - AN ACCUSATION IN WRITING
CHARGING A PERSON WITH AN OFFENSE
SUBSCRIBED BY THE FISCAL AND FILED
WITH THE COURT.
JAILS – INSTITUTIONS FOR CONFINEMENT
OF CONVICTED OFFENDERS SENTENCED
TO IMPRISONMENT OF THREE (3) YEARS OR
LESS.
JUDGE - A PUBLIC OFFICER SO NAMED IN HIS
COMMISSION AND APPOINTED TO PRESIDE
OVER AND TO ADMINISTER THE LAW IN A
COURT OF JUSTICE.
JUDICIARY- THAT BRANCH OF THE
GOVERNMENT WHICH IS VESTED WITH
JUDICIAL POWER, THAT BRANCH OF THE
GOVERNMENT WHICH IS EMPOWERED TO
INTERPRET, CONTRIBUTE AND APPLY THE
LAWS.
JUDICIAL POWER - THE POWER TO APPLY
THE LAWS TO CONTESTS OR DISPUTES
CONCERNING LEGALLY RECOGNIZED
RIGHTS OR DUTIES OF AND BETWEEN THE
STATE AND THE PRIVATE PERSONS OR
BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL LITIGANTS IN CASES
PROPERLY BROUGHT BEFORE THE
JUDICIAL TRIBUNALS.
JUDGMENT- THE ADJUDICATION BY THE
COURT THAT THE ACCUSED IS GUILTY OR
NOT GUILTY OF THE OFFENSE CHARGED
AND THE IMPOSITION OF THE PROPER
PENALTY AND CIVIL LIABILITY.
JURISDICTION - THE POWER AND
AUTHORITY OF A COURT TO HEAR, TRY AND
DECIDE CASES.
JUSTICE – THE STATE PUNISHES THE
CRIMINAL AS AN ACT OF RETRIBUTIVE
JUSTICE, A VINDICATION OF ABSOLUTE
RIGHT AND MORAL LAW VIOLATED BY THE
CRIMINAL.
LAW ENFORCEMENT - AS THE FIRST PILLAR
IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM, THE
POLICE IS CONSIDERED AS THE INITIATOR
OF ACTION. ITS ACTIONS AND DECISIONS
ESSENTIALLY CONTROL OR DOMINATE THE
ACTIVITIES OR FUNCTIONS OF THE OTHER
PILLARS.
LIMITED – WHEN THE COURT HAS THE
AUTHORITY TO HEAR AND DETERMINE ONLY
A FEW SPECIFIED CASES.
LUPONG TAGAPAMAYAPA- IT IS A BODY OF
MEN CREATED TO SETTLE DISPUTES WITHIN
THE BARANGAY LEVEL. IT IS ALSO
REFERRED TO AS THE LUPON.
MEDIATION - IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH THE
LUPON CHAIRMAN MEETS WITH THE
PARTIES TOGETHER WITH THEIR
WITNESSES TO MEDIATE WITH THEIR
CONFLICTING INTEREST.
METROPOLITAN, MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURT,
AND MUNICIPAL CIRCUIT TRIAL COURT - HAS
JURISDICTION OVER VIOLATION OF CITY OR
MUNICIPAL ORDINANCES AND OFFENSES
PUNISHABLE BY IMPRISONMENT NOT
EXCEEDING SIX YEARS.
MUNICIPAL PRISONER – ONE WHO IS
SENTENCED TO SERVE A PRISON TERM OF
ONE DAY TO SIX MONTHS?
NATIONAL PROSECUTION SERVICE - THE
PRINCIPAL PROSECUTORY ARM OF THE
GOVERNMENT.
NATIONAL OR INSULAR PRISONER – ONE
WHO IS SENTENCED TO SERVE A PRISON
TERM OF THREE YEARS AND ONE DAY TO
DEATH.
OFFENDED PARTY - THE PERSON AGAINST
WHOM OR AGAINST WHOSE PROPERTY THE
CRIME WAS COMMITTED.
ORDER MAINTENANCE – ONE OF THE MOST
TROUBLESOME RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE
POLICE.
ORIGINAL – WHEN THE COURT CAN TRY AND
HEAR A CASE PRESENTED FOR THE FIRST
TIME.
PANGKAT TAGAPAGKASUNDO - IT SHALL
ACT AS THE CONCILIATION PANEL. IT IS
ALSO REFERRED TO AS THE PANGKAT.IT
SHALL BE COMPOSED OF THREE (3)
MEMBERS CHOSEN FROM THE MEMBERS
OF THE LUPON. THEY SHALL CHOOSE
FROM AMONG THE THREE OF THEM THE
PANGKAT CHAIRMAN AND PANGKAT
SECRETARY.
PAROLE – A METHOD BY WHICH A PRISONER
WHO HAS SERVED A PORTION OF HIS
SENTENCE IS CONDITIONALLY RELEASED
BUT REMAINS IN LEGAL CUSTODY, THE
CONDITION BEING THAT IN CASE OF
MISBEHAVIOR, HE SHALL PUT BACK TO
PRISON. GRANTED TO CONVICTED
OFFENDERS WHO HAVE SERVED A
PORTION OF THEIR SENTENCE AS
PROVIDED BY LAW GRANTED BY THE BOARD
OF PARDONS AND PAROLE.
PARDON – AN ACT OF GRACE PROCEEDING
FROM THE POWER ENTRUSTED WITH THE
EXECUTION OF THE LAWS WHICH EXEMPTS
THE INDIVIDUAL ON WHOM IT IS BESTOWED
FROM THE PUNISHMENT THE LAW INFLICTS
FOR A CRIME HE HAS COMMITTED.
PEACE OFFICERS - OFFICERS DIRECTLY
CHARGED WITH THE PRESERVATION OF
PEACE, LAW AND ORDER.
PENALTY - THE SUFFERING THAT IS
INFLICTED BY THE STATE FOR THE
TRANSGRESSION OF THE LAW.
PENOLOGY - A BRANCH OF CRIMINOLOGY
WHICH DEALS WITH THE TREATMENTS,
MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF
INMATES.
PERSONAL – PENALTY MUST BE IMPOSED
ONLY TO THE PERSON WHO ACTUALLY
COMMITTED THE CRIME WITH NO
SUBSTITUTES.
PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM – PATTERNED
AFTER THE US FEDERAL PRISON SYSTEM.
PLEADINGS- REFERS TO WRITTEN
ALLEGATION OF THE PARTIES TO THE CASE.
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION - AN INQUIRY
OR PROCEEDING TO DETERMINE WHETHER
THERE IS SUFFICIENT GROUND TO
ENGENDER A WELL-FOUNDED BELIEF THAT
A CRIME HAS BEEN COMMITTED AND THE
RESPONDENT IS PROBABLY GUILTY
THEREOF.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 29- THE LAW THAT
CLASSIFIED PRISONERS.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1293 – THE LAW
“CREATING A KATARUNGANG
PAMBARANGAY COMMISSION TO STUDY
THE FEASIBILITY OF RESOLVING DISPUTES
AT THE BARANGAY LEVEL.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1508 – THE LAW
“ESTABLISHING A SYSTEM OF AMICABLY
SETTLING DISPUTES AT THE BARANGAY
LEVEL.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 421 – INTEGRATION
OF CITY/MUNICIPAL POLICE FORCES, JAIL
AND FIRE DEPARTMENT WITHIN THE
GREATER MANILA, MARCH 21, 1974.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 482 – INTEGRATION
OF CITY/MUNICIPAL POLICE, JAIL AND FIRE
DEPARTMENT IN CERTAIN PROVINCES,
JUNE 13, 1974.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 531 – INTEGRATION
OF POLICE, FIRE AND JAILS IN OTHER
PROVINCES, AUGUST 8, 1974.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 641 – INTEGRATION
OF POLICE, FIRE & JAILS IN
PROVINCES/CITIES NOT COVERED BY
PREVIOUS POLICE INTEGRATION DECREES,
JANUARY 21, 1975.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 765 – OTHERWISE
KNOWN AS THE INTEGRATION ACT OF 1975,
ENACTED ON AUGUST 8, 1975;
ESTABLISHED THE INTEGRATED NATIONAL
POLICE (INP) COMPOSED OF THE
PHILIPPINE CONSTABULARY (PC) AS THE
NUCLEUS AND THE INTEGRATED LOCAL
POLICE FORCES AS COMPONENTS, UNDER
THE MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE.
PREVENTION – THE STATE PUNISHES THE
CRIMINAL TO PREVENT OR SUPPRESS THE
DANGER TO THE STATE AND TO THE PUBLIC
ARISING FROM THE CRIMINAL ACTS OF THE
OFFENDER.
PRISON – INSTITUTIONS FOR
CONFINEMENT OF CONVICTED
OFFENDERS SENTENCED TO MORE THAN
THREE (3) YEARS OF IMPRISONMENT.
PRISON LAW – BASIC LAW IN THE
PHILIPPINES PRISON SYSTEM FOUND IN THE
REVISED ADMINISTRATIVE CODE.
PROBABLE CAUSE- THE EXISTENCE OF
SUCH FACTS AND CIRCUMSTANCES AS
WOULD EXCITE A BELIEF IN A REASONABLE
MIND, ACTING ON THE FACTS WITHIN THE
KNOWLEDGE OF THE PROSECUTOR, THAT
THE PERSON CHARGED IS GUILTY OF THE
CRIME FOR WHICH HE IS PROSECUTED.
PROMULGATION OF JUDGMENT - BY
READING IN THE PRESENCE OF THE
ACCUSED AND ANY JUDGE OF THE COURT
IN WHICH IT WAS RENDERED.
PROSECUTION - THE COURSE OF ACTION
OR PROCESS WHEREBY ACCUSATIONS ARE
BROUGHT BEFORE A COURT OF JUSTICE TO
DETERMINE.
PROSECUTOR/PUBLIC
PROSECUTOR/FISCAL - ONE WHO
PROSECUTES ANOTHER FOR A CRIME IN
THE NAME OF THE GOVERNMENT; ONE WHO
INVESTIGATES THE PROSECUTION UPON
WHICH AN ACCUSED IS ARRESTED; ONE
WHO PREPARES AN ACCUSATION AGAINST
THE PARTY WHOM HE SUSPECTS TO BE
GUILTY
PROVINCIAL PRISONERS – ONE WHO IS
SENTENCED TO SERVE A PRISON TERM OF
SIX MONTHS AND ONE DAY TO THREE
YEARS.
PUBLIC SERVICE – BECAUSE THE POLICE IS
THE MOST VISIBLE SYMBOL OF AUTHORITY,
THEY ARE CALLED UPON TO ASSIST IN
SITUATIONS LIKE LOCATION OF LOST
PERSONS OR PROPERTIES, TO PROVIDE VIP,
BANK AND FUNERAL ESCORTS AND OTHER
SIMILAR DUTIES.
REPUBLIC ACT 7160 – OTHERWISE KNOWN
AS THE “LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE OF
1991.
REPUBLIC ACT 4864 – OTHERWISE KNOWN
AS THE POLICE PROFESSIONALIZATION
ACT OF 1966, ENACTED ON SEPTEMBER 8,
1966; CREATED THE POLICE COMMISSION
(POLCOM) AS A SUPERVISORY AGENCY TO
OVERSEE THE TRAINING AND
PROFESSIONALIZATION OF THE LOCAL
POLICE FORCES UNDER THE OFFICE OF
THE PRESIDENT; LATER POLCOM WAS
RENAMED INTO NATIONAL POLICE
COMMISSION (NAPOLCOM).

RA 6975 – OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL
GOVERNMENT ACT OF 1990, ENACTED ON
DECEMBER 13, 1990; REORGANIZED THE
DILG AND ESTABLISHED THE PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL POLICE, BUREAU OF FIRE
PROTECTION, BUREAU OF JAIL
MANAGEMENT AND PENOLOGY AND THE
PHILIPPINE PUBLIC SAFETY COLLEGE.

RA 8551 – OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE REFORM AND
REORGANIZATION ACT OF 1998, ENACTED
ON FEBRUARY 25, 1998; THIS LAW
AMENDED CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF RA
6975.

REGIONAL TRIAL COURTS - PRESIDED BY A

REGIONAL JUDGE, HAS GENERAL
JURISDICTION OVER CRIMINAL CASES, IT
HAS JURISDICTION OVER OFFENSES
PUNISHABLE WITH IMPRISONMENT OF SIX
YEARS AND ONE DAY AND OVER.
REFORMATION – THE STATE PUNISHES THE
CRIMINAL TO HELP HIM REFORM OR BE
REHABILITATED.
REPRIEVE – TEMPORARY SUSPENSION OF
THE EXECUTION OF SENTENCE.
RESPONDENT – THE PERSON WHO IS BEING
COMPLAINED OF.
SANDIGANBAYAN- TASKED TO HANDLE
CRIMINAL CASES INVOLVING GRAFT AND
CORRUPTION AND OTHER OFFENSES
COMMITTED BY HIGH- RANKING PUBLIC
OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES IN
CONNECTION WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF
THEIR FUNCTIONS.
SELF-DEFENSE – THE STATE PUNISHES THE
CRIMINAL AS A MEASURE OF SELF-DEFENSE
TO PROTECT THE SOCIETY FROM THE
THREAT AND WRONG INFLICTED BY THE
CRIMINAL.
POLICE ETHICS
AND VALUES WITH
POLICE
COMMUNITY
RELATIONS
AUDIO-VISUAL COMMUNICATIONS – IT
IMPLIES THE USE OF RADIO, TELEVISION,
MOTION PICTURES, SLIDE,
TRANSPARENCIES, AND COMPUTERS IN
TRANSMITTING INFORMATION TO THE
PUBLIC.
BILL OF RIGHTS - A LIST OF INDIVIDUAL
LIBERTIES, FREEDOM AND RIGHTS WHICH
ARE GUARANTEED AND PROTECTED UNDER
ARTICLE III OF THE 1987 PHILIPPINE
CONSTITUTION.
BRIBERY - THE ACT OF RECEIVING GIFTS OR
PRESENTS OR ACCEPTING OFFERS AND OR
PROMISES IN EXCHANGE FOR COMMITTING
A CRIME THAT RELATES TO THE EXERCISE
OF THE OFFICE WHICH THE PUBLIC
OFFICER DISCHARGES.

SENTENCED PRISONERS – THOSE CAMARADERIE - THE BINDING SPIRIT THAT

CONVICTED BY FINAL JUDGMENT AND ENHANCES TEAMWORK; SENSE OF
SERVING THEIR SENTENCE. BROTHERHOOD.

SHARIA COURTS- CREATED PURSUANT TO CEREMONY - A FORMAL ACT OR SET OF

PD 1083, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE FORMAL ACTS ESTABLISHED BY CUSTOMS
“CODE OF MUSLIM PERSONAL LAWS OF OR AUTHORITY AS PROPER FOR SPECIAL
THE PHILIPPINES. OCCASIONS.

SUPREME COURT- COMPOSED OF A CHIEF CHARACTER - REFERS TO THE TRAITS OF A

JUSTICE AND 14 ASSOCIATE JUSTICE,
SHALL HAVE ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION
OVER ALL COURTS.
PERSON SHOWN THROUGH HIS THOUGHTS,
ACTIONS, VALUES AND VIRTUES.
CHURCH RELATIONS – CONSIST OF
PERSONS DEALINGS IN THE RELIGIOUS
CONGREGATION OR FAITH WHERE HE
BELONGS. RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION IS
NECESSARY FOR THE STABILITY OF MORAL
PRINCIPLES.
CITIZENS RELATIONS –INCLUDES ALL
DEALINGS OR CONTACTS WITH THE
CITIZENS IN RELATION TO THE
ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAW AND
MAINTENANCE OF PACE AND ORDER
TOGETHER WITH THE GIVING INFORMATION
TO THE PUBLIC ON CRIMINAL AND NON-
CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES.
CIVIC ACTION PROGRAM – A PROGRAM
WHICH MAKES THE POLICEMEN A FRIEND
AND PARTNER OF THE PEOPLE FOR
PROGRESS AS WELL AS THEIR DEFENDER.
COMMAND - THE AUTHORITY A PERSON
LAWFULLY EXERCISES OVER
SUBORDINATES BY VIRTUE OF RANK OR
ASSIGNMENT OR POSITION.
COMMANDED ACTS - ARE THOSE WHICH
ARE DONE IN RELATION TO THE DICTATES
OF REASON? THEY BEGIN IN THE WILL BUT
ARE PERFECTED BY OTHER FACULTIES
UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE WILL. THUS,
WHEN A STUDENT DECIDED TO WORK FIRST
WITH HIS ASSIGNMENTS BEFORE PLAYING
WITH HIS FRIENDS GETS HIS BOOKS AND
NOTEBOOKS AND WORKS WITH HIS
ASSIGNMENT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A
COMMANDED ACT.
COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY - THE
DOCTRINE THAT IMPOSES COMMENSURATE
ACCOUNTABILITY TO ONE WHO IS VESTED
WITH AUTHORITY TO EXERCISE
MANAGEMENT AND/OR LEADERSHIP
FUNCTIONS
COMMUTATIVE JUSTICE - REGULATES
THOSE ACTIONS THAT INVOLVE THE RIGHTS
THAT EXIST BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS.
COMMUNITY RELATIONS – CONSIST OF A
PERSON’S DEALINGS WITH THE CITIZENS
OF THE COMMUNITY, CITY OR TOWN WHERE
A PERSON LIVES, AND HIS MEMBERSHIP OR
CONTRIBUTION TO THE CIVIC
ORGANIZATION OR COMMUNITY
ASSOCIATIONS IN THE LOCALITY.
COMPLAINTS RELATIONS –INCLUDES A
POLICE OFFICER’S DEALING WITH
COMPLAINTS, THE TECHNIQUES OF
INTERVIEW, MANNER OF APPROACH, AND
TREATMENT OF WITNESSES AS WELL AS
INFORMERS OR ASSETS.
CONSCIENCE – THE PRACTICAL JUDGMENT
OF REASON TELLING US WHAT SHOULD BE
DONE AND WHAT SHOULD BE AVOIDED;
REFLECTION IS ONE’S CHARACTER.
CORRUPTION - AN ACT DONE WITH AN
INTENT TO GIVE SOME ADVANTAGE
INCONSISTENT WITH OFFICIAL DUTY AND
THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS.
COURTESY - A MANIFESTATION OR
EXPRESSION OF CONSIDERATION AND
RESPECT
COURTESY CALL - WHEN A POLICE OFFICER
APPEARS BEFORE A SUPERIOR OFFICER AS
A SIGN OF RESPECT AND IN
ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE LATTER’S
AUTHORITY OR POSITION
CULTURE – THE SET OF VALUES,
CONVENTIONS, OR SOCIAL PRACTICES
ASSOCIATED WITH A PARTICULAR FIELD,
ACTIVITY OR SOCIETAL CHARACTERISTICS.
CUSTOMS - THE WHOLE BODY USAGES,
PRACTICES, OR CONVENTIONS THAT
REGULATE SOCIAL LIFE (REPEATED
PRACTICE)
DELICADEZA -SENSE OF PRIDE AND SELF-
WORTH, POLICE OFFICERS MUST BE ABLE
TO SACRIFICE SELF-INTEREST IN THE NAME
OF DUTY AND POLICE OFFICERS MUST NOT
DO ANYTHING THAT WOULD BRING
DISHONOR TO HIMSELF AND TO THE PNP
ORGANIZATION ITSELF
DEVOTION TO DUTY - POLICE OFFICERS
MUST PERFORM THEIR DUTIES WITH
DEDICATION, THOROUGHNESS,
EFFICIENCY, ENTHUSIASM,
DETERMINATION AND MANIFEST CONCERN
FOR PUBLIC WELFARE.
DISCIPLINE - POLICE OFFICERS MUST ACT
AND BEHAVE ACCORDING TO THE RULES
AND REGULATIONS OF THE ORGANIZATION
AT ALL TIMES.
DISCIPLINE - INSTINCTIVE OBEDIENCE TO
LAWFUL ORDERS AND SPONTANEOUS
ACTIONS GUIDED BY ETHICAL AND LEGAL
NORMS
DISHONESTY - CONCEALMENT OR
DISTORTION OF TRUTH IN A MATTER OF
FACT RELEVANT TO ONE’S OFFICE OR
CONNECTED WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF
HIS DUTIES
DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE - REGULATES THOSE
ACTIONS THAT INVOLVE THE RIGHTS THAT
AN INDIVIDUAL MAY CLAIM FROM SOCIETY
DISLOYALTY TO THE GOVERNMENT -
CONSISTS OF ABANDONMENT OR
RENUNCIATION OF ONE’S LOYALTY TO THE
GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES, OR
ADVOCATING THE OVERTHROW OF THE
GOVERNMENT.
DOMESTIC RELATIONS – CONSIST OF
PERSONS DEALING WITH HIS FAMILY,
PARENT AND IMMEDIATE RELATIVES WITH
WHO HE HAS TO HAVE GOOD RELATIONSHIP
TO DESERVE A RESPECTABLE FAMILY
PRESTIGE AND COMMUNITY RELATIONS.
DUTY - PNP MEMBERS HAVE EXEMPLIFIED
THEMSELVES AS DEDICATED PUBLIC
SERVANTS
ENDURANCE - THE ABILITY TO LAST
ENDS- GOALS; OBJECTIVES
ETHICS - BASED ON ITS ETYMOLOGICAL
MEANING IS TAKEN TO MEAN AS A
PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCE THAT DEALS
WITH THE MORALITY OF HUMAN CONDUCT
OR HUMAN ACTS.
ETHICAL STANDARDS - REFER TO
ESTABLISHED AND GENERALLY ACCEPTED
MORAL VALUES AND ETHICAL ACTS.
FORTITUDE - FIRMNESS OF MIND; THE
COURAGE TO ENDURE WITHOUT YIELDING;
THE VIRTUE THAT GIVES A PERSON
STRENGTH OF THE WILL; THE VIRTUE THAT
INCITES COURAGE.
GENTLEMANLINESS - BEING UPRIGHT IN
CHARACTER, GENTLE IN MANNERS,
DIGNIFIED IN APPEARANCE AND SINCERE IN
THEIR CONCERN FOR OTHERS
GOVERNMENT - INCLUDES THE NATIONAL
GOVERNMENT, THE LOCAL GOVERNMENTS,
THE GOVERNMENT-OWNED AND – OFFICIALS AND THE CITIZENRY IN THE
CONTROLLED CORPORATIONS, AND ALL
OTHER INSTRUMENTALITIES OR AGENCIES
OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES.
GOVERNMENT RELATIONS – CONSIST OF
THE DEALINGS WHICH A PERSON MAKES
WITH THE GOVERNMENT AND ITS VARIOUS
INSTRUMENTALITIES. RECOGNITION OF
GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY, ITS LAWS AND
ORDINANCES, AS WELL AS OTHER PUBLIC
RESPONSIBILITIES, ARE SIGNIFICANT
PHASES OF AN INDIVIDUAL’S PUBLIC
RELATIONS.
GRAFT - THE ACQUISITION OF GAIN OR
ADVANTAGE BY DISHONEST, UNFAIR OR
SORDID MEANS, ESPECIALLY THROUGH THE
ABUSE OF ONE’S POSITION OR INFLUENCE
IN POLITICS OR GOVERNMENT
HUMAN ACTS - ACTIONS THAT ARE DONE
KNOWINGLY, DELIBERATELY AND FREELY.
HUMAN ACTS - HUMAN ACTS ARE THE
MATERIAL OBJECT OF THE STUDY OF
ETHICS. IT SHALL MEAN ONLY THOSE ACTS
WHICH ARE DETERMINED BY THE FREE WILL.
IT IS CHARACTERIZED AS ACTS DONE
DELIBERATELY, FREELY OR VOLUNTARILY.
ACTS WHICH ARE DONE BY MAN BUT
WITHOUT THE USE OF THE POWER OF FREE
CHOICE ARE ACT OF MAN. THEREFORE,
ACTS OF MAN ARE NOT HUMAN ACTS.
HUMAN RELATIONS – CONSISTS OF THOSE
FUNDAMENTAL PRECEPTS, BOTH MORAL
AND LEGAL, WHICH GOVERN THE
RELATIONSHIPS OF MAN IN ALL ASPECTS
OF LIFE.
HUMAN RIGHTS- RIGHTS PERTAINING TO THE
RIGHTS OF MAN; RIGHTS INHERENT TO MAN
BY VIRTUE OF BEING A HUMAN BEING.
HUMILITY - POLICE OFFICERS MUST NEVER
FORGET THAT THEY ARE PUBLIC SERVANTS
AND NOT MASTERS OF THE PEOPLE
INHERENT RIGHTS - RIGHTS ATTACHED TO
MEN AS HUMAN.
INALIENABLE RIGHTS - RIGHTS THAT
CANNOT BE TRANSFERRED CANNOT BE
BORROWED AND CANNOT BE TAKEN AWAY.
INCOMPETENCY- THE MANIFEST LACK OF
ADEQUATE ABILITY AND FITNESS FOR THE
SATISFACTORY PERFORMANCE OF POLICE
DUTIES
INFORMAL GET - TOGETHER AT THE PNP
CLUB USUALLY ON FRIDAY, OR ANY OTHER
DAY SUITABLE FOR THE OCCASION
INTEGRITY - POLICE OFFICERS MUST NOT
ALLOW THEMSELVES TO BE VICTIMS OF
CORRUPTION AND DISHONEST PRACTICES
IN ACCORDANCE WITH APPLICABLE LAWS.
INTEGRATED POLICE ADVISORY COUNCIL –
A COUNCIL THAT INVOLVES LOCAL
PRESERVATION OF PEACE AND ORDER AND
THE PROMOTION OF PUBLIC SAFETY.
INTRA-DEPARTMENTAL RELATIONS –
CONSIST OF PEACE OFFICERS RELATIONS
WITH THE OFFICERS AND MEN OF HIS OWN
DEPARTMENT, HIS SUPERIORS, THE
STATION COMMAND AS WELL AS THE
CITY/MUNICIPAL MAYOR WHERE HE IS
ASSIGNED.
INTER-DEPARTMENTAL RELATIONS –
RELATIONS WITH OTHER POLICE AGENCIES
CONSIST TO THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE
LAW AND MAINTENANCE OF PEACE AND
ORDER, TOGETHER WITH THE GIVING OF
INFORMATION TO THE PUBLIC ON CRIMINAL
AND NON-CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES.
JUDICIAL RELATIONS –CONSIST OF THE
PEACE OFFICERS DUTIES TOWARD THE
COURTS WHEN APPEARING AS A WITNESS
AND THE HONESTY IN TESTIMONY.
JUDICIOUS - WISE; PROPER
JUSTICE - THE VIRTUE THAT INCLINES THE
WILL TO GIVE TO EACH WHAT IS DUE TO HIM;
THE VIRTUE THAT INCLINES THE WILL TO
RESPECT THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS
LAWS OF SOCIETY – WRITTEN RULES OF
BEHAVIOR, LAWS CREATED BY MEN TO
MAINTAIN HARMONY AND ORDER.
LEGAL JUSTICE - REGULATES THOSE
ACTIONS WHICH SOCIETY MAY JUSTLY
REQUIRE OF THE INDIVIDUAL FOR THE
COMMON GOOD.
LOYALTY - POLICE OFFICERS MUST BE
LOYAL TO THE CONSTITUTION AND TO THE
POLICE SERVICE, AS MANIFESTED BY THEIR
LOYALTY TO THEIR SUPERIORS, PEERS AND
SUBORDINATES.
LOYALTY - COMMITMENT TO PNP
ORGANIZATION, TO THE COUNTRY AND TO
THE PEOPLE.
MASSCOM PROGRAM – IT IS DESIGNED TO
INFLUENCE THE OPINIONS, EMOTIONS,
ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOR OF THE PUBLIC
SO THAT THEY WILL BEHAVE IN A MANNER
BENEFICIAL TO THE POLICE SERVICE.
MEANS - WAYS; MANNER
MISCONDUCT OR MALFEASANCE - THE
DOING, EITHER THROUGH IGNORANCE,
INATTENTION OR MALICE, OF THAT WHICH
THE OFFICER HAD NO LEGAL RIGHT TO DO
AT ALL, AS WHERE HE ACTS WITHOUT ANY
AUTHORITY WHATSOEVER, OR EXCEEDS,
IGNORES, OR ABUSES HIS POWERS
MISFEASANCE - THE IMPROPER
PERFORMANCE OF SOME ACT WHICH
MIGHT LAWFULLY BE DONE
MORALITY - THE QUALITY WHICH MAKES AN
ACT GOOD OR EVIL, RIGHT OR WRONG.
MORALITY - POLICE OFFICERS MUST
ADHERE TO HIGH STANDARD OF MORALITY
AND DECENCY AND SHALL SET GOOD
EXAMPLES FOR OTHERS TO FOLLOW
NEGLECT OF DUTY OR NON-FEASANCE - THE
OMISSION OR REFUSAL, WITHOUT
SUFFICIENT EXCUSE, TO PERFORM AN ACT
OR DUTY, WHICH IT WAS THE PEACE
OFFICER’S LEGAL OBLIGATION TO
PERFORM; IT IMPLIES A DUTY AS WELL AS
ITS BREACH AND THE FACT CAN NEVER BE
FOUND IN THE ABSENCE OF DUTY.
NEIGHBORHOOD RELATIONS – CONSIST OF
A PERSON’S DEALING WITH NEIGHBORS
WHO CONSTITUTE A VITAL LINK TO GOOD
REPUTATION IN THE COMMUNITY.
NON-PARTISANSHIP - POLICE OFFICERS
MUST NOT BE IDENTIFIED WITH ANY
PARTICULAR POLITICAL PARTY OR FIGURE
OPPRESSION - AN ACT OF CRUELTY,
SEVERITY, UNLAWFUL EXACTION,
DOMINATION, OR EXCESSIVE USE OF
AUTHORITY
ORDERLINESS - POLICE OFFICERS MUST
FOLLOW LOGICAL PROCEDURES IN
ACCOMPLISHING TASKS TO MINIMIZE
WASTE OF TIME, MONEY, EFFORT AND
OTHER RESOURCES
PATIENCE - THE ABILITY TO BE CALM IN
ENDURING SITUATIONS.
PATRIOTISM - LOVE OF ONE’S COUNTRY
PERSEVERANCE - THE ABILITY TO GO ON
DESPITE OBSTACLES.
PERSEVERANCE - POLICE OFFICERS MUST
EXERT ALL EFFORTS TO ACHIEVE THEIR
GOAL OR MISSION EVEN IN THE FACE OF
DIFFICULTIES AND OBSTACLES.
PERSONAL MEDIA – IT CONSIST OF FACE-
TO-FACE COMMUNICATION WHICH
INCLUDES MEETINGS, RALLIES, SPEECHES
AND HOUSE-TO-HOUSE VISITS. THIS IS THE
MOST PRACTICAL MEDIUM TO USE IN THE
PROVINCES. PUBLIC RALLIES MAYBE
CONDUCTED BY QUALIFIED PNP MEMBERS
WHERE THEY CAN SPEAK ON MATTERS
PERTAINING TO THE POLICE THAT THE
PUBLIC SHOULD KNOW.
POLICE ETHICS - A PRACTICAL SCIENCE
THAT TREATS THE PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN
MORALITY AND DUTY AS APPLIED TO LAW
ENFORCEMENT.
POLICE LIFESTYLE - POLICE OFFICERS
MUST LIVE A SIMPLE, YET CREDIBLE AND
DIGNIFIED LIFE, FREE FROM GREED,
CORRUPTION AND EXPLOITATION.
POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS – IT IS THE
SUM TOTAL OF DEALINGS OF THE POLICE
WITH THE PEOPLE IT SERVES AND WHOSE
GOODWILL AND COOPERATION IT CRAVES
FOR THE GREATEST POSSIBLE EFFICIENCY
IN PUBLIC SERVICE.
POLICE PUBLIC RELATIONS – IT IS THE
CONTINUING PROCESS BY WHICH
ENDEAVORS ARE MADE TO OBTAIN THE
GOODWILL AND COOPERATION OF THE
PUBLIC FOR EFFECTIVE ENFORCEMENT OF
THE LAW AND ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE
POLICE PURPOSES.
POLITICAL PATRONAGE - POLICE OFFICERS
MUST NEVER ASK FOR RECOMMENDATIONS
FROM PUBLIC OFFICIALS IN MATTERS
PERTAINING TO PROMOTION, ASSIGNMENT,
AWARDS AND OTHERS
PRACTICAL SCIENCE - ETHICS IS ALSO A
SCIENCE FOR IT IS THE RESULT OF SERIES
OF STUDIES, A SYSTEMATIZED BODY OF
DATA REFLECTED UPON TRUTH IN
RELATION TO ACTION. TOWARDS THIS
DISCOVERY OF TRUTH, SETS OF IMPLIED
RULES OR DIRECTIONS FOR THOUGHT OR
ACTION ARE ESTABLISHED THIS MAKES THE
ETHICS MORE OF A PRACTICAL SCIENCE.
PRINTED MATTERS – IT INCLUDES ALL
INFORMATION DISSEMINATED AND PRINTED
IN GRAPHIC FORMS USING WORDS OF
PICTURES WHICH MAY TAKE THE FORM OF
LEAFLETS, LETTERS, POSTERS, BANNERS,
SIGNS, PAMPHLETS, MAGAZINES,
NEWSPAPERS, BOOKS AND OBJECTS.
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS - A SUB-BRANCH OF
SPECIAL ETHICS, A SET OF MORAL CODE TO
WHICH EVERY PROFESSION MUST
SUBSCRIBE.
PROPAGANDA – IT IS THE PLANNED USE
FOR THE PUBLIC OR A MASS
COMMUNICATION FOR A PUBLIC PURPOSE.
PROPER ATTIRE - WEARING OF PRESCRIBED
UNIFORM, WEARING, AS PART OF UNIFORM,
AWARDS AND DECORATIONS EARNED IN
ACCORDANCE WITH THE PRESCRIBED
RULES AND REGULATIONS
PRUDENCE - THE ABILITY TO MAKE
DECISIONS BY MEANS OF REASON AND
SOUND JUDGMENT.
PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM – IT IS
DESIGNED TO BRIDGE ANY
COMMUNICATION GAP BETWEEN THE
POLICE AND THE PUBLIC. IT IS THE BASIC
INGREDIENT IN EFFECTIVE POLICE
COMMUNITY RELATIONS.
PUBLIC INTEREST - FOR THE GOOD OF THE
PEOPLE OR COMMUNITY.
PUBLIC OFFICER - INCLUDES ELECTIVE AND
APPOINTIVE OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES,
PERMANENT OR TEMPORARY, WHETHER IN
THE CLASSIFIED OR UNCLASSIFIED OR
EXEMPT SERVICE RECEIVING
COMPENSATION, FROM THE GOVERNMENT.
PUBLIC RELATIONS – IT IS THE ACT OF
BRINGING ABOUT BETTER
UNDERSTANDING, CONFIDENCE AND
ACCEPTANCE FOR AN INDIVIDUAL OR AN
ORGANIZATION.
RELATIONS WITH ACCUSED PERSONS –
CONSIST IN THE PROPER TREATMENT OF
SUSPECTS THE RECOGNITION OF THEIR
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS DURING
CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION AND THE
HANDLING OF ACCUSED PERSONS DURING
CONFINEMENT.
RELIGION – A SYSTEM OF BELIEFS AND
PRACTICES BASED ON FAITH AND TRUTHS
REVEALED TO MAN BY GOD
REPUBLIC ACT 3019 – THE ANTI-GRAFT AND
CORRUPT PRACTICES ACT
REPUBLIC ACT 6713 – CODE OF CONDUCT
AND ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC
OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES
REPUBLIC ACT 7080 – ANTI PLUNDER ACT
RESPONSIBILITY - THE OBLIGATION TO
PERFORM ONE’S DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS
AND HIS ACCOUNTABILITY FOR HIS
ACTIONS
RIGHT - ANYTHING THAT IS OWED OR DUE
SALUTE - THE USUAL GREETING RENDERED
BY UNIFORMED MEMBERS IN RECOGNIZING
PERSONS ENTITLED TO A SALUTE
SPECIAL ETHICS - THE STUDY OF THE
APPLICATION OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES
OF MORALITY
SPIRITUAL BELIEFS - PNP MEMBERS ARE
TRADITIONALLY RELIGIOUS AND GOD-
LOVING PERSON
SOCIAL DECORUM - A SET OF NORMS AND
STANDARDS PRACTICED BY POLICE
OFFICERS DURING SOCIAL AND OTHER
FUNCTIONS
SOCIAL NORMS – UNWRITTEN STANDARD
OF ACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR IN SOCIETY.
SUPREME RIGHTS - HIGHEST FORM OF
RIGHTS.
TEMPERANCE - THE ABILITY TO MODERATE
ONE’S INSTINCTS AND EMOTIONS; THE
VIRTUE THAT REGULATES A PERSON’S
WANTS; ALSO MEANS SELF-CONTROL
TRADITION –THE HANDLING DOWN FROM
GENERATION TO GENERATION OF
OPINIONS AND PRACTICES.
VALUE - REFER TO ANYTHING THAT A
PERSON CONSIDERS IMPORTANT, SUCH AS
IDEAS OR EXPERIENCES
VALOR - COURAGE OR BRAVERY
VIOLATION OF LAW - PRESUPPOSES
CONVICTION IN COURT OF ANY CRIME
OR OFFENSE PENALIZED UNDER THE
REVISED PENAL CODE OR ANY SPECIAL
LAW OR ORDINANCE
VIRTUE- THE HABIT OF DOING WHAT IS
GOOD OR RIGHT.
WORD OF HONOR - COMMITMENT TO ONE’S
PLEDGE OR PROMISE.
JUVENILE
JUSTICE
SYSTEM
ABANDONED- ONE WHO HAD NO PROPER
PARENTAL CARE OR GUARDIANSHIP OR
WHOSE PARENTS OR GUARDIANS HAVE
DESERTED HIM FOR A PERIOD OF AT LEAST
SIX CONSECUTIVE MONTHS (PD 603) AND
REFERS TO A CHILD WHO HAS NO PROPER
PARENTAL CARE OR GUARDIANSHIP, OR
WHOSE PARENTS HAVE DESERTED HIM OR
HER FOR A PERIOD OF AT LEAST THREE (3)
CONTINUOUS MONTHS (RA 9523)
ADOPTEE- THE CHILD OR PERSON BEING
PETITIONED FOR ADOPTION\
ABORTION- THE EXPULSION OF THE FETUS
FROM THE MOTHER’S WOMB
ADOPTED CHILD- A CHILD WHO UNDERWENT
THE JUDICIAL PROCESS OF ADOPTION
ADOPTER - THE PERSON ADOPTING OR
PETITIONING FOR THE ADOPTION OF A CHILD
ADOPTION- AN ACT BY WHICH RELATIONS OF
PATERNITY AND FILIATIONS ARE
RECOGNIZED AS LEGALLY EXISTING
BETWEEN PERSONS NOT SO RELATED BY
NATURE
ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR- CHARACTERIZED BY
DISOBEDIENCE TO, OR DISRESPECT FOR,
AUTHORITIES.
BEHAVIORAL THEORY - BELIEVES THAT
INDIVIDUALS LEARN BY OBSERVING HOW
PEOPLE REACT TO THEIR BEHAVIOR.
BIOCHEMICAL- VIEWS THAT CRIME AND
DELINQUENCY, ESPECIALLY VIOLENCE, ARE
THE RESULT OF DIET, VITAMIN INTAKE,
HORMONAL IMBALANCE AND OTHER
BIOLOGICAL CAUSES
BIOGENIC APPROACH - GIVES AN
EXPLANATION THAT LAW VIOLATIONS AND
DELINQUENCY ARE A RESULT OF SOME
PHYSICAL DEFECTS.
BIOLOGICAL CHILD- NATURAL-BORN CHILD
OF THE PARENTS.
BIOSOCIAL OR TRAIT THEORIES - BASED ON
THE VIEW THAT BOTH THOUGHT AND
BEHAVIOR HAVE BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL
BASES.
CHANCERY COURTS - PROTECTED THE
PROPERTY RIGHTS AND WELFARE OF MINOR
CHILDREN WHO COULD NOT CARE FOR
THEMSELVES.
CHILD ABUSE- REFERS TO MALTREATMENT,
WHETHER HABITUAL OR NOT, OF THE CHILD
CHILD-PLACING AGENCY OR INSTITUTION -
REFERS TO A PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
INSTITUTION OR GOVERNMENT AGENCY
DULY ACCREDITED BY THE DSWD THAT
RECEIVES AND PROCESSES APPLICANTS TO
BECOME FOSTER OR ADOPTIVE PARENTS
AND FACILITATE PLACEMENT OF CHILDREN
ELIGIBLE FOR FOSTER CARE OR ADOPTION.
CHILD PROSTITUTION - EXPLOITATION OF
CHILDREN, WHETHER MALE OR FEMALE, BY
COERCING THEM INTO INDULGING IN
SEXUAL INTERCOURSE OR LASCIVIOUS
CONDUCT FOR MONEY, PROFIT OR ANY
OTHER CONSIDERATION
CHOICE THEORY - BASED ON THE CLASSICAL
SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY THAT VIEWS AN
INDIVIDUAL AS HAVING FREE WILL IN
CHOOSING HIS ACTIONS AND THAT HE
CALCULATES WHAT HE WILL GAIN OR LOSE
IF HE COMMITS AN ACT.
CIVIL PERSONALITY OF THE CHILD SHALL
COMMENCE FROM THE MOMENT OF
CONCEPTION.
COGNITIVE THEORY- VIEWS THAT
DELINQUENCY IS A RESULT OF THE FAULTY
PERCEPTION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA OF AN
INDIVIDUAL.
CONCEPTION- THE START OF LIFE
CRIMINAL ABORTION- CLASSIFIED AS
INTENTIONAL OR UNINTENTIONAL AS
PROVIDED BY THE REVISED PENAL CODE.
CRUELTY – REFERS TO ANY WORD OR DEED
WHICH DEBASES, DEGRADES OR DEMEANS
THE INTRINSIC WORTH AND DIGNITY OF THE
CHILD AS HUMAN BEING
CULTURAL CONFORMITY- TYPICAL FAMILY
BELIEFS AND PRACTICES.
DEBT BONDAGE- REFERS TO PLEDGING BY
THE DEBTOR OF HIS OR HER PERSONAL
SERVICES OR LABOR OR THOSE OF A
PERSON UNDER HIS OR HER CONTROL AS
SECURITY OR PAYMENT FOR A DEBT, WHEN
THE LENGTH AND NATURE OF SERVICES ARE
NOT CLEARLY DEFINED OR WHEN THE
VALUE OF THE SERVICES AS REASONABLY
ASSESSED IS NOT APPLIED TOWARD THE
LIQUIDATION OF DEBT
DEPENDENT- ONE WHO IS WITHOUT A
PARENT, GUARDIAN OR CUSTODIAN, OR
WHOSE PARENTS, GUARDIAN OR OTHER
CUSTODIAN FOR GOOD CAUSE DESIRE TO
BE RELIEVED OF HIS CARE AND CUSTODY
AND IS DEPENDENT UPON THE PUBLIC FOR
SUPPORT.
DELINQUENT- ONE WHOSE BEHAVIOR HAS
BROUGHT HIM INTO REPEATED CONFLICT
WITH THE LAW REGARDLESS WHETHER HE
HAS BEEN TAKEN BEFORE A COURT AND
ADJUDGED A DELINQUENT.
DISABLED- INCLUDES MENTALLY RETARDED,
PHYSICALLY-HANDICAPPED, EMOTIONALLY-
DISTURBED AND MENTALLY-ILL CHILDREN.
ECONOMIC SECURITY- CAPABILITY TO
PROVIDE FOR THE BASIC NEEDS AND
WANTS.
EMOTIONAL NEGLECT- MALTREATED,
RAPED, SEDUCED, ABUSED, EXPLOITED,
MADE TO WORK UNDER CONDITIONS NOT
CONDUCIVE TO GOOD HEALTH OR PLACED
IN MORAL AND PHYSICAL DANGER.
EMOTIONALLY-DISTURBED- THOSE WHO,
ALTHOUGH NOT AFFLICTED WITH INSANITY
OR MENTAL DEFECT, ARE UNABLE TO
MAINTAIN NORMAL SOCIAL RELATIONS WITH
OTHERS AND THE COMMUNITY IN GENERAL
DUE TO EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS OR
COMPLEXES.
EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT OF WORKING
CHILDREN- THE CONTRACT SHALL BE
SIGNED BY THE WORKING CHILD’S PARENT
OR LEGAL GUARDIAN, WITH THE EXPRESS
AGREEMENT OF THE CHILD
ENVIRONMENT - THE CULTURE, NORMS AND
BEHAVIOR OF THE CHILD’S SURROUNDINGS
MAY VERY WELL INFLUENCE THE
UPBRINGING OF THE CHILD ESPECIALLY
DURING THEIR FORMATIVE YEARS AND SUCH
MISBEHAVIOR LEARNED IS LIKELY TO BE
CARRIED ON UNTIL THE CHILD’S MATURITY
 DISCRIMINATION BECAUSE OF PHYSICAL OR
EXEC ORDER 209 – THE FAMILY CODE OF MENTAL DISABILITY OR CONDITIONS.
THE PHILIPPINES.
JUVENILE COURT - A COURT THAT HAS
EXTENDED FAMILY - CONSISTS OF FATHER, ORIGINAL JURISDICTION OVER PERSONS
MOTHER, CHILDREN, GRANDPARENTS, DEFINED BY STATUTE AS JUVENILES AND
UNCLES AND AUNTS, COUSINS, NEPHEWS ALLEGED TO BE DELINQUENTS OR STATUS
AND NIECES, AND IN-LAWS. OFFENDERS.

FAMILY - THE FIRST AND MOST BASIC LEGAL CUSTODY - IN CASE OF SEPARATION
INSTITUTION OF SOCIETY RESPONSIBLE FOR OF PARENTS, NO CHILD UNDER SEVEN (7)
DEVELOPING A CHILD’S POTENTIAL IN ALL YEARS OF AGE SHALL BE SEPARATED FROM
ITS ASPECTS LIKE PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL, HIS MOTHER UNLESS THE COURT DECIDES
SPIRITUAL, MORAL, INTELLECTUAL AND OTHERWISE.
SOCIAL.
MENTALLY-ILL- THOSE WITH ANY
FILIATION- THE ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE BEHAVIORAL DISORDER, WHETHER
FATHER OF HIS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE FUNCTIONAL OR ORGANIC, WHICH IS OF
CHILD. SUCH A DEGREE OF SEVERITY AS TO
REQUIRE PROFESSIONAL HELP OR
FORCED LABOR AND SLAVERY- REFERS TO HOSPITALIZATION.
THE EXTRACTION OF WORK OR SERVICES
FROM ANY PERSON BY MEANS OF MENTALLY-RETARDED- SOCIALLY
ENTICEMENT, VIOLENCE, INTIMIDATION OR INCOMPETENT, SOCIALLY INADEQUATE,
THREAT, USE OF FORCE OR COERCION, OCCUPATIONALLY INCOMPETENT AND
INCLUDING DEPRIVATION OF FREEDOM, UNABLE TO MANAGE THEIR OWN AFFAIRS
ABUSE OF AUTHORITY OR MORAL
ASCENDANCY, DEBT-BONDAGE OR MORAL CONFORMITY- MORAL
DECEPTION UPRIGHTNESS, CHRISTIAN WAY OF LIVING.
FOUNDLING-REFERS TO A DESERTED OR NEGLECT – MEANS FAILURE TO PROVIDE,
ABANDONED INFANT OR CHILD WHOSE FOR REASONS OTHER THAN POVERTY, THE
PARENTS, GUARDIAN OR RELATIVES ARE BASIC NEEDS OF THE CHILD, SUCH AS FOOD,
UNKNOWN CLOTHING, MEDICAL CARE, SHELTER AND
BASIC EDUCATION
GENETIC- EXPLAINS THAT DELINQUENT
TRAITS AND PREDISPOSITION TO NEGLECTED- ONE WHOSE BASIC NEEDS
CRIMINALITY ARE INHERITED FROM HAVE BEEN DELIBERATELY UNATTENDED OR
PARENTS. INADEQUATELY ATTENDED.

GUARDIANSHIP - A TRUST RELATION OF THE NEUROLOGICAL- EXPLAINS THAT CRIME AND

MOST SACRED CHARACTER, IN WHICH ONE DELINQUENCY OCCUR BECAUSE THE
PERSON, CALLED A GUARDIAN, ACTS FOR INDIVIDUAL SUFFERS FROM BRAIN
ANOTHER, CALLED A WARD, REGARDED AS IMPAIRMENT OR ABNORMALITY IN THE
INCAPABLE OF MANAGING HIS OWN AFFAIRS STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN.

INTER-COUNTRY ADOPTION - THE SOCIO- NUCLEAR FAMILY - CONSISTS OF FATHER,

LEGAL PROCESS OF ADOPTING A FILIPINO MOTHER AND CHILDREN.
CHILD BY A FOREIGNER OR A FILIPINO
CITIZEN PERMANENTLY RESIDING ABROAD OBSCENE PUBLICATIONS AND INDECENT
WHERE THE PETITION IS FILED, THE SHOWS- THE USE, HIRING, EMPLOYMENT AND
SUPERVISED TRIAL CUSTODY IS COERCING OF CHILDREN AS PERFORMERS,
UNDERTAKEN AND THE DECREE OF ACTORS OR MODELS FOR OBSCENE
ADOPTION IS ISSUED OUTSIDE THE EXHIBITIONS AND INDECENT SHOWS,
PHILIPPINES WHETHER LIVE OR IN VIDEO, OR IN PRINTED
PORNOGRAPHIC MATERIALS
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY- IT REFERS TO AN
ANTI-SOCIAL ACT OR BEHAVIOR WHICH PARENS PATRIAE (“FATHER OF THE
DEVIATES FROM THE NORMAL PATTERN OF COUNTRY”) - THE DOCTRINE THAT DOES NOT
RULES AND REGULATIONS, CUSTOM AND CONSIDER DELINQUENT ACTS AS CRIMINAL
CULTURE WHICH SOCIETY DOES NOT VIOLATION, THUS MAKING DELINQUENTS
ACCEPT AND WHICH THERE JUSTIFIES SOME NON-CRIMINAL PERSONS AND CANNOT BE
KIND OF PUNISHMENT OR CORRECTIVE FOUND GUILTY OF A CRIME AND PUNISHED
MEASURES. LIKE AN ADULT CRIMINAL.

JUVENILE- REFERS TO A PERSON OF TENDER PARENTAL AUTHORITY (PATRIA POTESTAS) -

YEAR, A MINOR, A YOUTH OR THOSE WHO THE SUM TOTAL OF THE RIGHTS OF THE
ARE NOT EMANCIPATED BY LAW, THOSE
WHO ARE BELOW THE AGE OF MAJORITY,
REFERS TO A PERSON BELOW 18 YEARS OF
AGE OR THOSE BUT ARE UNABLE TO FULLY
TAKE CARE OF THEMSELVES FROM ABUSE,
NEGLECT, CRUELTY, EXPLOITATION OR
PARENTS OVER THE PERSON AND OF MAJORITY FROM TWENTY-ONE (21) TO
PROPERTY OF THEIR CHILD. EIGHTEEN (18) YEARS.

PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY- THE SUM REPUBLIC ACT 6809 – LAW AMENDING THE
TOTAL OF THE DUTIES AND OBLIGATIONS AGE OF MAJORITY
OF PARENTS OVER THEIR MINOR CHILDREN.
REPUBLIC ACT 7610 – ANTI-CHILD ABUSE
PHYSICAL INJURY – INCLUDES BUT IS NOT LAW
LIMITED TO LACERATIONS, FRACTURED
BONES, BURNS, INTERNAL INJURIES, REPUBLIC ACT 8552 – DOMESTIC
SEVERE INJURIES, OR SERIOUS BODILY ADOPTION ACT
HARM SUFFERED BY A CHILD
REPUBLIC ACT 8043 – INTER-COUNTRY
PHYSICAL NEGLECT –MALNOURISHMENT, ADOPTION ACT
UNTIDY AND DAMAGED CLOTHING, NO
SHELTER. REPUBLIC ACT 9208 – ANTI-TRAFFICKING IN
PERSONS ACT
PHYSICALLY-HANDICAPPED- CRIPPLED,
DEAF-MUTE, BLIND AND OTHER REPUBLIC ACT 9231 – LAW AMENDING RA
CONDITIONS WHICH RESTRICT THEIR 7610 ON WORKING CHILDREN
MEANS OF ACTION OR COMMUNICATION
WITH OTHERS. REPUBLIC ACT 9255 – LAW ON THE USE OF
FATHER’S SURNAME OF ILLEGITIMATE
PHYSICAL VIOLENCE - REFERS TO ACTS CHILDREN
THAT INCLUDE BODILY OR PHYSICAL HARM
REPUBLIC ACT 9262 – ANTI-VIOLENCE
PORNOGRAPHY- REFERS TO ANY AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN ACT
REPRESENTATION, THROUGH
PUBLICATION, EXHIBITION, REPUBLIC ACT 9523 – LAW AMENDING THE
CINEMATOGRAPHY, INDECENT SHOWS, LAWS ON ADOPTION
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, OR BY
WHATEVER MEANS, OF A PERSON ENGAGED REPUBLIC ACT 9344 - JUVENILE JUSTICE
IN REAL OR SIMULATED EXPLICIT SEXUAL AND WELFARE ACT
ACTIVITIES OR ANY REPRESENTATION OF
THE SEXUAL PARTS OF A PERSON FOR REPUBLIC ACT 9775 – ANTI-CHILD
PRIMARILY SEXUAL PURPOSES PORNOGRAPHY ACT
SCHOOL- CONSIDERED THE SECOND HOME
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 603 – CHILD AND OF A CHILD, WITH TEACHERS AS THE
YOUTH WELFARE CODE SECOND PARENTS.

PSYCHOGENIC APPROACH - ARGUES THAT SEXUAL ABUSE – INCLUDES THE

THE CRITICAL FACTORS IN DELINQUENCY EMPLOYMENT, USE, INDUCEMENT OR
ARE PERSONALITY PROBLEMS TO WHICH COERCION OF A CHILD TO ENGAGE IN
MISBEHAVIOR IS PRESUMED TO BE THE SEXUAL INTERCOURSE OR LASCIVIOUS
RESPONSE. CONDUCT; THE MOLESTATION,
PROSTITUTION AND OR INCEST WITH
PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY – MEANS HARM TO CHILDREN
A CHILD’ PSYCHOLOGICAL OR
INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING WHICH MAY SEX TOURISM- REFERS TO A PROGRAM
BE EXHIBITED BY SEVERE ANXIETY, ORGANIZED BY TRAVEL AND TOURISM
DEPRESSION, WITHDRAWAL OR OUTWARD RELATED ESTABLISHMENTS AND
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR. INDIVIDUALS WHICH CONSIST OF TOURISM
PACKAGES OR ACTIVITIES, UTILIZING AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES - VIEWS OFFERING ESCORT AND SEXUAL SERVICES
DELINQUENCY AS A RESULT OF EMOTIONAL AS ENTICEMENT FOR TOURISTS
AND MENTAL DISTURBANCE OF THE
INDIVIDUAL. SOCIAL CONTROL THEORIES - MAINTAIN
THAT EVERYONE HAS THE POTENTIAL TO
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY- BASED ON THE BECOME A CRIMINAL BUT MOST PEOPLE
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF SIGMUND ARE CONTROLLED BY THEIR BONDS TO
FREUD, DELINQUENCY IS THE RESULT OF SOCIETY
THE IMBALANCE OF THE THREE
COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY: ID, EGO SOCIAL PROCESS THEORIES- VIEW
AND SUPEREGO DELINQUENCY AS A RESULT OF POOR OR
FAULTY SOCIALIZATION OR UPBRINGING.
REPUBLIC ACT 6809- THE LAW AMENDING
THE AGE OF MAJORITY, LOWERED THE AGE SOCIAL REACTION THEORIES- VIEW
DELINQUENT ACTS AND CRIMINALITY AS
PRODUCTS OF STIGMA AND LABELING.

SOCIOGENIC APPROACH- ATTRIBUTES

DELINQUENCY PATTERN TO SOCIAL
STRUCTURES, VIEWS YOUTHFUL MISDEED
AS A RESULT OF A LEARNING PROCESS
THROUGH INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER
MEMBERS OF SOCIETY.
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES - VIEWS
DELINQUENCY AS A PRODUCT OF THE
DIFFERENT SOCIAL FACTORS AND
DYNAMICS.
STATUS OFFENSE- CERTAIN ACTS OR
OMISSIONS WHICH MAY NOT
PUNISHABLE SOCIALLY OR LEGALLY IF
BE
COMMITTED BY ADULTS BUT BECOME ANTI-
SOCIAL OR ILLEGAL BECAUSE THE
OFFENDER IS A MINOR.
STRUCTURAL COMPLETENESS- PRESENCE
OF BOTH FATHER AND MOTHER.
SUBSTITUTE PARENTAL AUTHORITY- IN
CASE OF ABSENCE OR DEATH OF BOTH
PARENTS, SUBSTITUTE PARENTAL
AUTHORITY SHALL BE GIVEN TO THE
FOLLOWING, IN ORDER OF PRIORITY:
GRANDPARENTS, OLDEST BROTHER OR
SISTER AT LEAST 21 YEARS OF AGE,
RELATIVE WHO HAS ACTUAL CUSTODY OF
THE CHILD/GUARDIAN DULY APPOINTED BY
THE COURT.
THERAPEUTIC ABORTION- RECOMMENDED
AND PERFORMED BY A CERTIFIED
PHYSICIAN WHEN THERE ARE HEALTH RISKS
AND COMPLICATIONS.
WORK PERMIT OF WORKING CHILDREN - IT
SHALL BE THE DUTY OF THE EMPLOYER TO
SECURE PERMIT FROM THE DOLE OF
WORKING CHILDREN EMPLOYED BY HIM
HUMAN
BEHAVIOR AND
CRISES
MANAGEMENT
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR - BEHAVIOR WHICH IS
AWAY FROM OR DEVIATING FROM THE
NORMAL BEHAVIOR. NORMAL BEHAVIOR
ON THE OTHER HAND, IS ONE THAT IS
WITHIN THE CONCEPT OF A PERSON AS HIS
OWN BEHAVIOR WHICH HE OR SHE SEES
NORMAL, AND THAT PEOPLE WHO BEHAVE
AS THEY DO, ARE LIKEWISE NORMAL AND
THOSE THAT DO NOT BEHAVE SIMILARLY
ARE ABNORMAL. ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
MOST OF THE TIME REFERRED TO AS “SICK”
BEHAVIOR.
ADOLESCENCE – THIS IS DIVIDED INTO:
(EARLY ADOLESCENCE, PUBERTY TO 17
YRS. AND LATE ADOLESCENCE, 17 TO 21
YEARS?)
ADULTHOOD – 21 TO FORTY YEARS OLD.
ADULT-EGO STATES – MORE UPON REASON,
FACTUAL, FLEXIBLE, VIEWS OTHER AS CO-
EQUAL, AND REASONABLE.
AMBIVERT - IS A MIXTURE OF BETWEEN AN
EXTROVERT AND INTROVERT.
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER - FAIL
TO CONFORM TO SOCIAL NORMS WITH
RESPECT TO LAWFUL BEHAVIORS AS
INDICATED BY REPEATED ACTS THAT ARE
GROUNDS FROM ARREST. UNABLE TO
CONTROL THEIR IMPULSE, PERFORM
VIOLENT AND HARMFUL ACTS WITHOUT
EXPERIENCING A BIT OF GUILT.
ANXIETY - MANIFESTED THROUGH
APPREHENSION, TENSION, AND
UNEASINESS FROM ANTICIPATION OF
DANGER THE SOURCE OF WHICH IS
LARGELY UNKNOWN OR UNRECOGNIZED.
APPROPRIATENESS - INCLUDES
ASSESSMENT OF NOT ONLY THE BEHAVIOR
ITSELF BUT ALSO THE SITUATION IN WHICH
IT IS HAPPENING.
ASSOCIATION – MEANING THE MORE
CONNECTION ARE MADE WITH A SUBJECT,
THE BETTER IT WILL BE LEARNED AND
RETAINED.
ATTITUDES - MAY EITHER BE POSITIVE OR COMPLIMENTARY – IF THE STIMULUS AND
NEGATIVE, FAVORABLE OR UNFAVORABLE, RESPONSE PATTERN FROM ONE EGO
LEARNED OR ACQUIRED. STATE TO ANOTHER ARE PARALLEL.

AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISODER - COMPLEX- ARE THOSE BEHAVIORS THAT

FEELING OF INADEQUACY, COMBINES TWO OR MORE OF THE
HYPERSENSITIVE TO NEGATIVE CLASSIFIED ONES.
EVALUATION, TIMID AND SHY BUT DO WISH
TO HAVE FRIENDS, UNCOMFORTABLE AND COMPULSION – IS AN IRRESISTIBLE
AFRAID OF REJECTION OR CRITICISM. IMPULSE TO PERFORM CERTAIN ACTS
UNLIKE SCHIZOID, THEY DON’T ENJOY THAT ARE REPETITIVE AND RITUALISTIC.
BEING ALONE.
CONNECTIONISM THEORY – BY THORNDIKE
AWARENESS - REFERS TO THE STATES THAT PRACTICE STRENGTHENS
PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTIVITY BASED ION THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN STIMULI AN
INTERPRETATION OR PAST EXPERIENCE RESPONSE BY USING THE LAW OF
WITH A GIVEN STIMULUS OR OBJECT. EXERCISE. THAT THIS CONNECTION
BETWEEN THE STIMULUS AND RESPONSE
BABYHOOD – SECOND WEEK TO TWO CAN BE STRENGTHENS FURTHER BY MEANS
YEARS OLD. OF REWARD OR SATISFACTION BUT CAN BE
WEAKENED BY PUNISHMENT OR
BESTIALITY – SEXUAL RELATION WITH A DISSATISFACTION, THROUGH THE USE OF
LIVING ANIMAL. THE3 LAW OF EFFECT. THIS THEORY IN
LEARNING ASSUMED THAT IF A THING IS TO
BIOLOGICAL DRIVES – INCLUDES BE LEARNED, THERE SHOULD BE
PHYSIOLOGICAL, BASIC AND PRIMARILY FREQUENT REPETITIONS OF STIMULUS AND
UNLEARNED MOTIVES E.G. WATER, FOOD RESPONSE.
AND OTHER SURVIVAL MOTIVES.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT – IS SIMPLY GOOD
BIOGENIC NEEDS – REFERS TO THE NEEDS MANAGEMENT UNDER PRESSURE.
OF THE BODY EXISTING PRIMARILY FOR THE
MAINTENANCE OF HEALTH AND DEFENSE MECHANISM - THEY ARE
PROTECTION OF THE BODY AGAINST UNCONSCIOUS PSYCHOLOGICAL
PHYSICAL INJURIES. E.G. NEED FOR FOOD, PROCESSES THAT SERVE AS SAFETY
AIR, REST, SEX AND AVOIDANCE OF PAIN. VALVES TO PROVIDE RELIEF FROM
EMOTIONAL CONFLICT AND ANXIETY.
BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER - DEFENSE MECHANISM IS FORMS OF SELF-
INSTABILITY OF INTERPERSONAL DECEPTION WHICH A PERSON MAY NOT BE
RELATIONSHIPS, INSTABILITY OF MOOD, AWARE OF. THEY ARE RESORTED TO
SELF-IMAGE AND AFFECTS AND MARKED WHENEVER PSYCHOLOGICAL EQUILIBRIUM
IMPULSIVITY, MAY HAVE RECURRENT IS THREATENED BY SEVERE EMOTIONAL
SUICIDAL BEHAVIORS. THEIR MOOD MAY INJURY ARISING FROM FRUSTRATION.
SHIFT RAPIDLY AND INEXPLICABLY FROM
DEPRESSION TO ANXIETY TO ANGER OVER DELUSION – A FALSE BELIEF FIRMLY HELD
A PATTERN OF SEVERAL HOURS. DESPITE INCONTROVERTIBLE PROOF OF
EVIDENCE TO THE CONTRARY
CARDINAL RULE IN NEGOTIATION -
COMMANDER SHOULD NOT NEGOTIATE, DENIAL – WHEN A PERSON USES THIS
NEGOTIATOR SHOULD NOT COMMAND.” MECHANISM, HE REFUSES TO RECOGNIZE
AND DEAL WITH REALITY BECAUSE OF
CHILD-EGO STATES – DEPENDENT, STRONG INNER NEEDS.
REBELLION, SELFISH, DEMANDING,
IMPATIENT AND EMOTIONAL. DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER -
DIFFICULTY IN MAKING EVERYDAY
CHILDHOOD – THIS IS DIVIDED INTO: (EARLY DECISION WITHOUT AN EXCESSIVE
CHILDHOOD, 2- 6 YEARS OLD AND LATE AMOUNT OF ADVICE AND REASSURANCE
CHILDHOOD, 7 TO ELEVEN YEARS??) FROM OTHERS, LACK SELF CONFIDENCE
IN JUDGMENT, UNCOMFORTABLE AND
CLASSICAL OR RESPONDENT HELPLESS WHEN ALONE.
CONDITIONING – BY PAVLOV WHICH
STATES THAT THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS - EVERY STAGE OF
A CONDITIONED STIMULUS AND RESPONSE LIFE HAS ITS ACCOMPANYING
IS STRENGTHENED BY REPEATED DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS. THEY ARE TASKS
PRESENTATION WITH THE UNCONDITIONAL IMPOSED ON THE INDIVIDUAL BY
STIMULUS. MATURATION AND CULTURE THAT PREPARE
HIM FOR THE NEXT STAGE OF LIFE.
COMPENSATION - A PROCESS WHEREBY
ONE MAKES UP FOR SOME REAL OR DISPLACEMENT - THIS IS WHERE ONE
IMAGINARY INADEQUACY BY DOING WELL TRANSFER HIS EMOTION CONNECTED
IN ANOTHER ACTIVITY. WITH ONE PERSON OR THING TO ANOTHER
UNRELATED PERSON OR OBJECT.
DURATION – HOW LONG IN TERMS OF PROMINENT PERSONALITY IN ORDER TO
FUNCTION OF TIME. GAIN NEEDED LEVERAGE IN THE
NEGOTIATION. WHAT IS IMPORTANT IN THIS
EMBRYO PERIOD – SECOND WEEK TO SITUATION IS IMPROVED COMMUNICATION
SECOND MONTH. AND THE EFFICIENCY OF THE POLICE IN
RESPONDING TO THE CALL OF
EMOTIONAL TRAITS – GIVES AN INDIVIDUAL EMERGENCY.
THE CAPACITY TO FACE DIFFERENT
SITUATIONS IN LIFE AND STILL MAINTAIN HUMAN BEHAVIOR - ANYTHING AN
COMPOSURE. ORGANISM DOES THAT INVOLVES SELF-
INITIATED ACTION AND/OR REACTION TO A
EXHIBITIONISM – SEXUAL GRATIFICATION GIVEN STIMULUS. IT IS COMPOSED OF
IS ATTAINED BY EXPOSING SOME PRIVATE ADOPTIVE ADJUSTMENTS PEOPLE MAKE AS
PARTS OF THE BODY THEY COPE WITH ONE ANOTHER, WITH
PROBLEMS, WITH OPPORTUNITIES, AND
EXTENSITY – SIZE, DISTANCE AND WITH WORKING TOGETHER-ASPECTS, IN A
LOCATION. GIVEN SITUATION.

EXTINCTION – MEANS TO LET SOMETHING HUMAN BEHAVIOR - IT IS THE SUM TOTAL OF

DIE OUT OR BE FORGOTTEN BY DISUSE IF IT
WILL NOT FACILITATE LEARNING.
EXTROVERT - CHARACTERIZED BY INTEREST
DIRECTED TOWARD THE EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT OF PEOPLE AND THINGS
RATHER THAN TOWARD INNER
EXPERIENCES AND ONESELF.
FANTASY OR DAYDREAMING – THIS IS
WHERE AN IMAGINED SEQUENCE OF
EVENTS OR MENTAL IMAGES THAT SERVES
TO EXPRESS UNCONSCIOUS CONFLICTS,
TO GRATIFY UNCONSCIOUS WISHES OR TO
PREPARE FOR AN ANTICIPATED FUTURE
EVENT.
FETISHISM – SEXUAL GRATIFICATION IS
ATTAINED BY SUBSTITUTING AN INANIMATE
OBJECT OF LOVE.
MAN’S REACTION TO HIS ENVIRONMENT.
HYPOCHONDRIASIS - CHRONIC ANXIETY
ABOUT HEALTH.
IDENTIFICATION – A PROCESS WHEREBY
AN INDIVIDUAL WITHOUT AWARENESS,
SATISFIES FRUSTRATED DESIRES BY
PSYCHOLOGICALLY ASSUMING THE ROLE
OF ANOTHER PERSON.
IMPULSIVITY - (NORMAL BEHAVIOR IS MORE
LIKELY TO BE A RESULT OF A
CONSIDERATION OF ITS CONSEQUENCES,
WITH IMPORTANT DECISIONS BEING GIVEN
CAREFUL THOUGHT BEFORE
IMPLEMENTATION) ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR,
BEING UNCONTROLLED OR PARTIALLY
CONTROLLED NEEDS AND DRIVES, TENDS
TO BE IMPULSIVE.

FETUS PERIOD – SECOND MONTH TO BIRTH. INFANCY STAGE – FIRST TWO WEEKS AFTER
BIRTH
FLEXIBILITY - NORMAL BEHAVIOR TENDS TO
BE FLEXIBLE AS A SIGN OF HEALTHY INHERITED BEHAVIOR - THESE ARE INBORN
BEHAVIOR. BEHAVIOR, ANY BEHAVIORAL REACTIONS
OR REFLEXES EXHIBITED BY PEOPLE
HABITUAL - REFERS TO MOTORIZED BECAUSE OF THEIR INHERITED
BEHAVIOR USUALLY MANIFESTED IN CAPABILITIES OR THE PROCESS OF
LANGUAGE AND EMOTION. NATURAL SECTION E.G. THE SURVIVAL OF
SPECIES WHO ARE DEPENDENT ON
HABITS – REACTIONS SO OFTEN BEHAVIORS LIKE BREATHING, DIGESTING
REPEATED THAT BECOMES A PERSON’S FOOD, MATING AND DEPENDING ONESELF.
FIXED CHARACTERISTIC OR TENDENCY.
INSTINCTIVE - THEY ARE GENERALLY
HALLUCINATION – A SENSORY UNLEARNED AND SIMPLY COMES OUT, OUT
PERCEPTION IN THE ABSENCE OF AN OF MAN’S INSTINCT, WHICH CAN BE SEEN
ACTUAL EXTERNAL STIMULUS. AMONG INSTINCT-INSTINCT SURVIVAL
BEHAVIORS.
HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY DISORDER -
PERVASIVE PATTERN OF EXCESSIVE INSTRUMENTAL OR OPERANT
EMOTIONALITY AND ATTENTION SEEKING. CONDITIONING – WHEREIN THE LEARNING
OVERLY CONCERNED WITH THEIR OR STIMULUS- RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP IS
APPEARANCE AND EXAGGERATED STRENGTHENED BY IMMEDIATELY MAKING A
IMPRESSION OF EMOTION. FOLLOW-UP OF THE THING LEARNED.

HOMOSEXUALITY – SEXUAL INTENSITY – MAGNITUDE, WHETHER MILD,

GRATIFICATION IS ATTAINED BY HAVING A STRONG AND DISINTEGRATED
SEXUAL RELATIONSHIP WITH MEMBERS OF
THE SAME SEX. INTEREST – IN A LESSON WILL FACILITATE
LEARNING AND SERVE AS ITS OWN
HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION - IN HOSTAGE MOTIVATION, ASIDE FROM HAVING THE ONE
SITUATION THE GENERAL TENDENCY OF TEACHING MAKING THE TOPIC
THE HOSTAGE TAKER IS TO HOSTAGE A INTERESTING.
 TOWARDS A GOAL; AND IT AROUSES
INTROVERT - IS ONE CHARACTERIZED BY INTEREST IN THE ACTIVITY.
DIRECTION OF INTEREST TOWARD
ONESELF AND ONE’S INNER WORLD OF NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY DISODER -
EXPERIENCES EXAGGERATED SENSE OF SELF
IMPORTANCE, A PREOCCUPATION WITH
KLEPTOMANIA – THE URGE TO STEAL BEING ADMIRED AND LACK OF EMPATHY
FOR THE FEELING OF OTHERS.
LEARNED BEHAVIOR - THESE ARE OPERANT
BEHAVIOR WHICH INVOLVES KNOWING OR NECROPHILIA – SEXUAL RELATION WITH A
TAKING INTO ACCOUNT, ADAPTATIONS NEWLY DEAD BODY.
THAT ENHANCE A HUMAN BEING’S ABILITY
TO COPE WITH CHANGES IN THE NEUROSIS – A CONDITION WHERE A
ENVIRONMENT IN WAYS WHICH IMPROVE PERSON COMPROMISES WITH REALITY BY
THE CHANCES OF SURVIVAL E.G. GOOD DEVELOPING IMAGINARY AILMENTS,
COMMAND OF ENGLISH, LOGICAL PHOBIA, OBSESSION OR COMPULSION;
PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUE, JOB
SKILLS, AND OTHER LEARNED EXPERTISE NON-COMPLIMENTARY – IF STIMULUS AND
THAT GIVE PEOPLE MORE CONTROL OVER RESPONSE PATTERN FROM ONE EGO
THEIR LIVES. IT IS THIS BEHAVIOR THAT SETS STATE TO ANOTHER ARE NOT PARALLEL.
HUMAN BEING APART FROM OTHER
ANIMALS. OLD AGE – SIXTY AND ABOVE.

MASLOV’S SELF-ACTUALIZATION THEORY - OBSESSION – IS AN IDEA THAT

MASLOV MAINTAINS THAT MAN IS PERSISTENTLY RECURS IN A PERSON’S
NATURALLY GOOD AND THAT SELF- MIND SOMETIMES AGAINST HIS WISH,
ACTUALIZATION IS HIS GOAL. AND, THOUGH IT MAY HAVE NO BASIS AT ALL.
BLOCKING THIS GOAL MAKES MAN
FRUSTRATED AND NEUROTIC. OBSESSIVE –COMPULSIVE P.D. - PERVASIVE
AGGRESSION AND DESTRUCTION ARE NOT PATTERN OF PREOCCUPATION WITH
NATURAL, BUT THEY ARE THE RESULT OF ORDERLINESS, PERFECTIONISM AND
AN ENVIRONMENT THAT PREVENTS THE MENTAL AND INTERPERSONAL CONTROL.
ATTAINMENT OF GOALS. THIS THEORY PREOCCUPIED WITH TRIVIAL DETAILS AND
MAKES HUMAN NEEDS COMES FIRST, RULES AND DO NOT APPRECIATE CHANGES
FOLLOWED BY SAFETY NEEDS, THEN AND ROUTINE.
BELONGINGNESS, SELF-ESTEEM AND
SELF-ACTUALIZATION COMES LAST. OVUM PERIOD – FIRST TWO WEEKS

MASOCHISM – SEXUAL GRATIFICATION IS PARANOID – HE FEELS THREATENED AND

ATTAINED THROUGH THE PAIN INFLICTED PERSECUTED, HIGHLY SUSPICIOUS OF
UPON ONESELF. PEOPLE AND IMPULSIVE.

MEMORY DISORDER OR AMNESIA - CAUSED PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER-

BY PAINFUL MEMORIES ASSOCIATED WITH RECURRENT SUSPICIONS WITHOUT
SOME SHOCKING EXPERIENCES WHICH JUSTIFICATION, PREOCCUPIED BY
ARE REPRESSED AND CANNOT BE UNJUSTIFIED DOUBTS, HOSTILITY,
RECALLED. OVERSENSITIVITY, TENDS TO SEE ONESELF
AS BLAMELESS.
MENTAL TRAITS – INCLUDES OUR ABILITY TO
CONTROL THE MIND. PARENT-EGO STATE – PROTECTIVE,
IDEALISTIC, EVALUATIVE, RIGHTEOUS,
MIDDLE AGE – FORTY TO SIXTY YRS. OLD. REFER TO LAWS, RULES AND STANDARD.

MORAL AND RELIGIOUS TRAITS – THE PEDOPHILIA - A CHILD MOLESTER THAT

STANDARDS OF A PERSON’S ACTIONS AND VICTIMIZES YOUNG BOYS THAT COULD
BEHAVIORS. LEAD TO SODOMY.

MOTIVATION – AROUSES INTEREST, PERCEPTION - REFERS TO THE PERSON’S

PROVIDES AN OBJECTIVE AND DIRECT
TOWARDS A GOAL, THUS IT FACILITATES
LEARNING.
MOTIVATION - IS DEFINED AS BEHAVIOR
INSTIGATED BY NEEDS WITHIN THE
INDIVIDUAL AND DIRECTED TOWARDS A
GOAL THAT CAN SATISFY THE NEEDS.
MOTIVATION MAY ALSO BE REGARDED AS
EXPLANATION FOR ACTION WHICH
INFLUENCES BEHAVIOR IN MANY WAYS. ALL
DEFINITIONS OF MOTIVATION HAVE
CERTAIN THINGS IN COMMON SUCH AS; IT
COMES FROM WITHIN; IT IS DIRECTED
KNOWLEDGE OF A GIVEN STIMULUS WHICH
LARGELY HELP TO DETERMINE THE
ACTUAL BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE IN A
GIVEN SITUATION.
PERSONALITY- IS DEFINED AS A PATTERN OF
HABITS, ATTITUDES AND TRIALS THAT
DEFINES AN INDIVIDUAL’S
CHARACTERISTICS, BEHAVIOR AND
QUALITIES.
PERSONALITY DISORDER – WITH ANTI-
SOCIAL AND MALADAPTIVE PATTERNS OF
BEHAVIOR THAT BRINGS HIM REPEATEDLY
IN CONFLICT WITH SOCIETY.

PHOBIA - AN IRRATIONAL FEAR WHICH IS
FIXED, INTENSE, UNCONTROLLABLE, AND
MOST OF THE TIME HAS NO REASONABLE
FOUNDATION.
PHYSICAL TRAITS – THIS INCLUDES FACIAL
APPEARANCE, HEIGHT, WEIGHT, PHYSICAL
DEFECTS, COMPLEXION, STRENGTH AND
HEALTH.
PSYCHOLOGICAL OR SOCIAL DRIVES –
THEY ARE SECONDARY, ACQUIRED,
LEARNED, AND DERIVED. E.G. MOTIVES TO
BE RICH, POPULAR, BALANCED AND OTHER
ACQUISITION OF ACHIEVEMENTS.
PSYCHOGENIC OR SOCIOGENIC NEEDS –
INCLUDES THE NEED FOR LOVE,
AFFECTION, SECURITY, GROWTH AND
ACHIEVEMENT, AND RECOGNITION FROM
OTHERS.
PSYCHOSIS – A MENTAL CONDITION
WHERE THE PERSON MAY WITHDRAW
FROM THE REAL WORLD INTO THE WORLD
OF FANTASY AND MAKE-BELIEVE, WHERE A
PERSON’S HIDDEN OR UNEXPRESSED
DESIRES CAN BE FULFILLED.
PSYCHONEUROTIC PERSON – ARE THOSE
IN THE TWILIGHT ZONE BETWEEN
NORMALITY AND ABNORMALITY. THEY ARE
NOT INSANE, BUT NEITHER ARE THEY
NORMAL. THE NEUROTIC IS ALWAYS
TENSE, RESTLESS AND ANXIOUS.
FREQUENTLY, THEY HAVE OBSESSION,
COMPULSION. PHOBIA, AND IN SOME
CASES, AMNESIA. ANXIETY IS THE
DOMINANT CHARACTERISTIC.
PSYCHOPATH OR SOCIOPATH WITH AN
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY – A MENTAL
DISORDER WHERE ONE, INSTEAD OF
COMPROMISING WITH REALITY, WITHDRAW
INTO HIS SHELL. THE PERSON MAY GO TO
THE OTHER EXTREMES AND MAY BECOME
VERY AGGRESSIVE AND CRUEL IN HIS
BEHAVIOR TOWARDS OTHERS. AND, WHEN
HIS ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR COMES IN
CONFLICT WITH THE LAW, HE BECOMES A
CRIMINAL.
PROJECTION - MANIFEST FEELINGS AND
IDEAS WHICH ARE UNACCEPTABLE TO
ONESELF, BUT PROJECTED ONTO OTHERS
SO THAT THEY MAY SEEM TO HAVE THESE
FEELINGS OR IDEAS, THAT FREE THE
INDIVIDUAL FROM THE GUILT AND ANXIETY
ASSOCIATED WITH THEM.
PUBERTY – END OF CHILDHOOD AND
BEGINNING OF ADOLESCENCE
PYROMANIA – THE IRRESISTIBLE URGE TO
SET FIRE,
QUANTITY – WHETHER NORMAL,
ABNORMAL, MISLEADING OR
UNACCEPTABLE.
RATIONALIZATION – IT IS A FALLACIOUS
THINKING INTENDED TO JUSTIFY IDEAS
AND BEHAVIOR IN A WAY THAT SEEMS
REASONABLE TO ONESELF, ALTHOUGH,
THEY ARE INTELLECTUALLY JUSTIFIED AND
OFTEN SOCIALLY DISAPPROVED AS WELL.
REACTION FORMATION - IS DEFINED AS THE
DEVELOPMENT OF A TRAIT OR TRAITS
WHICH ARE THE OPPOSITE OF
TENDENCIES THAT WE DO NOT WANT TO
RECOGNIZE. IT IS SHOWN, WHEN AN
INDIVIDUAL IS MOTIVATED TO ACT IN A
CERTAIN WAY, BUT BEHAVES IN THE
OPPOSITE WAY, AND BE ABLE TO KEEP HIS
URGES AND IMPULSES UNDER CONTROL.
REGENCY – MEANS THAT LEARNING
SHOULD BE MADE RECENT IN THE MINDS OF
LEARNERS FOR THEM NOT FORGET WHAT
THEY HAVE LEARNED.
REGRESSION – WHEN A PERSON EMPLOYS
THIS DEFENSE MECHANISM, HE GOES
BACK TO A PATTERN OF FEELING,
THINKING, OR BEHAVIOR WHICH WAS
APPROPRIATE TO AN EARLIER STAGE OF
DEVELOPMENT, SUCH AS WHEN A PERSON
DEMANDS FOR SOMETHING FROM OTHERS
AND WHEN DENIED, USES TANTRUMS TO
GET IT, AS WHAT HE OR SHE HAS DONE IN
EARLY CHILDHOOD WHEN PARENTS GIVE
TO DEMANDS OF CHILDREN BY THE USE OF
TANTRUMS.
REINFORCEMENT - CAN BE MADE THROUGH
THE USE OF AUDIO-VISUAL AID, REVIEWS,
DRILLS, AND OTHER MEANS.
REPRESSION – IS AN UNCONSCIOUS
PROCESS WHERE UNACCEPTABLE URGES
OR PAINFUL, TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES ARE
COMPLETELY PREVENTED FROM ENTERING
CONSCIOUSNESS
REWARDS OR PUNISHMENTS – SHOULD BE
IMMEDIATE FOR IT TO BE EFFECTIVE AND
MAKE LEARNING EASY.
SADISM – SEXUAL GRATIFICATION IS
ATTAINED THROUGH THE PAIN INFLICTED
UPON THE SEXUAL PARTNER.
SCHIZOPHRENIA OR DEMENTIA PRAECOX –
IS CHARACTERIZED BY DISTURB THINKING.
SCHIZOID PERSONALITY DISORDER -
PERVASIVE DETACHMENT FROM SOCIAL
RELATIONSHIP, RESTRICTS EXPRESSION
OF EMOTION, NEITHER ENJOY NOR DESIRE
CLOSE RELATIONSHIP, INABILITY TO FORM
SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP AND LACK OF
INTEREST TO DO SO.
SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONSALITY DISORDER. =
REDUCED CAPACITY FOR CLOSE
RELATIONSHIP, HAVE OLD BELIEFS AND
MAGICAL THINKING SUCH AS
SUPERSTITIONS, TELEPATHY ETC.
SEVERE DEPRESSION – SUFFERS ALSO
SOME MENTAL ABERRATION WHICH IS AN
ANSWER TO LIFE STRESS THAT COULD
LEAD TO SELF-DESTRUCTION AS IN
SUICIDE.
 SYMBOLIC - ARE BEHAVIORS THAT ARE
SENSATION - IS THE FEELING OR USUALLY CARRIED OUT BY MEANS OF
IMPRESSION CREATED BY A GIVEN UNSAID WORDS, AND SHOWN THROUGH
STIMULUS OR CAUSE, THAT LEADS TO A SYMBOLS OR BODY SIGNS.
PARTICULAR REACTION OR BEHAVIOR, IN
SHORT, THE EFFECTS E.G. VISUAL (SIGHT), TERRORIST – WITH POLITICAL PURPOSE OR
OLFACTORY (SMELL), CUTANEOUS AGENDA. THEY USE THREATS AND
(TOUCH), AUDITORY (HEARING), GUSTATORY HARASSMENT TO CREATE AN ATMOSPHERE
(TASTE). OF FEAR, DISREGARDING WOMEN AND
CHILDREN AS VICTIMS. THEY ARE ONLY
SEXUAL DEVIANCY – A SEXUAL BEHAVIOR LOYAL TO THEMSELVES AND OTHER ALLIED
THAT SEEKS STIMULATION AND SEXUAL GROUPS AND WILLING TO GIVE LIFE AS
GRATIFICATION BY MEANS OTHER THAN PART OF MARTYRDOM.
HETEROSEXUAL RELATION.
TRANSVERTISM – GRATIFICATION IS TAKEN
SEXUALITY OR HETEROSEXUALITY – THE FROM WEARING CLOTHES OF THE
ONLY NORMAL SEXUAL RELATION OPPOSITE SEX AND ACTING THEIR
BETWEEN MEMBERS OF THE OPPOSITE OPPOSITE ROLES.
SEX THAT COULD LEAD TO
REPRODUCTION. UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVES – INCLUDES
MOSTLY GENERAL DRIVES SUCH AS
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORIES - THIS CURIOSITY, MATERNAL INSTINCT AND JUST
THEORY ADVOCATE THAT PERSONALITY BEING NICE AS A NATURAL DRIVE.
TRAITS ARE THE RESULT OF LEARNING AS
ONE INTERACTS WITH PEOPLE. VOYEURISM – SEXUAL GRATIFICATION IS
PERSONALITY IS MAINLY COMPOSED OF ATTAINED BY WITNESSING A NUDE MAN
HABITS AND LEARNED RESPONSES TO AND WOMAN IN THE ACTUAL SEXUAL ACT.
STIMULI IN THE ENVIRONMENT. THE SEXUALLY DEVIANT PERSON IS ALSO
KNOWN AS PEEPING TOM.
SOCIAL TRAITS – THE INDIVIDUAL’S ABILITY
TO GET ALONG FINE WITH OTHERS.

SOCIOPATHIC PERSONALITY – HIGHLY

IMPULSIVE AND UNABLE TO DELAY
GRATIFICATION SO THAT IF HOSTAGE IS A
WOMAN, RAPING HER IS A PROBABILITY.

SUBLIMATION – IS THE CHANGING OF

UNACCEPTABLE ID IMPULSES OR NEEDS
INTO SOCIALLY AND CULTURALLY
ACCEPTABLE CHANNELS OR MEANS. IT IS
CRIMINOLOGICA
ALSO A POSITIVE AND CONSTRUCTIVE
MECHANISM FOR DEFENDING AGAINST L RESEARCH
OTHERWISE UNACCEPTABLE IMPULSES
AND NEEDS. SUCH AS WHEN A
HOMOSEXUAL WORKS AS A PHYSICAL ACTION RESEARCH- IS A REFLECTIVE
THERAPIST AND FINDS SEXUAL PROCESS OF PROGRESSIVE PROBLEM
SATISFACTION IN PERFORMING HIS JOB, IN SOLVING LED BY INDIVIDUALS WORKING
MEETING HIS NEEDS AND IMPULSES. WITH OTHERS IN TEAMS OR AS PART OF A
"COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE" TO IMPROVE
SUBSTITUTION - IS RESORTED TO, WHEN AN THE WAY THEY ADDRESS ISSUES AND
UNATTAINABLE OR UNACCEPTABLE GOAL, SOLVE PROBLEMS. ACTION RESEARCH CAN
EMOTION, OR OBJECT IS REPLACED BY ALSO BE UNDERTAKEN BY LARGER
ONE THAT IS ATTAINABLE OR ACCEPTABLE. ORGANIZATIONS OR INSTITUTIONS,
ASSISTED OR GUIDED BY PROFESSIONAL
SUPPRESSION – IS A CONSCIOUS ACTIVITY RESEARCHERS, WITH THE AIM OF
BY WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL ATTEMPTS TO IMPROVING THEIR STRATEGIES, PRACTICES,
FORGET EMOTIONALLY DISTURBING AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE ENVIRONMENTS
THOUGHTS AND EXPERIENCES BY WITHIN WHICH THEY PRACTICE.
PUSHING THEM OUT OF ONE’S MIND SUCH
AS, WHEN A PERSON ATTEMPTS TO ACCIDENTAL SAMPLES- ARE THE
FORGET EMOTIONAL PAIN BY LOSING FAVOURITE “PERSON ON THE STREET”
HIMSELF IN HIS WORK. INTERVIEWS WHERE THE “RESEARCHER”
MAKES LITTLE ATTEMPT TO ENSURE THE
STOCKHOLM SYNDROME MAY DEVELOP – REPRESENTATIVENESS OF THE SAMPLE;
WHICH REFERS TO THE UNUSUAL THIS IS WELL ILLUSTRATED BY MANY
DEVELOPMENT OF MUTUAL POSITIVE TELEVISION COMMERCIALS, FOR EXAMPLE,
FEELINGS BETWEEN THE HOSTAGE AND “NINE OUT TEN DOCTORS RECOMMEND
HOSTAGE-TAKER FOR EACH OTHER THAT THE USE OF A PARTICULAR BRAND OF
EVENTUALLY RESULTS TO NEGATIVE SOAP.”
FEELINGS AGAINST THE AUTHORITIES.
APPLIED RESEARCH IS A PRACTICAL
RESEARCH CONCERNED WITH SOLVING
IMMEDIATE POLICY PROBLEMS. ALTHOUGH HOWEVER, NEED NOT VIEWED AS REAL A
THE ISSUES OF COMMON SENSE BRIEFLY “CAUSES” OF THE PROBLEM.
BY MEANS OR “MYTHS OF CRIME,” ARE
ADDRESSED, THERE STILL EXISTS A CORRELATIONAL STUDIES- A
BROADER ISSUE. CORRELATIONAL STUDY IS A SCIENTIFIC
STUDY IN WHICH A RESEARCHER
CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE DESIGNS- CAUSAL- INVESTIGATES ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN
COMPARATIVE RESEARCH ATTEMPTS TO VARIABLES. CORRELATIONAL STUDIES ARE
IDENTIFY A CAUSATIVE RELATIONSHIP FREQUENTLY USED IN PSYCHOLOGY
BETWEEN AN INDEPENDENT VARIABLE AND RESEARCH TO LOOK FOR RELATIONSHIPS
A DEPENDENT VARIABLE. HOWEVER, THIS BETWEEN VARIABLES. WHILE
RELATIONSHIP IS MORE SUGGESTIVE THAN CORRELATIONAL STUDIES CAN SUGGEST
PROVEN AS THE RESEARCHER DOES NOT THAT THERE IS A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
HAVE COMPLETE CONTROL OVER THE TWO VARIABLES—DEPENDENT AND
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE. IT IS AN EX-POST INDEPENDENT, FINDING A CORRELATION
FACTO DESIGNS TO LOOK AT EXISTING DOES NOT PROVE THAT ONE VARIABLE
OUTCOME AND AFTER THE FACT ATTEMPT CAUSES A CHANGE IN ANOTHER VARIABLE.
TO TRACE BACK AND DETERMINE WHAT MAY
HAVE PREDICTED THESE OUTCOMES. CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH IS DEFINED
AS A CAREFUL, SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF
CASE STUDIES- IT INVOLVES IN-DEPTH KNOWLEDGE IN THE FIELD OF
ANALYSIS OF ONE OR A FEW CASE. THESE CRIMINOLOGY OR CRIMINAL JUSTICE,
DATA-GATHERING STRATEGIES ALSO UNDERTAKEN TO DISCOVER OR ESTABLISH
REPRESENT A COMMITMENT TO A FACTS OF THE CRIMES OR CAUSATIONS OF
QUALITATIVE OR SENSITIZING STRATEGY CRIME.
WHEN APPROACHING SUBJECT MATTER.
ALTHOUGH MORE QUANTITATIVE DATA- REFERS TO ANY KIND OF
APPROACHES AIM TO PROVIDE A MORE INFORMATION RESEARCHERS OBTAIN ON
MACRO-CRIMINOLOGICAL VIEW OR BIG THE SUBJECTS, RESPONDENTS OR
PICTURE OF THE SUBJECT MATTER, THESE PARTICIPANTS OF A STUDY. IN RESEARCH,
METHODS PROVIDE MICRO- DATA ARE COLLECTED AND USED TO
CRIMINOLOGICAL OR IN-DEPTH CLOSE-UP ANSWER THE RESEARCH QUESTION OR
OF ONLY ONE OR A FEW SUBJECTS. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY. DATA ARE THE
THINGS THE RESEARCHERS ARE THINKING
CASE OR FIELD STUDY - IT IS WITH.
A RESEARCH METHODOLOGY COMMON
IN SOCIAL SCIENCES. IT IS BASED ON AN IN- DATA GATHERING- IS AN EXTREMELY
DEPTH INVESTIGATION OF A SINGLE IMPORTANT PART OF ANY RESEARCH
INDIVIDUAL, GROUP, OR EVENT TO EXPLORE BECAUSE THE CONCLUSIONS OF THE
CAUSATION IN ORDER TO FIND STUDY ARE BASED ON WHAT THE DATA
UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES. IT IS ALSO REVEALED. THERE ARE SEVERAL WAYS OF
DEFINED AS A RESEARCH STRATEGY, AN DATA GATHERING. THE CHOICE OF
EMPIRICAL INQUIRY THAT INVESTIGATES A PROCEDURES USUALLY DEPENDS ON THE
PHENOMENON WITHIN ITS REAL-LIFE OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN OF THE STUDY
CONTEXT. AND THE AVAILABILITY OF TIME, MONEY,
AND RESOURCES. ANOTHER
CLUSTER SAMPLES- IT IS GENERALLY USED CONSIDERATION IS THE KIND OF DATA THE
IN SURVEYS THAT INVOLVE FIELD RESEARCH WISHES TO GENERATE.
INTERVIEWS AND IS MOST USEFUL IN
STUDIES THAT INVOLVE WIDELY DISPERSED DEPENDENT VARIABLES - THE DEPENDENT
SUBJECTS. THE POPULATION TO BE OR OUTCOME VARIABLE IS THE VARIABLE
SURVEYED IS DIVIDED INTO CLUSTERS, FOR THAT RESEARCHER IS ATTEMPTING TO
EXAMPLE, CENSUS, BLOCKS AND PREDICT AND BY CONVENTION IS DENOTED
SECTIONS, AND THEN A PROBABILITY BY THE LETTER Y.
SAMPLES OF CLUSTERS IS SELECTED FOR
THE STUDY. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH - THE DESCRIPTIVE
TYPE OF STUDY FINDS ANSWER TO THE
CONCEPTS- THESE ARE ABSTRACT TAGS QUESTIONS WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE
THAT ARE PUT ON REALITY AND ARE THE AND HOW. THIS TYPE OF RESEARCH
BEGINNING POINT IN ALL SCIENTIFIC DESCRIBES A SITUATION OR A GIVEN STATE
ENDEAVOURS. IT IS SYMBOLIC CREATIONS OF AFFAIRS IN TERMS OF SPECIAL ASPECTS
OR CONSTRUCTS THAT ATTEMPTS OR FACTORS. WHAT MAY BE DESCRIBED
CAPTURE THE ESSENCE OF REALITY. ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUALS OR
GROUPS, I.E., OFFENDERS, VICTIMS, ETC.
CORRELATION RESEARCH - THE OR PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS, I.E., RURAL,
CORRELATION TYPE OF STUDY GOES URBAN, SQUATTER, ETC. OR CONDITIONS,
BEYOND DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM I.E., PERFORMANCES, EFFECTIVENESS,
OR SITUATION. IT ATTEMPTS TO EXPLAIN ETC.
THE POSSIBLE FACTORS RELATED TO A
PROBLEM WHICH HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN A DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH- DESCRIBES WHAT
DESCRIPTIVE STUDY. THIS TYPE OF STUDY IS. IT INVOLVES THE DESCRIPTION,
ANSWERS THE QUESTIONS WHY AND HOW? RECORDING, ANALYSIS, AND
THE FACTORS RELATED TO THE PROBLEM, INTERPRETATION OF THE PRESENT
NATURE, COMPOSITION OR PROCESSES OF INCLUDE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN
PHENOMENA. THE FOCUS IS ON VARIABLES, HOW WELL THE SAMPLE
PREVAILING CONDITIONS, OR HOW A REPRESENTS A LARGER POPULATION, AND
PERSON, GROUP, OR THING BEHAVES OR CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS.
FUNCTIONS IN THE PRESENT. IT IS ALSO
KNOWN AS STATISTICAL RESEARCH, INTERVIEW- INTERVIEWING IS COMMONLY
DESCRIBES DATA AND ABOUT USED METHOD OF DATA GATHERING FROM
THE POPULATION OR PHENOMENON BEING PEOPLE. IN MANY WALKS OF LIFE
STUDIED. INFORMATION CAN BE COLLECTED
THROUGH DIFFERENT FORMS OF
DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH - AS OPPOSED INTERACTION WITH OTHERS. ANY PERSON-
TO SIMPLE INSTRUCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT, TO-PERSON INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO
DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH HAS BEEN OR MORE INDIVIDUALS WITH A SPECIFIC
DEFINED AS THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF PURPOSE IN MIND IS CALLED AN INTERVIEW.
DESIGNING, DEVELOPING, AND
EVALUATING INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMS, LIBRARY TECHNIQUE- IS THE GATHERING OF
PROCESSES, AND PRODUCTS THAT MUST DATA IS ANOTHER WAY WHICH THE
MEET CRITERIA OF INTERNAL RESEARCHER CAN EMPLOY IN ORDER TO
CONSISTENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS. A REALIZE THE OBJECTIVES OF HIS
FUNDAMENTAL DISTINCTION SHOULD BE RESEARCH STUDY. VARIOUS MATERIALS IN
MADE BETWEEN REPORTS OF ACTUAL THE LIBRARY ARE USED BY INVESTIGATOR,
DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH—PRACTICE, INCLUDING BOOKS, MAGAZINES,
AND DESCRIPTIONS OF DESIGN AND PERIODICALS, OR PAMPHLETS. IN HIS
DEVELOPMENT PROCEDURAL MODELS- SEARCH FOR DATA NEEDED FOR HIS
THEORY. RESEARCH PROJECT THROUGH THE
LIBRARY METHOD, THE INVESTIGATOR
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH- IS A LOOSELY MUST KNOW AND APPLY ONE IMPORTANT
STRUCTURED BUT VALUABLE ELEMENT, I.E., THE FUNDAMENTALS IN THE
METHODOLOGICAL STRATEGY. USE OF LIBRARY.

FIXED-ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONNAIRE- THIS MULTI-STAGE SAMPLES- IT INVOLVES

REQUIRES THE RESPONDENTS TO CHOOSE COMBINATIONS OF STRATIFIED AND/OR
AN ANSWER FROM A PRINTED LIST OF CLUSTER AND/OR SIMPLE RANDOM
CHOICES. SUCH QUESTIONNAIRES MAY SAMPLES OR OTHER SAMPLING
INCLUDE A SIMPLE “YES OR NO” OR “TRUE PROCEDURES. FOR EXAMPLE, A NATIONAL
OR FALSE” RESPONSE, A MULTIPLE-CHOICE SURVEY OF NEIGHBOURHOOD CRIME
LIST, OR A SERIES OF DEGREES OF MIGHT STRATIFY FIRST ON THE BASIS OF
AGREEMENT OR DISAGREEMENT IN REGION. WITHIN REGIONS, CLUSTERS ARE
RELATION TO A VARIETY OF ASSERTIONS. RANDOMLY SELECTED, AND WITHIN THE
SELECTED REGIONS, CITIES AND/OR
HISTORICAL RESEARCH- HISTORICAL MUNICIPALITIES ARE RANDOMLY SELECTED
RESEARCH OR HISTORICAL METHOD OF FOR DOOR- TO-DOOR HOUSEHOLD
RESEARCH IS A PROCESS OF SELECTING INTERVIEWS.
THE AREA OF TOPIC TO WRITE THE HISTORY
ABOUT, COLLECTING DATA ABOUT EVENTS NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING- ANY
THAT OCCURRED IN THE AREA OR ABOUT SAMPLING PROCEDURES THAT VIOLATE
THE TOPIC, COLLATING THE DATA, SHIFTING THE EQUAL PROBABILITY OF SELECTION
THE AUTHENTIC FROM NON-AUTHENTIC, METHOD (EPSEM) ARE VIEWED AS A NON-
AND THEN MAKING AN INTERPRETIVE PROBABILITY SAMPLE.
NARRATIVE ABOUT OR CRITICAL INQUIRY
INTO THE WHOLE TRUTH OF THE EVENTS. OBSERVATION- IS ONE WAY TO GATHER
PRIMARY DATA. OBSERVATION IS A
HYPOTHESES- ARE USUALLY GENERAL OR PURPOSEFUL, SYSTEMATIC AND SELECTIVE
BROAD STATEMENTS REGARDING THE WAY OF WATCHING AND LISTENING TO AN
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN, USUALLY TWO, INTERACTION OR PHENOMENON AS IT
VARIABLES AND ARE DERIVED FROM MORE TAKES PLACE. THERE ARE MANY
GENERAL THEORIES. SITUATIONS IN WHICH OBSERVATION IS THE
MOST APPROPRIATE METHOD OF DATA
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES- THE GATHERING.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE WHICH IS
DESIGNATED BY LETTER X IS THE OPERATIONALIZATION- IT DEFINES
BEHAVIOUR OR ATTITUDE THAT IS THE CONCEPTS BY DESCRIBING HOW THEY WILL
SUBJECT OF ONE’S STUDY. BE MEASURED. WORKING DEFINITIONS OR
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION ARE OTHER
INFERENTIAL STUDY- IS USED TO MAKE TERMS USED TO REFER TO THIS PROCESS.
INFERENCES ABOUT AN UNKNOWN
VARIABLE BASED ON KNOWN OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONNAIRE- IT ALLOWS
DESCRIPTIONS. THIS IS ALSO INTENDED TO RESPONDENTS TO ANSWER IN THE OWN
GENERALIZE FINDINGS FROM A STUDY WORDS. THIS CAN MEAN GREATER DETAIL
GROUP TO A LARGER POPULATION. THIS AND A BROADER RANGE OF RESPONSES.
RESEARCH DESIGN IS CONCERNED WITH HOWEVER, IT CAN ALSO MEAN LOWER
MAKING LARGER INFERENCES ABOUT RESPONSE RATES BECAUSE THE
SOCIAL PHENOMENA. THIS CAN RESPONDENT MUST THINK AND WRITE
MORE THAN WOULD BE A FIXED EXPERIMENTS IN NATURAL SETTINGS, SUCH
ALTERNATIVE INSTRUMENT. A FOOT PATROL INVESTIGATION, ARE OF
FURTHERMORE, THE INFORMATION THIS TYPE. THE TERM REFERS TO A TYPE OF
OBTAINED MAY BE VERY DIFFICULT TO RESEARCH DESIGN THAT SHARES MANY
ANALYSE AND SUMMARIZE. SIMILARITIES WITH THE TRADITIONAL
POPULATION- CAN BE DEFINED AS EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN OR RANDOMIZED
INCLUDING ALL PEOPLE OR ITEMS WITH THE CONTROLLED TRIAL, BUT SPECIFICALLY
CHARACTERISTIC ONE WISH TO LACKS THE ELEMENT OF RANDOM
UNDERSTAND. BECAUSE THERE IS VERY ASSIGNMENT.
RARELY ENOUGH TIME OR MONEY TO
GATHER INFORMATION FROM EVERYONE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH- CONCEPTS ARE
OR EVERYTHING IN A POPULATION, THE VIEWED AS SENSITIZING IDEAS OR TERMS
GOAL BECOMES FINDING A THAT ENHANCE UNDERSTANDING.
REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF THAT RESEARCH METHODS IN THE SOCIAL
POPULATION. SCIENCES, OF WHICH CRIMINAL JUSTICE IS
HEIR.
POPULATION PARAMETER- A QUANTITY OR
STATISTICAL MEASURE THAT, FOR A GIVEN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH- CONCEPTS ARE
POPULATION, IS FIXED AND THAT IS USED AS ASSIGNED NUMERICAL VALUE.
THE VALUE OF A VARIABLE IN SOME
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OR FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE- IS A WRITTEN LIST OF
FUNCTION TO MAKE IT DESCRIPTIVE OF QUESTIONS, THE ANSWER TO WHICH IS
THAT POPULATION, I.E., THE MEAN AND RECORDED BY RESPONDENTS. IN
VARIANCE OF A POPULATION ARE QUESTIONNAIRE RESPONDENTS READ THE
POPULATION PARAMETERS, AND IT IS THE QUESTIONS, INTERPRET WHAT IS
POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS BEING EXPECTED AND THEN WRITE DOWN THE
INVESTIGATED. ANSWERS. THE ONLY DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN AN INTERVIEW SCHEDULE AND A
PROBABILITY SAMPLING- THIS REFERS TO QUESTIONNAIRE IS THAT, IN THE FORMER IT
SAMPLE THAT PERMIT ESTIMATION OF THE IS THE INTERVIEWER WHO ASK THE
LIKELIHOOD OF EACH ELEMENT OF THE QUESTIONS, AND IF NECESSARY, EXPLAIN
POPULATION BEING SELECTED IN THE THEM, AND RECORD THE RESPONDENT’S
SAMPLE REPLIES ON AN INTERVIEW SCHEDULE. THIS
DISTINCTION IS IMPORTANT IN
PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST- MAY BE DEFINED AS ACCOUNTING FOR THE RESPECTIVE
AN INSTRUMENT DESIGNED TO DESCRIBE A STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE
SAMPLE OF CERTAIN ASPECTS OF HUMAN TWO METHODS.
BEHAVIOUR. IT YIELDS ADJECTIVE AND
STANDARDIZED DESCRIPTIONS OF QUOTA SAMPLES- THIS IS A NON-
BEHAVIOUR, QUANTIFIED BY NUMERICAL PROBABILITY STRATIFIED SAMPLES. THE
SCORES. A PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST MAY BE RESEARCHER ATTEMPTS TO ENSURE THAT
USED TO COMPARE THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE SAMPLE PROPORTIONS, FOR EXAMPLE:
TWO OR MORE PERSONS AT DIFFERENT AGE, SEX, AND ETHNIC ORIGIN, RESEMBLE
TIMES. IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE USE OF THOSE OF THE POPULATION, BUT DOES
SAMPLES OF BEHAVIOUR IN ORDER TO NOT FILL THESE PROPORTION OR QUOTAS
ASSESS PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSTRUCT(S), ON THE BASIS OF EPSEM. RATHER THAN
SUCH AS COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL ATTEMPTING TO ENSURE THAT EACH
FUNCTIONING. ELEMENT OF EACH QUOTA HAS AN EQUAL
CHANCE OF APPEARING IN THE AMPLE, THE
PURE BASIC RESEARCH- IS CONCERNED RESEARCHER USES SKILL JUDGMENT TO
WITH THE ACQUISITION OF NEW SELECT ADEQUATE NUMBERS TO FILL
KNOWLEDGE FOR THE SAKE OF SCIENCE EACH QUOTA.
OR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIELD.
RESEARCH DESIGN- IS A PLAN, STRUCTURE
PURPOSIVE SAMPLES- JUDGMENTAL AND STRATEGY OF INVESTIGATION SO
SAMPLES ON THE OTHER HAND, CONCEIVED AS TO OBTAIN ANSWERS TO
REPRESENT THE SELECTION OF AN RESEARCH QUESTIONS OR PROBLEMS. THE
APPROPRIATE SAMPLE BASES ON THE PLAN IS THE COMPLETE SCHEME OR
RESEARCHER’S SKILL, JUDGMENT, AND PROGRAM OF THE RESEARCH. IT INCLUDES
NEEDS. THIS TYPE OF SAMPLING IS ELL AN OUTLINE OF WHAT THE INVESTIGATOR
USED ON ELECTION NIGHTS WHEN THE WILL DO FROM THE WRITING THE
MAJOR NETWORKS, BASED ON SAMPLE HYPOTHESES AND THEIR OPERATIONAL
PRECINCTS, ARE ABLE TO QUITE IMPLICATIONS TO THE FINAL ANALYSIS OF
ACCURATELY PREDICT THE LIKELY DATA.
OUTCOME, OFTEN WITH A SMALL MARGIN
OF ERROR WITH ONLY OF THE TWO SAMPLE- IS A SUBSET OF A POPULATION,
PERCENT OF THE VOTES CAST. AND IT REPRESENTS A SUBSET OF
MANAGEABLE SIZE. IT IS COLLECTED AND
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN- ARE DESIGN STATISTICS ARE CALCULATED FROM THE
THAT ATTEMPT TO APPROXIMATE THE TRUE SAMPLES SO THAT ONE CAN MAKE
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN BUT LACK RANDOM INFERENCES OR EXTRAPOLATIONS FROM
ASSIGNMENT TO EXPERIMENTAL AND THE SAMPLE TO THE POPULATION. THIS
CONTROL GROUP. MOST FIELD PROCESS OF COLLECTING INFORMATION
FROM A SAMPLE IS REFERRED TO
AS SAMPLING.
SAMPLE SIZE- IT IS THE NUMBER OF
OBSERVATIONS THAT CONSTITUTE IT, AND
IT IS TYPICALLY DENOTED N, A NATURAL
NUMBER. A LARGER SAMPLE SIZE LEADS TO
INCREASED PRECISION IN ESTIMATES OF
VARIOUS PROPERTIES OF
THE POPULATION, AND IT IS
LESS ACCURATE IF THERE IS A SYSTEMATIC
ERROR. THIS CAN BE SEEN IN STATISTICAL
RULES AS THE LAW OF LARGE
NUMBERS AND THE CENTRAL LIMIT
THEOREM.
SAMPLING - MAY BE DEFINED AS MEASURING
A SMALL PORTION OF SOMETHING AND
THEN MAKING A GENERAL STATEMENT
ABOUT THE WHOLE THING. IT IS A
PROCEDURE USED IN RESEARCH BY WHICH
A SELECTED SUB-UNIT OF A POPULATION IS
STUDIED IN ORDER TO ANALYSE THE ENTIRE
POPULATION.
SAMPLING DESIGN- SAMPLING MAY BE USED
WITH ANY OF THE DATA-GATHERING
STRATEGIES AS EARLIER PRESENTED.
SOME RESEARCH INVOLVES A COMPLETE
ENUMERATION OF THE TOTAL POPULATION.
RATHER THAN ATTEMPTING TO ENUMERATE
AN ENTIRE POPULATION, MOST STUDIES
MAKE USE OF SAMPLING.
SAMPLING FRAME- IS SYNONYMS TO
"SAMPLE FRAME" OR "SURVEY FRAME,” IS
THE ACTUAL SET OF UNITS FROM WHICH A
SAMPLE HAS BEEN DRAWN. IN THE CASE OF
A SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLE, ALL UNITS
FROM THE SAMPLING FRAME HAVE AN
EQUAL CHANCE TO BE DRAWN AND TO
OCCUR IN THE SAMPLE. IN THE IDEAL CASE,
THE SAMPLING FRAME SHOULD COINCIDE
WITH THE POPULATION OF INTEREST.
SAMPLE STATISTICS- IS THE BASIS OF
ESTIMATING THE PREVALENCE OF A
CHARACTERISTIC IN THE STUDY
POPULATION OR A PART OF A POPULATION
WHICH IS ACTUALLY OBSERVED. IN
STATISTICAL INFERENCE, THERE MUST BE A
WAY OF ASSIGNING KNOWN PROBABILITIES
OF SELECTION TO EACH SAMPLE. IF THE
PROBABILITIES OF DIFFERENT SAMPLES
ARE ALL EQUAL, IT IS CALLED SIMPLE
RANDOM SAMPLING.
SAMPLING UNIT- IT IS THE MATERIAL
SOURCE FOR THE MATHEMATICAL
ABSTRACTION OF A "RANDOM VARIABLE".
THIS IS THAT ELEMENT OR SET OF
ELEMENTS CONSIDERED FOR SELECTION
IN SOME STAGE OF SAMPLING, IT IS THE
SAME AS THE ELEMENTS, IN A SIMPLE
SINGLE-STAGE SAMPLE. IN A MULTI-STAGE
SAMPLE, THE SAMPLING UNIT COULD BE
BLOCKS, HOUSEHOLDS, AND INDIVIDUALS
WITHIN THE HOUSEHOLDS.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLES- THESE ARE
SAMPLES IN WHICH EACH ELEMENTS OF
THE POPULATION OR UNIVERSE HAS AN
EQUAL PROBABILITY OF BEING SELECTED.
SOMETIMES THE EQUAL PROBABILITY OF
SELECTION METHOD (EPSEM) SAMPLE IS
USED TO DENOTE THE KEY FEATURES OF
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLES. THIS METHOD
PROVIDES A WAY FOR SELECTING A SAMPLE
IN WHICH EACH AND EVERY UNIT OR
PERSON IN THE POPULATION HAS THE
SAME OR EQUAL CHANCE OF APPEARING IN
THE SAMPLE.
SNOWBALL SAMPLES- IT IS A TYPE OF
STRATEGY EMPLOYED PARTICULARLY IN
EXPLORATORY STUDIES OF LITTLE KNOWN
OR HARD-TO-OBTAIN SUBJECTS. IT
BASICALLY ENTAILS OBTAINING A FIRST
SUBJECT AND, ON THE BASIS OF THIS
SUBJECT, OBTAINING AND ENTRÉE AND
INTRODUCTION TO A SECOND SUBJECT
AND A THIRD AND SO FORTH. GRADUALLY,
AS MANY SUBJECTS AS PRACTICABLE ARE
ACCUMULATED.
SOCIAL SURVEY- ARE MEANS OF DATA
GATHERING WHICH INVOLVE ASKING A
SEGMENT OF POPULATION THEIR
ATTITUDES OR REPORTED BEHAVIOUR.
SOCIAL SURVEYS, ALTHOUGH OFTEN
ASSOCIATED WITH ELECTION POLLS,
OPINION POLLS, AND MARKETING SURVEYS
ARE ALSO POWERFUL TOOLS FOR
OBTAINING QUANTITATIVE DATA FOR BOTH
DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL STUDIES
AND FOR ADDRESSING THE ISSUE OF
CAUSALITY.
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLE- THIS RELIES
ON THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE DISTRIBUTION
OR PROPORTION OF POPULATION
CHARACTERISTICS TO CHOOSE A SAMPLE
THAT ASSURES REPRESENTATIVENESS.
SUCH CHARACTERISTICS ARE GENERALLY
DEMOGRAPHIC IN NATURE, SUCH AS AGE,
SEX, SOCIAL CLASS, OR OF PERTINENCE TO
THE STUDY.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLES- IN SYSTEMATIC
SAMPLES EVERY NTH ITEM IN A LIST IS
INCLUDED IN THE SAMPLE. IN THE
LANGUAGE OF STATISTICS, N REPRESENTS
EVERY SECOND, THIRD, FOURTH, OR NTH
CASE. SAMPLING INTERVALS ARE
SELECTED BY THE RATIO OF SAMPLE SIZE
TO POPULATION SIZE. BY CHOOSING EVERY
NTH, THEORETICALLY EVERY NAME IN THE
POPULATION LIST HAS AN EQUAL
PROBABILITY OF BEING CHOSEN SO LONG
AS ONE USES A RANDOM START.
THEORIES- THEORIES WERE DESCRIBED
PREVIOUSLY AS ATTEMPTS TO DEVELOP
PLAUSIBLE EXPLANATIONS OF REALITY.
TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS- IS DEFINED
AS A METHOD OR PROCEDURE INVOLVING
THE CONTROL OR MANIPULATION OF
CONDITIONS FOR THE PURPOSE OF
STUDYING THE RELATIVE EFFECTS OF
VARIOUS TREATMENTS APPLIED TO
MEMBERS OF A SAMPLE, OR OF THE SAME
TREATMENT APPLIED TO MEMBERS OF
DIFFERENT SAMPLES. A TRUE-
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH, THEREFORE,
CONSIST OF MANIPULATING AN
EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES UNDER HIGHLY
CONTROLLED CONDITIONS TO DETERMINE
HOW AND WHY A PARTICULAR EVENTS
OCCURS.
UNOBTRUSIVE MEASURES- REFER TO
CLANDESTINE OR NON-REACTIVE METHODS
OF DATA GATHERING. ALTHOUGH A VARIETY
OF METHODS, INCLUDING PHYSICAL
TRACES, OBSERVATION, AND ANALYSES OF
EXISTING DATA OR ARCHIVES MAY BE
SUBSUMED, THE KEY DISTINCTION IS THAT
THE SUBJECTS ARE NOT AWARE THAT THEY
ARE BEING STUDIED. UNOBTRUSIVE
METHODS PROVIDE AN ATTRACTIVE AND
OFTEN INEXPENSIVE ALTERNATIVE TO
MANY OF THE OTHER STRATEGIES.
VARIABLES- THESE ARE CONCEPTS THAT
HAVE BEEN OPERATIONALIZED OR
“CONCEPTS THAT CAN VARY” OR TAKE ON
DIFFERENT VALUES OF A QUANTITATIVE
NATURE. THEY ARE THE MORTAR AND BRICK
OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION.
CORREC
TIONALA
DMINISTR
ATION
INSTITUTIONAL
CORRECTION
1ST GROUP – ANTI RIOT CONTINGENCY
GROUP NO F/A
2ND GROUP – BACK UP GROUP MAY USE
TEARGAS.
3RD GROUP = TRAINED TO HANDLED GUN.
8 HOURS – MINIMUM WORK TIME
18TH CENTURY - CONSIDERED TO BE ONE OF
THE MOST BRUTAL AGES FOR PUNISHING
CRIMINALS. A COMBINATION OF THE OLD
AND NEW SYSTEM. AGE OF REASON OR AGE
OF ENLIGHTENMENT.
50 PESOS - PER DAY FOR EVERY PRISONER
60 YEARS OLD - EXEMPT FROM WORK
AFP STOCKADE - THOSE WHO WERE IN
BAGUIO WITH SENTENCE OF ONLY
AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST CAMP - FOR
YOUTH CONVICTED (YOUTH CAMP)
ARTICLES 1706 - 1727 - THE REVISED
ADMINISTRATIVE CODE AS AMENDED
“PRISON LAW” OR ALSO KNOWN
“CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM”
ASSISTANT WARDEN – CHAIRMAN OF
CLASSIFICATION, AND DISCIPLINARY
BOARD
AT LEAST 4 TIMES/ DAY - CHECK OF
ATTENDANCE
AUBURN SYSTEM (1819)- CONFINEMENT OF
THE PRISONERS IN A SINGLE CELL AT NIGHT
AND CONGREGATE WORK IN SHOPS
DURING THE DAY. (ADOPTED BY UNITED
STATES). “CONGREGATE SYSTEM”
BEHAVIOR REPORT – REPORT THAT
INCLUDES BOTH BAD ATTITUDE AS WELL AS
EXCEPTIONALLY GOOD WORK HABIT. THIS
IS INTENDED TO CALL ATTENTION OF THE
INMATES ACT SUCH AS LACK OF SELF-
CONTROL.
BENEFITS OF CLERGY - THIS ORIGINATED IN
A COMPROMISE WITH THE CHURCH WHICH
HAD MAINTAINED THAT A MEMBER OF THE
CLERGY BROUGHT TO TRIAL IN A KING’S
COURT MIGHT BE CLAIMED FROM THAT
JURISDICTION BY THE BISHOP
CHAPLAIN REPRESENTING HIM, ON THE
GROUND THAT HE, THE PRISONER, WAS
OR
SUBJECT TO THE AUTHORITY OF THE
ECCLESIASTICAL COURTS ONLY. (KING
HENRY II)
BRIDEWELL WORKHOUSE - BUILT IN 1557 IN
LONDON FOR THE EMPLOYMENT AND
HOUSING OF ENGLISH PRISONERS.
BUDGET AND FINANCE BRANCH - TAKE
CHARGE OF ALL FINANCIAL MATTERS SUCH
AS BUDGETING, FINANCING, ACCOUNTING,
AND AUDITING
BUREAU OF CORRECTIONS UNDER THE
NEW ADMINISTRATIVE CODE OF 1987 AND
PROCLAMATION NO. 495 ISSUED ON
NOVEMBER 22, 1989 (EO292)
BURGUNDIAN CODE - SPECIFIED
PUNISHMENT ACCORDING TO THE SOCIAL
CLASS OF OFFENDERS.
CITY JAIL - PUNISHABLE WITH DURATION OF
1 DAY TO 3 YEARS
CITY/ PROVINCIAL PRISONER - THOSE
WHOSE SENTENCE IS LESS THAN 3 YEARS
OR WHOSE FINE IS LESS THAN SIX
THOUSAND PESOS (P6,000.00) BUT MORE
THAN TWO HUNDRED PESOS (P200.00) OR
BOTH
CLASSIFICATION - THE PROCESS OF
ASSIGNING OR GROUPING OF INMATES
ACCORDING TO THEIR SENTENCE, GENDER,
AGE, NATIONALITY, HEALTH, CRIMINAL
RECORDS AND OTHER PERTINENT FACTS
AS BASIS.
CODE OF DRAKON “ULTIMATE SEVERITY”
AND THE SOLON ARE THE TWO OF THE
MOST FAMOUS CODES OF GREEK AT ABOUT
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY B.C. THE DRAKON
COMES FIRST AND LATER REPEALED BY THE
SOLON CODE EXCEPT FOR SOME
OFFENSES STILL THE PRINCIPLE OF TALION
WAS CARRIED IN THESE CODES.
CODE OF HAMMURABI - FIRST
COMPREHENSIVE VIEW OF THE LAWS IN
THE EARLY DAYS
CODE OF KALANTIAO (KALANTIAW) -
PROMULGATED IN 1433 BY DATU
KALANTIAO
COLONIES = THEY CAME FROM THE FIRST
CLASS WHICH WAS GIVEN PRIVILEGE. THEY
CAN WEAR CIVILIAN CLOTH DURING
PROGRAM, RECEIVED THE REGULAR GCTA
PLUS 10 DAYS. (YOU CAN EVEN REQUEST
YOUR WIFE FROM CIW TO TRANSFER IN THE
COLONY OR EVEN WITH THE ENTIRE FAMILY)
COMMITMENT - THE ENTRUSTING FOR
CONFINEMENT OF AN INMATE TO A JAIL BY
COMPETENT AUTHORITY FOR
INVESTIGATION, TRIAL AND OR SERVICE OF
SENTENCE.
COMMITMENT ORDER - A WRITTEN ORDER
OF THE COURT OR NAY COMPETENT
AUTHORITY CONSIGNING AN OFFENDER TO
A JAIL OR PRISON FOR CONFINEMENT.
CONTRABAND - IS ANYTHING THAT IS
CONTRARY TO PRISON/JAIL RULES AND
REGULATION.
CONTROL – IT INVOLVES SUPERVISION OF
PRISONERS TO ENSURE PUNCTUAL AND
ORDERLY MOVEMENT FROM ONE PLACE
WORK PROGRAM OR ASSIGNMENT TO
ANOTHER.
CONTROL CENTER – IS A CENTRALLY
LOCATED AND ELEVATED FACILITY.
CORRECTION - A BRANCH OF THE CRIMINAL
JUSTICE SYSTEM CONCERNED WITH THE
CUSTODY, SUPERVISION AND
REHABILITATION OF CRIMINAL OFFENDERS.
CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION - THE
STUDY AND PRACTICE OF A SYSTEM OR
SYSTEMATIC MANAGEMENT OF JAILS OR
PRISONS AND OTHER INSTITUTION
CONCERNED WITH THE CUSTODY,
TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION OF
CRIMINAL OFFENDERS.
CUSTODY - IS THE GUARDING OR PENAL
SAFEKEEPING, IT INVOLVES SECURITY
MEASURES TO INSURE SECURITY AND
CONTROL WITHIN THE PRISON.
DAVAO PENAL COLONY AND FARM - TAGUM,
DAVAO DEL NORTE
DEATH CONVICT = THOSE SENTENCED FOR
DEATH
DETAINEE – THOSE WHOSE CASES ARE OR
HAVE OTHER PENDING CASES
DETENTION PRISONERS = THOSE HELD FOR
SECURITY REASONS; HELD FOR
INVESTIGATION; THOSE AWAITING FINAL
JUDGMENT; THOSE AWAITING TRIAL.
PERSON DETAINED FOR THE VIOLATION OF
LAW OR ORDINANCES AND NOT YET
CONVICTED.
DIAGNOSIS – A STAGE WHERE THE
PRISONERS CASE HISTORY IS TAKEN AND
HIS PERSONALITY STUDIED.
DIRECTOR CHARLES MONDEJAR - THE FIRST
CHIEF OF THE BJMP UPON ITS CREATION
WHO TOOK HIS OATH OF OFFICE ON JULY 1,
1991.
DISCIPLINARY BOARD - A DISCIPLINARY
BOARD SHALL BE ORGANIZED AND
MAINTAINED BY JAILS FOR THE PURPOSE
OF HEARING DISCIPLINARY CASES
INVOLVING ANY INMATE WHO VIOLATE JAIL
RULES AND REGULATIONS.
DISTRICT JAIL - PUNISHABLE WITH
DURATION OF 6 MONTHS - 1 DAY TO 3 YEARS
DIVERSIFICATION - IT IS AN ADMINISTRATIVE
DEVICE OF CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS
OF PROVIDING VARIED AND FLEXIBLE TYPES
OF PHYSICAL PLANTS FOR THE MORE
EFFECTIVE CUSTODY, SECURITY AND
CONTROL TREATMENT PROGRAMS OF ITS
DIVERSIFICATION POPULATIONS.

DOMETS (FRANCE) - ESTABLISHED
AGRICULTURAL COLONY FOR DELINQUENT
BOYS IN 1839 FOCUS ON RE-EDUCATION.
ONCE DISCHARGED, THE BOYS PLACED
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF A PATRON
ELECTRIC CHAIR IN 1924 - EXECUTION BY
ELECTROCUTION (REFERRED TO AS THE
ELECTRIC CHAIR) IS AN EXECUTION
METHOD ORIGINATING IN THE UNITED
STATES IN WHICH THE PERSON BEING PUT
TO DEATH IS STRAPPED TO A SPECIALLY
BUILT WOODEN CHAIR AND
ELECTROCUTED THROUGH ELECTRODES
PLACED ON THE BODY.
ELMIRA REFORMATORY (1876) = MAIN TOWN TO CONFINE INCORRIGIBLES
ESTABLISHED A LINK BETWEEN THE
COMMUNITY-BASED PROGRAM AND THE
PENAL INSTITUTION. “THE HILL”
FORERUNNER OF MODERN PENOLOGY.
ERGASTULUM - ATTACH TO BENCH &
FORCED TO DO HARD LABOR PERSONNEL
OF IMPRISONMENT.
EXECUTION OF THE TREATMENT PROGRAM -
THE ACTUAL APPLICATION OF THE
TREATMENT PROGRAM DESIGNED FOR THE
PRISONER
FIRST CLASS INMATE – ONE WHOSE
KNOWN CHARACTER AND CREDIT FOR
WORK WHILE STILL IN DETENTION EARNED
CLASSIFICATION TO THIS CLASS, OR ONE
WHO WAS PROMOTED FROM LOWER CLASS
GALLEYS - LONG, LOW, NARROW, SINGLE
DECKED SHIPS PROPELLED BY SAILS,
USUALLY ROWED BY CRIMINALS.
GENERAL SERVICE BRANCH - RESPONSIBLE
FOR THE MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF
JAIL FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT. ITS ALSO
TASK WITH THE CLEANLINESS AND
BEAUTIFICATION OF THE JAIL COMPOUND
HITTITES - THE HITTITES FLOURISHED EVEN
THOUGH PART OF THEIR CODES WAS
DISCOVERED, FEW OF ITS PROVISIONS ARE
DECIPHERED. WHAT WAS OBSERVED IN THE
CODE OF THE HITTITES IS A GREAT
IMPORTANCE OF MORALITY. IT ONLY
SHOWS THAT EVEN DURING THE ANCIENT
TIME, VALUES ARE GREATLY DIFFERENT
FROM ONE GROUP TO OTHER.
HULK (PRISONSHIP)- (ABANDONED AND
UNSUITABLE TRANSPORT SHIPS) = WAS
CONVERTED AS PRISON IN ORDER TO EASE
THE CONGESTION IN PRISON. BUT THIS
RESULTED INTO A MORE DEGRADING LIFE
FOR BOTH PRISONERS AND GUARDS TO
THE POINT THAT THEY CALL IS THE
“FLOATING HELL”.
ILLINOIS, CHICAGO - FIRST JUVENILE COURT
INSTRUMENT OR RESTRAINT - A DEVICE
TOOL OR INSTRUMENT USED TO HOLD
BACK, KEEP IN, CHECK OR CONTROL AN
INMATE SUCH AS HAND CUFFS, LEG IRONS
AND CHAINS.
INSULAR OR NATIONAL PRISONER = THOSE
WHO SENTENCE IS 3YRS AND ONE DAY TO
DEATH OR WHOSE FINE IS MORE THAN SIX
THOUSAND PESOS (P6,000.00), OR BOTH
IWAHIG PRISON AND PENAL FARM -
AMERICANS ESTABLISHED IN NOV. 04, 1904
THE IUHIT PENAL SETTLEMENT (NOW
IWAHIG PRISON AND PENAL FARM) ON A
VAST RESERVATION OF 28,072 HECTARES.
IT WOULD REACH A TOTAL LAND AREA OF
40,000 HECTARES IN THE LATE 1950S. IT
WAS LOCATED ON THE WESTERNMOST
PART OF THE ARCHIPELAGO FAR FROM THE
WITH LITTLE HOPE OF REHABILITATION.
PALAWAN, PUERTO PRINSESA
JAIL - IT IS THE PLACE FOR LOCKING –UP OF
PERSONS WHO ARE CONVICTED OF MINOR
OFFENSES OR FELONIES WHO ARE TO
SERVE A SHORT SENTENCE IMPOSED UPON
THEM BY A COMPETENT COURT, OR FOR
CONFINEMENT OF PERSONS WHO ARE
AWAITING TRIAL OR INVESTIGATION OF
THEIR CASES. INSTITUTIONS FOR
CONFINEMENT OF CONVICTED
OFFENDERS SENTENCED TO
IMPRISONMENT OF THREE (3) YEARS OR
LESS.
JAIL BOOKING 4 COPIES – BJMP CENTRAL
OFFICE, REGIONAL OFFICE, PROVINCIAL
ADMINISTRATION OFFICE, JAIL FILE
JOHN HOWARD (1726-1790) (HIGH SHERIFF
OF BEDFORDSHIRE) - AS A YOUNG MAN HE
TRAVELED TO EUROPE HOPING TO HELP IN
THE RELIEF OF LISBON AFTER THE
DISASTROUS EARTHQUAKE OF 1755. HE
WAS CAPTURED BY THE FRENCH AND WAS
HELD PRISONER FOR TWO MONTHS IN
CONDITIONS OF GREAT BARBARITY. LUCKY
HE WAS RETURNED TO ENGLAND AS
EXCHANGE PRISONER. HAVING BEEN
INFLUENCED BY BECCARIA AND THROUGH
HIS OWN EXPERIENCE HE WROTE A BOOK
ENTITLED “ THE STATE OF THE PRISONS IN
ENGLAND AND WALES” WHICH MAKES HIM
KNOWN AS ONE OF THE GREATEST PRISON
REFORMER.
JUSTINIAN CODE - WRITTEN BY EMPEROR
JUSTINIAN OF ROME IN 6TH CENTURY .A.D.
JUVENILE TRAINING CENTER - BOTH
PROJECTS ARE SUPPORTED BY FUNDS
FROM JAPAN THROUGH THE
REPRESENTATION OF THE
INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMITTEE OF
NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
(NAPOLCOM).
LAW OF THE TALION (LEX TALIONES) OF THE
PRINCIPLE OF “TIT FOR TAT” (“EYE FOR AN
EYE” OR TOOTH FOR A TOOTH”) IS ONE OF
THE PRINCIPLE THAT CAN BE VIEWED FROM
MOST OF THE PROVISIONS OF THE CODE
OF HAMMURABI ESPECIALLY ON SECTIONS
INVOLVING PUNISHMENTS ARE EITHER
DEATH OR MUTILATION.

LAWS OF SOLON - SOLON WAS APPOINTED
ARCHON AND WAS GIVEN LEGISLATIVE
POWERS. SOLON REPEALED ALL THE LAWS
OF THE CODE OF DRAKON, EXCEPT THE
LAW ON HOMICIDE. SOLON WAS ONE OF
THE FIRST TO SEE THAT A LAWGIVER HAD
TO MAKE LAWS THAT APPLIED EQUALLY TO
ALL CITIZENS AND ALSO SAW THAT THE
LAW OF PUNISHMENT HAD TO MAINTAIN
PROPORTIONALITY TO THE CRIMES
COMMITTED
LEYTE REGIONAL PRISON - ABUYOG LEYTE,
ESTABLISHED JANUARY 16, 1973, BY
FERDINAND E. MARCOS
LOCK-UP JAIL - IS A SECURITY FACILITY,
COMMON TO POLICE STATIONS, USED TO
POLICE STATIONS, USED FOR TEMPORARY
CONFINEMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL HELD
FOR INVESTIGATIONS
MAINE STATE PRISON – PRODUCTIVE WORK
OF PRISONER
MAISON DE FORCE - WAS IN BELGIUM, THE
INMATES WERE WHIPPED AND HAD TO
ADHERE TO THE RULE OF SILENCE
MAMERTIME PRISON - EARLY ROMAN PLACE
OF CONFINEMENT WHICH IS BUILT UNDER
THE MAIN SEWER OF ROME IN 64 B.C.
CUSTODY OR SERVICE OF SENTENCE
IMPOSED THEREIN.
MITTIMUS COMPUTING BRANCH - TASKED
TO RECEIVED COURT DECISIONS AND
COMPUTE THE DATE OF THE FULL
COMPLETION OF THE SERVICE OF
SENTENCE OF INMATES
MUNICIPAL JAIL – PUNISHABLE WITH
DURATION OF 1 DAY TO 6 MONTH
NATIONAL CORRECTIONAL
CONSCIOUSNESS WEEK - EVERY LAST
WEEK OF OCTOBER
NEW BILIBID PRISON - ON JANUARY 22,
1941. THE PRISON RESERVATION HAD AN
AREA OF 587 HECTARES, PART OF WHICH
WAS ARABLE. THE PRISON COMPOUND
PROPER HAD AN AREA OF 300 X 300
METERS OR A TOTAL OF NINE HECTARES.
IT WAS SURROUNDED BY THREE LAYERS OF
BARBED WIRE.
OLD BILIBID PRISON 1847 - ON OROQUIETA
STREET IN MANILA. IT WAS FORMALLY
OPENED ON APRIL 10, 1866 BY A ROYAL
DECREE. IT WAS FORMERLY KNOWN AS
“MAYHALIGUE ESTATE, AND INTENTIVELY
FOR BOYS TOWN BUT NOW IT IS
CURRENTLY KNOWN MANILA CITY JAIL.
“(CARCEL Y PRESIDIO CORRECTIONAL)

MARIEL MONTESINOS (MANUEL OPERATION GREYHOUND – CHECK

MONTESINOIR) - (DIRECTOR OF THE BEDDING, LOCKS, PERSONAL BEDDING
PRISONS OF VALENCIA, SPAIN IN 1835) =
DIVIDED PRISONERS INTO COMPANIES AND ORDINARY JAIL - IS THE TYPE OF JAIL
APPOINTED A PRISONERS A PETTY OFFICER COMMONLY USED TO DETAIN A CONVICTED
IN CHARGE. ACADEMIC CLASSES OF ONE CRIMINAL OFFENDER TO SERVE LESS THAN
HOUR A DAY MORE GIVEN ALL INMATES THREE (3) YEARS.
UNDER 20 YEARS OF AGE.
PANCURONIUM BROMIDE – PARALYZE THE
MAXIMUM SECURITY COMPOUND AT NBP MUSCLES
MAIN BUILDING (18 – 25 FEET)
PENAL MANAGEMENT – REFERS TO THE
MEDIUM SECURITY CAMP, 2.5 KILOMETERS MANNER OR PRACTICE OF MANAGING OR
FROM THE MAIN BUILDING. THIS BECAME CONTROLLING PLACES OF CONFINEMENT
KNOWN AS CAMP SAMPAGUITA ALSO AS JAILS OR PRISONS.
WHERE THE RDC LOCATED, “YOUTH
DETENTION CENTER” (12 – 14 FEET) PENALTY DEFINED AS THE SUFFERING
INFLICTED BY THE STATE AGAINST AN
MESS SERVICE BRANCH - TAKE CHARGE OF OFFENDING MEMBER FOR THE
THE PREPARATION OF THE DAILY MENU, TRANSGRESSION OF LAW.
PREPARES, AND COOK THE FOOD AND PENOLOGY – IS THE STUDY OF
SERVE IT TO INMATES. PUNISHMENT OF CRIME OR OF CRIMINAL
OFFENDERS. IT INCLUDES THE STUDY OF
MICHIGAN - FIRST COUNTRY WHO ABOLISH CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF CRIME
DEATH PENALTY THROUGH PUNISHMENT OF CRIMINAL
OFFENDERS.
MINIMUM SECURITY CAMP, AT BUKANG
LIWAYWAY (8 – 12 FEET) PENNSYLVANIA SYSTEM (1829) -
CONFINEMENT OF PRISONERS IN THEIR
MISCONDUCT REPORT – IT CARRIES EVERY OWN CELLS DAY AND NIGHT (ADOPTED BY
VIOLATION OF LAWS OR RULES. EVERY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES). “SOLITARY
CASE SHALL INCLUDE AN INVESTIGATION SYSTEM”
AND HEARD BY THE BOARD
PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT BRANCH -
MITTIMUS - A WARRANT ISSUED BY A COURT ASSIGNMENT OF PERSONNEL,
BEARING ITS SEAL AND THE SIGNATURE OF PROCEDURES OF SELECTION,
THE JUDGE, DIRECTING THE JAIL OR PRISON PREPARATION OF PERSONNEL REPORT
AUTHORITIES TO RECEIVE INMATES FOR AND INDIVIDUAL RECORD FILE
POPE CLEMENT HAS HOSPICE DE SAN
MICHELLE IN ROME. THE PRISONERS WERE
CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR AGE AND
CRIME THEY HAD COMMITTED. THIS PLACED
WAS DESIGNED FOR INCORRIGIBLE
YOUTHS UNDER 20 YEARS OF AGE AND ON
TOP OF THEIR DOORS AN INSCRIPTIONS IS
WRITTEN WHICH READS, – “ IT IS
INSUFFICIENT TO RESTRAIN THE WICKED BY
PUNISHMENT UNLESS YOU RENDER THEM
VIRTUOUS BY CORRECTIVE DISCIPLINE.” AT
NIGHT THEY PRAY AND SLEEP ON SEPARATE
CELLS FOR REPENTANCE BUT AT DAY TIME
WORK IN A LARGE CENTRAL HALL
ISOLATION, SOLITARY WORK IN THE CELLS,
BREAD AND WATER DIET, FLOGGINGS AND
THE BLACK HOLE WERE SOME OF THE
PUNISHMENT,
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE – STOP THE HEART
BEAT
PREGNANT WOMAN - CAN STAY WITHIN ONE
YEAR IF NOWHERE TO PLACE THE BABY, THE
BABY WILL BE GIVEN TO DSWD.
PRE – RELEASE TREATMENT OF OFFENDER
- IT IS A PROGRAM SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED
AND GIVEN TO A PRISONER, DURING A
LIMITED PERIOD, PRIOR TO HIS RELEASE
FROM PRISON, IN ORDER TO GIVE HIM AN
OPPORTUNITY TO ADJUST HIMSELF FROM
THE REGIMENTED GROUP LIFE IN PRISON
TO THE NORMAL, INDEPENDENCY LIFE OF A
FREE INDIVIDUAL
PREVENTIVE DISCIPLINE – IS THE PROMPT
CORRECTION OF MINOR DEVIATIONS
COMMITTED BY PRISONER BEFORE THEY
BECOME SERIOUS VIOLATIONS
PRISON – INSTITUTIONS FOR
CONFINEMENT OF CONVICTED
OFFENDERS SENTENCED TO MORE THAN
THREE (3) YEARS OF IMPRISONMENT.
PRISON DISCIPLINE – IS THE STATE OF
GOOD ORDER AND BEHAVIOR. IT INCLUDES
MAINTENANCE OF GOOD STANDARDS OF
WORKS, SANITATION, SAFETY EDUCATION,
HEALTH AND RECREATION. IT AIMS AT SELF
RELIANCE, SELF CONTROL, RESPECT SELF
DISCIPLINE
PRISONIZATION - THE PROCESS BY WHICH
AN INMATE LEARNS, THROUGH
SOCIALIZATION, THE RULES AND
REGULATIONS OF THE PRISON CULTURE.
PRISON POSTAL SERVICE – SEND OR
RECEIVED MONEY
PROPERTY AND SUPPLY BRANCH - TAKE
CHARGE OF THE SAFEKEEPING OF
EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES AND MATERIAL
NEEDED FOR THE OPERATION OF THE JAIL
PROVINCIAL JAIL - PUNISHABLE WITH
DURATION OF 6 MONTHS - 1 DAY TO 3 YEARS
RE-CLASSIFICATION – THE PROCESS OF
MONITORING THE RESPONSE OF THE
PRISONER TO THE TREATMENT PROGRAM
AND THE CONDUCT OF REVIEW OF
PREVIOUS FINDINGS AS COMPARED TO
NEW INFORMATION CURRENTLY
AVAILABLE.
RECORDS AND STATISTIC BRANCH - KEEP
AND MAINTAIN BOOKING SHEETS AND
ARREST REPORT. KEEP AN ORDERLY
RECORD OF FINGERPRINTS AND
PHOTOGRAPHS
REPRIMAND - LOWEST PENALTY FOR
VIOLATION IN PRISON
SABLAYAN PENAL COLONY AND FARM -
OCCIDENTAL MINDORO
SAN RAMON PRISON AND PENAL FARM - ON
AUGUST 21, 1870, WAS ESTABLISHED TO
CONFINE MUSLIM REBELS AND
INTRACTABLE POLITICAL PRISONERS
OPPOSED TO THE SPANISH RULE. THE
FACILITY, WHICH FACED THE JOLO SEA,
HAD SPANISH-INSPIRED DORMITORIES AND
WAS ORIGINALLY SET ON A 1,414-HECTARE
SPRAWLING ESTATE.
SECOND CLASS INMATE – NEWLY ARRIVED
INMATES COMMITTED FOR THE FIRST TIME,
OR DEMOTED FROM HIGHER CLASS OR
PROMOTED FROM LOWER CLASS
SECURITY – IT INVOLVES SAFETY
MEASURES TO MAINTAIN THE ORDERLINESS
AND DISCIPLINE WITH IN THE JAIL OR
PRISON.
SENTENCED PRISONER = THOSE
CONVICTED BY FINAL JUDGMENT
SIR EVELYN RUGGLES BRISE (ENGLAND) -
DIRECTOR OF ENGLISH PRISON, AFTER
VISITING ELMIRA REFORMATORY, OPENED A
BORSTAL INSTITUTION NEAR ROACHED, IN
KENT WHICH WAS CONSIDERED AS THE
BEST REFORM INSTITUTIONS FOR YOUNG
OFFENDERS
SODIUM THIOPENTAL – PUT CONVICT TO
SLEEP.
SPECIAL ALLOWANCE FOR LOYALTY - IT IS A
DEDUCTION OF 1/5 OF THE PERIOD OF
SENTENCE TO ANY PRISONER WHO, HAVING
EVADED THE SERVICE OF HIS SENTENCE
UNDER THE CIRCUMSTANCES IN ART. 158
RPC GIVES HIMSELF UP TO THE AUTHORITY
WITHIN 48 HOURS FOLLOWING THE
ISSUANCE OF A PROCLAMATION
ANNOUNCING THE PASSING AWAY OF THE
CALAMITY BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE
PHILIPPINES
ST. MICHAEL PRISON – FOR YOUTHFUL
OFFENDER
THIRD CLASS INMATE – THOSE WHO HAVE
BEEN PREVIOUSLY COMMITTED AS A
SENTENCED PRISONER FOR THREE TIMES
OR MORE EXCEPT CASES INVOLVING
NONPAYMENT OF FINES, OR THOSE WHOSE
CLASSIFICATION WERE REDUCED FROM
HIGHER CLASS
TREATMENT PLANNING – INVOLVES THE
FORMULATION OF A TENTATIVE
TREATMENT PROGRAM BEST SUITED TO
THE NEEDS OF THE INDIVIDUAL PRISONER,
BASED ON THE FINDINGS
TWELVE TABLES (XII TABULAE) - ALEXANDER MOCHANOCHIE (ENGLAND) -
REPRESENTED THE EARLIEST
CODIFICATION OF ROMAN LAW
INCORPORATED INTO THE JUSTINIAN
CODE.
UNDERGROUND CISTERN - DETAINED
PRISONER – STARVED TO DEATH.
VOLTAIRE - HE WAS THE MOST VERSATILE
OF ALL PHILOSOPHERS DURING THIS
PERIOD. “HE BELIEVE THAT FEAR OF SHAME
WAS A DETERRENT TO CRIME” HE FOUGHT
FOR LEGALITY SANCTIONED OF TORTURE.
WALNUT STREET JAIL - FIRST AMERICAN
PENITENTIARY
WILLIAM PENNS -“THE GREAT LAW” OF THE
PENNSYLVANIA TUAKERS, PROVIDING
MORE HUMAN TREATMENT OF OFFENDER.
HE IS ALSO RESPONSIBLE TO THE
ABOLITION OF DEATH PENALTY.
WORK HOUSE OR JAIL CAMP - A FACILITY
THAT HOUSES MINIMUM CUSTODY
OFFENDERS WHO ARE SERVING SHORT
SENTENCE OR THOSE WHO ARE
UNDERGOING CONSTRUCTIVE WORK
PROGRAM. IT PROVIDES FULL EMPLOYMENT
OF PRISONERS, REMEDIAL SERVICES AND
CONSTRUCTIVE LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES
NON –
INSTITUTIONAL
CORRECTION
ABSCONDING PETITIONER – A CONVICTED
DEFENDANT WHOSE APPLICATION FOR
PROBATION HAS BEEN GIVEN DUE COURSE
BY THE COURT BUT FAILS TO REPORT TO
THE PROBATION OFFICE OR HIS LOCATION
IS UNKNOWN AND CANNOT LOCATED W/
REASONABLE TIME
ABSCONDING PROBATIONER – A PERSON
WHOSE PROBATION WAS GRANTED BUT
FAILED TO REPORT FOR SUPERVISION
WITHIN THE PERIOD ORDERED BY THE
COURT OR HIS LOCATION IS UNKNOWN.
ACT 4103 - OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE
“INDETERMINATE SENTENCE LAW”, TOOK
EFFECT ON DECEMBER 5, 1933.
ACT NO. 4221 OF THE PHIL. ASSEMBLY
(PROBATION ACT) - ESTABLISHED AN ADULT
PROBATION LAW BUT WAS ABOLISHED IN
1937 AFTER TWO (2) YEARS OF EXISTENCE
ON THE GROUND OF
UNCONSTITUTIONALITY IN THE CASE OF
PEOPLE VS. VERA, 37 O.G. 164.
SUPT OF NORFOLK ISLAND PENAL COLONY
IN AUSTRALIA INTRODUCED THE MARK
SYSTEM (PROGRESSIVE HUMAN SYSTEM) TO
SUBSTITUTE FOR CORPORAL PUNISHMENT.
AMNESTY (WITH CONCURRENCE OF THE
CONGRESS) - IT IS AN ACT OF THE
SOVEREIGN POWER GRANTING OBLIVION
GENERAL PARDON FOR A PAST OFFENSE
USUALLY GRANTED IN FAVOR OF CERTAIN
CLASSES OF PERSONS WHO HAVE
COMMITTED CRIMES OF A POLITICAL
CHARACTER, SUCH AS TREASON, SEDITION,
REBELLION
BOARD OF PARDONS AND PAROLE (BPP) -
HEADED BY CHAIRMAN (SECRETARY OF
JUSTICE). IS RESPONSIBLE FOR GRANT OF
PAROLE AND RECOMMENDING
COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 3203 -TOOK
EFFECT ON DECEMBER 3, 1924 =1ST
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY LAW OF THE
LAND.
COMMUTATION OF SENTENCE –
REDUCTION, REDUCING, LESSENING,
LOWERING, MITIGATING OR DEDUCTION OF
THE SENTENCE. IT IS AN EXECUTIVE
CLEMENCY THAT CHANGES A HEAVIER
SENTENCE TO A LESS SERIOUS ONE, OR A
LONGER PRISON TERM TO A SHORTER
PERIOD.
CONDITIONAL PARDON - SERVES THE
PURPOSE OF RELEASING A PRISONER WHO
IS ALREADY REFORMED OR REHABILITATED
BUT WHO CANNOT BE PAROLED BECAUSE
THE PAROLE LAW DOES NOT APPLY TO HIM.
THUS A PRISONER SERVING A DETERMINATE
SENTENCE OR LIFE IMPRISONMENT IS
EXCLUDED FROM THE BENEFITS OF THE
PAROLE LAW. HOWEVER REFORMED HE
MAY BE GIVEN CONDITIONAL PARDON.
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE AND
DEVELOPMENT (DSWD) - HEADED BY
SECRETARY. RENDERS SERVICES FOR
CHILDREN IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAW
(CICL)
DR. S.G. HOWE OF BOSTON -FIRST MAN TO
USE THE WORD “PAROLE”. HE USED THE
WORD IN A LETTER TO THE PRISON
ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK IN 1869,
AFTER SOME AMERICAN PRISON REFORMS
WHO OBSERVED THAT THE IRISH PRISON
SYSTEM PAVED THE WAY FOR THE
APPROVAL OF THE LAW --- CREATING ELMIRA
REFORMATORY.
EDWARD N. SAVAGE - EX- CHIEF OF POLICE
OF BOSTON WHO BECAME THE FIRST
PROBATION OFFICER EMPLOYED BY THE
GOVERNMENT.
ELMIRA REFORMATORY (1876) - PROBATION OFFICERS- ONE WHO
FORERUNNER OF MODERN PENOLOGY, INVESTIGATES FOR THE COURT
ESTABLISHED A LINK BETWEEN THE
COMMUNITY-BASED PROGRAM AND THE PROBATIONER- A PERSON PLACE ON
PENAL INSTITUTION. PROBATION.

ENGLAND - IT IS WHERE PROBATION REPRIEVE - TEMPORARY SUSPENSION OF

STARTED IN A FORM OF SUSPENDING
JUDGMENT AND RELEASING OFFENDER ON
HIS OWN RECOGNIZANCE (ROR) WITH THE
PROMISE NOT TO COMMIT ANY MORE
CRIME.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 83, SERIES OF 1937 -
GAVE THE “BOARD” THE AUTHORITY TO
ADVICE THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE ON THE
COURSE/S OF ACTION TO TAKE ON
PETITIONS FOR EXECUTIVE CLEMENCIES.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 94 - ALSO KNOWN AS
THE “REORGANIZATION LAW OF 1947”
WHICH ABOLISHED THE BOARD OF
PARDONS AND CREATED THE BOARD OF
PARDONS AND PAROLE
NON – INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS –
TAKE CHARGE OF CORRECTING OFFENDER
THROUGH COMMUNITY BASED – PROGRAM
SUCH AS PROBATION, SUSPENDED
SENTENCE FOR FIRST TIME MINOR
OFFENDERS, PAROLE AND CONDITIONAL
PARDON.
THE EXECUTION OF SENTENCE (USUALLY
EXTENDED TO DEATH PENALTY
PRISONERS). THIS WORD SIMPLY MEANS
“TO MAKE BACK” OR THE WITHDRAWING OF
THE SENTENCE FOR AN INTERVAL OF TIME.
IT IS THE TEMPORARY STAY IF THE
EXECUTION OF SENTENCE EXERCISED BY
THE PRESIDENT
REPUBLIC ACT 9344- THE JUVENILE
JUSTICE WELFARE ACT OF MAY 2006
AMENDING P.D. 603.
SIR WALTER CROFTON - (CHAIRMAN OF THE
DIRECTORS OF IRISH PRISONS- 1856) -
INTRODUCED THE IRISH SYSTEM
UNITED STATES- PROBATION WAS
PRACTICED BY JOHN AUGUSTUS (BOSTON
SHOEMAKER) IN 1841 ALTHOUGH THE FIRST
PROBATION LAW WAS PASSED IN
MASSACHUSETTS 1878 BUT WAS WIDELY
USED ONLY UPON THE PASSAGE OF THE
FIRST JUVENILE COURT LAW OF COOK
COUNTRY IN CHICAGO IN 1899.

PARDON (ABSOLUTE/CONDITIONAL) - IT IS A ZEBULON R. BROCKWAY AS

FORM OF EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY WHICH IS SUPERINTENDENT = USING INTERMEDIATE
EXERCISED BY CHIEF EXECUTIVE. IT IS AN SENTENCE COMPULSORY DEVELOPS
ACT OF GRACE AND THE RECIPIENT IS NOT PAROLE WHICH SOON SPREAD TO OTHER
ENTITLED TO IT AS A MATTER OF RIGHT. IT IS STATES IN U.S.A. FATHER OF PRISON
DISCRETIONARY AND NOT SUBJECT TO REFORM IN U.S
REVIEW BY THE JUDICIARY.

PAROLE - A METHOD BY WHICH A PRISONER

WHO HAS SERVED A PORTION OF HIS
SENTENCE IS CONDITIONALLY RELEASED
BUT REMAINS IN LEGAL CUSTODY, THE
CONDITION BEING THAT IN CASE OF
LEGAL
MISBEHAVIOR, HE SHALL BE IMPRISONED.
PAROLE AND PROBATION ADMINISTRATION
(PPA) - HEADED BY ADMINISTRATOR.
PHRASES
HANDLES THE INVESTIGATION PETITIONERS
FOR PROBATION & SUPERVISION
PROBATIONER, PAROLEES,
OF
AND
AND ITS
CONDITIONAL PARDONEES.

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 603 - “THE CHILD

MEANING
AND YOUTH WELFARE CODE” WHICH
PROVIDES FOR YOUTH PROBATION LAW TERM OR LITERAL DEFINITION
THAT WAS SIGNED ON DECEMBER 10, 1974 PHRASE TRANSLATIO AND USE
AND TOOK EFFECT JUNE 10, 1975. N
(IN) ARGU FOR THE
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 968- ENDO SAKE OF
REESTABLISHED THE ADULT PROBATION ARGUMENT
LAW WHICH WAS SIGNED BY PRES.
FERDINAND MARCOS ON JULY 24, 1976. A FROM AN A
“PROBATION LAW OF 1976” FORTIOR STRONGER FORTIORI ARG
I UMENT IS AN
PROBATION - IS A DISPOSITION UNDER ARGUMENT
WHICH A DEFENDANT, AFTER CONVICTION FROM A
AND SENTENCE, IS RELEASED SUBJECT TO STRONGER
CONDITIONS IMPOSED BY THE COURT AND REASON,
TO THE SUPERVISION OF A PROBATION MEANING THAT
OFFICER. BECAUSE ONE
FACT IS TRUE,
 THAT A ACTUS GUILTY ACT PART OF WHAT
SECOND REUS PROVES
RELATED AND CRIMINAL
INCLUDED LIABILITY.
FACT MUST
ALSO BE TRUE. AD TO THE SKY THE PRINCIPLE
COELUM THAT THE
A MENSA FROM TABLE OWNER OF A
ET AND BED PARCEL OF
THORO LAND ALSO
OWNS THE AIR
A FROM LATER AN ARGUMENT ABOVE AND
POSTERI DERIVED FROM THE GROUND
ORI SUBSEQUENT BELOW THE
EVENT. PARCEL.

A PRIORI FROM AN ARGUMENT AD TO COLLECT

EARLIER DERIVED FROM COLLIGE THE GOODS
PREVIOUS NDA
EVENT. BONA

A QUO FROM WHICH REGARDING A AD HOC FOR THIS GENERALLY

COURT BELOW SIGNIFIES A
IN AN APPEAL, SOLUTION
EITHER A DESIGNED FOR
COURT OF A SPECIFIC
FIRST PROBLEM OR
INSTANCE OR TASK, NON-
AN APPELLATE GENERALIZABL
COURT, E, AND NOT
KNOWN AS THE INTENDED TO
COURT A QUO. BE ABLE TO BE
ADAPTED TO
AB FROM CONCERNING OTHER
EXTRA OUTSIDE A CASE, A PURPOSES.
PERSON MAY
HAVE AD AT THE ATTACKING AN
RECEIVED HOMINE PERSON OPPONENT'S
SOME M CHARACTER
FUNDING RATHER THAN
FROM A 3RD ANSWERING
PARTY. HIS
THIS FUNDING ARGUMENT.
MAY HAVE
BEEN AD IDEM TO THE SAME IN
CONSIDERED A THING AGREEMENT.
B EXTRA.
AD TO INFINITY TO CONTINUE
AB INITIO FROM THE COMMONLY INFINITU FOREVER.
BEGINNING USED M
REFERRING TO AD LITEM FOR THE DESCRIBES
THE TIME A CASE THOSE
CONTRACT, DESIGNATED
STATUTE, TO REPRESENT
MARRIAGE, OR PARTIES
DEED BECOME DEEMED
LEGAL. INCAPABLE OF
REPRESENTIN
ABSQUE WITHOUT PRESENTING G
HOC THIS THE NEGATIVE THEMSELVES,
PORTION OF A SUCH AS A
PLEA WHEN CHILD OR
PLEADING AT INCAPACITATE
COMMON BY D ADULT.
WAY A SPECIAL
TRAVERSE. AD ACCORDING USED IN TORT
QUOD TO THE HARM LAW. IMPLIES
ACTORI ON THE THE BURDEN DAMNUM THAT THE
INCUMBI PLAINTIFF OF PROOF REWARD OR
T ONUS RESTS THE FALLS TO THE PENALTY
PROBATI PROVING PLAINTIFF, OUGHT TO
O CLAIMANT, OR CORRESPOND
PETITIONER TO THE
ACCORDING DAMAGE
TO ROMAN SUFFERED OR
LAW. INFLICTED.
 AD ACCORDING BY HABIT GO
VALORE TO VALUE 'HOME' TO
M THEIR
ADJOUR ADJOURNME WHEN AN POSSESSOR.
NMENT NT WITHOUT ASSEMBLY USED WHEN
SINE DIE A DAY ADJOURNS DISCUSSING F
WITHOUT ERAE
SETTING A NATURAE."
DATE FOR ITS
NEXT MEETING. ANTE BEFORE

AFFIDAVI HE HAS A FORMAL AUDI HEAR THE REFERS TO

T SWORN STATEMENT OF ALTERA OTHER SIDE THE IDEA THAT
FACT. M ONE CANNOT
PARTEM BE FAIRLY
ALTER ANOTHER A SECOND JUDGED
EGO IDENTITY UNLESS THE
LIVING WITHIN CASES FOR
A PERSON. AND AGAINST
THEM HAVE
AMICUS FRIEND OF A PERSON BEEN HEARD.
CURIAE THE COURT WHO OFFERS
INFORMATION BONA IN GOOD IMPLIES
TO A COURT FIDE FAITH SINCERE
REGARDING A GOOD
CASE BEFORE INTENTION
IT. REGARDLESS
OF OUTCOME.
AMONG WITHIN THE USED IN
OTHERS LAW. VARIOUS BONA OWNERLESS
CONTEXTS TO VACANTI GOODS
REFER TO THE A
LEGAL CADIT THE INDICATES
FOUNDATION QUAESTI QUESTION THAT A
FOR A THING. O FALLS SETTLEMENT
TO A DISPUTE
ANIMUS CONTRACTUA INTENTION TO OR ISSUE HAS
CONTRA L INTENT CONTRACT. BEEN
HENDI REACHED, AND
THE ISSUE IS
ANIMUS INTENTION THE NOW
NOCEND TO HARM SUBJECTIVE RESOLVED.
I STATE OF MIND
OF THE CASUS CASE OF WAR THE
AUTHOR OF A BELLI JUSTIFICATION
CRIME, WITH FOR ACTS OF
REFERENCE WAR.
TO THE EXACT
KNOWLEDGE CASUS FORTUITOUS FORCE
OF ILLEGAL FORTUIT EVENT MAJEURE,
CONTENT OF US SPECIFICALLY
HIS A MAN-MADE
BEHAVIOUR, INEVITABLE
AND OF ITS ACCIDENT
POSSIBLE
CONSEQUENC CAVEAT MAY HE WHEN USED BY
ES. BEWARE ITSELF,
REFERS TO A
ANIMUS INTENTION "IN ORDER TO QUALIFICATIO
POSSIDE TO POSSESS CLAIM N, OR
NDI POSSESSORY WARNING.
RIGHTS, AN
INDIVIDUAL CAVEAT LET THE IN ADDITION TO
MUST EMPTOR BUYER THE GENERAL
ESTABLISH BEWARE WARNING,
PHYSICAL ALSO REFERS
CONTROL OF TO A LEGAL
THE RES AND DOCTRINE
THE INTENTION WHEREIN A
TO POSSESS BUYER COULD
NOT GET
ANIMUS INTENTION "WILD RELIEF FROM A
REVERTE TO RETURN ANIMALS, SELLER FOR
NDI SUCH AS BEES DEFECTS
AND HOMING PRESENT ON
PIGEONS, THAT PROPERTY
 WHICH
RENDERED IT CONSEN CONSENSUS STIPULATES
UNFIT FOR SUS MAKES THE THAT WHEN
USE. FACIT LAW TWO OR MORE
LEGEM PERSONS
CERTIOR TO BE A TYPE ARRIVE AT A
ARI APPRISED OF WRIT SEEKI GOOD FAITH
NG JUDICIAL AGREEMENT,
REVIEW. THE LAW WILL
INSIST ON
CETERIS WITH OTHER MORE THAT
PARIBUS THINGS THE COMMONLY AGREEMENT
SAME RENDERED IN BEING
ENGLISH AS CARRIED OUT.
"ALL OTHER
THINGS BEING CONSUE CUSTOM IS WHERE NO
EQUAL." TUDO HELD AS LAW LAWS APPLY
COGITAT NOBODY PRO TO A GIVEN
IONIS SUFFERS LEGE SITUATION,
POENAM PUNISHMENT SERVATU THE CUSTOMS
NEMO FOR MERE R OF THE PLACE
PATITUR INTENT AND TIME WILL
HAVE THE
COMMU COMMUNITY THE FORCE OF
NIO OF PROPERTY AGGREGATE LAW.
BONORU OF MARITAL
M PROPERTY CONTRA AGAINST USED IN CASE
UNDER CITATIONS TO
A COMMUNITY INDICATE THAT
PROPERTY MAT THE CITED
RIMONIAL SOURCE
REGIME. DIRECTLY
CONTRADICTS
COMPEN BALANCE OF DELAY IN THE POINT
SATIO DELAY PAYMENT OR BEING MADE.
MORAE PERFORMANC
E ON THE PART CONTRA AGAINST CONTRACTS
OF BOTH THE BONOS GOOD SO MADE ARE
DEBTOR AND MORES MORALS GENERALLY
THE CREDITOR. ILLEGAL AND
UNENFORCEA
COMPOS HAVING OF SOUND BLE.
MENTIS COMMAND MIND. ALSO
OF MIND USED IN THE CONTRA AGAINST THE USED WHEN A
NEGATIVE LEGEM LAW COURT OR
"NON COMPOS TRIBUNAL
MENTIS", HANDS DOWN
MEANING "NOT A DECISION
OF SOUND THAT IS
MIND". CONTRARY TO
THE LAWS OF
CONDICI A CONDITION AN THE
O SINE WITHOUT INDISPENSABL GOVERNING
QUA WHICH IT E AND STATE.
NON COULD NOT ESSENTIAL
BE ACTION, CONTRA AGAINST THE USED
CONDITION, PROFER ONE IN CONTRACT
OR ENTEM BRINGING LAW TO
INGREDIENT. FORTH STIPULATE
THAT AN
CONSEN AGREEMENT MEETING OF AMBIGUOUS
SUS AD TO THE SAME THE MINDS, TERM IN A
IDEM MUTUAL CONTRACT
ASSENT, OR SHALL BE
CONCURRENC INTERPRETED
E OF WILLS. AGAINST THE
PARTIES MUST INTERESTS OF
BE OF ONE THE PARTY
MIND AND THAT INSISTED
THEIR UPON THE
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IN FOR THE JOINTLY AND INTER AMONG USED TO

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 CF. ULTRA
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THEMSELVES OBLIGATIONS IUDEX THE JUDGE A PRINCIPLE
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FAUCES JAWS OF THE REFERS TO A JURA THE COURT CONCEPT
TERRAE LAND NATION'S TERR NOVIT KNOWS THE THAT PARTIES
ITORIAL CURIA LAW. TO A CASE DO
WATERS. NOT NEED TO
DEFINE HOW
INTRA WITHIN THE SOMETHING THE LAW
VIRES POWERS DONE WHICH APPLIES TO
REQUIRES THEIR CASE.
LEGAL THE COURT IS
AUTHORITY, SOLELY
AND THE ACT IS RESPONSIBLE
PERFORMED FOR
ACCORDINGLY. DETERMINING
 WHAT LAWS PROPORTIONA
APPLY. TELY TO A
BENEFIT THAT
JURAT (HE) SWEARS APPEARS AT ANOTHER
THE END OF BENEFICIARY
AN AFFIDAVIT, IN THE SAME
WHERE THE WILL CANNOT
PARTY MAKING OR DOES NOT
THE WANT TO TAKE.
AFFIRMATION
SIGNS THE JUS AD LAWS TO REFERS TO
OATH, AND THE BELLUM WAR LEGALITIES
INFORMATION CONSIDERED
ON WHOM THE BEFORE
OATH WAS ENTERING
SWORN INTO A WAR, TO
BEFORE IS ENSURE IT IS
PLACED. LEGAL TO GO
TO WAR
JURIS ET OF LAW, AND IRREBUTTABLE INITIALLY. NOT
DE JURE FROM LAW OR CONCLUSI TO BE
VE CONFUSED
PRESUMPTION WITH IUS IN
S OF LAW. ONE BELLO (Q.V.),
CANNOT THE
ARGUE "LAWS OF WAR
AGAINST, OR " CONCERNING
TRY TO HOW WAR IS
OTHERWISE CARRIED OUT.
REFUTE THESE.
JUS CIVIL LAW A CODIFIED
JUS LAW, RIGHT ESSENTIALLY: CIVILE SET OF LAWS
LAW. CONCERNING
CITIZENRY,
JUS RIGHT OF (1) RIGHT OF AND HOW THE
ACCRES SURVIVORSHI SURVIVORSHIP LAWS APPLY
CENDI P; RIGHT OF : IN PROPERTY TO THEM.
ACCRUAL LAW, ON THE
DEATH OF ONE JUS COMPELLING INTERNATIONA
JOINT TENANT, COGENS LAW LLY AGREED
THAT LAWS THAT
TENANT'S BEAR NO
INTEREST DEVIATION,
PASSES AND DO NOT
AUTOMATICAL REQUIRE
LY TO THE TREATIES TO
SURVIVING BE IN EFFECT.
TENANT(S) TO AN EXAMPLE IS
HOLD JOINTLY LAW
UNTIL THE PROHIBITING G
ESTATE IS ENOCIDE.
HELD BY A
SOLE TENANT. JUS COMMON NOT ACTUALLY
THE ONLY WAY COMMU LAW REFERRING
TO DEFEAT NE TO COMMON
THE RIGHT OF LAW, THIS
SURVIVORSHIP TERM REFERS
IS TO SEVER TO COMMON
THE JOINT DOCTRINE AND
TENANCY PRINCIPLES
DURING THE OF CIVIL
LIFETIME OF LAW THAT
THE PARTIES, UNDERLIE ALL
THE RIGHT OF ASPECTS OF
SURVIVORSHO THE LEGAL
P TAKES SYSTEM.
PRIORITY OVER
A WILL OR JUS LAW OF CUSTOMARY
INTERSTATE GENTIUM NATIONS LAW FOLLOWE
ACCESSION D BY ALL
RULES. (2) NATIONS.
(CIVIL LAW) NATIONS
RIGHT OF BEING AT
ACCRUAL: PEACE WITH
RIGHT OF THE ONE ANOTHER,
BENEFICIARY WITHOUT
TO SUCCEED HAVING TO
 HAVE AN BY PLACE OF
ACTUAL PEACE BIRTH.
TREATY IN
FORCE, JUS LAW OF THE ARGUMENTS
WOULD BE AN TERTII THIRD MADE BY A
EXAMPLE OF THIRD PARTY IN
THIS DISPUTES
CONCEPT. OVER
POSSESSION,
JUS IN LAW IN WAR LAWS THE INTENT OF
BELLO GOVERNING WHICH IS TO
THE CONDUCT QUESTION
OF PARTIES IN ONE OF THE
WAR. PRINCIPAL
PARTIES'
JUS LAW LAWS CLAIMS OF
INTER BETWEEN GOVERNING OWNERSHIP
GENTES THE PEOPLES TREATIES AND OR RIGHTS TO
INTERNATIONA OWNERSHIP.
L
AGREEMENTS. LACUNA VOID, GAP A SITUATION
E ARISING THAT
JUS NATURAL LAWS IS NOT
NATURA LAW COMMON TO COVERED BY
LE ALL PEOPLE ANY LAW.
THAT THE GENERALLY
AVERAGE USED IN
PERSON INTERNATIONA
WOULD FIND L LAW, AS ALL
REASONABLE, COUNTRIES
REGARDLESS CODIFY
OF THEIR ACCORDING
NATIONALITY. TO THEIR OWN
SYSTEMS OF
JUS RIGHT OF THE SUPPOSED LAW.
PRIMAE FIRST NIGHT RIGHT OF THE
NOCTIS LORD OF AN LEGES THE LAWS OF ILLUSTRATES
ESTATE TO HUMANA MAN ARE THAT LAWS
TAKE THE E BORN, LIVE, ARE MADE, ARE
VIRGINITY OF NASCUN AND DIE. IN FORCE FOR
WOMEN IN HIS TUR, A PERIOD, AND
ESTATE ON VIVUNT, THEN BECOME
THEIR MORIUNT OBSOLETE.
WEDDING UR
NIGHT. LEX FORFEITURE
COMMIS CLAUSE FOR
JUS RIGHT TO RIGHT OF SORIA NONPERFORM
QUAESIT THIRD-PARTY A THIRD-PARTY ANCE OF A
UM RELIEF BENEFICIARY T CONTRACT,
TERTIO O SUE IN ESPECIALLY (1)
ORDER TO A PROVISION
ENFORCE A THAT A PLEDGE
THIRD-PARTY SHALL BE
CONTRACT FORFEITED IF A
(I.E., THE LOAN IS
OPPOSITE DEFAULTED,
OF PRIVITY OF OR (2) A
CONTRACT). CONDITION
THAT MONEY
JUS RIGHT OF SOCIAL LAW PAID ON A
SANGUIN BLOOD CONCEPT CONTRACT OF
IS WHEREIN SALE SHALL BE
CITIZENSHIP FORFEITED
OF A NATION IS AND THE SALE
DETERMINED RESCINDED IF
BY HAVING ONE OUTSTANDING
OR BOTH PAYMENTS ARE
PARENTS DEFAULTED.
BEING ALSO KNOWN
CITIZENS. AS A PACTUM
COMMISSORIU
JUS SOLI RIGHT OF SOCIAL LAW M.
SOIL CONCEPT
WHEREIN LEX COMMON ALTERNATE
CITIZENSHIP COMMU LAW FORM OF JUS
OF A NATION IS NIS COMMUNE.
DETERMINED REFERS TO
 COMMON PROPOSED
FACETS OF LAW.
CIVIL LAW
THAT LINGUA THE A LANGUAGE
UNDERLIE ALL FRANCA FRANKISH COMMON TO
ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE AN AREA THAT
THE LAW. IS SPOKEN BY
ALL, EVEN IF
LEX LATA THE LAW THE LAW AS IT NOT THEIR
BORNE HAS BEEN MOTHER
ENACTED. TONGUE. TERM
DERIVES FROM
LEX LOCI THE LAW OF THE LAW OF THE NAME
THE PLACE THE COUNTRY, GIVEN TO A
STATE, OR COMMON
LOCALITY LANGUAGE US
WHERE THE ED BY
MATTER TRADERS IN
UNDER THE
LITIGATION MEDITERRANE
TOOK PLACE. AN BASIN
USUALLY USED DATING FROM
IN CONTRACT THE MIDDLE
LAW, TO AGES.
DETERMINE
WHICH LAWS LIS ALIBI LAWSUIT REFERS TO
GOVERN THE PENDEN ELSEWHERE REQUESTING A
CONTRACT. S PENDING LEGAL
DISPUTE BE
LEX LATER LAW MORE RECENT HEARD THAT IS
POSTERI REMOVES LAW ALSO BEING
OR THE EARLIER. OVERRULES HEARD BY
DEROGA OLDER ONES ANOTHER
T PRIORI ON THE SAME COURT. TO
MATTER. AVOID
POSSIBLY
LEX THE LAW A LAW CANNOT CONTRADICTO
RETRO DOES NOT MAKE RY
NON OPERATE SOMETHING JUDGEMENTS,
AGIT RETROACTIVE ILLEGAL THAT THIS REQUEST
LY. WAS LEGAL AT WILL NOT BE
THE TIME IT GRANTED.
WAS
PERFORMED. LIS SUIT PENDING OFTEN USED IN
SEE EX POST PENDEN THE CONTEXT
FACTO LAW. S OF PUBLIC
ANNOUNCEME
LEX WRITTEN LAW LAW THAT NTS OF LEGAL
SCRIPTA SPECIFICALLY PROCEEDINGS
CODIFIES TO COME.
SOMETHING, COMPARE PEN
AS OPPOSED DENTE
TO COMMON LITE (BELOW).
LAW OR CUST
OMARY LAW. LOCUS PLACE

LEX SPECIFIC WHERE LOCUS PLACE OF SHORTHAND

SPECIALI LAW TAKES SEVERAL LAWS DELICTI THE CRIME VERSION
S AWAY FROM APPLY TO THE OF LEX LOCUS
DEROGA THE GENERAL SAME DELCTI
T LEGI LAW. SITUATION, COMMISSI. THE
GENERA THE MORE "SCENE OF
LI SPECIFIC THE CRIME".
ONE(S) TAKE
PRECEDENCE LOCUS THE PLACE IN THE LOCATION
OVER MORE IN QUO WHICH WHERE A
GENERAL CAUSE OF
ONES. ACTION
AROSE.
LIBERUM FREE VETO AN ASPECT OF
VETO A UNANIMOUS LOCUS PLACE OF WHEN ONE
VOTING SYSTE POENITE REPENTANCE PARTY
M, WHEREBY NTIAE WITHDRAWS
ANY MEMBER FROM A
CAN END CONTRACT
DISCUSSION BEFORE ALL
ON A
 PARTIES ARE PERMITTED, OR
BOUND. IS TIGHTLY
REGULATED.
LOCUS PLACE OF THE RIGHT OF A
STANDI STANDING PARTY TO MARE OPEN SEA A BODY OF
APPEAR AND LIBERUM WATER OPEN
BE HEARD TO ALL.
BEFORE A TYPICALLY A
COURT. SYNONYM FOR
INTERNATIONA
MALA (IN) BAD FAITH A CONDITION L WATERS, OR
FIDE OF BEING IN OTHER
FRAUDULENT LEGAL
OR DECEPTIVE PARLANCE,
IN ACT OR THE "HIGH
BELIEF. SEAS".

MALEFIC EVIL ACTS EVIL ACTS ARE MENS GUILTY MIND ONE OF THE
IA ARE DISTINGUISHE REA REQUIREMENT
PROPOSI DISTINGUISH D FROM EVIL S FOR A CRIME
TIS ED FROM PURPOSES TO BE
DISTING (EVIL) CRIMES ARE COMMITTED,
UUNTUR PURPOSES/C DISTINGUISHE THE OTHER
RIMES ARE D BY THE BEING ACTUS
DISTINGUISH INTENTION REUS, THE
ED BY EVIL GUILT ACT.
INTENT. THIS
MALUM WRONG IN SOMETHING ESSENTIALLY
IN SE ITSELF CONSIDERED A IS THE BASIS
UNIVERSAL FOR THE
WRONG OR NOTION THAT
EVIL, THOSE
REGARDLESS WITHOUT
OF THE SUFFICIENT
SYSTEM OF MENTAL
LAWS IN CAPABILITY
EFFECT. CANNOT BE
JUDGED
MALUM PROHIBITED SOMETHING GUILTY OF A
PROHIBI WRONG WRONG OR CRIME.
TUM ILLEGAL BY
VIRTUE OF IT MODUS MANNER OF A PERSON'S
BEING OPERAN OPERATION PARTICULAR
EXPRESSLY DI WAY OF DOING
PROHIBITED, THINGS. USED
THAT MIGHT WHEN
NOT USING BEHAVI
OTHERWISE BE ORAL
SO. ANALYSIS WHI
LE
MANDAM WE A WRIT ISSUE INVESTIGATING
US COMMAND BY A HIGHER A CRIME.
COURT TO A OFTEN
LOWER ONE, ABBREVIATED
ORDERING "M.O."
THAT COURT
OR RELATED MORA DELAY OF DELAY IN
OFFICIALS TO ACCIPIE CREDITOR PAYMENT OR
PERFORM NDI PERFORMANC
SOME E IN THE PART
ADMINISTRATIV OF THE
E DUTY. OFTEN CREDITOR OR
USED IN THE OBLIGOR.
CONTEXT OF
LEGAL MORA DELAY OF DELAY IN
OVERSIGHT OF SOLVEN DEBTOR PAYMENT OR
GOVERNMENT DI PERFORMANC
AGENCIES. E IN THE PART
OF THE
MARE CLOSED SEA A BODY OF DEBTOR OR
CLAUSU WATER UNDER THE OBLIGEE.
M THE
JURISDICTION MORTIS IN GIFT OR TRUST
OF A STATE OR CAUSA CONTEMPLAT THAT IS MADE
NATION, TO ION OF IN
WHICH DEATH CONTEMPLATI
ACCESS IS NOT ON OF DEATH.
 M INVOKES HIS FROM THEIR
MOS CUSTOM FOR THAT WHICH IS TURPITU OWN GUILT. OWN ILLEGAL
PRO LAW THE USUAL DINEM ACT.
LEGE CUSTOM HAS ALLEGA
THE FORCE OF NS
LAW. NEMO NO ONE IF SOMEONE
DAT GIVES WHAT PURCHASES
MOTION MOTION AT MOTIONS QUOD HE DOES NOT SOMETHING
IN LIMINE THE START OFFERED AT NON HAVE. THAT THE
THE START OF HABET SELLER HAS
A TRIAL, OFTEN NO RIGHT TO
TO SUPPRESS (SUCH AS
OR PRE-ALLOW STOLEN
CERTAIN PROPERTY),
EVIDENCE OR THE
TESTIMONY. PURCHASER
WILL LIKEWISE
MUTATIS HAVING A CAUTION TO HAVE NO
MUTANDI CHANGED A READER LEGAL CLAIM
S [THE THINGS WHEN USING TO THE THING
THAT] ONE EXAMPLE BOUGHT.
NEEDED TO TO ILLUSTRATE
BE CHANGED A RELATED BUT NEMO NO ONE IN THE PAST IT
SLIGHTLY DEBET SHALL BE A WAS THOUGHT
DIFFERENT ESSE JUDGE IN HIS THAT IT
SITUATION. IUDEX IN OWN CASE. INCLUDED
THE CAUTION PROPRIA JUST TWO
IS THAT THE RULES NAMELY
READER MUST (1) NEMO
ADAPT THE DEBET ESSE
EXAMPLE TO JUDEX IN
CHANGE WHAT PROPRIA
IS NEEDED FOR CAUSA (NO
IT TO APPLY TO ONE SHALL BE
THE NEW A JUDGE IN HIS
SITUATION. OWN CASE)

NE LET HIM NOT SHORTENED NEMO NO ONE PREVENTS

EXEAT EXIT [THE VERSION JUDEX IN SHALL BE A CONFLICT OF
REPUBLIC] OF NE EXEAT SUA JUDGE IN HIS INTEREST IN
REPIBLICA: CAUSA OWN CASE. COURTS.
"LET HIM NOT OFTEN
EXIT THE INVOKED
REPUBLIC". A WHEN THERE
WRIT TO IS REALLY NO
PREVENT ONE CONFLICT, BUT
PARTY TO A WHEN THERE
DISPUTE FROM IS EVEN THE
LEAVING (OR APPEARANCE
BEING TAKEN) OF ONE
FROM THE .
COURT'S NEMO NO ONE CAN A PURCHASER
JURISDICTION. PLUS TRANSFER A OF STOLEN
IURIS AD GREATER GOODS WILL
NEGOTIO MANAGEMEN QUASI- ALIUM RIGHT THAN NOT BECOME
RUM T OF ESTATE CONTRACTUAL TRANSF HE HIMSELF THE RIGHTFUL
GESTIO OBLIGATION ERRE HAS. OWNER
ARISING FROM POTEST THEREOF,
GOOD WORKS QUAM SINCE THE
AFFECTING IPSE SELLER
OTHER HABET HIMSELF WAS
PEOPLE, NOT THE
OBLIGING THE OWNER TO
BENEFITED BEGIN WITH.
PARTY
(DOMINUS NIHIL HE SAYS A JUDGEMENT
NEGOTII) TO DICIT NOTHING. RENDERED IN
REIMBURSE THE ABSENCE
THE GESTOR F OF A PLEA, OR
OR THE COST IN THE EVENT
THAT WAS ONE PARTY
USED IN DOING REFUSES TO
GOOD WORKS. COOPERATE IN
THE
NEMO NO ONE CAN NOBODY CAN PROCEEDINGS.
AUDITUR BE HEARD, BRING A CASE
PROPRIA WHO THAT STEMS
 NISI UNLESS A DECREE SOME LEGAL
THAT DOES ACT
NOT ENTER
INTO FORCE NON IT IS NOT REFERS TO
UNLESS SOME CONSTA CERTAIN. INFORMATION
OTHER T GIVEN BY ONE
SPECIFIED WHO IS NOT
CONDITION IS SUPPOSED TO
MET. GIVE
TESTIMONY,
NISI UNLESS REFERS TO SUCH AS AN
PRIUS FIRST THE COURT OF ATTORNEY
ORIGINAL BRINGING UP
JURISDICTION NEW
IN A GIVEN INFORMATION
MATTER. THAT DID NOT
COME FROM A
NOLLE NOT TO A STATEMENT WITNESS.
PROSEQ PROSECUTE FROM THE SUCH
UI PROSECUTION INFORMATION
THAT THEY ARE IS TYPICALLY
VOLUNTARILY NULLIFIED.
DISCONTINUIN
G (OR WILL NOT NON EST IT IS NOT [MY] A METHOD
INITIATE) FACTUM DEED. WHEREBY A
PROSECUTION SIGNATORY TO
OF A MATTER. A CONTRACT
CAN
NOLO I DO NOT A TYPE OF INVALIDATE IT
CONTEN WISH TO PLEA BY SHOWING
DERE DISPUTE WHEREBY THE THAT HIS
DEFENDANT SIGNATURE TO
NEITHER THE
ADMITS NOR CONTRACT
DENIES THE WAS MADE
CHARGE. UNINTENTIONA
COMMONLY LLY OR
INTERPRETED WITHOUT FULL
AS "NO UNDERSTANDI
CONTEST." NG OF THE
IMPLICATIONS.
NON OF A NON- IN THE CASE
ADIMPLE COMPLETED WHERE A NON EST HE IS NOT REPORTED BY
TI CONTRACT CONTRACT INVENTU FOUND. A SHERIFF ON
CONTRA IMPOSES S WRIT WHEN
CTUS SPECIFIC THE
OBLIGATIONS DEFENDANT
ON BOTH CANNOT BE
PARTIES, ONE FOUND IN HIS
SIDE CANNOT COUNTY OR
SUE THE JURISDICTION.
OTHER FOR
FAILURE TO NON NOT TO DO PERFORMING
MEET THEIR FACIAT EVIL THAT SOME ILLEGAL
OBLIGATIONS, MALUM, GOOD MAY ACTION IS NOT
IF THE UT INDE COME. EXCUSED BY
PLAINTIFF HAS VENIAT THE FACT THAT
NOT BONUM A POSITIVE
THEMSELVES RESULT CAME
MET THEIR THEREFROM.
OWN. OFTEN USED
TO ARGUE
NON BIS NOT TWICE IN PROHIBITION THAT SOME
IN IDEM THE SAME AGAINST DOUB FORMS OF
LE JEOPARDY. EXPRESSION,
A LEGAL SUCH AS
ACTION GRAFFITI OR
CANNOT BE PORNOGRAPHI
BROUGHT C FILMS,
TWICE FOR CANNOT BE
THE SAME ACT GIVEN THE
OR OFFENSE. PROTECTION
OF LAW (E.G.
NON NOT IN NOT HAVING COPYRIGHT) AS
COMPOS POSSESSION MENTAL THEY ARE OR
MENTIS OF [ONE'S] CAPACITY TO MAY BE
MIND PERFORM CONSIDERED
 ILLEGAL OR FOR THE
MORALLY PROMISE.
REPREHENSIB
LE. NULLA NO GOODS NOTATION
BONA MADE WHEN A
NON IT IS NOT A TYPE OF DEFENDANT
LIQUET CLEAR. VERDICT HAS NO
WHERE TANGIBLE
POSITIVE GUILT PROPERTY
OR AVAILABLE TO
INNOCENCE BE SEIZED IN
CANNOT BE ORDER TO
DETERMINED. COMPLY WITH
ALSO CALLED A JUDGEMENT.
"NOT PROVEN"
IN LEGAL NULLA NO PENALTY ONE CANNOT
SYSTEMS WITH POENA WITHOUT A BE
SUCH SINE LAW PROSECUTED
VERDICTS. LEGE FOR DOING
SOMETHING
NON NOTWITHSTA A THAT IS NOT
OBSTAN NDING THE CIRCUMSTANC PROHIBITED BY
TE VERDICT E WHERE THE LAW.
VERDICT JUDGE MAY
O OVERRIDE THE NULLUM NO CRIME, NO ONE CANNOT
JURY VERDICT CRIMEN, PUNISHMENT BE
AND REVERSE NULLA WITHOUT A PROSECUTED
OR MODIFY POENA PREVIOUS FOR DOING
THE DECISION. SINE PENAL LAW SOMETHING
PRAEVIA THAT WAS NOT
NOSCITU IT IS KNOWN AN LEGE PROHIBITED BY
RA BY FRIENDS. AMBIGUOUS POENALI LAW AT THE
SOCIIS WORD OR TIME AND
TERM CAN BE PLACE IT WAS
CLARIFIED BY COMMITTED,
CONSIDERING NOTWITHSTAN
THE WHOLE DING LAWS
CONTEXT IN MADE SINCE
WHICH IT IS THAT TIME. A
USED, FORM OF
WITHOUT PROHIBITION
HAVING TO ON
DEFINE THE RETROACTIVE
TERM ITSELF. LAWS.

NOTA NOTE WELL A TERM USED NUNC NOW FOR AN ACTION BY

BENE TO DIRECT THE PRO THEN A COURT TO
READER TO TUNC CORRECT A
CAUTIONARY PREVIOUS
OR PROCEDURAL
QUALIFYING OR CLERICAL
STATEMENTS ERROR.
FOR THE MAIN
TEXT. OBITER A THING SAID IN LAW, AN
DICTUM IN PASSING OBSERVATION
NOVUS A NEW A BREAK IN BY A JUDGE ON
ACTUS ACTION CAUSATION SOME POINT
INTERVE COMING (AND OF LAW NOT
NIENS BETWEEN THEREFORE DIRECTLY
PROBABLY RELEVANT TO
LIABILITY) THE CASE
BECAUSE BEFORE HIM,
SOMETHING AND THUS
ELSE HAS NEITHER
HAPPENED TO REQUIRING HIS
REMOVE THE DECISION NOR
CAUSAL LINK. SERVING AS A
PRECEDENT,
NUDUM NAKED AN BUT
PACTUM PROMISE UNENFORCEA NEVERTHELES
BLE PROMISE, S OF
DUE TO THE PERSUASIVE
ABSENCE AUTHORITY. IN
OF CONSIDER GENERAL, ANY
ATION OR COMMENT,
VALUE REMARK OR
EXCHANGED OBSERVATION
 MADE IN TO THE
PASSING. NUMBER OF
BENEFICIARIES
ONUS BURDEN OF
PROBAN PROOF. PER BY THAT LEGAL
DI CONTRA AGAINST SHORTHAND
PACTA AGREEMENTS A FOR "IN
SUNT MUST BE FUNDAMENTAL CONTRAST
SERVAN KEPT. PRINCIPLE OF TO".
DA LAW.
PER THROUGH A DECISION
PAR EQUAL FAULT USED WHEN CURIAM THE COURT DELIVERED BY
DELICTU BOTH PARTIES A MULTI-JUDGE
M TO A DISPUTE PANEL, SUCH
ARE AT FAULT. AS AN
APPELLATE
PARENS PARENT OF REFERS TO COURT, IN
PATRIAE THE NATION THE POWER OF WHICH THE
THE STATE TO DECISION IS
ACT AS SAID TO BE
PARENT TO A AUTHORED BY
CHILD WHEN THE COURT
THE LEGAL ITSELF,
PARENTS ARE INSTEAD OF
UNABLE OR SITUATIONS
UNWILLING. WHERE THOSE
INDIVIDUAL
PARI ON EQUAL EQUAL JUDGES
PASSU FOOTING RANKING, SUPPORTING
EQUAL THE DECISION
PRIORITY ARE NAMED.
(USUALLY
REFERRING TO PER BY THEIR A JUDGEMENT
CREDITORS). INCURIA NEGLECT GIVEN
M WITHOUT
PATER FATHER OF THE HEAD OF REFERENCE
FAMILIAS THE FAMILY HOUSEHOLD, TO
FOR PRECEDENT.
PURPOSES OF
CONSIDERING PER THROUGH USED AS A
THE RIGHTS MINAS THREATS DEFENSE,
AND WHEN ILLEGAL
RESPONSIBILIT ACTS WERE
IES THEREOF. PERFORMED
(CIVIL UNDER
LAW) BONUS DURESS.
PATERFAMILIA
S: A STANDARD PER BY OR EMPLOYED
OF CARE PROXIMA THROUGH WHEN AN
EQUIVALENT AMICI THE NEXT ADULT BRINGS
TO THE FRIEND SUIT ON
COMMON LAW BEHALF OF A
ORDINARY REA MINOR, WHO
SONABLE MAN. WAS UNABLE
TO MAINTAIN
PENDEN WHILE THE COURT AN ACTION ON
TE LITE LITIGATION IS ORDERS USED HIS OWN
PENDING TO PROVIDE BEHALF AT
RELIEF UNTIL COMMON LAW.
THE FINAL
JUDGEMENT IS PER BY WHICH USED IN LEGAL
RENDERED. QUOD DOCUMENTS
COMMONLY IN THE SAME
USED SENSE AS
IN DIVORCE PR "WHEREBY".
OCEEDINGS. A PER
THE QUOD STATEM
ADVERBIAL ENT IS
FORM OF LIS TYPICALLY
PENDENS (ABO USED TO
VE). SHOW THAT
SPECIFIC ACTS
PER BY HEAD DIVIDING HAD
CAPITA MONEY UP CONSEQUENC
STRICTLY AND ES WHICH
EQUALLY FORM THE
ACCORDING
 BASIS FOR THE AROUND THE
LEGAL ACTION. AUTHOR'S
LIFETIME.
PER SE BY ITSELF SOMETHING
THAT IS, AS A PRAETO MAGISTRATE THE ROMAN
MATTER OF R OF PRAETOR
LAW. PEREGRI FOREIGNERS (MAGISTRATE)
NUS RESPONSIBLE
PER BY BRANCH AN ESTATE OF FOR MATTERS
STIRPES A DECEDENT IS INVOLVING
DISTRIBUTED NON-ROMANS.
PER STIRPES,
IF EACH PRIMA AT FIRST A MATTER THAT
BRANCH OF FACIE FACE APPEARS TO
THE FAMILY IS BE
TO RECEIVE AN SUFFICIENTLY
EQUAL SHARE BASED IN THE
OF AN ESTATE. EVIDENCE AS
TO BE
PERICUL DANGER IN A CONDITION CONSIDERED
UM IN DELAY GIVEN TO TRUE.
MORA SUPPORT
REQUESTS PRIOR EARLIER IN (1) A LEGAL
FOR URGENT TEMPOR TIME, PRINCIPLE
ACTION, SUCH E STRONGER IN THAT OLDER
AS A POTIOR LAW LAWS TAKE
PROTECTIVE IURE PRECEDENCE
ORDER OR OVER NEWER
RESTRAINING ONES.
ORDER. ANOTHER
NAME FOR THIS
PERSON UNWELCOME A PERSON PRINCIPLE
A NON PERSON WHO IS IS LEX
GRATA OFFICIALLY POSTERIOR. (2)
CONSIDERED (SCOTS LAW,
UNWELCOME CIVIL LAW),
BY A HOST USUALLY
COUNTRY IN TRANSLATED
WHICH THEY AS "PRIOR IN
ARE RESIDING TIME,
IN A SUPERIOR IN
DIPLOMATIC RIGHT", THE
CAPACITY. THE PRINCIPLE
PERSON IS THAT
TYPICALLY SOMEONE
EXPELLED TO WHO
THEIR HOME REGISTERS
COUNTRY. (A SECURITY
INTEREST)
POSSE POWER OF A BODY OF EARLIER
COMITAT THE COUNTY ARMED THEREFORE
US CITIZENS RANKS HIGHER
PRESSED INTO THAN OTHER
SERVICE BY CREDITORS.
LEGAL
AUTHORITY, TO PRIUS BEFORE YOU
KEEP THE QUAM HEAR, DO
PEACE OR EXAUDIA NOT JUDGE.
PURSUE A S NE
FUGITIVE. IUDICES
PRO FOR GOOD PROFESSIONA
POST AFTER DEATH REFERS TO BONO L WORK DONE
MORTEM AN AUTOPSY, FOR FREE.
OR AS A
QUALIFICATIO PRO FOR THE
N AS TO WHEN BONO PUBLIC
SOME EVENT PUBLICO GOOD
OCCURRED. PRO AS A MATTER THINGS DONE
FORMA OF FORM AS
POST AFTER THE USED IN FORMALITIES.
MORTEM AUTHOR'S REFERENCE
AUCTORI DEATH TO PRO HAC FOR THIS REFERS TO A
S INTELLECTUAL VICE TURN LAWYER WHO
PROPERTY IS ALLOWED
RIGHTS, WHICH TO
USUALLY ARE PARTICIPATE
BASED (ONLY) IN A
 SPECIFIC MPTIONE PRESUMPTIO
CASE, DESPITE M N.
BEING IN A PROPRIA PROPER REFERS TO
JURISDICTION PERSON PERSON ONE
IN WHICH HE A REPRESENTIN
HAS NOT BEEN G THEMSELVES
GENERALLY WITHOUT THE
ADMITTED. SERVICES OF A
LAWYER. ALSO
PRO PER ABBREVIATIO REPRESENTIN KNOWN
N G ONESELF, AS PRO
OF PROPRIA WITHOUT PER REPRESEN
PERSONA, COUNSEL. TATION.
MEANING ALSO KNOWN
"ONE'S OWN AS PRO PROUT AS APPEARS USED TO CITE
PERSON" SE REPRESENT PATET IN THE SOMETHING
ATION. PER RECORD THAT HAS
RECORD ALREADY BEEN
PRO FROM THE A UM ADMITTED
RATA RATE CALCULATION INTO THE
ADJUSTED RECORD. IT
BASED ON A WAS
PROPORTIONA FREQUENTLY
L VALUE USED
RELEVANT TO IN PLEADINGS,
THE GENERALLY
CALCULATION. ABBREVIATED
AN EXAMPLE "PROUT &C.",
WOULD BE A TO INDICATE
TENANT BEING THAT A FACT
CHARGED A WAS
PORTION OF A SUPPORTED BY
MONTH'S RENT DOCUMENTAR
BASED ON Y EVIDENCE.
HAVING LIVED FAILURE TO
THERE LESS USE THIS
THAN A FULL PHRASE
MONTH. THE CORRECTLY
AMOUNT COULD BE A
CHARGED FATAL DEFECT
WOULD BE AND SO CAUSE
PROPORTIONA A CASE TO
L TO THE TIME FAIL.
OCCUPIED.
QUA WHICH; AS IN THE
PRO SE FOR HIMSELF REPRESENTIN CAPACITY OF.
G ONESELF,
WITHOUT QUAERE QUERY USED IN LEGAL
COUNSEL. DRAFTS TO
ALSO KNOWN CALL
AS PRO ATTENTION TO
PER REPRESEN SOME
TATION. UNCERTAINTY
OR
PRO FOR SO A PARTIAL INCONSISTEN
TANTO MUCH PAYMENT OF CY IN THE
AN AWARD OR MATERIAL
CLAIM, BASED BEING CITED.
ON THE
DEFENDANT'S QUANTU HOW MUCH
ABILITY TO PAY. M
QUANTU AS MUCH AS IN CONTRACT
PRO TEM ABBREVIATIO SOMETHING, M IT DESERVES; LAW, A QUASI-
N OF PRO SUCH AS AN MERUIT AS MUCH AS CONTRACTUAL
TEMPORE, OFFICE HELD, SHE OR HE REMEDY THAT
MEANING THAT IS HAS PERMITS
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TIME BEING" REASONABLE
PRO FOR THE TIME SOMETHING, PAYMENT FOR
TEMPOR BEING SUCH AS AN AN
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PROBATI PROOF AND/OR
O VINCIT OVERCOMES MATERIALS),
PRAESU ASSESSED
 PROPORTIONA REMEDY,
TELY, WHERE QUANTUM
NO PRICE IS VALEBANT IS
ESTABLISHED BEING USED
WHEN THE LESS, AND
REQUEST IS COULD BE
MADE. CONSIDERED
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LAW, AND IN QUAREIT IT IS SOUGHT. THE QUESTION
PARTICULAR UR IS RAISED.
THE USED TO
REQUIREMENT DECLARE THAT
FOR A QUESTION IS
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FIXED PRICE IS FOLLOWING
AGREED UPON VERBIAGE.
FOR THE
SERVICE QUASI AS IF RESEMBLING
AND/OR OR BEING
MATERIALS, SIMILAR TO
THEN ONE SOMETHING,
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TO FIX A LEAK AS IF HE
IN THE MIDDLE HIMSELF HAD
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M THEY WERE COMMON LAW,
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HAS BEEN SEQUITUR, ENTITLED TO A
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THE IMPLIED "WHO OF ANY FINES
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S OF SERVICES, OR
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MERUIT HAS QUO AS BEFORE RETURNING TO
REPLACED ANTE A SPECIFIC
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 REBUS THINGS THUS A
QUO BY WHAT A REQUEST SIC STANDING QUALIFICATIO
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TO SOMEONE US OR CONTRACT,
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TO SHOW BY NULLIFICATIO
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AS WHEN END, THE
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THING. LIST.
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AGAINST COMMON TO
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DI DECISION PROCEEDING, IDENTIFY
OR THE LEGAL WHERE THE
PRECEDENT FEE SIMPLE
SO INVOLVED, HOLDER'S
WHICH LED TO RIGHTS TO THE
THE FINAL HEAVENS END.
DECISION WATER IS A BIT
BEING WHAT IT MORE
WAS. DEFINED – IT IS
COMMON
RATIO WRITTEN THE POPULAR UNTIL
SCRIPTA REASON OPINION OF CAPTURED.
ROMAN LAW,
HELD BY RES THINGS DONE DIFFERING
THOSE IN THE GESTAE MEANING
MEDIEVAL DEPENDING
PERIOD. ON WHAT TYPE
OF LAW IS
RATIONA BY REASON "CERTAIN INVOLVED. MAY
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ARISE BY COMPLETE
VIRTUE OF ACT OF A
OWNERSHIP FELONY, FROM
OF THE SOIL START TO
UPON WHICH FINISH, OR MAY
WILD ANIMALS REFER TO
ARE FOUND." STATEMENTS
GIVEN THAT
 MAY BE PROPERTY, TO
EXEMPT ITS ORIGINAL
FROM HEARSA CONDITION.
Y RULES. (2) IN
CONTRACT
RES IPSA THE THING USED IN TORT LAW, WHEN
LOQUITU SPEAKS FOR LAW WHEN CONSIDERING
R ITSELF. THERE IS NO BREACH OF
PROOF OF CONTRACT
WHAT CAUSED AND
THE HARM, BUT REMEDIES, TO
IT IS MOST RESTORE A
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THE THING ORIGINAL
THAT COULD POSITION.
HAVE CAUSED
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JUDICAT JUDGED HAS BEEN E FOR SOVEREIG
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APPEALS OR SUPREM SHALL BE A MOTTO, A
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ACTIONS BY ESTO SUPREME A NOTION OF
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PARTIES IS AND
NOW GOVERNMENT
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SHOULD BE.
RES NOBODY'S OWNERLESS
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GOODS. SUCH LUM THE AGAINST
PROPERTY OR MAGNAT MAGNATES A PEER IN
GOODS ARE UM BRITISH LAW.
ABLE AND NOW
SUBJECT TO REPEALED AS A
BEING OWNED SPECIFIC
BY ANYBODY. OFFENSE.

RES PUBLIC ALL THINGS SCIENTE KNOWINGLY USED WHEN

PUBLICA AFFAIR SUBJECT TO R OFFENSES OR
CONCERN BY TORTS WERE
THE CITIZENRY. COMMITTED
THE ROOT OF WITH THE FULL
THE AWARENESS
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IC. COMMITTING.

RES CHRISTIAN ALL THINGS OF SCIRE LET THEM A WRIT,

PUBLICA PUBLIC CONCERN TO FACIAS KNOW. DIRECTING
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NA WORLDWIDE OFFICIALS TO
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PARTY OF
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R EMPLOYER) IS THEM.
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S (E.G. WRIT OF SCIRE
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 SE SELF- THE ACT OF CAN BE NO
DEFEND DEFENSE DEFENDING SPECIFIED
ENDO ONE'S OWN CONSEQUENC
PERSON OR E.
PROPERTY, OR
THE WELL- SITUS THE PLACE USED TO
BEING OR REFER TO
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THE LOCATION
SECUND ACCORDING WHERE
UM TO THE FORM SPECIFIC
FORMAM OF THE PROPERTY
STATUTI STATUTE. EXISTS, OR
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THE PROCESS OFFENSE OR
IN WHICH THE TORT WAS
COURT HEARS COMMITTED.
ASSORTED
MATTERS IN A SOLUTIO PERFORMAN UNDUE
SPECIFIC INDEBITI CE OF PERFORMANC
ORDER. ALSO SOMETHING E OR PAYMENT,
REFERS TO AN NOT DUE OBLIGING THE
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WHERE A (ACCIPIENS) TO
MULTIPLE- RETURN THE
JUDGE PANEL UNDUE
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INDIVIDUAL COMPENSATE
OPINIONS THE
FROM THE IMPOVERISHEE
MEMBERS, (SOLVENS)
RATHER THAN FOR THE
A SINGLE UNDUE
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THE ENTIRE E
PANEL.
STARE TO STAND BY THE
SIC USE YOUR WHILE AN DECISIS [THINGS] OBLIGATION
UTERE PROPERTY SO INDIVIDUAL IS DECIDED OF A JUDGE TO
TUO UT AS NOT TO ENTITLED TO STAND BY A
ALIENUM INJURE THAT THE USE AND PRIOR
NON OF YOUR ENJOYMENT PRECEDENT.
LAEDAS NEIGHBOURS. OF ONE'S
ESTATE, THE STATUS THE STATE IN IN CONTRACT
RIGHT IS NOT QUO WHICH LAW, IN A CASE
WITHOUT STATUS OF INNOCENT
LIMITS. QUO REPRESENTATI
RESTRICTIONS ANTE ON, THE
CAN GIVE RISE STATU INJURED
TO TORT QUO PARTY IS
ACTIONS ENTITLED TO
INCLUDE BE REPLACED
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NEGLIGENCE, NOTE THE
STRICT COMMON
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QUO FROM
SINE DIE WITHOUT DAY USED WHEN THE LATIN
THE COURT IS STATUS QUO
ADJOURNING ANTE, THE
WITHOUT "STATE IN
SPECIFYING A WHICH
DATE TO RE- BEFORE" OR
CONVENE. SEE "THE STATE OF
ALSO ADJOUR AFFAIRS THAT
NMENT SINE EXISTED
DIE. PREVIOUSLY."

SINE WITHOUT REFERS TO STRATU A COVERING, 1) IN

QUA WHICH, SOME M FROM PROPERTY
NON NOTHING ESSENTIAL NEUTER PAST LAW,
EVENT OR PARTICIPLE CONDOMINIUM
ACTION, OF S HAS SAID TO
WITHOUT STERNERE, OCCUPY
WHICH THERE TO SPREAD STRATUM
 MANY STORIES NAME OF A
ABOUT THE CASE
GROUND. CHANGED
2) STRATUM DURING THE
CAN ALSO BE A PROCEEDINGS,
SOCIETIAL USUALLY
LEVEL MADE AFTER APPEAL
UP OF (E.G., REV'D
INDIVIDUALS SUB
WITH SIMILAR NOM. AND AFF'
STATUS OF D SUB NOM.)
SOCIAL,
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ECONOMIC SILENTIO SILENCE ORDER, OR
NATURE. OTHER COURT
3) STRATUM ACTION MADE
CAN REFER TO WITHOUT
CLASSIFICATIO SPECIFICALLY
N IN AN STATING THE
ORGANIZED RULING,
SYSTEM ORDER, OR
ALONG THE ACTION. THE
LINES OF EFFECT OF
LAYERS, THE RULING OR
LEVELS, ACTION IS
DIVISIONS, OR IMPLIED BY
SIMILAR RELATED AND
GROUPING. SUBSEQUENT
ACTIONS, BUT
SUA OF ITS OWN SOME ACTION NOT
SPONTE ACCORD TAKEN BY THE SPECIFICALLY
PUBLIC STATED.
PROSECUTOR
OR ANOTHER SUBPOE UNDER A WRIT
OFFICIAL NA PENALTY COMPELLING
BODY, TESTIMONY,
WITHOUT THE THE
PROMPTING OF PRODUCTION
A PLAINTIFF OR OF EVIDENCE,
ANOTHER OR SOME
PARTY. OTHER
(COMPARE EX ACTION,
PROPRIO UNDER
MOTU, EX PENALTY FOR
MERO FAILURE TO DO
MOTU WHICH SO.
ARE USED FOR
COURTS). SUBPOE UNDER AN ORDER
NA AD PENALTY TO COMPELLING
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JUDICE JUDGE MATTER ANDUM WITNESSED GIVE ORAL
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BEING A LEGAL
CONSIDERED MATTER.
BY THE COURT.
SUBPOE BRING WITH AN ORDER
SUB SUBJECT TO TERM IN NA YOU UNDER COMPELLING
MODO MODIFICATIO CONTRACT DUCES PENALTY AN ENTITY TO
N LAW THAT TECUM PRODUCE
ALLOWS PHYSICAL
LIMITED EVIDENCE OR
MODIFICATION WITNESS IN A
S TO A LEGAL
CONTRACT MATTER.
AFTER THE
ORIGINAL SUGGES FALSE A FALSE
FORM HAS TIO SUGGESTION STATEMENT
BEEN AGREED FALSI MADE IN THE
TO BY ALL NEGOTIATION
PARTIES. OF A
CONTRACT.
SUB UNDER THE ABBREVIATED
NOMINE NAME SUB NOM.; SUI OF ITS OWN SOMETHING
USED IN CASE GENERIS KIND/GENUS THAT IS
CITATIONS TO UNIQUE
INDICATE THAT AMONGST A
THE OFFICIAL GROUP.
 TERRA NO ONE'S LAND THAT
SUI OF HIS OWN REFERS TO NULLIUS LAND HAS NEVER
JURIS RIGHT ONE LEGALLY BEEN PART OF
COMPETENT A SOVEREIGN
TO MANAGE STATE, OR
HIS OWN LAND WHICH A
AFFAIRS. ALSO SOVEREIGN
SPELLED SUI STATE HAS
IURIS. RELINQUISHED
CLAIM TO.
SUO OF ITS OWN REFERS TO A TRIAL DE TRIAL ANEW A COMPLETELY
MOTU MOTION COURT OR NOVO NEW TRIAL OF
OTHER A MATTER
OFFICIAL PREVIOUSLY
AGENCY JUDGED. IT
TAKING SOME SPECIFICALLY
ACTION ON ITS REFERS TO A
OWN ACCORD REPLACEMENT
(SYNONYMS: E TRIAL FOR THE
X PROPRIO PREVIOUS
MOTU, EX ONE, AND NOT
MERO MOTU). AN APPEAL OF
SIMILAR THE PREVIOUS
TO SUA DECISION.
SPONTE.
TRINODA THREE- REFERS TO A
SUPERS REFRAIN A BOND NECESSI KNOTTED THREEFOLD
EDEAS FROM TENDERED BY TAS NEED TAX LEVIED ON
AN APPELLANT ANGLO-SAXON
AS SURETY TO CITIZENS TO
THE COURT, COVER ROADS,
REQUESTING A BUILDINGS,
DELAY OF AND THE
PAYMENT FOR MILITARY.
AWARDS OR
DAMAGES UBERRIM MOST CONCEPT IN
GRANTED, A FIDES ABUNDANT CONTRACT
PENDING THE FAITH LAW
OUTCOME OF SPECIFYING
THE APPEAL. THAT ALL
PARTIES MUST
SUPPRE SUPPRESSIO WILLFUL ACT WITH THE
SSIO N OF THE CONCEALMEN UTMOST GOOD
VERI TRUTH T OF THE FAITH.
TRUTH WHEN
BOUND TO ULTRA NO ONE IS SPECIFIES
REVEAL IT, POSSE OBLIGATED THAT ONE
SUCH AS NEMO (TO DO) MORE SHOULD DO
WITHHOLDING OBLIGAT THAN HE CAN. WHAT HE CAN
DETAILS OF UR TO SUPPORT
DAMAGE FROM THE
AN AUTO COMMUNITY,
ACCIDENT BUT SINCE
FROM A EVERYONE
PROSPECTIVE HAS
BUYER OF THE DIFFERENT
CAR IN THAT LEVELS OF
ACCIDENT. ABILITY, IT
SUPRA ABOVE USED IN CANNOT BE
CITATIONS TO EXPECTED
REFER TO A THAT ALL WILL
PREVIOUSLY PERFORM THE
CITED SAME.
SOURCE.
ULTRA BEYOND THE AN ACT THAT
TANTUM THUS AND (SCOTS LAW) VIRES POWERS REQUIRES
ET TALE SUCH "AS IS", TO LEGAL
DISCLAIM AUTHORITY TO
IMPLIED PERFORM, BUT
WARRANTIES, WHICH IS
AS IN TO DONE
PURCHASE OR WITHOUT
CONVEY OBTAINING
SOMETHING TA THAT
NTUM ET TALE. AUTHORITY.
UNIVERSI TOTALITY OF AGGREGATE
TAS PEOPLE OF PEOPLE, VICE THE OTHER SOMETHING
PERSON BODY VERSA WAY AROUND THAT IS THE
ARUM CORPORATE, SAME EITHER
AS IN A WAY.
COLLEGE,
CORPORATION VIDE SEE USED IN
, OR STATE CITATIONS TO
REFER THE
UNIVERSI TOTALITY OF AGGREGATE READER TO
TAS THINGS OF THINGS. ANOTHER
RERUM LOCATION.

UNO IN ONE USED TO VIDELICE CONTRACTIO USED IN

FLATU BREATH CRITICIZE T N OF VIDERE DOCUMENTS
INCONSISTEN LICET, TO MEAN
CIES IN MEANING "IT "NAMELY" OR
SPEECH OR IS PERMITTED "THAT IS".
TESTIMONY, AS TO SEE" USUALLY
IN: ONE SAYS ABBREVIATED
ONE THING, VIZ.
AND IN THE
SAME BREATH, VIGILANT EQUITY AIDS CONCEPT
SAYS IBUS THE VIGILANT, THAT IF AN
ANOTHER NON NOT THE OPPOSING
CONTRADICTO DORMIE SLEEPING. PARTY
RY THING. NTIBUS UNREASONAB
AEQUITA LY DELAYS
UTI AS YOU ANCIENT S BRINGING AN
POSSIDE POSSESS CONCEPT SUBVENI ACTION, THAT
TIS REGARDING T IT IS NO
CONFLICTS, LONGER
WHEREIN ALL CONSIDERED
PROPERTY JUST TO HEAR
POSSESSED BY THEIR CLAIM,
THE PARTIES DUE TO
AT THE FUNDAMENTAL
CONCLUSION CHANGES IN
OF THE CIRCUMSTANC
CONFLICT E BROUGHT
SHALL REMAIN UPON BY THEIR
OWNED BY DELAY.
THOSE
PARTIES VINCULU THE CHAINS SOMETHING
UNLESS M JURIS OF THE LAW WHICH IS
TREATIES TO LEGALLY
THE BINDING.
CONTRARY
ARE ENACTED. VIS GREATER OR FORCE
MAJOR SUPERIOR MAJEURE,
UXOR WIFE USED IN FORCE SPECIFICALLY
DOCUMENTS EVENTS OVER
IN PLACE OF WHICH NO
THE WIFE'S HUMANS HAVE
NAME. CONTROL, AND
USUALLY SO CANNOT BE
ABBREVIATED HELD
ET UX. RESPONSIBLE.
EQUIVALENT
VEL NON OR NOT USED WHEN TO AN "ACT OF
CONSIDERING GOD".
WHETHER COMPARE CAS
SOME EVENT US FORTUITUS.
OR SITUATION
IS EITHER VIZ. ABBREVIATIO NAMELY.
PRESENT OR IT N
IS NOT. OF VIDELICET

VETO I FORBID. THE POWER OF VOLENTI INJURY IS NOTION THAT A

AN EXECUTIVE NON FIT NOT DONE TO PERSON
TO PREVENT INJURIA THE WILLING. CANNOT
AN ACTION, BRING A CLAIM
ESPECIALLY AGAINST
THE ANOTHER FOR
ENACTMENT INJURY, IF SAID
OF LEGISLATIO PERSON
N. WILLINGLY
 PLACED
THEMSELVES BRENNER, HARVEY. 1976 EFFECTS OF THE
IN A SITUATION ECONOMY ON CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR AND THE
WHERE THEY ADMINISTRATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN
KNEW INJURY THE UNITED STATES, CANADA, ENGLAND,
COULD WALES, AND SCOTLAND. ROME: UNITED
NATION SOCIAL DEFENSE RESEARCH
RESULT.
INSTITUTE.

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