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Profissional Documentos
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Introduction of Computer
Networks
Communication & Computer/Data Networks
Applications of Computer Networks
Requirements
Network Architectures
Implementing Network Software
Network Performance
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Communication & Computer/Data
Networks
Underline technologies
Applications of Computer
Networks (e.g. …)
Surfing the Web
of Client/Server
Streaming Audio & Video
Video-on-demand: ( )
Video Conference: ( )
Different requirements for various
applications
.
EE4272 Spring 2004
2
Requirements from Perspectives…
Application programmer: services that their
applications need, e.g.,
Connectivity
Cost-Effective Resource Sharing
Reliability
3
Building Blocks & Connectivity
Nodes: PC, special-purpose hardware…
Host: edge node for .
Switch: node to .
Router/Gateway: node connects two/more
different .
Links: coaxial cable, …
Direct connectivity (a)
point-to-point
multiple access (b)
Indirect Connectivity
Switched networks
switch
Internetworks
router
gateway
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Issues Related to Connectivity
Switching Strategies
circuitswitching ( ): dedicated circuit;
send/receive .
packet switching ( ): store-and-forward;
shared channel; send/receive .
L1 R1
L2 R2
Switch 1 Switch 2
L3 R3
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Conventional Multiplexing
Strategies
Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing
(STDM)
Statistical Multiplexing
On-demand (not predetermined) time-division
Schedule link on a basis (fairness): FIFO,
Round-robin… .
Packets from different sources on link
What about if only one source has data?
Why is needed?
Buffer packets that are contending for the link: .
Buffer (queue) overflow is called .
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6
What Goes Wrong in the Network?
-Reliability Issue
(light, power,
microwave interference -> error
detection/correction): single or burst error
depend on transmission med.: coaxial cable, optical
fiber?
(congestion control)
(network survivability)
Network Architecture
Use abstractions (unified model) .
Abstraction naturally lead to .
Can have at each layer
Application programs
Client
Request/reply Message stream process-to-process
channel channel
Server
Host-to-host connectivity
Hardware
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Layering & Protocols
Advantages of Layering
Manageable
Modular design
Protocols
buildingblocks of a network architecture layer
Each protocol object has two different interfaces
service interface: operations .
peer-to-peer interface: messages exchanged with .
Term “protocol” is overloaded
Module (various) that implements this interface: .
specification of peer-to-peer interface ( )
Interfaces
Host 1 Host 2
High-level High-level
object object
Protocol Protocol
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Protocol Machinery
Protocol Graph
most peer-to-peer communication is .
peer-to-peer is only at hardware level
Host 1 Host 2
Host 1 Host 2
Application
Application Application
Application
program
program program
program
Data Data
RRP RRP
HHP HHP
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OSI (open systems interconnection)
Architecture
End host End host
Application Application
Presentation Presentation
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Network
Network Network
Internet Architecture
Defined by ( )
Design
Application vs Application Protocol (e.g.,HTTP)
IP IP
IP
Network
Network
NET 1 NET 2 NET n
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10
Some Protocols in TCP/IP Suite
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Performance Metrics
Bandwidth (throughput) :
data transmitted per time unit
link vs. end-to-end
Latency (delay)
timeto send message from point A to point B
one-way versus round-trip time (RTT)
components
Latency = Propagation + Transmit + Queue
Propagation = .
Transmit = .
Throughput (end-to-end) = TransferSize / TransferTime
TransferTime = RTT + 1/Bandwidth x TransferSize (w/o
queue)
EE4272 Spring 2004
Bandwidth
Application Needs
requirements ( ): burst with
peak rate
: variance in latency ( )
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