Sistema Urinario ESTUDIANTE

UVM México Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud
Sistema Urinario
Laboratorio de Estructura y Función Humana
Dr. Carlos. O. Aguilar Ortega
Dra. Blanca Aurora Hernández Cruz
Dr. Yoshio Rubén Sosa González
Ver. ESTUDIANTE/2018/2020
Copyright © UVM México, 2017-2020. Todos los Derechos Reservados. 1

Aspectos Curriculares
Competencia vinculada a la asignatura:
Reconocer la estructura macroscópica y microscópica del Sistema

Genitourinario, así como su origen embrionario para poder analizar los
mecanismos fisiológicos que en él ocurren, a fin de integrar y aplicar dicho
conocimiento en la práctica clínica.
2.1 Dimensión biológica 
Sustenta decisiones médicas en base a la síntesis del conocimiento teórico, científico y clínico acerca de
la estructura y función del organismo humano en condiciones normales y patológicas. Reconoce que
entre la expresión clínica y el proceso patológico existe una mutua interdependencia y que el abordaje
preventivo o terapéutico implica incidir sobre las redes multicausales de la enfermedad.
3.4 Conoce y aplica la bioinformática para solucionar y/o investigar problemas en el contexto médico.
Utiliza tecnologías de la información y la comunicación para organizar, analizar y distribuir información
biomédica con la finalidad de responder preguntas complejas en la práctica profesional.
Competencia Específica asociada a la práctica:
1. Comprender los principios de organización y estructura del sistema

Genitourinario.
2. Reconocer la estructura macroscópica del riñón vejiga, vías urinarias y

órganos genitales.
3. Reconocer las características microscópicas de genitales, riñón,

nefrona, uréter y vejiga.
4. Aplicar las bases embriológicas e histológicas del sistema genitourinario

en integración al conocimiento anatómico y fisiológico.
5. Reconocer la embriología de los órganos que componen el sistema

urogenital, para comprender las malformaciones congénitas.
6. Aplicar los conocimientos de procesos biológicos y biología celular para

comprender los procesos que ocurren en formación de orina y
regulación del  
agua corporal.
7. Entender la fisiología renal del proceso de filtración y excreción urinaria,

su correlación con otros sistemas y su participación en los procesos  
reguladores de la homeostasis.
8. Explicar los mecanismos generales de patología integrando las bases

anatómicas, fisiológicas e histológicas a la génesis de la insuficiencia
renal.  

Índice de prácticas
No. Unidad Nombre de la práctica Página FECHA de

Ejecución:
0 0 Sesión de Encuadre
1 I Estructuras Macroscópicas del Sistema Genitourinario: Generalidades
2 I Estructuras Macroscópicas del Sistema Genitoruirnario: Riñón
3 I Estructuras Macroscópicas del Sistema Genitoruirnario: Vías Urinarias
4 I Estructuras Macroscópicas del Sistema Genitoruirnario: Femenino y

Masculino
5 II Estructuras Microscópicas del Sistema Genitourinario
6 III Embriogénesis del Sistema Genitoruinario: Renal
7 III Embriogénesis del Sistema Genitoruinario: Urinario
8 IV Fisiología del sistema Genitorurinario: Filtración Glomerular
9 IV Fisiología del sistema Genitorurinario: Balance Ácido Base A
10 IV Fisiología del sistema Genitorurinario: Balance Ácido Base B
11 IV Fisiología del sistema Genitorurinario: Formación de Orina
12 V Caso Clínico Integrador
13 Prácticas Opcionales: POWERLAB
Anexos
Referencias y bibliografía recomendada

Práctica Número: 1 Duración (mins/horas): 120 minutos
Unidad de Contenido I. Estrcutura Macroscópica del Sistema Genitourinario
Nombre de la Ubicación y Relación con otros Sistemas

Práctica
Competencia Describir y resumir la organización y principales estructuras del Sistema
Asociada a la Genitourinario
Práctica:

Materiales
De la Institución/Docente:
• Laboratorio de estructura y función equipado con seis de trabajo.
• Equipos de Cómputo o iPads y Conexión a internet.
• Mesas plegables de exploración para anatomía de superficie (palpatoria).
• Negatoscopio funcionando.
• Alcohol-Gel y Toallas de papel.
• Modelos anatómicos de plástico del aparato o sistema a revisar.
Recursos digitales:
• Microscopía Virtual e Imágenes Radiológicas Digitales.
• ACLAND Video de Disección Anatómica en Cadáver: http://aclandanatomy.com/Multimedia.aspx?
categoryid=39464
• VH Dissector en las Computadoras del Laboratorio.
• Visible Body PREMIUM Online desde PC/Mac: http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?
T=JS&NEWS=n&CSC=Y&PAGE=main&D=vbpp15
• USUARIO: udvdm999 CONTRASEÑA: codigo1
*Véase Anexo para los controles y uso del mismo.
Del Alumno(s):
• Post-It tipo flechas pequeñas.

• Realizar las lecturas previas recomendadas, así como otras actividades de autoestudios necesarias para la
adecuada ejecución de la práctica. *
• Computadora personal o “Tablet” (una por equipo) y teléfono móvil inteligente (uno por equipo) para registro de
evidencia de la práctica. *
• Cuenta de correo @my.uvm.edu.mx funcionando (individual).
• Cuenta de Pórtico en línea funcionando (individual]).
• Atlas Anatómico Online (Pórtico UVM:
Moore: http://uvm.lwwhealthlibrary.com/book.aspx?bookid=739
Grant Dissector: http://uvm.lwwhealthlibrary.com/book.aspx?bookid=761
Grant Atlas: http://uvm.lwwhealthlibrary.com/book.aspx?bookid=760
*Requisito Previo a la Práctica: El equipo que no lleve el material necesario no tendrá derecho a ingresar al
laboratorio a realizar la práctica.

Secuencia Didáctica: “MESAS ROTATIVAS EN CARRUSEL”

MESA DETRABAJO 1 (20 minutos)

HERRAMIENTA(S): Visible Body + Atlas Anatómico + Modelos Anatómicos de Plástico
UBICA en los modelos Anatómicos de Plástico las siguientes estructuras:
1.- riñón
2.- Vejiga
3.- Uretra
4.- Uretero
5.- G- Suprarrenales
EVIDENCIA a recolectar: Fotografías de Modelos de Plástico Digitales

HERRAMIENTA(S): Videos de Disección en Cadáver: ACLAND + Atlas Anatómico
Ahora construye una tabla en donde indiques las correlaciones anatómicas de cada una de las estructuras previas
así como sus características principales.
EVIDENCIA a recolectar: Cuadro.

HERRAMIENTA(S): Videos
Verifica el siguiente video introductor, toma notes, apuntes y has un esquema del concepto (Mapa Conceptual).
CrashCourse (2016). Urinary System, part 1: Crash Course A&P #38. Disponible vía Youtube: https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=l128tW1H5a8
EVIDENCIA a recolectar:Mapa Conceptual

HERRAMIENTA(S): Videos
Verifica el siguiente video introductor, toma notes, apuntes y has un esquema del concepto (Mapa Conceptual).
CrashCourse (2016). Endocrine System, part 2 - Hormone Cascades: Crash Course A&P #24. Disponible vía
Youtube: https://youtu.be/SCV_m91mN-Q
EVIDENCIA a recolectar:Mapa Conceptual

Aprendizaje Auto-dirigido (Independiente)

2 horas en Casa
Construcción de un portafolio de evidencias que incluya:
a) Portada Institucional
b) Evidencia* Recolectada en cada Mesa de Trabajo.
c) Reflexión de lo que se aprendió en cada Mesa de Trabajo (1 Párrafo).
d) Incluir un Glosario de Términos de Todas las Estructuras Anatómicas y Procesos Fisiológicos revisados
durante la práctica.
e) Incorporar 2 referencias bibliográficas APA Style o Vancouver**.
Consideraciones:
*Todas las imágenes deben tener señalados las estructuras anatómicas o procesos fisiológicos asociadas a la
práctica.
** Las referencias bibliográficas deben ser extraídas exclusivamente de la Biblioteca Digital “Pórtico UVM” y
referenciadas debidamente conforme al estilo APA o Vancouver. (Según decida el docente).
Método de Evaluación
Rúbrica para evaluación de portafolio de evidencias electrónico (Ver Anexo).
*El producto de aprendizaje: Portafolio de Evidencias, demuestra la correcta ejecución de la práctica así como el
dominio de los conceptos, habilidad, destrezas y actitudes del alumno durante y después de la misma en el
autoestudio; por lo que es considerado un método de evaluación tanto de la práctica como del aprendizaje
independiente.

Unidad de Contenido I. Aspectos Macroscópicos del Sistema Genitourinario.
Nombre de la Riñón y Vías Urinarias

Práctica
Competencia Describir y resumir la organización y principales estructuras del riñón y las vías
Asociada a la urinarias.
Práctica:

Materiales
Recursos digitales:
categoryid=39464
Del Alumno(s):

BRIEFING Inicial
por parte del Profesor
PREPARACION (5 MINUTOS)
1. Con la ayuda del auxiliar de laboratorio prepara el material que se ocupará durante la práctica.
2. Presentación e ingreso al laboratorio
3. Organización de equipos, 5 equipos para 5 mesas de trabajo rotatorias de 5-6 integrantes.
Planear 5 estaciones de trabajo para actividades cronometradas recomendadas en la práctica.
4. Explica el propósito de la práctica y da instrucciones de lo que se realizará en cada mesa de
trabajo
SESIÓN DE PREGUNTAS Y RESPUESTAS (10 MINUTOS)

1. El docente modera una sesión de preguntas y respuestas sobre el tema a tratar.
Ejecución de la Práctica
(para el Profesor)
EJECUCIÓN DE LA PRÁCTICA (110 MINUTOS)
1. Lleva los tiempos y ayuda a los alumnos a llevar la cronología.
2. Provee Feedback descriptivo durante la práctica.
3. Resuelve dudas durante la ejecución.
4. Promueve el buen Comportamiento del equipo durante la ejecución de la práctica
5. Verifica la Entrega de material limpio y completo.
6. Utiliza un Modelo de FACILITADOR NO INSTRUCCIONAL.



Anatomía Macroscópica Renal
Mediante la herramienta de Visible Body, explora los contenidos del sistema genitourinario, lleva a cabo el quiz final.
Disponible Vía Pórtico UVM desde: http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?

EVIDENCIA a recolectar: Quiz de Visible Body

Vascularización Renal

EVIDENCIA a recolectar: Se lleva a cabo después de completar las mesas de trabajo 3 y 4.

BRONQUIOS Y BRONQUIOLOS
Señala las estructuras anatómicas y sus características.
Mediante Visible Body Anatomy & Physiology lleva a cabo las actividades:
36.4 The Trachea and the bronchi
36. 9 Bronchial Tree

EVIDENCIA a recolectar: Se lleva a cabo después de completar la mesa de trabajo 4.


ALVEOLOS Y PULMÓN
Señala las estructuras anatómicas y sus características.
Mediante Visible Body Anatomy & Physiology lleva a cabo las actividades:
36.10 Alveoli
36.11 Respiratory Membrane
36.36.5 Lungs in Anatomical Context
36.6 Right Lung, gross anatomy
36.7 Left Lung, gross anatomy
36.8 Lung hilium

EVIDENCIA a recolectar: 36.A) Quiz de opción Múltiple y 36.B) Quiz de Disección

Unidad de Contenido I. Aspectos Macroscópicos del Sistema Genitourinario.
Nombre de la Reproductor femenino y Masculino

Práctica
Competencia Describir y resumir la organización y principales estructuras del aparato
Asociada a la reproductor femenino y masculino.
Práctica:

Materiales
Recursos digitales:
categoryid=39464
Del Alumno(s):

BRIEFING Inicial
trabajo

(para el Profesor)



Reproductor Femenino
Usa la herramienta de Videos de disección de ACLAND, y verifica los videos correspondientes al Aparato
Reproductor Femenino.
Disponible vía pórtico UVM, ACLAND: http://aclandanatomy.com/Multimedia.aspx?categoryid=39469

Reproductor Masculino:
Usa la herramienta de Videos de disección de ACLAND, y verifica los videos correspondientes al Aparato
Reproductor Masculino.
Disponible vía pórtico UVM, ACLAND: http://aclandanatomy.com/Multimedia.aspx?categoryid=39469
EVIDENCIA a Recolectar: Lleva a cabo el QUIZ correspondiente en ACLAND. Documenta tu calificación alcanzada.

Reproductor Femenino:
Usando el App Visible Body o mediante Visible Body en Computadora mediante Pórtico UVM, localiza las estructuras
vasculares (venas, arterias y linfáticos), nervios y músculos del aparato reproductor femenino.
EVIDENCIA a recolectar: Comentarios del equipo.

Reproductor Masculino:
Usando el App Visible Body o mediante Visible Body en Computadora mediante Pórtico UVM, localiza las estructuras
vasculares (venas, arterias y linfáticos), nervios y músculos del aparato reproductor masculino.
EVIDENCIA a recolectar: Comentarios del equipo.

Reproductor Femenino y Masculino

Exposición oral por parte de los estudiantes seleccionados por el profesor.
Estrategia preguntas y respuestas.
Propósito: evaluación y feedback, resolución de dudas.

Práctica Número: 4, 5 y 6 Duración (mins/horas): 120 minutos
Unidad de Contenido II. Aspectos Microscópicos del Sistema Genitourinario.
Nombre de la 4. Renal y Urinario

Práctica 5. Reproductor Femenino
6. Reproductor Masculino
Competencia Describir y resumir la organización y principales micro-estructuras del sistema
Asociada a la genitourinario.
Práctica:

Materiales
Recursos digitales:
categoryid=39464
Del Alumno(s):
• Realizar las lecturas previas recomendadas, así como otras actividades de autoestudio necesarias para la
BRIEFING Inicial
trabajo
(para el Profesor)

Secuencia Didáctica: “Microscopía Virtual”

PRÁCTICA 4 (110 minutos)

HERRAMIENTA(S): Microscopía Virtual
Riñón
Slide 204 kidney H&E Webscope 
Slide 210 kidney monkey H&E Webscope 
Slide 210 kidney monkey PAS/Pb hematoxylin Webscope
Part of a human kidney in cross-section is shown in slide 204. One side of the section is relatively smooth and convex; this is the outer surface of the kidney. Underlying that surface
(capsule) is a layer of cortex #204 kidney H&E about 5 mm thick. Most of the remainder of the section is the medulla #204 kidney H&E, forming renal pyramids (roughly triangular in
appearance). The apex (tip) of the pyramid forms the papilla #204 kidney H&E
The short red strips, which you may see in the medulla in slide #204 are "vasa recta" #204 (see section "C" below for more discussion of the kidney vasculature). The monkey kidney
(slide #210) is a "unipyramidal" type--it has only one pyramid; the human has many. The monkey kidney was perfused and most of the RBCs have been washed out, but the
histology is excellent and the diameter of tubules is close to that in real life.
A. Cortex.
Examine the cortex of slide 204. You will recognize medullary rays (or pars radiata) #204, which are clusters of parallel tubules (sectioned longitudinally) that appear to be coming out
from the medulla. The region of cortex between the rays, called the cortical labyrinth (or pars convoluta) #204, contains renal corpuscles and the convoluted portions of the tubules.
1.Tubules.
Identify the three general types of tubules that occur in the cortical labyrinth and medullary rays of the cortex:
• proximal tubules (further sub-divided into convoluted and straight portions),
• distal tubules (also divided into convoluted and straight portions), and
• collecting tubules (or ducts).
The preservation of tissue varies between the two slides. A certain degree of distortion and tissue breakdown exists and it will be necessary to study both slides for the best histology
of the tubules. Most of the tubules you see in the cortical labyrinth in #204 and #210 are proximal convoluted tubules, which are large, prominent and generally stain a deeper pink
than the other tubules. As an artifact of histological preparation, in some sets there may be small, white splits in the walls of these tubules, which should be ignored. In the cortex
in slide 204, the straight portion of the proximal tubule #204 is in the medullary rays, and has a similar histological appearance to proximal convoluted tubules. It is difficult to have
the brush border (composed of microvilli) well preserved in microscopic preparations. The brush border on the luminal surface of the proximal tubule epithelium in slide 204 is less
well preserved than in slide 210 and tends to slough off and partly fill the lumen as pink material. In slide 210-PAS, stained with periodic acid-Schiff reagent, there is good
preservation and staining of the brush border. Be sure you actually see the brush border. In addition, the basement membranes associated with the epithelial linings of blood vessels,
Bowman capsules, and tubules are distinct #204.
Here and there among the proximal tubules in the cortical labyrinth you will also see distal convoluted tubules in#204 and #210. You should note that distal tubules are paler in
appearance, usually have a smaller diameter, and a low cuboidal epithelium. In the cortex, the straight portion of the distal tubule #204 is similar in appearance and occurs in the
medullary rays.

The third type of tubule in the cortex is the collecting duct (or tubule), which is also best seen in the medullary rays in #204 and #210 . Look for tubules in which the epithelium is
simple cuboidal or low columnar, the cell outlines usually appear particularly distinct, and the nuclei are prominent and closer together than in proximal or distal tubules. Be sure you
can identify each of the three types of straight tubule found in a medullary ray #210 (proximal straight, distal straight, and collecting tubules). Collecting tubules may also be seen
occasionally in the cortical labyrinth. Numerous capillaries occur between the tubules in the cortex. In slide 204, note the outlines of red blood cells#204 in these small vessels. The
kidney in slide 210 was perfusion-fixed and, therefore, the capillaries are devoid of red blood cells.
2. Renal Corpuscle
Examine the renal corpuscles found in the cortex, noting the numerous capillary loops of the glomerulus #210. Most of the flat nuclei in the glomerulus belong to endothelial cells and
to podocytes (simple squamous epithelium constituting the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule). Some nuclei in the central regions of the glomerulus may belong to mesangial cells.
—> What are the three layers involved in glomerular filtration and how do they work?
(UR1) (Note that we do not expect you to be able to distinguish among these 3 cell types by light microscopy). The parietal layer of Bowman's capsule is also a simple squamous
epithelium which transitions to cuboidal epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubule at the urinary pole #210. Look around under low power to find glomeruli sectioned through
the vascular pole. Near the vascular pole will be the distal tubular part of the same nephron. Some sections in #204 and #210 will show a portion of this distal tubule with unusually
closely packed nuclei. This region is the macula densa which is located at the end of the ascending straight tubule where the distal convoluted tubule begins #210. The macula
densa together with the juxtaglomerular cells and the extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells) form the "juxtaglomerular apparatus". Juxtaglomerular cells are specialized smooth
muscle cells found in the wall of the afferent (and to some extend the efferent) arteriole which secrete renin. You cannot distinguish juxtaglomerular cells in these preparations (but
you could detect them by immunological techniques, e.g. immunostaining for renin).
B. Medulla
Move to the medulla #210, where straight proximal and distal tubules as well as collecting ducts are found. Blood vessels (note outlines of red blood cells in slide 204) are also
seen. In the medulla is the loop of Henle, usually composed of:
1. An initial thick portion that represents the continuation of the straight proximal tubule from the medullary ray,
2. A thin descending portion that turns back toward the cortex as a thin ascending portion that is continuous with
3. A thick ascending portion, which is a segment of the straight distal tubule.
The thick portions have an histology characteristic of either proximal or distal tubule. The thin portion is lined by a simple squamous epithelium and cannot reliably be distinguished
from capillaries (unless blood cells are present in the capillaries as in #204). The deepest portions of the medulla have only thin segments and collecting ducts. The epithelium of the
collecting ducts becomes higher as these ducts pass toward the papilla (where they are called "papillary ducts" or ducts of Bellini #210). As an artifact in some slides, the collecting
duct epithelium may be pulled away from its basement membrane in some areas of the papilla, leaving a white space between the epithelium and its underlying connective tissue.
Urine is released at the papilla through 10-25 openings (area cribrosa) into one of the minor calices which you will note are lined with transitional epithelium #210 (somewhat
damaged in #204) as is the rest of the urinary tract. It is worth noting that, from this point onward, the osmolarity of the urine can no longer be modified very much since transitional
epithelium is essentially impermeable to salts and water.
C. Blood Supply
Now that you have seen the arrangement of various nephron components in the kidney, go back and follow the blood supply. Slide 204 is helpful to study the blood supply even
though the tubular epithelium in this slide is in bad shape! You will remember from gross anatomy that the renal artery enters the hilus of the kidney, and divides successively into
lobar, interlobar (these are difficult to identify with certainty in histological sections, but they are the large arteries among the pyramids -UPSTREAM of the arcuate arteries) and finally
into arcuate arteries, which are accompanied by the corresponding veins.
Observe interlobar arteries and veins #204, sizeable vessels passing along the lateral sides of the medullary pyramid. Arcuate arteries and veins follow the base of the medullary
pyramid along the boundary between the renal medulla and the renal cortex. From the arcuate arteries, relatively straight branches, the interlobular arteries and vein #204 extend up
between the lobules of the cortex where they branch off into the intralobular arteries and, in turn, the afferent arterioles #210 that supply the glomeruli within each lobule. Even
though most of the RBCs have been washed out of the tissue in slide 210, the arcuate and interlobular vessels should still be identifiable by the smooth muscle in their walls (also,
note that arcuate vessels are generally lining the base of the medullary pyramid along the cortico-medullary boundary).
Efferent arterioles (do not worry about distinguishing between afferent vs. efferent arterioles), leaving the glomeruli, divide into peritubular capillaries which may be seen as small
circular profiles amongst all the convoluted tubules. The majority of these capillaries then coalesce to enter the interlobular veins, allowing the blood to pass back to the general
circulation. However, efferent arterioles from some glomeruli near the medulla (i.e., juxtamedullary glomeruli) provide the blood supply for the medulla. The multiple small vessels
(arterioles that are more like dilated capillaries) arising from the efferent arterioles and descending into the medulla and the somewhat larger venules ascending from it are clustered
to form the vasa recta, which you observed earlier in slide 204 as radiating reddish (or brownish) stripes in the medulla. The close association of arterioles and venules in the vasa
recta provide counter-current exchange to help prevent loss of the high electrolyte concentration present in the inner medulla, necessary for the concentration of urine. Capillaries
receiving blood from arterioles of the vasa recta are seen throughout the lower medulla. The venules of the vasa recta empty into arcuate or interlobular veins.
—> Explain the flow of blood through the kidney
Uretra y Vejiga
II. Ureter and Bladder

Slide 211 ureter ureter H&E Webscope  
Slide 019-1 ureter rat over-distended H&E Webscope 
Slide 019-2 ureter rat non-distended H&E Webscope
In these cross-sections of the ureter, note the transitional epithelium lining the lumen #211 Webscope. You studied the transitional epithelium (slide 19), in relaxed and stretched
states, in a previous laboratory period dealing with epithelia. There are 2 to 3 layers of smooth muscle in the ureter. However, the smooth muscle is arranged in bundles that make
the layers appear somewhat disorganized, thus it may be difficult for you to distinguish them. The connective tissue between the epithelium and the muscle is considered to be a
lamina propria (there is no submucosa). There is an adventitia (connective tissue) outside the smooth muscle.
Slide 212 bladder Webscope
Duke University slide 98, (non-distended bladder, H&E) WebScope Imagescope (virtual slide courtesy of Duke University)
Compare the size of the bladder to that of the ureter and note that it is also lined with transitional epithelium#211 Webscope. You will remember that transitional epithelium is
remarkable for its ability to stretch and yet maintain a strong barrier to diffusion of components in the urine. The muscular wall of the bladder, made up of bands of smooth muscle,
provides for the expulsion of the urine during urination. Although three muscular layers are sometimes described in textbooks, they are usually rather difficult to distinguish in
histological sections.
Extraído de: UMICH (2017). Michigan Histology and Virtual Microscope Learning Resources.
*El producto de aprendizaje: Esquema o gráfico realizado a mano ubicando las principales micro estructuras de cada
órgano o sistema revisado en los cortes histológicos.



I. Ovary
Slide 239 (ovary, monkey, H&E) WebScope 

Slide 269 (ovary, monkey, PAS) WebScope 
Slide 269-2 (ovary, monkey, PAS) WebScope 
Slide 235 (ovary, human, H&E) WebScope 
Slide 234 (ovary, human, H&E) WebScope 
Slide 234-2 (ovary, human, trichrome) WebScope 
Slide 236a (ovary, human, H&E) WebScope
The ovaries are paired organs situated on either side of the uterus. They are attached on one edge, the hilus, to the broad ligament of the uterus by a fold of peritoneum, the
mesovarium. Using slide 239, examine the overall topography of the ovary and note the numerous vessels which enter it via the broad ligament. The inner medulla (present in most
slides) is highly vascular and composed of a loose connective tissue core. Examine the outer cortex of the ovary which is composed of stroma and numerous follicles in various
stages of development. In slide 239, note the layer of collagenous connective tissue, the tunica albuginea just below the surface epithelium (mesothelium/serosa often misleadingly
referred to as "germinal epithelium") that covers the ovary.
Examine the stroma of the cortex in slide 239 and note the whorls of closely-packed, spindle-shaped fibroblasts. The cortex also contains many oocytes (300,000- 400,000 at birth)
embedded in this cortical stroma. Because of the variation in sectioning, age and stage of the cycle, you will have to study several slides in order to study all aspects of follicular
development, atresia and corpus luteum formation (see W page 364, 19.7).
Primordial & Primary Follicles: Examine several primordial follicles using slide 239 or 269 and note that they consist of a large oocyte surrounded by a layer of flattened follicular
cells. Next examine the appearance of primary follicles in which the large oocyte is surrounded by a layer of cuboidal follicular cells (also good in slide 238). These follicular cells
proliferate to form a loose multi-layer, the granulosa cell layer. A rim of neutral glycoprotein, the zona pellucida (clear zone), surrounds the oocyte separating it from the surrounding
granulosa cells. Slide 269 has been stained with PAS, so that carbohydrates and connective tissue are highlighted. Using this slide, examine the zona pellucida of several smaller
follicles. Stromal cells form a dense sheath (theca) around the follicle.
Secondary Follicles: Examine the structure of several secondary follicles and observe that between the stratified granulosa cells there are large lacunae that coalesce to form the
follicular antrum. The stromal cells surrounding the follicle have differentiated to form an inner layer (theca interna) of plump cells that secrete steroid precursors and an outer layer
(theca externa) composed of concentrically arranged stromal cells that provide support for the developing follicle (W pg 363, 19.5). Slide 235 also has good theca layers (see below).
Mature/Graafian Follicle: With continued development, the follicle becomes a Graafian or ovulatory follicle (This follicle is actually rather small to be a real Graafian follicle). The
granulosa zone now consists of many layers of cuboidal follicular epithelial cells located at the periphery of the large, well-formed follicular antrum. The oocyte has attained its full
size, is located eccentrically within the follicle in a small hillock, the cumulus oophorus which protrudes into the antrum. The zona pellucida is surrounded by a continuous layer of
follicular cells, the corona radiata. Because of its size, the oocyte will not be present in every section of the follicle, but examine the other components of a tertiary follicle. The theca
interna is separated from the granulosa cells by a distinct basement membrane. Theca externa cells are densely packed, spindle-shaped cells which blend with the theca interna
cells and with the surrounding stroma. Note that the theca interna has a rich capillary vascular supply, particularly well demonstrated in slide 235 (W pg 363, 19.6, see also the
diagram in R pg 779, 23.7a).
Atretic Follicles: Because the contents of only one follicle are usually ovulated at a time in humans, other follicles which have been stimulated to develop must degenerate, or
undergo atresia (W pg 366, 19.10). Atresia is not limited to mature follicles, but may begin at any stage in follicular development. Early atretic alterations include: clumping of the

nuclear chromatin (pyknosis) and shrinkage and lysis of the cytoplasm of the oocyte, granulosa or follicular cells. Examine the pyknotic granulosa cells , which are sloughed into the
follicular antrum. The basement membrane that separates the granulosa cells from the theca interna may also thicken considerably to form a so-called “glassy membrane.” These
changes are especially well illustrated in H&E slide 234 and trichrome-stained slide #234-2. Make sure you are able to differentiate atretic changes from artifacts related to shrinkage
due to fixation. Macrophages may eventually invade the center of the larger atretic follicles that are finally replaced by loose connective tissue.
Corpus Luteum: After ovulation, the follicle which housed the ovum collapses and becomes highly infolded and invaded by vessels, forming the corpus luteum (yellow body).
Examine slide 236a and observe that the corpus luteum appears pale and very folded. If the egg is fertilized and implants, the corpus luteum enlarges to become the corpus luteum
of pregnancy. Examine the inner granulosa lutein cells (formed from the remaining granulosa cells) and the outer theca lutein cells which come from the remaining theca
interna cells. Both cell types are polyhedral and filled with lipid droplets and have centrally located nuclei. The theca lutein cells are, however, considerably smaller, more darkly
staining and have fewer lipid filled vacuoles than the granulosa lutein cells. They are found most prominently in the infoldings right up against the granulosa lutein layer. Granulosa
lutein cells contain a pigment, lipochrome, which produces the yellowish color of the corpus luteum in an unfixed ovary. A central blood clot may be present in recently ovulated
follicles.
Corpus Albicans: If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum degenerates, and is gradually infiltrated with collagen and a few (if any) fibroblasts, forming the corpus albicans (white
body) (W pg 360, 19.3; W pg 367, 19.11; R pg 784, 23.13) particularly evident in slide 234 stained with H&E and trichrome. The corpus albicans is also formed during the later half
of pregnancy when the placenta takes over steroid secretion from the corpus luteum. Excellent examples of corpus albicans can be best observed in slides 234 or236.
II. Oviducts (Fallopian or Uterine Tubes
Slide 240-1 (oviduct, infundibulum, H&E) WebScope  

Slide 240-2 (oviduct, ampulla, H&E) WebScope  
Slide 241even (oviduct, isthmus, H&E) WebScope 
Slide 241odd (oviduct, uterine segment, H&E) WebScope
The oviduct conducts the ovulated egg from the peritoneal cavity to the uterus over a period of approximately three days, during which fertilization and segmentation of the zygote
occurs. There are striking regional variations in the oviducts that reflect:
1) the trapping of the egg, 2) a region where fertilization takes place, and 3) a region simply for transport to the uterus.
Examine its open end near the ovary, the infundibulum, in slide 240-1 and note the funnel shape and ridges of mucosa that extend as a fringe of finger-like projections known as
fimbriae. Note the ciliated cells that cover the fimbria that help sweep the egg into the oviduct. Move on to slide 240-2 to trace the passage of the egg from the infundibulum through
the numerous longitudinal folds of theampulla recalling that this is where fertilization usually occurs. Next is the isthmus region in slide 241even that is characterized by tall branching
ridges of mucosa which project into and partially fill the lumen of the oviduct. Note the numerous non-ciliated secretory (peg) cells and the ciliated cells that line the lumen. The
isthmus contains tall folds and few ciliated cells, while theinterstitial (or intramural because it's within the uterine wall) segment, shown in slide 241odd, has low ridges and a
preponderance of secretory cells. Observe that as you progress from the infundibulum where there is a large lumen filled with many mucosal folds toward the uterus, the overall
luminal diameter decreases, as does the number of ciliated cells, while the proportion of smooth muscle in the muscular layer gradually increases.
Examine the loose connective tissue of the lamina propria using slide 241even. Next, study the muscularis organized roughly into circular, oblique, and sparse longitudinal layers of
smooth muscle. It has been suggested that this muscle may play a two-fold role; first, in distending the oviduct toward the ovary to aid in “capturing” the ovum; and second, in
producing peristaltic waves which help propel the ovum toward the uterus. The outermost layer of the oviduct, the serosa, is highly vascular and is composed of mesothelium and thin
underlying connective tissue that is continuous with the broad ligament.
I. Uterus
Slide 244 (uterus, proliferative phase, H&E) WebScope 

Slide 243 (uterus, early secretory phase, H&E) WebScope 
Slide 245-1 (uterus, secretory phase, H&E) WebScope 
Slide 245-2 (uterus, menstrual phase, H&E) WebScope
The uterus is a pear-shaped, hollow organ partially covered by peritoneum. Examine the overall topographical organization of the uterus from its outer serosal or adventitial covering,
through the thick muscular layer (myometrium) to the mucosa (endometrium) in slide 243 (this slide is actually at a stage between proliferative and secretory).
The myometrium of the uterus is composed of interwoven bundles of smooth muscle supported by dense connective tissue. Examine their arrangement into indistinct bundles, with
several bundles running roughly parallel to the long axis of the body of the uterus. During pregnancy, the muscle fibers elongate, proliferate and produce collagen in response to
hormonal stimulation.
The endometrium is divided into two layers or strata and consists of a simple columnar epithelium and an underlying stroma that contains tubular glands that may branch near the
myometrium. The stratum functionale or functional layer is the thicker, outer layer that is sloughed off with menstruation. The underlying stratum basale or basal layer is retained
throughout the menstrual cycle and serves as the regenerative source of the stratum functionale. The endometrium undergoes striking cyclical modifications that depend on
sequential hormonal alterations. Compare specimens from proliferative and secretory phases with the menstrual phase.
1. Proliferative Phase (days 5-14) In slide 244, the proliferative phase is underway and glands have proliferated and cover the surface. Although difficult to
see in these sections, spiral arteries are elongated and convoluted, and extend from the basal layer into the functional layer.
2. Secretory Phase (days 15-28) In slide 245-1, observe that the glands of the secretory phase endometrium appear convoluted. Toward the end of this
phase, apical tissues become ischemic and glands take on a characteristic “saw tooth” appearance. The endometrium reaches its maximal thickness during this period, and spiral
arteries continue to grow and extend into the superficial regions of the functional layer. There is also considerable leukocyte infiltration in the stroma.
3. Menstrual Phase (days 1-4; W pg 371, 19.16) In slide 244-2 WebScope, much of the stratum functionalis has sloughed away, and amongst the debris
are numerous blood cells (RBCs and leukocytes). Notice that the stratum basalis remains intact.
Uterine Cervix
Slide 249 (cervix, H&E) WebScope  
UCSF slide 405 (cervix, trichrome) WebScope (virtual slide courtesy of the University of California, San Francisco)
The uterine cervix shown in slide 249 is continuous with both the body of the uterus and the upper portion of the vagina. Note that the wall has considerable smooth muscle and
much dense connective tissue. Note also the number of collagen fibers in the stroma.
The mucosa is lined by a tall columnar mucus-secreting epithelium in its uterine portion, but note the abrupt change to stratified squamous epithelium at its vaginal face. This
stratocolumnar junction which should be readily identifiable in both slide 249 and UCSF slide 405 is frequently the site of pre-neoplastic and neoplastic (cervical cancer) changes.
The mucosa is thrown into deep irregular folds known as plicae palmitae (palmate folds). During the majority of the uterine cycle these glands secrete a highly viscous mucus forming
a barrier to microorganisms, while at mid-cycle (ovulation) the mucus becomes more hydrated, which facilitates sperm entry. Blockage of the openings of the cervical mucosal glands
frequently results in the accumulation of secretory products within the glands, leading to the formation of dilated Nabothian cysts which may be seen in USCF slide 304. These cysts
are generally benign; however, they can become clinically relevant should they become enlarged enough to cause obstruction of the cervical canal.
Vagina
Slide 250-1 (vagina, H&E) WebScope  
Slide 250-2 (vagina, trichrome) WebScope
The vagina connects the female reproductive system to the exterior of the body. At low magnification, note its three-layered structure: the mucosal lining, smooth muscle layer, and
outer adventitial layer. The epithelium that lines the vagina is stratified squamous, which appears slightly vacuolated due to the presence of glycogen in these cells, which is removed
during fixation.
The connective tissue of the thick lamina propria contains many elastic and collagen fibers throughout and many small veins in the deeper region. The subjacent smooth muscle
layers are arranged in poorly defined inner circular and predominant outer longitudinal layers; it may be easier to discern the smooth muscle from the surrounding connective tissue
in the trichrome-stained section. The connective tissue (seen particularly well in sections stained with trichrome) of the outer adventitial layer also contains many elastic fibers, thus
contributing to the overall distensibility of this region. Also evident in the adventitia in both H&E and trichrome-stained sections are parasympathetic ganglia that innervate the
erectile tissue (i.e. the numerous small veins) of the lamina propria.
I. Placenta
Slide 253 (early) WebScope 
Slide 255 (late) 20x WebScope 
Slide 255 (late) 40x WebScope
With the implantation of a zygote into the uterus, a number of changes take place in the endometrium. Cells from the embryonic trophoblast invade the uterine mucosa, secretions
from these cells coalesce to form lacunae in the endometrium, which is now termed the decidua. These spaces also contain maternal blood. The trophoblast rapidly invades the
decidua forming primary villi, that contain only trophoblast (outer syncytiotrophoblast and inner cytotrophoblast) cells. Mesenchyme and blood vessels form the core of the secondary
villi. During the second half of pregnancy the cytotrophoblast cells disappear and the capillary basal lamina fuses with that of the syncytiotrophoblast to improve exchange.
Begin with slide 253, which is early placenta. The entire field is filled with villi cut predominantly in cross section. Mesenchymal tissue and fetal blood vessels (filled with fetal RBCs
which, in the early stages of fetal hematopoiesis, still have nuclei) make up the core of each villus which is covered by a trophectoderm shell of inner cytotrophoblast and outer
syncytiotrophoblast cells. The syncytiotrophoblast cells are more eosinophilic and have smaller nuclei. As the name implies, these cells result from the fusion of many cells and thus

have many nuclei per cell and no discernable lateral boundaries. In contrast, cytotrophoblast cells are clearly demarcated, have a single, large nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm.
Notice that there is almost a complete ring of cytotrophoblast cells covering each villus in early placenta --these cells are thought to function as stem cells for the formation of the
syncytiotrophoblast, which is why they may disappear later in pregnancy.
Study slide 255, which is a late placenta. Although you will be able to see an occasional cytotrophoblast cell, you will not be able to see forming villi in this late placenta. Examine the
trophectoderm shell, which now consists of multinucleate syncytiotrophoblast cells located on the outer surface of the villi as well as an occasional residual underlying cytotrophoblast
cell. The nuclei of the syncytiotrophoblast cells often form aggregates of so-called "syncytial knots" that may look like specks of dirt when viewed at lower magnification.
Syncytiotrophoblast cells that are bathed in maternal blood have apical surfaces specialized for absorption (microvilli), pinocytosis, and exocytosis and an appearance typical of
secretory cells. Also examine the numerous macrophage-like (Hofbauer) cells that can be found within the connective tissue of the placental villi. These cells are characteristically
large, with elliptical, eccentric nuclei and extensively vacuolated cytoplasm. (FE5)
Large quantities of an amorphous eosinophilic substance, fibrinoid, may also be deposited in the intervillus space in this older placenta. This material clings to the villus surface and
may bind several villi together. The amount of fibrinoid in combination with the appearance of the connective tissue in the villi can be used to stage the placenta.



I. Testis
Slide 270 testis testis H&E Webscope orientation Image

Slide 270ex testis H&E Webscope orientation Image
Slide 275 Testis H&E Webscope orientation Image
Slide UCSF 363 testis Webscope (virtual slide courtesy of the University of California, San Francisco)
Slide 273 Testis H&E immature Webscope

These slides (except for the UCSF slide) include both testis and epididymis (you will study epididymis later in this laboratory session): the testis is the larger of the two structures on
the slide. The capsule of the testis is composed of dense connective tissue and is called thetunica albuginea. Within the testis you will see numerous profiles of seminiferous tubules,
with interstitial tissue between them. In the interstitial tissue between the seminiferous tubules are clusters of Leydig cells, which secrete the male steroid hormone, testosterone.
These are the most prominent cells in the interstitial tissue, but in slide #270 of some slide sets, the Leydig cells#270 are not seen very clearly (in that case, see them in #270 ,
or #275 Webscope). Also visible in the interstitial tissue are blood vessels and smaller cells characteristic of loose connective tissue. Now take a closer look at the the seminiferous
tubules in #270 [Orientation] or #270 [Orientation] (in some of the seminiferous tubules the epithelium may be pulled away somewhat from the basement membrane, leaving a white
space, which is an artifact). Each seminiferous tubule is surrounded by a boundary layer or tunica propria, composed of flattened cells, several cells thick. Most of the cells that lie
against the basement membrane and have round nuclei are spermatogonia. Don’t worry about distinguishing between type A and type B spermatogonia. Now look for considerably
larger nuclei midway up in the epithelium that are also round and are filled with a tangle of dense chromosomes. These are the nuclei of relatively mature primary spermatocytes,
which are in the extended prophase of the first meiotic division. These are numerous but unfortunately not always well preserved (the nuclei may be somewhat swollen or distorted).
All of the smaller cells in the upper half of the epithelium (toward the lumen of the tubule) are spermatids in various stages of differentiation into mature sperm. The spermatids initially
have round nuclei, but these gradually become smaller, denser and assume the shape of sperm heads. The smallest black structures you see are the heads of mature spermatids
about to be released into the lumen. Their tails are difficult to make out. Now look for Sertoli cell nuclei, which are large, relatively pale and irregular in shape, and contain a
prominent nucleolus (sometimes out of the plane of section). Their nuclei commonly occur just above (toward the lumen from) the spermatogonia. Secondary spermatocytes are
rarely seen, since almost immediately after they arise they undergo the second meiotic division to become spermatids. If you are anxious to see secondary spermatocytes, find
division figures and look around them for nuclei that are intermediate in size between those of primary spermatocytes and spermatids. They are hard to find, so don’t spend much
time looking.
II. Mediastinum and Epididymis

Slide 270 testis testis H&E Webscope [Orientation]
Slide 270ex testis H&E Webscope [Orientation]
Slide 275 Testis H&E Webscope [Orientation]
Returning to the slides of the seminiferous tubules, study the passageway by which the sperm pass from the seminiferous tubules through the rete testis, efferent ducts and
epididymis to reach the tail of the epididymis, where they are stored in preparation for an ejaculation. Scan along the tunica albuginea of the testis, looking for a region where it
thickens and is permeated by a network of flattened channels in the dense connective tissue. This portion of the testis is known as the mediastinum; the network of channels is the
rete testis and is probably best seen in slide 270. Observe that the rete testis is lined with a cuboidal (or sometimes low-columnar) epithelium and you may see occasional microvilli.
(Purely as an aside, these cells also have asingle or "primary" cilium. Obviously, these cilia don't contribute much in the way of helping to propel sperm through the channel.
Instead, they may function as chemoreceptors allowing the lining cells to monitor and modify the luminal contents). The sperm leave the testis by means of these channels to reach
the efferent ducts. However, for now, shift your attention outside the testis to the part of the epididymis that is included in this slide. You will see numerous sections through the long
and convoluted duct that makes up the epididymis apparent in#275. The epithelium of the duct is pseudostratified columnar. The tall epithelial cells have long microvilli on their
apical surface (sometimes called “stereocilia”, although they are not cilia at all). You may be able to make out a thin layer of smooth muscle around the tubules, which presumably
acts by peristalsis to move the sperm along. Now scan over the section looking for tubules of the efferent ducts, which connects the rete testis to the epididymal duct. The efferent

duct tubules are often (but not always) smaller than epididymal tubules, and their epithelium varies considerably in height, giving the tubule lumen a characteristic irregular or "star"
shape. The epithelium is generally simple columnar, and consists of two cell types, taller cells have with cilia and shorter cells without cilia. The efferent duct is the only portion of the
male tract displaying true, motile, cilia. These tubules may also have a thin layer of smooth muscle around them. Efferent ducts are best demonstrated in#275, although#270 shows
a small region of efferent ducts amongst the epididymis.
III. Spermatic Cord
This is a cross section through a spermatic cord, such as you will see in the gross anatomy laboratory. On one side of the section you will see a cross section of the ductus (or vas)
deferens #284 Webscope, which has a circular lumen, lined by a pseudostratified epithelium and surrounded by a very thick wall of smooth muscle. Elsewhere you will see sections
through two or more branches of the testicular artery, surrounded by connective tissue that contains numerous veins of the pampiniform plexus #284 Webscope (the veins are rather
flattened and contain dark red blood).
IV. Seminal Vesicle
Slide 075 seminal vesicle H&E Webscope

Slide 279 seminal vesicle H&E Webscope
These are cross sections through a seminal vesicle, which you may remember from gross anatomy is a rather sacculated and contorted tube (slide 75 is also the slide we used to
study parasympathetic ganglia, which are readily observable in the wall of this organ). Study the section with your light microscope, noting the moderately-abundant smooth muscle
in the wall. The epithelium of this gland lies on the surface of interconnecting mucosal folds that extend into the lumen from the muscular wall. The sparse connective tissue within the
folds constitutes the lamina propria of this mucosa. The epithelium, which may be either simple columnar or pseudostratified columnar, produces a secretion (including fructose,
ascorbic acid and other components) which is expelled from the gland by contraction of the muscular wall during ejaculation, constituting about 50-80% of the semen.
V. Prostate Gland
Slide 281 prostate H&E Webscope [Orientation]
Slide 281lex prostate Masson Webscope
Slide 282 prostate senile H&E Webscope
The prostate in an adult man is about the size and shape of a chestnut and contains 15-30 tubuloalveolar glands that empty separately into the prostatic urethra. The most important
structures to see on the slide are the prostatic glands that are present over most of the section. The glands are embedded in a connective tissue that includes abundant smooth
muscle, best appreciated in the trichome-stained section #281-EX (recall that collagen fibers will stain blue-green whereas smooth muscle is pink with deep red nuclei), which
produces the pulsations of the prostate that expel the content of the glands during ejaculation. The epithelium of the glands is simple columnar (there may be a few basal cells), and
the cells differ greatly in height to give the epithelium a folded appearance. The epithelial cells secrete various components of the semen (including citric acid and acid phosphatase).
In older individuals, there may be concretions (amyloid bodies) in the lumen of the glands, which are better seen in #282 - the concretions are of little functional consequence, but
they can be a helpful for the purposes of identifying the tissue. The prostatic urethra is present in the #281 prostate H&E (it has a stratified epithelium several cells thick and
numerous mucosal glands). Also present on slide #281 is the utricle flanked by paired ejaculatory ducts #281 prostate H&E. With these landmarks, one can identify the various
zones of the prostate that are clinically relevant in their propensity to become hyperplastic and/or cancerous:
1. The peripheral zone #281 prostate H&E Webscope contains the main glands located posterio-laterally in the outer parenchyma of the gland and is the site most susceptible to
inflammation (prostatitis) and malignant neoplasia (prostatic carcinoma).
2. The central zone #281 prostate H&E Webscope is the region surrounding the utricle and ejaculatory ducts. Interestingly, this zone is relatively resistant to inflammation and
hyperplasia.
3. The transitional and periurethral zones #281 prostate H&E Webscope surrounds the prostatic urethra and contains submucosal and mucosal glands that undergo non-
cancerous proliferation, leading to benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), a condition that effects almost all males to some extent by age 80. Typically, the submucosal
glands undergo hypertrophy first followed by the mucosal glands as the condition progresses.
4. The anterior fibromuscular stroma #281 prostate H&E Webscope is located anteriorly and contains no glandular tissue so it typically does not become hyperplastic.
VI. Penis
Slide 286 penis H&E cross Webscope [Orientation] This is a cross section through the shaft of the penis. Identify the two pale corpora cavernosa 286 penis H&E
cross Webscope (occupying most of the central part of the section; the partition between the two may be incomplete), surrounded closely by a thick layer of dense connective tissue
(pink), the tunica albuginea. Also observe the corpus spongiosum 286 penis H&E cross Webscope, situated ventromedially and containing the slit-like penile urethra. Study the
erectile tissue of the corpora cavernosa with your microscope, noting the connective tissue trabeculae and smooth muscle strands, as well as small blood vessels and nerves. The
arterioles within the trabeculae are called helicine arteries(oles) #286 Webscope because in the flaccid penis they are rather twisted (like a helix). Between the trabeculae are the
venous sinuses, lined with endothelium. In the flaccid penis, the smooth muscle in the trabeculae and arterioles is under tonic contraction, limiting the entry of blood into the sinuses.
Erection involves a relaxation of the smooth muscle of the arterioles (so more blood enters) and of the trabeculae (permitting the sinuses to expand freely), as well as a closing down
of venous outflow due to compression of the veins that drain the erectile tissue (the veins draining the tissue are pushed up against the rigid connective tissue of the tunica albuginea
when the erectile tissue swells). The organ expands by hydraulic pressure, and the shape of the erect penis is determined by the tunica albuginea. A resumed contraction of the
smooth muscle in the helicine arterioles leads to detumescence. In each corpus cavernosum, note one or two arteries, the deep arteries #286, that supply the arterioles. If you look
on the upper surface of the tunica albuginea, you will see the abundant nerve bundles that supply this organ.

Unidad de Contenido III. Embriogénesis del Sistema Genitourinario
Nombre de la Embriogénesis Genitourinario.

Práctica
Competencia Comprende la organización y principales estructuras propias de desarrollo
Asociada a la embrionario del sistema genitourinario.
Práctica:

Materiales
Recursos digitales:
• 3D Atlas of Human Embriology, accesible desde: https://www.3dembryoatlas.com/
• Symbrio, accesible desde: http://etableros.com/resources/embriointeractiva/site/index.html
Del Alumno(s):
Recursos digitales:
BRIEFING Inicial
trabajo

(para el Profesor)

Secuencia Didáctica: “Linea del Tiempo”

Linea del Tiempo (110 minutos)

HERRAMIENTA(S): Atlas Virtual Embriología 3D + Animaciones embriología + Atlas Físico
Utilizando un App similar a 3D Timeline o en su defecto Power Point; construye una secuencia tipo Linea del tiempo,
en la cual demuestres los principales momentos del desarrollo de sistema urogenital.
Requisitos:
Incluir imágenes o capturas de pantallas extraídas exclusivamente de 3D Atlas of Human Embriology.
Todas las imágenes deben estar explicadas, señaladas, marcadas, identificadas. (Qué estructuras, que etapa o
fecha y comentar probables defectos).
Entrega: Linea del tiempo en digital (Vía E-mail, Dropbox, etc).

Rúbrica para evaluación de producto de aprendizaje (Ver Anexo).
*El producto de aprendizaje: demuestra la correcta ejecución de la práctica así como el dominio de los conceptos,
habilidad, destrezas y actitudes del alumno durante y después de la misma en el autoestudio; por lo que es
considerado un método de evaluación tanto de la práctica como del aprendizaje independiente.

Unidad de Contenido IV. Fisiología del Sistema Genitourinario
Nombre de la Filtración y excreción

Práctica
Competencia Integrar la organización y fisiología de los mecanismos de filtración y
Asociada a la excreción de orina.
Práctica:

Materiales
Recursos digitales:
• Simulador Fisiología PhysioEX: https://wps.pearsoned.com/bc_physioex_8_ap_lms/112/28698/7346904.cw/
index.html
• Instructivo: http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_physioex_8/sheets_ap/worksheet_ap09.pdf
Del Alumno(s):

index.html

Secuencia Didáctica: “ABP”

MESA DETRABAJO (20 minutos)

HERRAMIENTA(S): Videos Interactivos + Simulador Virtual
Lleva a cabo las actividades del Simulador de la 1 a la 3.
PhysioEX (2016). Endocrine system Physiology. Disponible desde: https://wps.pearsoned.com/

bc_physioex_8_ap_lms/112/28698/7346904.cw/index.html
Material de Apoyo:
EVIDENCIA a recolectar: Notas, capturas de pantalla, apuntes.






2 horas en Casa
Consideraciones:
práctica.
independiente.

Nombre de la Formación de Orina

Práctica
Competencia Integrar la organización y fisiología de los mecanismos de filtración y
Asociada a la excreción de orina.
Práctica:

Materiales
Recursos digitales:
index.html
Del Alumno(s):

index.html




Material de Apoyo:







2 horas en Casa
Consideraciones:
práctica.
independiente.

Nombre de la Equilibrio Ácido Base

Práctica
Competencia Integrar la organización y fisiología de los mecanismos de equilibrio ácido
Asociada a la base.
Práctica:

Materiales
Recursos digitales:
index.html
Del Alumno(s):

index.html




Material de Apoyo:







2 horas en Casa
Consideraciones:
práctica.
independiente.

Nombre de la Equilibrio Ácido Base

Práctica
Competencia Integrar la organización y fisiología de los mecanismos de equilibrio ácido
Asociada a la base.
Práctica:

Materiales
Recursos digitales:
index.html
Del Alumno(s):

index.html




Material de Apoyo:








2 horas en Casa
Consideraciones:
práctica.
independiente.

Unidad de Contenido IV. Caso Clínico Integrador
Nombre de la Embriogénesis Genitourinario.

Práctica
Competencia Integra la organización micro, macro, embriologia , fisiología y principales
Asociada a la estructuras propias del sistema genitourinario a un caso clínico.
Práctica:

Materiales
Recursos digitales:
Del Alumno(s):
Recursos digitales:
BRIEFING Inicial
trabajo


(para el Profesor)

Secuencia Didáctica: “ABP: Caso Clínico Integrador”

Linea del Tiempo (110 minutos)

HERRAMIENTA(S): Atlas Virtual Embriología 3D + Animaciones embriología + Atlas Físico
Lea y Resuelva el caso a continuación; acompañado con las lecturas correspondinetes. Elabore un reporte de caso.
Rúbrica para evaluación de producto de aprendizaje (Ver Anexo).
*El producto de aprendizaje: Reporte de Caso.

demuestra la correcta ejecución de la práctica así como el dominio de los conceptos, habilidad, destrezas y actitudes
del alumno durante y después de la misma en el autoestudio; por lo que es considerado un método de evaluación
tanto de la práctica como del aprendizaje independiente.

Práctica Opcional:
PowerLab
N. Fernandez (2015). Manual de Laboratorio de Fisiología. 6ª Edición. McGrawHill. Disponible vía Pórtico
UVM: http://accessmedicina.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=1722




ANEXOS
GENERALES

Rúbrica para evaluar mapas conceptuales.
Muy Bueno Bueno Suficiente Insuficiente

CATEGORÍAS (7 puntos) (5 puntos) (3 puntos) (0 puntos)
1. Conceptos y Muestra un Comete 3 errores o Comete más de No muestra ningún

terminología entendimiento del menos en la tres errores en la conocimiento en
concepto o principio y terminología terminología y torno al concepto
usa una notación y empleada y muestra muestra vacíos tratado.
una terminología algunos vacíos en el conceptuales
adecuada. entendimiento del profundos.
concepto o principio.
2. Identifica todos los Identifica Realiza muchas Falla al establecer

Conocimiento conceptos importantes importantes conexiones en cualquier
de las y demuestra un conceptos, pero erradas. concepto o conexión
relaciones conocimiento de las realiza algunas apropiada.
entre relaciones entre estos. conexiones erradas.
conceptos
3. Habilidad Construye un mapa Coloca la mayoría de Coloca sólo unos Produce un

para conceptual apropiado los conceptos en una pocos conceptos resultado final que
comunicar y completo, jerarquía adecuada en una jerarquía no es un mapa
conceptos a incluyendo ejemplos, estableciendo apropiada y usa conceptual.
través del colocando los relaciones sólo unas pocas
mapa conceptos en apropiadas la relaciones entre
conceptual. jerarquías y mayoría de las los conceptos,
conexiones veces, dando como dando como
adecuadas y resultado un mapa resultado un
colocando relaciones fácil de interpretar. mapa difícil de
en todas las interpretar.
conexiones, dando
como resultado final
un mapa que es fácil
de interpretar.
Total: 21 puntos. Escala de evaluación: 21-16 Muy bueno, 15-10 Bueno, 9-4 Suficiente, 3-0 Insuficiente.
Modificado de: Quiñones, J. Obtenido en septiembre del 2015 de: https://engage.intel.com/servlet/JiveServlet/

downloadBody/40116-102-1-48993/rubrica-para-evaluar-mapas-conceptuales1.doc.

Rúbrica para evaluar tabla comparativa.
Necesita
Excelente Satisfactorio Satisfactorio con
VALORACIÓN mejorar
recomendaciones
PUNTAJE 4 PUNTOS 3 PUNTOS 2 PUNTOS 1 PUNTO
Profundización del Descripción clara y Descripción clara y Descripción ambigua Descripción

tema sustancial del sustancial del del cuadro, algunos incorrecta del
cuadro con buena cuadro detalles no clarifican el cuadro, sin
cantidad de tema detalles
detalles significativos o
escasos
Organización de la Cuadro bien Cuadro con Cuadro con tema Cuadro con
información organizado información bien impreciso y no tema impreciso
(priorización de las focalizada pero no organizada y poco claro, sin
categorías) y suficientemente coherencia entre
claramente organizada las partes que lo
presentado, así componen
como de fácil
seguimiento
Calidad del diseño Cuadro Cuadro simple pero Cuadro simple, con Cuadro mal
sobresaliente y bien organizado sin ciertas debilidades en planteado que
atractivo que errores de la organización y con no cumple con
cumple con los ortografía al menos tres errores los criterios de
criterios de diseño ortográficos diseño
planteados, sin planteados y
errores de con más de tres
ortografía errores de
ortografía
Presentación del La presentación La presentación fue La presentación fue La presentación

cuadro fue hecha en hecha en tiempo y hecha en tiempo y no fue hecha en
comparativo tiempo y forma, forma, además se forma, aunque con tiempo y forma,
además se entregó entregó de forma deficiencias en la además la
de forma limpia en limpia aunque no pulcritud y el formato entrega no se
el formato fue en el formato establecido dio de la forma
preestablecido preestablecido pre establecida
(papel o digital) por el docente
Cantidad de El uso de El uso de El número de El número de

categorías de categorías está categorías está categorías no está categorías no
comparación acorde tanto en acorde para permitir acorde con la temática está acorde con
usadas jerarquía como en una adecuada presentada y muestra la temática o no
número para comparación del deficiencias en el guardan relación
permitir una tema establecido, orden jerárquico con el tema
adecuada aunque necesita
comparación del ajustar el orden
tema establecido jerárquico
Calidad de la La información La información da La información La información

información está claramente respuesta al proporcionada guarda suministrada no
presentada relacionada con el objetivo principal relación con las guarda relación
tema y proporciona del cuadro categorías aunque su con el tema
varios niveles de comparar mas no calidad (fuentes) es
comparación aporta otros niveles deficiente
de análisis
Fuente: Velázquez, P. (2012), Obtenido en septiembre del 2015 de: https://es.scribd.com/doc/110937172/

Rubrica-Para-Evaluar-Un-Cuadro-Comparativo

Rúbrica para evaluar síntesis.
Puntaje 4 3 2 1 0
Preparación 1. El texto Se observan No aplica. Se observan El texto no

contiene algunas algunas deficiencias presenta evidencia
muestras de deficiencias en en alguno de los de preparación
identificación de alguno de los elementos de la previa.
estructura elementos de la preparación, pero
(bloques preparación que que afectan el
temáticos), 2. Se no afectan el análisis de las
subrayaron las análisis de las ideas.
ideas principales, ideas.
3. Se hicieron
notas al margen
del texto
Identificación Se identifican Se identifican Se identifican Se identifican No se identificó

de elementos correctamente correctamente la correctamente la correctamente la correctamente la
argumentativ los elementos opinión, la opinión, la opinión y la opinión y/o la
os evidencia y tres evidencia y dos evidencia evidencia (aunque
elementos más. elementos más. se haya
identificado
correctamente
algún otro
elemento)
Transformaci El texto se Se transformó Se transformó No se aplicaron No se transformó

ón textual transformó adecuadamente parcialmente el varias técnicas de totalmente el texto,
adecuadamente el texto, se texto: no se han transformación incluso hay
y refleja la reconocen todas utilizado textual, lo cual reproducción literal
identificación y las ideas correctamente empieza a afectar el de partes del
jerarquización de principales en su algunas técnicas contenido. mismo.
ideas, no hay correcta de transformación
frases copiadas. jerarquía, pero textual. Sin
se parafrasean embargo, se
de modo muy reconocen las
general, sin dar ideas principales.
cuenta del rema.
Estructura El texto posee El texto posee El texto posee El texto posee una El texto solamente
introducción una introducción una introducción introducción (a la presenta una parte
(presenta datos y una parte (a la que le falta que le faltan expositiva.
del autor que expositiva bien un elemento) y elementos) y/o una
apuntan a su redactada. La una parte parte expositiva no
perspectiva, transición entre expositiva bien muy coherente.
género, fuente y las partes es redactada.
confiabilidad de abrupta.
ésta); una parte
expositiva bien
redactada. Hay
una transición
lógica y retórica
entre ambas
partes.

Rúbrica para evaluar portafolio de evidencias
CRITERIO/ 4 3 2 1 ASIGNACIÒ
N
PUNTUACIÒN
PORTADA Incluye nombre del autor, Falta algún Faltan dos Carece de tres o más
Institución y curso. elemento en la elementos en la elementos para la correcta
Incluye título sugerente presentación del presentación del presentación del trabajo
en la portada. trabajo trabajo.
Considera fecha y lugar
OBJETIVO El objetivo del portafolio El objetivo del El objetivo del No tiene objetivo explícito
es congruente con los portafolio portafolio no es
contenidos de las considera sólo congruente con los
lecciones o tareas del parcialmente los contenidos o
curso. contenidos lecciones
El objetivo representa el estudiados. estudiadas.
aprendizaje obtenido y la
razón por la cual se
estructuran de esa forma
las evidencias.
EVIDENCIAS Incluye todos los tipos de Incluye al menos Incluye sólo dos Incluye sólo uno o ninguna
evidencias: palabras tres de los tipos de tipos de las de los tipos de evidencias
clave, estrategias, evidencias evidencias solicitadas.
resúmenes, mapas, etc. solicitadas. solicitadas. La evidencia presentada
Las evidencias No todas las Solamente una no demuestra avance en
demuestran los avances evidencias evidencia los aprendizajes.
en los aprendizajes demuestran demuestra el
esperados. claramente el avance en los
avance de en los aprendizajes
aprendizajes esperados.
esperados.
ORGANIZACIÒ Todos los documentos A los documentos A los documentos El documento solo tiene un
N están correctamente les faltan algunos les faltan más de elemento o ninguno de
presentados: Constan de elementos de la dos elementos de presentación.
encabezado, son claros, presentación. presentación.
limpios, explicativo.
ORTOGRAFIA El portafolio de Hay hasta cinco Hay de 6 a 10 Hay más de 10 errores

evidencias está errores errores ortográficos.
elaborado sin errores ortográficos. ortográficos en el
ortográficos. portafolio
SUMAS
CRITERIO DE EVALUACIÒN EN ESCALA DE 5 A 10.

• Por ser 5 los criterios de evaluación, la máxima calificación será de 20 puntos, que equivale a 10
• Para obtener los puntajes, basta multiplicar la suma total de puntos por 5. Ej.: 16 X 5 = 8.0
• Se les recuerda aplicar las reglas del redondeo. Ej. 5.5 (menor del 6), se pone 5; pero si el puntaje es
aprobatorio a partir del 6, Ej.: 6.5, se redondea a 7.

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UVM México Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud

Copyright © UVM México, 2017-2020. Todos los Derechos Reservados. 1

Reconocer la estructura macroscópica y microscópica del Sistema

Competencia Específica asociada a la práctica:

1. Comprender los principios de organización y estructura del sistema

2. Reconocer la estructura macroscópica del riñón vejiga, vías urinarias y

3. Reconocer las características microscópicas de genitales, riñón,

4. Aplicar las bases embriológicas e histológicas del sistema genitourinario

5. Reconocer la embriología de los órganos que componen el sistema

6. Aplicar los conocimientos de procesos biológicos y biología celular para

7. Entender la fisiología renal del proceso de filtración y excreción urinaria,

8. Explicar los mecanismos generales de patología integrando las bases

Copyright © UVM México, 2017-2020. Todos los Derechos Reservados. 2

No. Unidad Nombre de la práctica Página FECHA de

1 I Estructuras Macroscópicas del Sistema Genitourinario: Generalidades

2 I Estructuras Macroscópicas del Sistema Genitoruirnario: Riñón

3 I Estructuras Macroscópicas del Sistema Genitoruirnario: Vías Urinarias

4 I Estructuras Macroscópicas del Sistema Genitoruirnario: Femenino y

5 II Estructuras Microscópicas del Sistema Genitourinario

6 III Embriogénesis del Sistema Genitoruinario: Renal

7 III Embriogénesis del Sistema Genitoruinario: Urinario

8 IV Fisiología del sistema Genitorurinario: Filtración Glomerular

9 IV Fisiología del sistema Genitorurinario: Balance Ácido Base A

10 IV Fisiología del sistema Genitorurinario: Balance Ácido Base B

11 IV Fisiología del sistema Genitorurinario: Formación de Orina

12 V Caso Clínico Integrador

13 Prácticas Opcionales: POWERLAB

Referencias y bibliografía recomendada

Copyright © UVM México, 2017-2020. Todos los Derechos Reservados. 3

Práctica Número: 1 Duración (mins/horas): 120 minutos

Unidad de Contenido I. Estrcutura Macroscópica del Sistema Genitourinario

Nombre de la Ubicación y Relación con otros Sistemas

Copyright © UVM México, 2017-2020. Todos los Derechos Reservados. 4

• Post-It tipo flechas pequeñas.

Copyright © UVM México, 2017-2020. Todos los Derechos Reservados. 5

Secuencia Didáctica: “MESAS ROTATIVAS EN CARRUSEL”

MESA DETRABAJO 1 (20 minutos)

UBICA en los modelos Anatómicos de Plástico las siguientes estructuras:

EVIDENCIA a recolectar: Fotografías de Modelos de Plástico Digitales

MESA DETRABAJO 2 (30 minutos)

EVIDENCIA a recolectar: Cuadro.

MESA DETRABAJO 3 (20 minutos)

EVIDENCIA a recolectar:Mapa Conceptual

MESA DETRABAJO 4 (20 minutos)

EVIDENCIA a recolectar:Mapa Conceptual

Copyright © UVM México, 2017-2020. Todos los Derechos Reservados. 6

Aprendizaje Auto-dirigido (Independiente)

Construcción de un portafolio de evidencias que incluya:

Rúbrica para evaluación de portafolio de evidencias electrónico (Ver Anexo).

Copyright © UVM México, 2017-2020. Todos los Derechos Reservados. 7

Práctica Número: 2 Duración (mins/horas): 120 minutos

Unidad de Contenido I. Aspectos Macroscópicos del Sistema Genitourinario.

Nombre de la Riñón y Vías Urinarias

Copyright © UVM México, 2017-2020. Todos los Derechos Reservados. 8

Copyright © UVM México, 2017-2020. Todos los Derechos Reservados. 9

SESIÓN DE PREGUNTAS Y RESPUESTAS (10 MINUTOS)

Copyright © UVM México, 2017-2020. Todos los Derechos Reservados. 10

Secuencia Didáctica: “MESAS ROTATIVAS EN CARRUSEL”

MESA DETRABAJO 1 (20 minutos)

Anatomía Macroscópica Renal

Disponible Vía Pórtico UVM desde: http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?

EVIDENCIA a recolectar: Quiz de Visible Body

MESA DETRABAJO 2 (15 minutos)

Disponible Vía Pórtico UVM desde: http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?

Slide 239 (ovary, monkey, H&E) WebScope 

Slide 240-1 (oviduct, infundibulum, H&E) WebScope  

Slide 244 (uterus, proliferative phase, H&E) WebScope 