TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS

“LEUKEMIA DISEASE”
Dosen : Ratna Arifah, S.Pd, M.Si

Disusun Oleh
Kelompok VI:
1. Erin Kartika Mauliana
2. Gusminandar
3. Indah Febianti
4. Munyati Nur Azizah
5. Sri Wanda Putri

PRODI DIPLOMA III TEKNIK RONTGEN

STIKES WIDYA HUSADA SEMARANG
TAHUN AJARAN 2018/2019
 LEUKEMIA DISEASE

I. Definition
Leukemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow. Bone marrow produces
blood cells. Leukemia can happen when there is a problem with the production of
blood cells. It usually affects the leukocytes, or white blood cells.

II. Cause
Leukemia happens when the DNA of immature blood cells, mainly white cells,
becomes damaged in some way.
This causes the blood cells to grow and divide continuously, so that there are too
many.
Healthy blood cells die after a while and are replaced by new cells, which are
produced in the bone marrow.
The abnormal blood cells do not die when they should. They accumulate, occupying
more space.
As more cancer cells are produced, they stop the healthy white blood cells from
growing and functioning normally, by crowding out space in the blood. Essentially,
the bad cells crowd out the good cells in the blood.

III. Risk Factor

Some factors increase the risk of developing leukemia. The following are either
known or suspected factors:
- artificial ionizing radiation
- viruses, such as the human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) and HIV
- benzene and some petrochemicals
- alkylating chemotherapy agents used in previous cancers
- hair dyes
- smoking
 Genetic predisposition: Some people appear to have a higher risk of developing
leukemia because of a fault in one or several genes.
Down syndrome: People with Down syndrome appear to have a higher risk, possibly
due to certain chromosomal changes.
It has been suggested that exposure to electromagnetic energy might be linked to
leukemia, but there is not enough evidence to confirm this.

IV. Symptoms of Blood Cancer

Leukemia symptoms that are caused are generally different among sufferers, but
in general can be described as follows:
1. Anemia.
Patients will show symptoms of fatigue, pale and breathing quickly (the number
of red blood cells below normal causes less oxygen in the body, consequently
sufferers breathe quickly to compensate for the fulfillment of oxygen deficiency
in the body).
2. Bleeding
When platelets (blood clotting cells) are not produced properly because they are
dominated by white blood cells, the patient will experience bleeding in the skin
tissue (the emergence of wide or small red spots in the skin tissue). Impression
of bruising on the surface of the skin.
3. Infected
White blood cells act as protectors of the immune system, especially against
infectious diseases. In patients with leukemia, formed white blood cells are
abnormal (abnormal) so it does not function properly. As a result, the patient's
body is susceptible to viral / bacterial infections, even by itself will show
complaints such as fever, white discharge from the nose (runny) and cough.
4. Bone and Joint Pain
5. Stomach Pain
 Abdominal pain is also an indication of symptoms of leukemia, in which
leukemia cells can accumulate in the organs of the kidneys, liver and bile which
causes enlargement of these body organs and pain arises.
6. Swelling of the Lympa Gland
Patients are likely to experience swelling of the lympa gland, both under the arms,
neck, chest and others. The lympa gland is in charge of filtering blood, leukemia
cells can accumulate here and cause swelling.
7. Difficulty breathing (dyspnea)
Patients may show symptoms of difficulty breathing and chest pain, if this
happens it should immediately get medical help.

V. Type of Blood Cancer

Based on the speed of its development, these cancers can be classified into
"acute" and "chronic". Blood cancer can also be categorized according to the type of
white blood cell that is attacked. Blood cancer that attacks lymph cells is known as
lymphotic leukemia and what attacks myeloid cells is called myelogenic leukemia.
Based on the two groupings above, there are four types of blood cancer that most
often occur. The following is an explanation for each type :
1. Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
ALL can inhibit the function of lymphocytes so that sufferers have the potential
to experience serious infections. This blood cancer is generally suffered by
children, but can also affect adults.
2. Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
This is a type of blood cancer that commonly affects adults. But AML can also
be affected by children and adolescents even though the numbers are smaller.
This cancer will form imperfect myeloid cells and can clog arteries
3. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
This type of blood cancer is only experienced by adults. CLL is generally only
detected at an advanced stage because patients tend not to feel symptoms for a
long time.
 4. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
This type of blood cancer is commonly suffered by adults. CML has two stages.
In the first stage, abnormal cells will develop slowly. Then when entering the
second stage, the number of abnormal cells will increase rapidly so that the
patient's condition will decrease dramatically.

VI. Diagnosis and Treatment of Blood Cancer

In general, blood cancer or leukemia occurs due to the production of white blood
cells that are too fast and too much so that many cells are still not formed properly
and as a result do not function properly even though in very large numbers, this also
results in the patient's immune system not functioning properly maximum.
In the initial stages, the doctor will check for signs of physical condition. If there
is a suspicion in the direction of blood cancer, for example swelling of lymph stains,
liver, or spleen, spots or bruising, nosebleeds, fever, and other signs, the doctor will
recommend further tests which include blood tests to bone marrow biopsy.
Blood tests can show abnormal levels of white blood cells. While bone marrow
biopsy is used to confirm the presence of blood cancer cells. Treatment and how to
treat it depends on many factors, including age and health conditions, type and stage
of blood cancer.
Some treatment methods that are commonly used to treat blood cancer include:
1. Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells.
2. Radiotherapy to destroy and inhibit the growth of cancer cells.
3. Focused therapy to attack the vulnerable parts in cancer cells.
4. Biological therapy to help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells.
5. Stem cell transplantation for replacing damaged bone marrow with healthy ones.
The stem cells used can originate from your own body or other people's bodies
as donors. Chemotherapy or radiotherapy will usually be done as a preparatory
step before undergoing this transplant procedure.
Question?

1. what is the meaning of leukemia disease?

2. What are the causes of leukemia?
3. Can leukemia be contagious?
4. How many types of leukemia disease?
5. What are the symptoms of leukemia disease?
6. Howe to cure leukemia disease?
7. Is leukemia a heredity disease?
8. What types of viruses cause leukemia disease?
9. What is the function radiotherapy of leukemia desease?
10. What is the difference of cronic leukemia and acute leukemia?