Q.

1 Read pages 1-14 carefully (the content is related to ‘academic writing’ and
various types of ‘essays’) and briefly answer the following questions (in your
own words). (15)

a. What is academic writing? How it is different than other types of writing?

b. How would you define an ‘essay’? Provide various types of essays you
studied with their particular characteristics.
c. Define ‘descriptive essay’. How it is different than other types of essays?
Provide brief examples.

Q: 1 (a) What is academic writing? How it is different than other types of

writing?

Ans: Being a student of a university, we realizes that the academic writing is something
special writing that what we done before. In this writing we learns that how we can write
properly, what is words / phrases protocol? How to express or convey your demand or
requirement to someone properly? And all these things are we never did before at school or
college level. All these necessary protocols are called academic writing.

In other way, an academic writing is really different than other types of writing because
when we start writing academically, we have to follow various kinds of decorum &
protocols. Such as, we cannot use abuses or vulgar words and phrases during in between
writing academically. Our matter of writing should be presentable & to the point. In a short
passage we should clear our topic. Our focus is must necessary during writing on what we
are writing. From these described points academic writing is different than other types of
writings.

Q: 1 (b) How would you define an ‘essay’? Provide various types of essays
you studied with their particular characteristics.

Ans: An essay is a compound of paragraphs that can be on any topic. It

consists on three basic steps which are as follows;

Introduction: It identifies the reader for clearance of its purpose.

Body: of an essay consist of 2,3or more paragraphs for detail description as

per above subject.

Conclusion: Every matter we are writing or conveying, have to be conclude

at the end. Hence, in an essay conclusion is very necessary as well.

Types of Essay:

There are generally seven types of essays that we studied in our course.

1. Descriptive essay:
As we can see that it is already clear by its name. These kinds of essays are
described, which means it provides complete details about how something
 looks like, how pretty something is, etc. It shows the topic of the essay very
clearly.

2. Compare and Contrast:

Comparison of an essay could be between any of two subject may be about
two brothers, two friends or two vehicles may be. It discusses the similarities
and differences about two cities, places, cultures etc. It could discuss both
similarity and difference or either only one of them, it not necessary.

3. Cause and Effect:

The causes and effects essay describes about an event or incident that how it
happened and after that what effect it resulted. As we can talk about some
relationship, that how it happened and after that if it fell then why. The cause
and effect essay may be shows the reason of said topic and may describe its
effect as well.

4. Narrative:
When you write a narrative essay, you are telling a story. Narrative
essays are told from a defined point of view, often the author's, so there is
feeling as well as specific and often sensory details provided to get the
reader involved in the elements and sequence of the story. The verbs are
brilliant and precise.

5. Process:
A process analysis essay refers to the type of academic writing, which
contains a detailed description of the particular process in the shape of the
step-by-step guide. This form of essay is popular in business & technical
writing too. Some of the best examples of process essays include: Recipe.

6. Argumentative:
An argumentative essay is a type of essay that presents arguments about
both sides of an issue. An argument to refute earlier arguments and give
weight to the actual position. Conclusion: Rephrasing the thesis statement,
major points, call to attention, or concluding remarks.

7. Analysis:
An analytical essay means you will need to present some type of argument,
or claim, about what you are analysing. Most often you will have to analyse
another piece of writing or a film, but you could also be asked to analyse an
issue, or an idea.
Q: 1 (c) Define ‘descriptive essay’. How it is different than other types of
essays? Provide brief
examples.

Ans: The descriptive essay is a genre of essay that asks the student to describe
something object, person, place, experience, emotion, situation, etc. This genre
encourages the student's ability to create a written account of a particular
experience.

There are many reasons due to which the descriptive essay is different from the
other essays. As in the descriptive essay, we always talks about first person.
Rather, it defines the actual point of view of an author. Below are some examples as
required in the questions;

Suppose we are going to write an essay about a beautiful place;

That place is so pretty and there is no place is in its competition.

As well as we can talk about any reality subject that is naturally non comparable
with anything such as itself.

Q.2 Read pages 24-30 carefully (the content is about various parts of an academic
essay) and write an academic essay (of about 100 words) on ‘My Favorite Sport’.

Ans: ‘My Favourite Sport’ (Essay)

Everyone has a favorite sport. My favorite sport is cricket. I love the game of
cricket, it is a fun game to watch and play. The game is also a physical game to
play. I love to be physical. That’s probably why I like it. Also, cricket brings people
together. There’s nothing better than getting together on thanksgiving to watch
cricket. I like every sport, but cricket is my favorite because of the love I have for
the game, the physicality of the game, and the way the game brings people
together.

My love for the game is one of the biggest reasons I love cricket. All my life I’ve
been playing cricket, from the backyard to high school. Cricket was the first sport I

ever played. There would be days when there was nothing to do, so my friends and
I would just go to the field and play cricket all day long. Cricket has also provided
me with a lot of memories that I will never forget. One memory is winning our
conference my junior year in school. That is something I will never forget. Also, my
family is a cricket family. My father played cricket very passionately with his
friends in his youth and my brother played for his college as well, so I really don’t
have a choice but to love cricket.

My love for the game brings me closer to the game. However, the physicality of
cricket also makes it one of my favourite sports.

Q.3 Read pages 31-34 carefully (the content is about formal and informal styles of
writing) and decide what type of writing style (formal/informal) is used in the
following text and how? (5)

When you are preparing to cook, wash your hands first. I think,
you should also check for your dress by wearing an apron.
Further, avoid cooking nasty and bad food etc. for your kids
and parents.

Ans: The above mentioned paragraph is an informal content because of following

reasons;
In above matter they have used first person. Rather, the vocabulary is
being used is not formal therefore we can surely state that this
paragraph is informal.

Q.4 Read the text titled as ‘Chronology of the Mughal Kings’ on pages 51-52
carefully.

Now LINK (connect) the sentences (given in the text) by using appropriate
SEQUENCE MARKERS. You are required to use at least TEN sequence markers in
your answer.

Ans:
Q.5 Read the text titled as ‘A Day in the Life of a Nurse’ on pages 56-57 carefully.
Also read Exercise-9 given on page 58.

Now write down a PARAGRAPH of about 150 words on ‘A Day in the Life of a
College Student’. Follow the use of SEQUENCE MARKERS in your answer.

Ans: A day in the life of a College Student

I get up early in the morning. First, I take shower then go for prayer. After
prayer I meet my grandparents and parent’s good deeds then take some light
meal as breakfast. Next, I wait for my van at my doorstep. During this
procedure I revises the tasks or assignments what I have to clear in that day.
Rather, I participate in sport programs with my friends as well as debates and
speeches. As far as I reach my college, I try to perform gracefully in any
situation of my college. Preparing assignments, research reports, by working
hard is the game of my left hand. My teachers are so kind and cooperative
with me. They always help and support me in every task related to my college
life. After a long struggle I finally pack my bag, wait for the van from college
to home. When I reach home, I greet with everyone then I open my bag, looks
for the assignments that I get for the day and then I resolve them for the next
day. Next I take dinner with milk as its good for our health then go to bed as
soon as possible.

Q.6 Read the text titled as ‘Planting a Tree: A Step by Step Guide’ on
pages 60-61 carefully. Now go to Page 62 and complete EXERCISE 10 as per
directions given.

Ans: Following are the steps of planting a tree;

 Choose a feasible space or place where you would like to plant a tree
 Then prepare the area by digging a hole according to the size or occupancy of
that tree apparently
 Plant the roots in the area what you maintained after digging
 Use water to settle the mud & make it soft as well
 Now, spread two to three inches mulch let the roots hold the earth/land
 Provide water to the tree at least once a week to keep it green

Q.7 Read the text titled as ‘Pollution’ on pages 89-91 carefully and complete the
following tasks briefly:
a. Define noise pollution.
b. Create a diagram illustrating all six types of pollution.
c. Explain what causes soil pollution?

Ans: Noise Pollution:

The pollutions come from sound and vibration is called noise
pollution. There are many reasons of noise pollution such as traffic
sound, aircraft sound, industrial sound etc. Noise pollution is extremely
 harmful for human health. It causes heart diseases as well as nervous
system.

Diagram of Pollution:

Causes of Soil pollution:

There are numerous causes of soil pollution that occur every day or
even every minute. For ease of reference, some basic causes are as
follows, such as accidental spills and leaks during storage, mining
activities, Construction activities, transportation activities, releasing
toxic vehicle emissions, Chemical waste dumping etc.

Q.8 Read the text titled as ‘Types of Teachers’ on pages 96-98 carefully and answer
the following questions briefly:

a. What are the characteristics of a funny teacher?

b. How would you define a strict teacher?

Ans: Characteristics of a funny teacher:

A funny teacher is always like a souvenir of God to a student. That

kind of teacher earns student’s heart through their polite and
encouraging behavior with them. They provide confidence and courage
to the student to participate in every situation. They always help their
student to find out the solution of every problem. They provide a
source and courage of asking question to their student which they
couldn’t achieve ever due to deadly inside of them. Although, they are
polite and kind but it doesn’t mean that this kind of teacher is not
serious. They deserve appreciation more than that teacher who is
harmful for his/her students & due to which that student remains
disable by his/her productive characteristic.

Definition of a strict teacher:

Strict teachers consider themselves very well manage & stabilize.

Therefore, they usually keeping pressurize their students for
punctuality or else. They give them deadlines for the completion of
tasks, assignments & projects as well. All of their rude attitude /
behavior towards their students is humiliating and irritating for them.
Student does not respect or obey that kind of teacher. After all, student
 feels himself as a prisoner in a prison. These types of teachers are
harmful for students & be the reason of their failure because surviving
in such environment is the cause of hyper activity disorder. And
student lost his/her confidence somewhere far & can’t be focusing again
as before.

Q.9 Read about ‘Cause and Effect’ (as given on pages 107-112) carefully and do
complete Exercise 4 (given on Page 114).

CAUSE EFFECT
The comedy drama Atiqa o was The producer decided not to make a
sequel.
not successful.
Due to a very low enrolment, Dr. Hafeez's will be offered
only once a year.
Freddy's cafe at Lahore received glowing Consequently more people
wanted to try its
reviews. recipes.
The tourists misplaced their passports As a result they had to cancel their trip
to
Hunza and Skurdu.
The plane was delayed As a result ,I had to wait for
five .
Because the soup was very hot I burned my tongue
Due to a misunderstanding My job application was turned
down
Since she's very popular singer She is recognized by everyone
in her city
Because of heavy traffic. Ubaid was late at home
There is shortage of water in the country So the people are advised to
use
water sparingly.

Q.10 Read about ‘Cause and Effect’ (as given on pages 107-112) carefully and
complete Exercise 6 (given on Pages 120-121) by WRITING down two possible
causes for the given effects.

Ans:
(1) He feels tired today .Why? (reason)

Cause 1: He has worked to hard.

(2) The lawyers are on strike Why?

Cause 1: They are raising the voice against government system

Cause 2: They are fighting for their rights.

(4) The children did not go to school. Why? (Effect)

Cause 1: It was raining heavily

Cause 2: They could not find rickshaw for school.

(5) My mother is angry at me. Why? (Effect)

Cause 1: I never eat properly.

Cause 2: I come back late to home at night.
(6) The 'D Watson Pharmacy’ is a very successful business operation. Why?

Cause 1: It has big margin of profit.

Cause 2: Medicines have their expiry dates.

(7) The majority of students failed the gave yesterday. Why? (Effect)

Cause I: They did not attend the classes regularly.

Cause 2: The questions were strict for the students.

(8) Flight PK 306 was postponed for six hours. Why? (Effect)

Cause I: The weather was not suitable for fly.

Cause 2: Some technical problems ore found in aero plane.

(9) My best grades are in science courses. Why? (Effect)

Cause I: I have keen interest in science subjects.

Cause 2: I attend the classes regularly.

(10) More and more forest plant life is being destroyed. Why? (Effect)

Cause 1: The environment becomes so polluted.

Cause 2: The land is mostly using for residential purpose.

Q.11 Read Pages 123-124 carefully and REWRITE the following sentences by
connecting them with appropriate connecting words (because, so, therefore)
using the principles of ‘Cause and Effect’. (5)

a. Shakil works hard. He will succeed.

b. It was raining. He stayed home.
c. Amir wants to be a good cricketer. He practices five hours a day.
d. Metro bus fare is increased. People prefer to use taxis.
e. The boss was not coming. The meeting got cancelled.

Ans:

1. Shakil works hard therefore, he will succeed.

2. It was raining so, he stayed home.
3. Amir wants to be a good cricketer therefore, he practices five hours a day.
4. Metro bus fare is increased therefore, people preferred to use taxis.
5. The boss was not coming so, the meeting got cancelled.