Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Energy Conversion and Management

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enconman

An updated review on application of nanofluids in heat exchangers for T

saving energy
⁎
Ahmad Hajatzadeh Pordanjania, Saeed Aghakhanib, Masoud Afrandc,d, , Boshra Mahmoudie,
Omid Mahianf,g, Somchai Wongwisesh,i
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
c
Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
d
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
e
Research Center, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaimani 46001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
f
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
g
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran
h
Fluid Mechanics, Thermal Engineering and Multiphase Flow Research Laboratory (FUTURE Lab.), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King
Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
i
The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Sanam Suea Pa, Dusit, Bangkok 10300, Thailand

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In this paper a brief review on application of nanofluids in heat exchangers has been addressed. One of the
Nanofluid barriers to increase the capacity of different industries is the lack of response of heat devices in higher capacities.
Plate heat exchanger In addition, increasing capacity leads to an increase in pressure drop and this is one of the most important
Helical heat exchanger restrictions on the large industries. Conventional methods of increasing heat transfer greatly increase the
Double-tube heat exchanger
pressure drop, and according to the results of previous studies, using the special nanofluids, the thermal effi-
Shell and tube heat exchanger
ciency of the heat exchanger can be increased significantly, which is one of the most important thermal devices
Saving energy
in the industry. In this research, firstly a review of nanofluids studies and introduction of nanofluids is presented,
then their simulation methods are investigated, and finally, studies on the used tubes in the heat exchangers have
been investigated, and studies of the plate heat exchanger, helical heat exchanger, shell and tube heat exchanger,
and double-tube heat exchanger have been examined. The enhancement of thermal and hydraulic performance
of heat exchangers is very important in terms of energy conversion, and also is important in the economic
recovery of systems through savings. This paper examines previous studies on heat exchangers and using of
nanofluids in them. The purpose of the paper is not only to describe the previous studies, but also to understand
the mechanisms of heat transfer in the field of using nanofluids in heat exchangers, and also to evaluate and
compare different heat transfer techniques. Finally, it can be concluded that the nanofluids in most cases im-
prove heat transfer, which reduce the volume of heat exchangers, saving energy, consequently water con-
sumption and industrial waste.

1. Introduction According to Fig. 1, the most commonly applications of heat ex-

Heat exchangers are devices that provide the flow of thermal energy
between two or more fluids at different temperatures, and therefore, are
heat transferring device. Heat exchangers are used in the power pro-
duction, process, chemical and food industries, electronics, manu-
facturing industries, air-conditioning, refrigeration, and space applica-
tions. In Fig. 1, some uses of heat exchangers have been introduced in
different industries.
changers can be found in the automobile industries, for example in car
radiator, in home appliances for example coolers, radiators, re-
frigerators etc., in the oil and gas industries for cooling and preheating
of fluids and at power plants for cooling the exhaust turbine fluid or
preheating of the inlet boiler fluid to reduce the heating costs. Other
applications of heat exchangers that are of particular interest are solar
collectors, electronic industries, aeronautics etc. [1–9].
Energy, space, material, and global economics saving

⁎
Corresponding author at: Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
E-mail addresses: masoud.afrand@tdtu.edu.vn (M. Afrand), Boshra.mahmoudi@spu.edu.iq (B. Mahmoudi), somchai.won@kmutt.ac.th (S. Wongwises).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.111886
Received 26 April 2019; Received in revised form 27 July 2019; Accepted 29 July 2019
0196-8904/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al. Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886

Nomenclatures W Water

A,B,C Constant parameter Greek letters

Cp Specific heat (Jkg −1. K−1)
d Nanoparticle diameter (nm) σ The electrical conductivity(Ω. m)
DW Deionized water φ Solid Volume fraction
EG Ethylene Glycol τ Shear stress (Nm−2)
f Friction factor α Thermal diffusivity (m2s−1)
g Gravity (ms−2) ρ Density (kgm−3)
GO Gear oil μ Dynamic viscosity (kgm−1s−1)
h Convection heat transfer coefficient w /(m2 . K ) υ Kinematic viscosity m2s−1
K Thermal conductivity w /(m . K )
Nu Nusselt number Subscripts
P Pressure (Pa)
Δp Pressure drop (Pa) m Average
Pr Prandtl number c Cold
Ra Rayleigh number bf Base fluid
Re Reynolds number h Heat
T Temperature (K) max Maximum
t Time (s) nf Nanofluid
vBr Brownian motion velocity (m/s) p Nanoparticles

Fig. 1. Some uses of heat exchangers in various devices.

considerations, have led to the expansion of efforts to produce more
efficient heat exchange equipment for minimizing costs. The result of
these efforts is to reduce the physical size of heat exchange equipment
for a given heat capacity. Therefore, the most important thermal-hy-
draulic objectives in a heat exchanger are to reduce the size of a heat
exchanger required for a specific heat duty (capacity), to upgrade the
capacity of an available heat exchanger and its operation or to reduce
the pumping power. In recent decades, many studies have been con-
ducted to increasing heat transfer in the heat exchangers and heat
transfer fluids. With this regard, some researchers investigated them by
simplifying the heat exchangers into simple cavities. Some researchers
have simulated these heat exchangers as open enclosures and studied
the fluid flow in them. Some investigators studied the effects of in-
clination angle on the heat transfer rate [10–31]. The addition of a
magnetic field and electric field has been another way to change the
flow field [32–36].
Heat transfer fluids provide the conditions for the exchange of en-
ergy in a system and their effects depend on the physical properties
such as thermal conductivity, viscosity, density, and heat capacity. Low
thermal conductivity is often the main limitation of heat transfer fluids,
so nanofluids, due to their high thermal conductivity, are the cause of
promising heat transfer fluids for applying instead of heat fluids in the

2
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al.
heat exchangers [37–39].
To transfer the heat between two fluids, a device called heat ex-
changer is used. Heat exchangers are used in many different industries,
including petrochemicals, oil and gas, dairy industries, cars, airplanes
etc. Today, the heat exchangers are widely employed and there are few
devices that work in the presence of heat transfer in which no heat
exchanger is used.
The heat exchangers are divided into four categories according to
the type of flow considering the Fig. 2 [5,40,41]:
According to Fig. 2a, for parallel flow heat exchangers, both fluids
enter one side of the heat exchanger and move across the tube in the
same direction. The maximum heat transfer occurs at its inlet. At the
output, their temperature becomes closer.
According to Fig. 2b, for counter flow heat exchangers, a fluid enters
from one side of the heat exchanger and another one from the opposite
side. The counter flow heat exchangers have the highest thermal effi-
ciency compared to other ones, because the average temperature dif-
ference has the highest value compared to the other flows.
According to Fig. 2c, multi pass cross-flow heat exchangers can have
the combination characteristics of parallel flow and counter flow heat
exchangers, such as the use of baffles in shell and tube heat exchangers.
According to Fig. 2d, the flows can be perpendicular to each other, for
example air-cooled heat exchangers.
The heat exchangers have different types based on their shapes and
physics. Fig. 3 shows the types of heat exchangers. Each of these heat
exchangers has advantages and disadvantages, and their application
depends on their benefits in various industries.
According to previous explanations, the vital role of heat ex-
changers in the industry is clearly observed. Design of heat exchangers
for practical conditions include 1) high temperature range and pressure,
2) multiphase flows and their properties, 3) the combination of dif-
ferent flows by injection and the purpose of the flow and operating
conditions and 4) the environmental conditions, is divided into several
methods as shown in Fig. 4. Thus, the design of the heat exchangers is
Fig. 2. Type of flow in heat exchanger.
3
Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886
performed using the above methods [5,40–43].
The advancement of science in the field of nanofluids creates great
developments in different industries in terms of environment, energy,
increasing of the capacity, and economic. According to the studies,
using nanofluids increase the thermal conductivity and conductive heat
transfer coefficients compared to the base fluids. In heat exchangers,
due to the high thermal performance of nanofluids than water, it can be
used in various processes of cooling and heating. Thus, by increasing
the heat transfer, water consumption can be reduced in most cases,
which can solve the problem of water consumption and production of
large industrial waste such as the oil industry, and in particular the
petrochemical industry; in addition, enhancement the heat transfer
performance in heat exchangers can be realized by their deformation.
Finally, by increasing the heat transfer, the size of heat exchangers used
in these industries can be reduced. Furthermore, with the smaller size of
the heat exchanger, in addition to the cutting the size of the whole
device, the pump pressure can also be reduced by reducing the length of
the heat transfer tubes. The following heat exchangers are used in
Fig. 5.
2. Nanofluids
With the advancement of science, the production of nanoparticles
from various materials has become possible. One of the characteristics
of materials in the scale of nano is the large surface to volume ratio,
which gives them special abilities. Nanofluids have emerged as an ex-
citing new class of nanotechnology based heat transfer fluids and have
grown enormously in the past few years. Scientists and engineers are
trying to discover the laws governing the thermophysical properties of
these fluids, so they propose new mechanisms and provide unusual
models for explaining these behaviors. Nanofluids is a term proposed by
Choi and Eastman [37] as a new kind of heat transfer fluid that contains
small quantities of metallic or non-metallic nanoparticles. These parti-
cles were scattered homogeneously and permanently in continuous
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al. Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886

Direct contact-type
U-tube
Removable
Shell & bundle Floating
tube Fixed tube head
Recuperative Spiral sheet
Tubular
tube
Double
pipe Finned
Indirect tube
Heat contact-type Extended surface
Exchanger Finned
Gasket plate
plate
Fixed- Spiral
matrix Plate
plate
regenerator
Regenerative Drum type Lamella
Rotary
regenerator Disk type

Fig. 3. Types of heat exchangers.

phase. The primary research and development of nanofluids technology
demonstrated the high potential of nanofluids for heat transfer appli-
cations, which led to research on this area in both industry and aca-
demia all over the world. The average particle size used in nanofluids
may range from 1 to 100 nm. However, by introducing nanofluids in the
field of fluid mechanics and heat transfer, a new way with its benefits
and challenges has been created. The full understanding of aggregative
and rheological behaviors of nanofluids is very important for nanofluids
researchers. Hence, in this section, thermophysical properties of na-
nofluids have been investigated. In Fig. 6, the particle size is shown.
3. Properties of nanofluids
There are four thermophysical properties for nanofluids that change
with the addition of nanoparticle into the base fluid. These properties
include density, viscosity, thermal conductivity and specific heat.
Different researchers have expressed different opinions about the effect
of adding nanoparticles on the values of these properties, but in gen-
eral, adding nanoparticles changes these thermophysical properties.
Most of researchers reported that the thermal conductivity increases by
adding the nanoparticles. However, for three other properties, the
conclusions were different. Both the enhancement and reduction in
these properties have been reported. The percentage of these changes
depends on a number of factors, including the volume percentage of
nanoparticles, the properties of the nanoparticles, the temperature, and
in particular the base fluid.
For example, reference [44–48] stated that the addition of nano-
particles leads to an increase in the heat capacity of the base fluid, while
some researchers [49–54] reported different expressions. They stated
that the addition of nanoparticles into base fluid results in an im-
provement in the heat capacity of the nanofluid. To measure these
properties, either the experimental methods or the theoretical methods
are used. Although many experimental investigations and theoretical
studies have been carried out to study the thermophysical properties of
different nanofluids, there are still no appropriate theories for pre-
dicting the thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids based on
the properties of the nanoparticles and the base fluids.
Although experimental methods are more reliable in comparison
with the theoretical methods, they are usually difficult to do due to the
need for special equipment. Recently, artificial neural networks have
been of particular interest to researchers. One of the subjects of artifi-
cial intelligence has been inspired by human brain function in identi-
fying phenomena. It is possible to predict and model the phenomena
using artificial neural networks. One of its applications is to predict and

Heat Exchanger models

Computational Fluid
Lumped parameter Distributed steam evolution MHE models based
Dynamics (CFD)
models parameter models models on pinch analysis
models

Partitioning into ANSYS

LMTD ASPEN
zones (Based on ICEM/Fluent
flow
characteristics)
Siemens NX
İ-NTU GENIUS
Thermal/Flow

Partitioning into
P-NTU elements (Based Etc. Etc.
on geomtry)

Etc.

Fig. 4. Type of heat exchanger models [40].

4
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al. Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886

Type of Heat Exchanger

1

4
1 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

2 Plate Heat Exchanger

3 Helical Heat Exchanger 5

4 Double Tube Heat Exchanger

5 Spiral Heat Exchanger

Fig. 5. Common Heat Exchangers used in various industries.

Fig. 6. Comparing different particle sizes.

model the thermophysical properties of nanofluids [55–62]. According 3.1. Thermal conductivity of nanofluids
to the explanations, the properties of nanofluids are presented in the
following and the proposed relationships for these properties have been One of the most important challenges in various engineering and
presented in different tables. industrial devices is their cooling process. Heat is raised in various

Fig. 7. Thermal conductivity of different base fluids.

5
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al.
devices due to the motion, ignition, chemical reaction etc. Different
fluids are employed for cooling of these devices. These fluids often have
a low thermal conductivity that slows down the cooling of these de-
vices. In 1995, Choi [37] stated for the first time that addition a na-
noparticle into a base fluid could increase the thermal conductivity of
the fluid. Thermal conductivity of solids such as most metals, non-
metals, metal and non-metal oxides, some composites etc. is higher than
that of the fluids used to cool various devices. The thermal conductivity
of the fluids can be increased by adding these solids in nanoscale into
the base fluid. Various heat exchangers are used to transfer the heat
between different fluids in engineering and industrial equipment. Many
researchers have been trying to improve their thermal performance by
adding different nanofluids to various heat exchangers. Nanofluids are
divided into different types based on the type of the nanoparticles and
the base fluid. Some researchers investigated the thermal conductivity
by adding metal nanoparticles into a basic fluid such as water, ethylene
glycol, or a variety of oils [55–63]. Metal oxides are also one of the most
widely used nanoparticles in nanofluids and many researchers have
investigated this kind of nanofluids [64–73]. Non-metals and non-metal
oxides are also other types of nanoparticles used to prepare various
nanofluids [74–77]. The use of carbon nanotubes has also become usual
in recent years [78–82]. But the newest type of nanofluids that has been
considered by many researchers in recent years is hybrid ones. In this
type of nanosilates, more than one type of nanofluids is used. These
nanofluids have better properties than mono nanofluids and have at-
tracted the interest of many researchers [83–88]. In Figs. 7 and 8, the
values of the thermal conductivity of the base fluids and different na-
nofluids are presented, respectively [77–88]. The base fluids have a low
thermal conductivity, but in contrast, nanofluids have a high thermal
conductivity, which is the reason of application of nanofluids (Table 1).
3.2. Viscosity
Another important property of nanofluids is the viscosity. Viscosity
is a criterion for fluid friction and indicates the fluid resistance against
flowing. Viscosity changes can play an essential role in the amount of
pumping power. As the viscosity increases, the power required for
pumping and therefore the energy consumption of the pump increases.
It is also necessary to know the viscosity to perform the simulations in
heat exchangers. Many researchers have studied the viscosity of na-
nofluids.
Many of these studies eventually led to the proposition of numbers
for the viscosity of nanofluids under various conditions. However, some
researchers have used a variety of methods to express the viscosity
Fig. 8. Thermal conductivity of different nanoparticles.
6
Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886
relationships using experimental data. These relationships are used to
determine the viscosity of nanoparticles under different conditions. But
the important point is that each of these relationships is valid for a
particular nanofluids under specific conditions. The experimental re-
lations obtained by different researchers for the viscosity of nanofluids
are presented in Table 2. Also, the conditions in which these relation-
ships are valid are determined in the table.
3.3. Density
Another property of nanofluids, which is very important in the study
of this type of fluids, is density. The density of solids is defined as the
ratio of mass and volume. However, the definition of density for fluids
differs from that for solids because the volume of the fluid depends on
the temperature. In some cases, the density is temperature dependent.
In the nanofluids, which consist of two solid and fluid components,
there are other relationships for components (Table 3). In these re-
lationships, parameters such as volume fraction of nanoparticles and
temperature affect the density. Some of these relationships are pre-
sented in the table. Knowledge of the density is also required for nu-
merical simulations of nanofluids.
Most researchers used the relationship [50]. This relationship leads
to an error due to the fact that the density does not depend on the
temperature. But it is more common to use in numerical simulations
because of its simplicity.
3.4. Specific heat
One of the most important properties of nanofluids is their specific
heat. Water is one of the fluid that has high specific heat. Hence, this
fluid is the most popular fluid for heat transfer in various industries.
This is due to that water is available and cheap. Therefore, the special
heat of nanofluids is one of the most important parameters in heat
transfer.
Thus, the researchers also have studied this property of nanofluids.
According to these studies, the addition of nanoparticles leads to a re-
duction in the specific heat of nanofluids. This is inappropriate in heat
transfer issues. It should be mentioned that the decrease and increase of
this property has a strong dependence on the base fluid. However, the
reduction of the specific heat of the fluid by the addition of nano-
particles has been reported in most cases. In Table 4, a number of re-
lationships proposed for the specific heat of nanofluids are presented, in
which that of Xuan and Roetzel [120] has been used more than other
relationships in numerical simulations. This relationship has also
 A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al.

Table 1
Summary of the studies on the theoretical and experimental models for effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids.
Ref np bf Correlation ϕ T dnp

[89] Al2O3 W 0.3690 0.7476 1–4 21–71 11–150

knf bf d
= 1 + 64.7φ0.7460 ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ kp ⎞
⎜ ⎟ , Pr 0.9955Re1.2321
kbf
⎝ dp ⎠ ⎝ kbf ⎠
[90] Al2O3 W (knf − kbf ) 2–10 27.5–34.7 36
= 0.764481464φ + 0.018688867T − 0.462147175
kbf

CuO W (knf − kbf ) 2–10 27.5–34.7 29

= 3.761088φ + 0.17924T − 0.30734
kbf

[91] TiO2 W knf 0 2–2 15–35 21

= A + Bφ
kbf

[92] Al2O3 W knf 0.5–2 wt 10–50 20–50-100

= 0.991 + 0.253(100φ) − 0.001T − 0.002dp − 0.189(100φ)2 + 0.6190 × 10−5T2 + 1.317 × 10−5dp2 + 0.049(100φ)3 − 7.66 × 10−7T3
kbf

[93] Al2O3 W knf 3–50 wt 293–323 75

= 1 + 3.5φ + 2.5φ2
kbf

[94] DWCNT W knf φ 0.01–0.4 300–340 2–4

7
= + 1.0026
kbf 0.17981 − 0.0003692(T − 273)

[95] MWCNT W knf (360.69 + T ) 0.05–1 25–55 5–10

=
kbf (405.59 − 11080φ)

[96] Fe3O4 W knf 0–3 20–55 20–30

= 0.7575 + 0.3φ0.323T 0.245
kbf

[97] Al2O3 EG knf 0–5 24–50 5

= 1.04 + 5.91 × 10−5T + 0.00154Tφ + 0.0195φ2 − 0.014φ − 0.00253φ3 − 0.000104Tφ2 − 0.0357 × sin (1.72 + 0.407φ2 − 1.67φ)
kbf

[98] Ag/MgO W knf 0.1747 × 105 + φ 0–2 25/40

= 0.11117 × 107φ2 + 0.1997 × 108φ3
kbf 0.1747 × 105 − 0.1498 × 106φ +
[99] Cu/TiO2 EG/W knf −0.000184 0–2 30–60 70/40
= 1.07 + 0.000589 × T + + 4.44 × T × φ × cos (6.11 + 0.00673T + 4.41 × T × φ − 0.0414sin (T )) − 32.5φ
kbf T×φ

[100] MgO EG/W knf = 0.4 + 0.0332φ + 0.00101T + 0.000619φT + 0.0687φ3 + 0.0148φ5 − 0.00218φ6 − 0.0419φ4 − 0.0604φ2 0–3 20–50 40
[101] CuO EG/W knf 0.1–2 20
= 1 + 16.94φ − 755.2φ2 + 15200φ3
kbf

[102] f-MWCNT/Fe3O4 EG knf 0–2.3 25–50 5–15/20–30

= 1 + 0.0162φ0.7038T 0.6009
kbf

[103] DWCNT/ZnO EG/W knf 2) 25–50 0–1 10–30/3

= 1.085e (0.001351T + 0.13φ + 0.0288Ln (φ)
kbf
Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886
 A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al.

Table 2
Summary of the studies on the theoretical and experimental models for effective viscosity of nanofluids.
Ref np bf Correlation ϕ T dnp

[91] TiO2 W μnf 0.2–2 15–35 21

= A + Bφ + cφ2
μbf

[104] Ag DW μnf 0.3–0.9 50–90 < 100

= 1.005 + 0.497φ − 0.1149φ2
μbf

[105] CuO GO μnf 0.5–2.5 10–80 40

= Ae Bφ
μbf

[106] Fe3O4 EG/W μnf 0–1 0–50 5–70

= (1 + φ)1.205
μbf

[107] SWCNT Lubricant μnf 0.01–0.2 wt 25–100 2

= 1 + 1.59φ − 16.36φ2 + 50.4φ3
μbf

[108] Al2O3 EG/W μnf = Aφ B T cμbfD 0–4 15–40 120

[109] MgO W μnf <1 24–60 40
= 1 + 11.6φ + 109φ2

8
μbf

[110] ZnO EG μnf −5T 2) 0.25–5 25–50 18

= 0.911 × e (5.49φ − 1.359 × 10 + 0.0303Ln (T )
μbf

[95] MWCNT W μnf 0.05–1 25–55 N/A

= 38.158φ − 0.0017357T + 1.1296
μbf

[94] DWCNT W μnf 0.01–0.4 27–67 2–4

= 1 + 3575φ + 6032.93φ2 − 1153669φ3
μbf

[111] SWCNT EG μnf 2 00.0125–0.1–3 30–60 N/A

T −0.453φ3.219) ⎤
= 1.089 + ⎡−7.722 × 10−9 + 1.1917T 0.298φ0.4777 + e (19.457T
μbf ⎢ φ
() ⎥
⎣ ⎦
[112] Al2O3/MWCNT SAE40 μnf 0.01719 0–1 25–50 20–15
T
= 1.123 + 0.3251φ − 0.08994T + 0.002552T2 − 0.00002386T3 + 0.9695
μbf φ
()
[113] SiO2/MWCNT SAE40 μnf 0–1 25–60 20–30/5–15
= a0 + a1 φ + a2 φ2 + a3 φ3 + a4 φ4
μbf

[114] F-MWCNT EG/W 5.9760) 0.0024287

⎞ 0–1 25–50
⎜ ⎟
⎛0.72359T (−0.074676φ +
T − 96.541 0.0705 φ
μnf = − × γ⎝ ⎠
4.3609φ2 − 7.4507 φ
[115] SiO2/MWCNT EG/W 38.19 − 0.3T ⎡0.8543 + −3.303 + 1.418T × (−7366φ + 0.8519φ2 − 0.4552φ3 + 0.08871φ4 ) ⎤ 0.06–2 27.5–50 20–30/5–15
μnf = ⎡0.01125 + 2 + 0.3613φ3 + 0.07φ4 ) ⎤ × γ⎣ (15.8 + 0.3914T ) ⎦
⎣ ( 7.655 + 0.6953T ) × (0.01138φ + 0.5529φ ⎦
Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al. Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886

Table 3
Summary of the studies on the theoretical and experimental models for density of nanofluids.
Ref Year Correlation Remark

Wasp et al [116] 1977 1

=
wt
+
1 − wt
ρnf ρnp ρbf

Pak & Cho [50] 1998 ρnf = (1 − φ) ρbf + φρnp

Khanafer & Vafai [117] 2011 ρnf = 1001.064 + 2738.6191φ − 0.2095T for Al2O3/W base on Experimental data of Ho et al [118] 0 ≤ φ ≤ 0.04
5 ≤ T ≤ 40
Kumaresan & Velraj [45] 2012 t M −M
fl ⎤
ρnf = ⎡
⎢
⎣ Vnf ⎥ ⎦
Montazer et al. [119] 2017 ρnf = 1000.02 + 5.182φ + 0.0055T + 2.2φ2 − 0.005T2 − 0.0008φT SiO2
ρnf = 999.460 + 21.112φ − 0.001T − 39.6φ2 − 0.005T2 − 0.011φT ZnO

become widespread because of its simplicity. However, other relation- to the momentum transfer. Prandtl number is considered as a constant
ships can also be used to measure the specific heat of nanofluids. number in numerical studies of nanofluids. However, it appears in the
heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number relations in experimental
4. Effect of properties variation investigations and is obtained from the properties of the fluid.
For the turbulent flow, the Prandtl number is defined as the ratio of
The properties of the nanoparticles are varied by varying the vo- the momentum diffusion and thermal diffusion. According to the pre-
lume fraction, leading to the variation of parameters such as: vious articles, this number cannot be assumed as constant in turbulent
flow. It is contrary to the reality. Therefore, it is obtained for nanofluids
Effect on Prandtl number turbulent flows using the following properties [131–137]. Namburu
Effect on Reynolds number et al. [138] studied the heat transfer of turbulent nanofluids flow. Their
Effect on convection heat transfer coefficient results indicated that the Prandtl number decreases with the tempera-
Effect on thermal diffusion coefficient ture due to the decrease of viscosity. It increases with the Reynolds
Effect on pumping power number.
Effect on the thermal and dynamic performance of the fluid. They proposed a relation based on the Reynolds number and the
Prandtl number and showed that the effective Prandtl number increases
One of the non-dimensional numbers that depends on the fluid by increasing the volume fraction of CuO, Al2O3 and SiO2 nano-
properties is the Prandtl number. The Prandtl number depends on the particles, leading to an increase in the heat transfer rate. Vajjha and Das
viscosity, thermal conductivity and heat capacity of the fluid. Since [126] showed that the Prandtl increases by adding nanoparticles
these properties depend on the volume fraction of nanoparticles, the (Al2O3, CuO and SiO2) into the base fluid (60% ethylene glycol and
Prandtl number depends on the properties of the nanoparticles. It 40% water at ambient temperature). They showed that the Nusselt
sometimes increases and sometimes decreases with the volume fraction number increases with the Prandtl number. In another study, Vajjha
of nanoparticles. In fact, it expresses the heat transfer capacity relative et al. [139] investigated the Prandtl number of turbulent nanofluids

Table 4
Summary of the studies on the theoretical and experimental models for Specific heat of nanofluids.
Ref Year Correlation More information

Pak & Cho [50] 1998 Cp, nf = Cp, np × φ + Cp, bf (1 − φ) Al2O3/water (dnp = 13 nm)
TiO2/water (dnp = 27 nm)
Xuan & Roetzel [120] 2000 (ρCp )nf = (1 − φ)(ρCp )bf + φ O’Hanley et al.[121] and Murshed [122,123] checked that Eq. is in reasonably
ρnf = (1 − φ) ρbf + φρnp good agreement with experimental results
Kulkarani et al.[124] 2008 Cp, nf = =
Q
m (Δt / ΔT )
Vajjha and das [125] 2009 ⎡ ⎛ Cp, np ⎞ ⎤
A, B, C for Al2O3/SiO2/ZnO
⎢ (A × T ) + B × ⎜ ⎟⎥ Are different values.
Cp, nf C
⎢
⎣ ⎝ p, bf ⎠ ⎥⎦
=
Cp, bf (C + φ)
Vajjha and das [126] 2012 ⎡⎛ ⎛ T ⎞⎞ ⎛ Cp, np ⎞ ⎤
⎢ ⎜A ⎟ + B
⎜

T0
⎟
⎜C ⎟⎥
Cp, nf ⎣⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠
⎢ ⎝ p, bf ⎠ ⎥⎦
=
Cp, bf (C + φ)
Zhou et al [127] 2010 (1 − φ) ρbf Cp, bf + φρnp Cp, np used for CuO_EG(dp = 25–50 nm)
Cp, nf =
φbf ρbf + (1 − φ) ρnp

Shin and Banerjee [44] 2011 Cp, nf φρnp Cp, np + φρbf Cp, bf
=
Cp, bf ρnp φ + ρbf φ

Shin and Banerjee [128] 2014 Cp, nf φnp ρnp Cp, np + φs ρs Cp, s + φns ρns Cp, ns Al2O3/alkali carbonate salt eutectics (dp _ 10 nm)
=
Cp, bf φnp ρnp + φs ρs + φns ρns

Fakoor Pakdaman et al. 2012 Cp, bf − Cp, nf MWCNT_ heat transfer oil 0 < wt < 0.004
= (0.0128T + 1.8382) × (wt )0.4779
[129] Cp, bf 313 < T < 343
Kumaresan and Velraj 2012 ΔQnf MWCNT/EG:Water (dp = 30–50 nm)
Cp, nf =
[45] mnf × ΔTnf
(1 − φ) Cp, bf + φCp, np
Cp, nf =
φρnp + (1 − φ) ρbf

Sekhar & Sharma [130] 2015 Cp, nf T −0.3037 0.4167

φ 2.272 Al2O3, CuO, SiO2, and TiO2/W 20 < T < 50, 15 < dnp < 50,0.01 < φ < 4
Cp, bf
= 0.8429 ⎛1 +
⎝
nf
⎞
50 ⎠
1+
np
50 ( d
) (1 + ) 100

Ghazvini et al. [47] 2012 Cp, nf = 2.62 − 6 × 10−3T + 2 × 10−5T2 Nano diamond in engine oil 278 ≤ T ≤ 373

9
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al.
flow and found that the increase in the volume fraction leads to an
increase in the Prandtl number for Al2O3, CuO and SiO2 nanofluids.
Finally, they proposed a relation between the Reynolds number and
Prandtl number. Williams et al. [140] found that as the volume fraction
of Al2O3 and ZrO2 nanoparticles increases in the fully developed tur-
bulent flow, the Prandtl number increases. Heyhat et al. [141] pre-
sented a model for predicting heat transfer coefficient in turbulent flow.
They also showed that the Nusselt number increases with the Prandtl
number for the Al2O3/water nanofluid.
Another dimensionless parameter is the Reynolds number, which is
a function of density and viscosity. Vajjha et al. [126,139] showed that
the density and viscosity increase by increasing the volume fraction of
nanoparticles. Since the percentage increase in the viscosity is higher
than the density, the Reynolds number decreases.
Most studies [132,142] showed that heat transfer coefficient in-
creases by increasing the volume fraction of nanoparticles.
Thermal diffusion coefficient indicates the ability of a material to
conduct thermal energy compared to heat storage. This parameter is
defined as the ratio of heat conducted through the matter and the heat
stored per its unit volume. It is defined as α = knf / ρnf Cpnf for a nano-
fluid. Therefore, according to the formula, thermal diffusion coefficient
of the nanofluids increases by increasing the volume fraction of nano-
particles. Nanofluids diffuse the heat faster than the base fluid. For
example, a working nanofluid in the car radiator is rapidly heated as
soon as the engine is turned on [143–145].
Most of the work done by researchers reported that the pumping
power increases by increasing the volume fraction of nanoparticles due
to an increase in the viscosity [126,143–145]. For example, Vajjha et al.
[139] studied the turbulent flow numerically and found that the
pumping power initially decreases by increasing the volume fraction of
nanoparticles by 1% for Al2O3, CuO and SiO2 nanofluids. Then, it in-
creases gradually with the volume fraction of nanoparticles. They found
that the pumping power of CuO nanofluids is larger than that of Al2O3
and SiO2 ones.
Since all the properties of the base fluid are altered by the addition
of nanoparticles, those effects are observed in the momentum and en-
ergy equations. To compare the performance of the nanofluids with the
base fluids, non-dimensional numbers such as Nusselt and Euler num-
bers are employed.
Fig. 9. Preparation of nanofluids.
10
Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886
5. Methods of nanofluids preparation
The steps for preparation of nanofluids are presented in Fig. 9.
Preparation of a stable and durable nanofluid is a necessary condition
for optimizing its properties. The accumulation of particles and their
agglomeration result in an increase of the probability of the sedi-
mentation, a reduction of the stability of the suspension, and an elim-
ination of the suspension's characteristics, including thermal con-
ductivity, viscosity, and heat capacity. The preparation of stable
suspensions is still a technical challenge due to the strong forces of
gravity and Van der Waals between particles and their tending to form
cluster [146,147].
It is obvious that the lack of stability of the suspension leads to an
increase in the probability of formation of clusters and the rate of se-
dimentation. As a result, the thermal conductivity decreases over time
[148–151].
Nanofluids preparation methods are divided into two categories:
5.1. Two-step technique
In this method, the nanoparticles are initially prepared as dry
powder. This process is often carried out by condensing the evaporated
solid sample using inert gas. In the next step, the particles are dispersed
in the base fluid. Inert gas is used to prevent the formation of metal
oxides. For preparation of metal oxide nanoparticles, oxygen is used
instead of inert gas. Two-step method is a suitable method for high mass
production. It is possible that particles may coalesce together due to
strong Van der Waals force before the full dispersion in the fluid. Hence,
some of them sediment in the liquid, leading to a reduction in thermal
conductivity.
Different physical and chemical methods have been proposed to
solve this problem, including ultrasonic vibration, high shear rate ex-
posure, surface activators and acidity change [152,153]
Since nanoparticles are relatively dispersed and have low dispersion
using this method, high concentrations of particles are needed to in-
crease heat transfer. Therefore, this method is desirable for a con-
centration of up to 20%. This method is not suitable for the preparation
of metal nanofluids, because particles have the opportunity of oxidation
[154].
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al.
5.2. One-step technique
In this method, the nanofluids is prepared by direct deposition of
the nanoparticles using the physical vapor deposition and liquid che-
mical methods (direct condensation of nano-powders from the vapor
phase into fluid flow with low vapor pressure). This method prevents
the drying, storage, transfer, and dispersion of particles. Therefore, the
accumulation of particles decreases and suspension stability increases.
The impossibility of changing the scale for industrial applications and
the only usability for a base fluid with low vapor pressure are the dis-
advantages of this method [152,153].
Preparation of stable suspension is still a technical challenge due to
the strong gravity and Van der Waals forces between particles and their
tending to form clusters. It is obvious that the lack of stability of the
suspension leads to an increase in the probability of formation of
clusters and the rate of sedimentation. As a result, the thermal con-
ductivity decreases over time. Some studies have shown that clustering
and particle accumulation are the causes of an unusual increase in the
thermal conductivity, although this theory may be true only for high-
density nanoparticles, such as single-wall carbon nanotubes [155].
According to investigations of Philip et al. [156] and Buzea et al.
[157], the high ratio of fractal clusters is a major cause of rapid heat
transfer over large distances. Another result obtained from experiments
was that the cases that are completely dispersed exhibit an increase in
the heat transfer [158,159] while fractional aggregation suspensions
show higher increase in thermal conductivity. Conversely, another
theory points out that the accumulation of particles leads to a reduction
in the stability of suspension [155]. Experiments of Hong et al. [160]
showed an increase in the heat transfer coefficient due to the fracture of
iron nanoparticle clusters by ultrasonic vibration, although this im-
provement is reduced with the time after nanofluids preparation.
Some researchers [155–161] reported that there is an optimal state
of cluster formation to obtain thermal conductivity. Therefore, more
experimental researches are needed to determine the role of cluster
formation and particle accumulation in improving thermal con-
ductivity. But in general, to obtain high-quality suspensions, fine par-
ticles should have these two characteristics:
A. Principle of penetration: Particles are separated by fluid inter-
mediates and penetrated in it.
B. Zeta potential principle (electric potential around particles in so-
luble): The absolute value of zeta potential should be as high as
possible to produce repulsive forces between large particles.
Based on the studies, there are three common methods for creating
stable suspensions. In experiments, one, two or three of them have been
used. These methods are as follows:
5.2.1. Adding surface activation agents (surfactants)
These materials change the hydrophobic surface of the nano-
particles in the solutions to hydrophilic ones. In fact, they change the
role of particles. However, it should be noted that if the amount of
surfactant is not sufficient, it cannot apply the sufficient coating to
produce electrostatic repulsion and Van der Waals compensation. On
the other hand, if its value is high, as shown in experiments of Li et al.
[162] it affects the thermal conductivity and reduces it. Another dis-
advantage of using surfactants is that the bond between the nano-
particles and the surfactant may be damaged and the nanofluids loses
its stability at high temperatures (higher than 60 °C).
Ouikhalfan et al. [163] studied thermal conductivity and stability of
titanium oxide nanofluids by adding two CTAB and SDS surfactants to
titanium oxide nanoparticles. Their results indicated that the addition
of surfactants causes the stability of nanofluids for two weeks. Adding
these nanoparticles also leads to an increase in the thermal conductivity
by 15%. Waeli et al. [164] investigated the effect of different surfac-
tants on stability of different nanofluids to cool a heat exchanger used
11
Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886
in photovoltaic systems. Their results demonstrated that surfactants
also increase the conduction heat transfer coefficient. They found that
nanofluids stability depends on the type of surfactant and the ultrasonic
time.
Osman et al. [165] studied the effect of various surfactants on na-
noparticles. The effect of the type of surfactant on stability was dis-
cussed. Das et al. [166] have tried to improve the thermal performance
and stability of water/titanium oxide nanofluids by adding different
surfactants such as CTAB, SDS, SDBS and acetic acid. Their results re-
vealed that the addition of surfactants leads to an increase in the
thermal conductivity. Also, the addition of CTAB and SDS surfactants
provides better stability of the nanofluid. Choi et al. [167] investigated
the effect of adding different surfactants on the stability of the water/
MWCNTs nanofluids with the application of solar radiation absorption.
Addition of surfactants, in addition to better nanofluids stability, leads
to an increase in conduction heat transfer coefficient.
5.2.2. pH control (surface chemical effect)
The stability of aqueous solutions is directly related to their electro
synthetic properties. By increasing the surface charge density of the
particles, strong repulsive forces can be created to maintain the stability
of the suspension. When the soluble pH moves away from the isoelectric
point (the isoelectric point is the concentration of the ion potential
controller, in which the zeta potential is equal to zero), the surface
charge density of the particles and the absolute value of the zeta po-
tential increase, the colloidal particles become more stable, leading to
an increase in the thermal conductivity. It should be pointed out that
optimum pH is different for different nanoparticle [162–168].
For example, Li et al. [162] investigated the effect of acidity and
surfactant on thermal conductivity and stability. They found that, under
the best conditions for pH and surfactant percent, in addition to better
stability, the thermal conductivity increases. Zareei et al. [169] in-
vestigated the effect of acidity and surfactants on water/alumina sta-
bility. Their results indicated that the addition of surfactants leads to an
increase in the stability and thermal conductivity of the nanofluid. Also,
the maximum stability of nanofluids corresponded to pH = 4 and the
minimum one was related to pH = 10. This indicates the effect of
acidity on nanofluids stability. Omrani et al. [170] studied the effect of
acidity on MWCNT nanofluids stability.
Lin et al. [171] used three methods of nanofluids stabilization, in-
cluding acidity, surfactant and ultrasonic vibration. They investigated
the effect of these methods on nanofluids stability. Malekan et al. [172]
tried to improve the stability of water/silver-gold nanofluids by adding
surfactant and changing acidity. Their results demonstrated that the
addition of surfactants improves the stability of nanofluid. The best pH
for maximum stability was 11–12. Chakraborty [173] investigated the
stability of water/titanium dioxide nanoparticles. He stated that the
change in acidity and the addition of surfactants could have an im-
portant effect on the nanofluids stability.
5.2.3. Ultrasonic vibration
Ultrasonic bath, ultrasonic processor, and ultrasonic homogenizer
are powerful tools for breaking particle accumulation compared to
other magnetic methods and stirrers used by researchers. The high
pressure homogenizer unit consists of two microchannels that divide
the fluid flow into two flows. The flows were re-combined in the re-
action vessel. Significant increase in the velocity of fluid flow under
pressure in the microchannel led to the formation of cavitation (gen-
eration of bubbles) in the fluid. High energy produced by this phe-
nomenon caused the cluster to break [174]. This stabilization method is
very common and most researchers used this method to stabilize the
nanofluids.
An important point in this method is the time of supersonic vibra-
tion, which the researchers applied different times. Some researchers
used this method to stabilize the nanofluid, for example the references
[79,85,112,113,175–178].
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al.
6. Hybrid nanofluids
Hybrid nanofluids have better thermal performance and appropriate
thermophysical properties than the base fluid such as mineral oils,
water and ethylene glycol and nanofluids with one type of nano-
particles. These nanofluids are a new type of nanofluids which are
prepared by dispersing several different types of nanoparticles into one
or several base fluids. Researchers have shown that hybrid nanofluids
can replace conventional refrigerants, especially those that work at very
high temperatures. Hybrid nanofluids are divided into two types: 1.
Different types (two or more) of the nanoparticles in the base fluid. 2.
Compound nanoparticles in the base fluid [115,179–181].
Hybrid materials have different physical and chemical properties
and exhibit as single phase materials. The advantages of hybrid nano-
fluids include better thermal properties due to the synergistic effect of
composite nanoparticles or combination of nanoparticles with better
thermal properties. These properties are not achievable in the compo-
sition of a nanoparticle. Hence, according to research reports, hybrid
nanofluids have better thermal and rheological properties than nano-
fluids. However, the preparation of hybrid nanofluids is more complex
and costly. Therefore, their use is more limited in industrial applica-
tions. Despite the complexity, it is hoped that their thermal properties
and their production will be improved in the near future. Hence, the
field of nanofluids requires more researches [182–186].
7. Application of nanofluids in the heat exchangers
There is a wide range of heat exchanger problems that may cause
weak performance, or in some cases cause the heat exchanger to stop
the process in the industry. Researchers used different methods to solve
them. However, since the present study evaluates the application of
nanofluids in heat exchangers, corresponding papers are considered.
Hence, other methods to prevent vibration issues, exchanger leakage,
increasing exchanger energy consumption, passage partition bypassing
(thermal leakage), air cooler air recirculation and fouling should be
considered in other articles.
However, a brief summary of the problems encountered in heat
exchangers and the reason for the use of nano are presented.
Considering the above-mentioned content, one of the basic needs in
many industries and researches is the availability of high-efficiency
heat exchangers. Therefore, the researchers have been proposed new
solutions. Changes in the rheological properties of fluids and the use of
passive heat transfer devices are considered to overcome these pro-
blems. These methods are performed by preventing the growth of la-
minar sub layer and increasing the amount of disturbances, increasing
the effective heat transfer surface, generating the vortices or secondary
Nanofluid
Size of Nanoparticles
Shape of Nanoparticles
Concentration of Nanoparticles
Viscosity
Particle Accumulation
Temperature Effect
Heat Exchanger
Fig. 10. Physical parameters effecting on the heat transfer of nanofluids.
12
Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886
flows, and better mixing of the fluids.
Since the heat exchangers have vital role in many industrial pro-
cesses include heat sources, manufacturing processes, transportation
and electronics, and many methods have been proposed to increase the
heat transfer rate in these processes, most of these methods are based
on the changes in the structure of the equipment, such as increase in
thermal surfaces (fins), thermal surface vibration, fluid injection or
suction, and the application of electrical or magnetic fields. These
methods can hardly meet the increasing demand for heat transfer and
compression in equipment for high-energy processes.
The use of nanofluids that contain very fine metal or non-metallic
compounds, have a better thermal property than pure fluids. Hence,
they have been considered by many researchers. Therefore, according
to the previous studies, the problem of most appliances such as heat
exchangers is their inefficiency. Their efficiency can be increased using
nanfluids. This has been carried out in many previous investigations
[187–194].
Minimizing the heat transfer systems on the one hand, and astro-
nomical increasing in the necessity of high thermal flux in the equip-
ment on the other hand, requires the heat transfer in a short-time and
with high intensity. Nanotechnology is the most modern technology of
the world, which has unique properties and applications in all the fields
of science and technology. In addition, different information in the
research and scientific fields in the knowledge area of each person,
make a dynamic thought. Nanotechnology is a new approach in dif-
ferent scientific majors and all the fields of science and technology, and
in seeking to achieve methods and techniques requires materials and
tools that can make such developments in different materials. In the
problem of improving thermal efficiency in the equipment such as heat
exchangers, increasing the thermal conductivity of the energy carrier
fluid and the heat transfer convection coefficient is the major purpose.
Common fluids in the heat transfer and energy carrier in the industry
are fluids such as water, oil, and ethylene glycol. By increasing global
industry competitiveness and the role of energy in production costs,
these industries heavily require the development and the use of de-
veloped and new fluids with high thermal indicators. Using nanofluids
in heat exchangers reduce significantly the working fluid flow rate, and
finally, heat exchangers are designed with a smaller size and weight
[195]. Furthermore, by reducing the circulation of flow rate, the energy
quantity consumed by the pumps to flow the working fluid is sig-
nificantly reduced. Nanofluids in the heat exchangers can be used in
cooling radiators, automotive industry, industrial exchangers and gen-
erators of power generation and etc. For example, this product in the
automobile radiators can prevent the water boiling inside the radiator
(engine cooling fluid), and as it increases the efficiency, reduces the fuel
consumption. Using this product in different industries increases the
Stability
 Table 5
Summary of the studies on the theoretical and experimental research for application of nanofluids in heat exchanger.
Ref Nanofluids Method Flow Regime Insert Geometry Correlation
Type Type

[114] F-MWCNTs/EG- Experimental Laminar flow Circular tube 3n + 1

⎛ ⎞m
Δpnf ⎝ n ⎠ 8U0 n − 1
W =
Δp bf 22nμbf ( )d
hnf 1 8(5n + 1)(3n + 1) knf
= )
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al.

hbf 4.36 ( 31n2 + 12n + 1 )( k bf

[238] TiO2-W Experimental Laminar flow Triangular tube Nu = A + BRe + CRe2
Turbulent flow ln(100f) = A + BRe + CRe2
[239] Al2O3-W CFD Laminar flow Circular tube 1
Pr = (0.023*Nu*Re0.8) 0.4
hnf
= 1.02532 + 0.1984φ
hbf
Experimental Nunf
= 1.02554 + 0.1907φ
Nubf
Prnf
= 0.99796 − 0.0420φ
Pr bf
[240] Alumina-W CFD Laminar flow Circular tube
[241] Fe-W Experimental Turbulent flow U-tube with spiky twisted tape
Ag-W
Cu-W
[242] Al2O3-W CFD Turbulent flow Circular tube with twisted tape
turbulator
[243] TiO2-W Experimental Turbulent flow Conical strip insert in circular tube Nu = 0.0169Re0.721Pr1.637Y−1.164 (1 + Φ)0.2328
f = 0.7764Re−0.350Pr1.686Y−0.081(1 + Φ)0.1384
[244] Al2O3-PCM CFD Laminar flow Triplex circular tube
[245] CuO-W CFD Turbulent flow Circular tube with twisted tape Nu* = 0.78 + 0.46PR* + 0.51BR + 8.6Re* − 0.61PR*BR − 0.76PR*Re* + 4.01BRRe* − 0.17PR*2 − 1.01BR2 − 0.93Re*2

13
turbulator f * = 5.24 + 0.2PR* + 23.2BR − 4.8Re* − 18.36PR*BR − 0.79PR*Re* − 2.94BRRe* + 1.25PR*2 + 15.43BR2 + 1.22Re*2
[246] MgO-MWCNTs- CFD Turbulent flow Circular Pipe Elliptic Pipe
EG
[254] CuO-EG Experimental Turbulent flow Double pipe heat exchanger
Al2O3-EG
[172] Fe3O4-W CFD Turbulent flow Double pipe heat exchanger
[255] Al2O3-W Experimental Laminar flow Double pipe heat exchanger
[256] SiO2-W Experimental Laminar flow Pipe in pipe tube heat exchanger
[257] TiO2-W Experimental Turbulent flow Tube heat exchanger with modified
Laminar flow butterfly inserts
[258] Al2O3-W CFD Turbulent flow Double pipe heat exchanger
Laminar flow
[259] Al2O3-W CFD Turbulent flow Double pipe heat exchanger with
Experimental twisted tape
[260] Fe3O4-W Experimental Turbulent flow Double pipe U-type heat exchanger
⎡ ⎤
with twist tape insert Nu ⎥ 2 3
log10 ⎢
⎢ 1 2 ⎥ = 0.974 − 0.783log10 [Re] + 0.35{log10 [Re]} − 0.0273{log10 [Re]}
D
⎢ Pr3 ⎛1 + ⎞ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ H⎠ ⎦
⎡ ⎤
⎢ f ⎥ = 0.474 − 0.3log [Re] + 0.065{log [Re]}2 − 4.66*10−3 {log [Re]}3
⎢ ⎛ D ⎞3.378 ⎥ 10 10 10
⎢ 1+ ⎥
⎣⎝ H⎠ ⎦
[261] MWCNTs-W Experimental Laminar flow Flexible double pipe heat exchanger f
* (Reh − 1000) * Pr h
8
Nuh =
f 0.5
1 + 12.7 * * {Pr 0.666
h − 1}
8 {}
CFD f = (1.82*log10 Reh − 1.64)−2
[190] γ- Al2O3-W Experimental Turbulent flow Shell and tube heat exchanger
TiO2-W
[269] MWNT-W Experimental Shell and tube heat exchanger
Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886

(continued on next page)

 Table 5 (continued)

Ref Nanofluids Method Flow Regime Insert Geometry Correlation

Type Type

[270] Al2O3-W Experimental Turbulent flow Shell and double concentric tube
heat exchanger
[271] γ-AlOOH-W-EG Analytical Turbulent flow Shell and tube heat exchanger ρnf u2m
Δpnf = f* *L
2di
64
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al.

f= for laminar flow

Renf
f = (0.790lnRenf − 1.64)−2 for turbulent flow
Laminar flow Nunf knf
hnf =
di
f = 3.66 for laminar flow
f = 0.024Re0.8 0.4
nf Prnf for turbulent flow
[272] Al2O3-W Experimental Laminar flow Horizontal shell and tube heat
exchanger
[273] Graphene-W Experimental Laminar flow Shell and tube heat exchanger
[274] Graphene Experimental Turbulent flow Shell and tube heat exchanger
Oxide-W Laminar flow
[278] PANI nanofibers Experimental Laminar flow Vertical helical railed heat 3.5D
hi(coil) = hi(straight) 1 +
exchanger ( Dc )
− mCp Ts − To
h=− ln
2π rL Ts − Ti
[279] DI-W-GNPs Experimental Laminar flow Helical coil heat exchanger 0.778
⎛ d ⎞
di 0.657 p 0.023 1 0.5156 + 0.998 ⎛ i ⎞
Nudi = 3.33 + 0.464 ⎜0.102 + 1.273 + 0.012 . Pr 3 . Re ⎝D⎠ . (1 + 0.82ϕ V1.4 )7.775⎟
⎜ D
() D
( ) ⎟
⎝ ⎠
[280] Al2O3-W CFD Laminar flow Helical coil heat exchanger
[281] Al2O3-W Experimental Turbulent flow Double pipe helical heat exchanger Nub = 0.089*De0.775 De0.4

14
b b
CFD Laminar flow
[282] Al2O3-W Experimental Turbulent flow Shell and helical coil heat exchanger ri 0.1 di
hi = ⎛0.21Re0.85Pr 0.4 ⎞
CuO-W Laminar flow ⎝ R
() ⎠ kw
Fe2O3-W
[51] Al2O3-W Experimental Turbulent flow Corrugated plate heat exchanger f = (2.9 + 5.6ϕ + 0.12ϕ2)Pe−0.13
Num = (0.26 + 0.02ϕ0.0051ϕ2)Pe0.27
[291] Al2O3-W CFD Turbulent flow Trough plate heat exchanger L −0.0984 l 0.1063 p −0.0736 t 0.1624 L 0.1585 l 0.4938 p 0.6485 t 0.7603
Nu = 0.1427Re0.8451 (1 − ϕ)−2.3236 f = 0.0002Re−0.4959 (1 − ϕ)0.8044
H
( ) H ( ) H ( ) H ( ) H
( ) H
( ) H
( ) H
( )
[292] Silver-W Experimental Laminar flow Plate heat exchanger
Theoretical
[293] Al2O3-MWCNT- Experimental Turbulent flow Plate heat exchanger
W CFD Laminar flow
[294] Graphene-W Experimental Miniature plate heat exchanger
[295] TiO2-W Experimental Plate heat exchanger
CFD
[297] Al2O3-W Experimental Plate heat exchanger 0.59 Pr 0.4
Nub = 0.768Renf nf
CFD −0.25
fnf = 0.973Renf
Δptotal = Δpf + Δpp
G2 Lv Np G2 μb −0.17
Δpp = 1.4Np Δpf = 4f ⎛ ⎞
2ρ Dhc 2ρ ⎝ μw ⎠
[298] CuO-W Experimental Miniature plate heat exchanger
CFD
[299] Γ- Al2O3-W Experimental Laminar flow Plate heat exchanger
CNTs-W CFD
Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al.
efficiency of the exchangers [181,196,197].
The heat transfer rate is carried out in different equipment, in-
cluding heat exchangers in the performed researches. In fact, increasing
the thermal conductivity of the nanofluids depends on a large number
of variables that causes the various properties of the fluid. In Fig. 10,
these parameters are presented.
As mentioned before, concerns about the energy are one of the
concerns of developing and industrialized countries that have led sci-
entists to seek new solutions to deal with this problem. Hence, the re-
searchers have presented a number of methods to overcome these
threats.
Changes in the rheological properties of fluids and the use of passive
heat transfer devices are considered to overcome these problems. These
methods are performed by preventing the growth of laminar sub layer
and increasing the amount of disturbances, increasing the effective heat
transfer surface, generating the vortices or secondary flows, and better
mixing of the fluids. Today, extensive researches have been carried out
on heat transfer of nanofluids in various equipment. Therefore, this
research field has been attracted the researchers for optimization and
improvement of thermal performance.
However, in this study, it is demonstrated that the main focus of the
researches has changed from their thermophysical properties to the
application and evaluation of convection heat transfer coefficient and
their applications. This is evident in many previous studies. Most re-
searchers have shown that the use of nanofluids leads to an increase in
convection heat transfer coefficient and an improvement in the equip-
ment. Nevertheless, a subject that should be considered is nanofluids
heat transfer in turbulent flows.
For example, Kim et al. [198] showed that an increase in the volume
fraction of amorphous carbon nanoparticles in the turbulent flow leads
to no change in convection heat transfer coefficient, while in the la-
minar flow, an increase of 8% in convection heat transfer coefficient
was reported. Duangthongsuk and Wongwises [199] demonstrated that
heat transfer coefficient in the turbulent flow increases by 26% for the
volume fractions less than 1%, but when the volume fraction is 2%,
heat transfer decreases by 14% compared to the base fluid. Pantzali
et al. [200] showed that the type of flow in the heat exchanger plays an
important role in the effectiveness and improvement of its performance.
They revealed that the use of nanoparticles in laminar flow is more
appropriate than turbulent flow.
Wen et al. [201] showed that convection heat transfer coefficient at
low Reynolds numbers has the maximum value at the inlet and de-
creases along the horizontal axis of the channel in fully developed re-
gion. Omidi et al. [202] demonstrated that the improvement of heat
transfer by adding nanoparticles to the base fluid in the tubes is high at
Numerical Models for Nanofluids
Single Phase
Thermal
Homogeneous Buongiorno
Dispersion
Temperature Temperature
Independent Dependent
Properties Properties
Fig. 11. Numerical models that are used for simulations of nanofluids.
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Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886
low Reynolds numbers.
7.1. Numerical methods for applying nanofluids in the heat exchanger
There are two perspectives for the use of nanofluids in the heat
exchangers, and recently, numerical and experimental methods have
been considered by researchers (Table 5). In the recent years, engineers
with the help of fast computers have been able to make significant
numerical calculations for predicting engineering phenomena and the
enhancement of designing process. Using numerical methods has the
benefits of previewing a solution of a problem that has not reached the
experiment stage, and also to improve the empirical results. Compu-
tational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a standard method for designing and
analyzing engineering related issues, including physical phenomena. A
large number of studies have been performed to solve fluid mechanics
and the problems of heat transfer of normal fluids, which follow the
basic rules published in the text, and mostly are consistent with ex-
perimental results of the same problem. In fact, the results of these
methods, based on the needs, capabilities, and skills of the user, show
an acceptable agreement with the experimental results. On the other
hand, in the experimental research with the use of experimental
equipment the changes of nanofluids property and its application in
heat exchangers has been investigated. Finally, researchers present both
experimental and numerical views in the form of charts and tables.
Results can lead to the use of nanofluids in order to improve energy
consumption, time and economics [203–207].
Nanofluids are a new generation of highly efficient fluids in in-
dustrial applications. By using the nanofluids, the amount of corrosion,
impurities and pressure drop decreases and the stability of fluids
against the sedimentation increases significantly due to the small size of
the particles. Surfactants and physical or chemical bonding of poly-
meric chains can be used on the surface structure of nanofluids to in-
crease their stability in order to increase the thermal conductivity.
According to Fig. 11, two methods have been used for numerical
simulation of heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids [208–212].
The first approach assumes that the continuity assumption is still
valid for fluids with dispersed nanoparticles. In the single-phase
method, the general form of the governing equation is similar to that of
conventional fluids, but the apparent properties of the nanofluid, as
described in Section 3, are used for density, thermal conductivity,
viscosity, and specific heat. In this method, the slip between the base
fluid and the nanoparticles is ignored, and the effect of the presence of
particles is considered in the apparent properties [8].
The second method is to use multiphase scheme. Two-phase flow
models such as mixed model, Volume of Fluid (VOF), Eulerian-Eulerian
Two-Phase
Eulerian Eulerian
Eulerian Lagrangian
VOF Eulerian
Mixture
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al.
Fig. 12. Schematic of a circular tube of Shahsavani et al. [114].
method and discrete phase model (Eulerian- Lagrangian) are the most
common ones. In order to better describe both solid and liquid phases,
they are described as follows.
Once the phases are identified, the corresponding flow regimes can
be determined. Depending on the precision and the dispersed flow type,
different modeling can be used. There are three main methods to model
the discrete multiphase flows:
Volume of Fluid (VOF) is the simplest method conceptually. In this
method, the motion of all phases is performed using local and si-
multaneous formulation for governing equations of mass, energy, and
momentum. These equations can be solved using appropriate boundary
conditions at interfaces. But the interface between the various phases is
not constant and its motion creates complex conditions. To avoid these
conditions, VOF approach follows indirectly the motion of all phases
instead of direct capture of deformation and moving of the boundaries.
All interfacial forces are replaced by uniform variable volume
forces. This method should be used to determine the flow between the
interfaces. Many forces at the interface of phases, including superficial
forces and adhesion forces, can be modeled using this approach. This
method is not suitable for simulating discrete multiphase flows in large
equipment, because it requires large computational resources to solve
the flow around each of discrete phase particles [213–215].
The Eulerian-Eulerian method models the flow of all phases in the
Eulerian framework based on the assumption of intrusive continuity. In
this method, the calculations of the path lines and their averages are not
performed at a computational surface, but implicitly achieved at a
conceptual one. The discrete characteristics of the basic processes are
averaged to create a model that involves a continuous phase associated
with dispersed particles. For formulation of the governing equations of
this method, various averages are proposed. If it is done successfully,
this method can be used for multiphase flow processes, including a
large volume fraction of dispersed phases [214–216].
In the Eulerian- Lagrangian method, the explicit motion of the in-
terfaces is not modeled. This means that small motion of fluid around
dispersed phase particles are not considered. This effect is modeled
indirectly. In this method, continuous phase motion is modeled in
Eulerian framework. The motion of the dispersed phase particles (path
line) is explicitly simulated in Lagrangian framework. An average of a
large number of path lines is extracted to obtain the necessary in-
formation for modeling the effect of the dispersed phase on the con-
tinuous one. In this method, processes such as reactions, mass transfer
and heat transfer can be modeled in sufficient detail. In the case of
turbulent flows, it is crucial to simulate a large number of path lines to
achieve a meaningful average. Therefore, computational costs increase
when the number of simulated particles increases. According to the
reports, this scheme is suitable for simulating discrete phase flows with
a volume fraction less than 10% [217–219].
Thus, considering the above information and a review of various
references, it was found that the single-phase method has been used due
to the reliability of the results on the one hand, and the ease of doing
the calculations on the other hand. In addition, the single-phase models
in some cases may not be sufficiently precise due to the failure to
capture some important forces on the particle, leading to large errors in
comparison with experimental data. These models predict the proper-
ties of liquid-solid flows, especially in developed regions for the volume
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Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886
fractions more than 1%. The single-phase models do not provide any
information on the motion and velocity of solid phase particles (which
are important in some predictions such as mechanical corrosion)
[220–223]. However, on the other hand, the two-phase models have a
higher accuracy than the single-phase one in the simulation of the na-
nofluids. Considering the above-mentioned explanations, most re-
searchers have investigated the nanofluids by using the single-phase
model. The application of two-phase models has been considered in
recent years due to their higher accuracy than the single-phase model
[14,224–227].
7.2. Investigating the geometry, configuration of tubes of heat exchangers
In the heat exchangers, the existence of the tube and the flow inside
and around them is one of the most important issues for the engineers in
theoretical and practical field. Since the fluid in the exchanger is in
contact with the tube, heat transfer is done through the interface sur-
face, which is the body or wall of the tube. Therefore, the study of flow
inside the tubes is very important. This issue is investigated by many
researchers [228–237]. Shahsavani et al. [114] investigated the nano-
fluids flow, heat transfer, and pressure drop with the existence of ex-
perimental data within a circular cross-section tube used in heat ex-
changers. (Fig. 12) Their results showed that with increasing shear rate,
the pressure drop increased, and with increasing nanoparticle volume
fractions, the temperature increased. Therefore, the F-MWCNTs/EG-
water hybrid fluids are useful for applications with high shear rates. In
addition, the convection heat transfer coefficient also increased. Qi
et al. [238] examined laminar and turbulent nanofluids flow within a
heat exchanger system. The overall performance of nanofluids in a
triangular cross-section tube was investigated. (Fig. 13) They found that
the nanofluids inside the triangular tube can increase the heat transfer
performance by increasing the resistance coefficient to the circular
tube, while the resistance coefficient is approximately the same for the
various volume percentages of nanoparticles in the turbulent flow. It
has also been shown that the overall evaluation index with the Rey-
nolds number decreases in the laminar flow, but the maximum critical
value appears in the turbulent flow. Kim et al. [239] compared the
results of computational fluid dynamics and the experimental results of
nanofluids flow of a heat exchanger tube. (Fig. 14) They found that the
Prandtl number has decreased with an increase in the nanoparticle
volume fractions, and heat transfer increases with an enhancement in
the Reynolds number.
Siavashi et al. [240] optimized the heat transfer and pumping value
within a heat exchanger tube through the formation of a gradient sur-
face and welded multilayers (Fig. 15). Khoshvaght-Aliabadi et al. [241]
investigated experimentally the flow of metallic nanofluids into a heat
exchanger U form tube. (Fig. 16) They showed that using nanofluids
and twisted tapes in the heat exchanger tubes increases the heat
transfer.
Hosseinnezhad et al. [242] studied the flow of nanofluids within a
heat exchanger tube with a pair of spiral tapes. (Fig. 17) The results
showed that with the increase of nanoparticle volume fraction and
decreasing of the twisted tape, the transfer rate will improve. Ar-
ulprakasajothi et al. [243] examined the nanofluids flow inside a heat
exchanger tube with conical tapes. (Figs. 18 and 19) The results showed
that the use of an increase in the nanoparticle volume fractions and the
Fig. 13. Schematic of the experimental apparatus of Kim et al. [239].
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al.
Fig. 14. Schematic of the experimental apparatus of Kim et al. [239].
presence of conical tapes compared to the simple tube would increase
the heat transfer.
The storage and enhancement of energy in a three-tube heat ex-
changer with PCM and copper blades and A12O3 nanoparticles were
investigated by Mahdi et al. [244] (Fig. 20) They optimized blade
combinations using the RSM method. The effect of nanoparticles on the
phase transition material was also investigated. The CuO/water nano-
fluids was investigated by Jafaryar et al. [245] in a heat exchanger tube
with a twisted tape turbulator. (Fig. 21) The results show that the na-
nofluids mixture works better for low values of torsion ratio. The sec-
ondary current is amplified by increasing the input speed and the tur-
bulator height has an inverse relation with the thickness of thermal
boundary layer.
Karimi and Afrand [246] investigated the nanofluids within the
radiator (air-conditioning heat exchanger). They examined the cross-
sectional effects of heat exchanger tubes in an oval and circular manner
and their layout. Their results were presented as temperature dis-
tribution contours, pressure drop, Nusselt number and their sensitivity
analysis for different modes. The results show that the radiator with
vertical tubes is up to 10% better than the radiator with horizontal
tubes. In addition, radiators with circular tubes have a 25% pressure
drop compared to the elliptic tubes, and their Nusselt number is 10%
more the others. Finally, their results showed that an increase in the
nanofluids concentration would improve the Nusselt number and
pressure drop.
Fig. 15. Schematic of multi-layered porous media of six layers with same thickness and different properties of Siavashi et al. [240].
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Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886
7.3. Double-tube heat exchangers
Double-heat exchangers are in fact the simplest and most applicable
systems in industrial and chemical process, which consist of two con-
centric pipes. Heat transfer in these exchangers occurs between the
current fluids in the inside and outside of the tubes. The efforts of the
researchers in the past years in the field of increasing heat transfer have
led to development of different methods. Increasing the efficiency and
performance of thermal devices can be effective in saving the energy,
and also can be followed by reducing the dimensions of the device and,
consequently, reduce the cost of materials and building the device.
Unfortunately, most of the mentioned methods are possible with in-
creasing levels per unit volume of the device, which causes an increase
in the pressure drop, and by considering a more powerful pump, the
cost of fluid transfer would increase. Therefore, researchers are trying
to use methods to solve these problems. One of these methods is the use
of nanofluids in this type of exchangers, which has recently been in-
vestigated by the researchers [247–253].
Zamzamian et al. [254] investigated experimentally the forced
convection heat transfer coefficient of the nanofluids using double-tube
and plate heat exchanger plate at three operating temperatures of 45 °C,
60 °C and 70 °C with a cooling fluid ambient air under the turbulent
flow (Fig. 22). In addition, they compared experimental and theoretical
results. Furthermore, they evaluated the effect of particle concentration
and temperature on the forced convention heat transfer coefficient of
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al. Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886

Fig. 16. Test module components of Khoshvaght-Aliabadi et al. [241].

Fig. 17. Studied tube with two twisted-tape inserts co-swirl and counter-swirl of Hosseinnezhad et al. [242].

Fig. 18. Schematic diagram of set-up Arulprakasajothi et al. [243].

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A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al. Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886

Fig. 19. Geometry of the conical strip (OD – outside and ID – inside diameter) of set-up Arulprakasajothi et al. [243].

Fig. 20. Schematic representation of triplex-tube heat exchanger of Mahdi et al. [244] with the proposed fin arrangement: (a) three-dimensional physical model, (b)
two-dimensional model with specified points A, B, C and D, and (c) the computational domain.

Fig. 21. Tube with twisted tape turbulator of Jafaryar et al. [245].

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A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al. Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886

Fig. 22. Schematic of experimental setup for thermal performance assessment of Zamzamian et al. [254].

Fig. 23. Line diagram of double pipe counter flow heat exchanger of Rao et al. [255].

nanofluids. Both theoretical and experimental data showed that dis-
persed and stable homogeneous nanoparticles have a significant effect
on increasing the convection heat transfer coefficient of the basic fluid,
which the highest and lowest increase were 49% and 3%. They found
that with an increase in the concentration of nanoparticles and nano-
fluids temperature, the convection heat transfer coefficient of the na-
nofluids increases. The experimental and theoretical results at low
temperatures are in consistent, but at higher temperatures and en-
hancement of the nanoparticles concentration, the results are sig-
nificantly different. This inconsistency can be due to the ignorance of
the effects of temperature, nanoparticle disposition, stabilization
methods of nanofluids as a factor in theoretical equations.
Malekan et al. [172] investigated the effect of magnetic field on the
magnetic nanofluids heat transfer in double-tube heat exchanger in a
small-scale CAES system. Their results showed that by increasing the
mass flow rate of the secondary fluid, the cavity temperature decreases,
and also by increasing the volume fraction of nanoparticles and mag-
netic field, convection heat transfer, pressure drop and the friction
coefficient in the ferrofluids will increase. In addition, to optimize the
temperature of the cavity, the exchanger length should be more than
1 m. Finally, magnetic field has the least effect on the characteristics of
the airflow that can be considered as the results of their CFD simulation
in the study of double-tube heat exchanger. Rao et al. [255] compared
nanofluids with different volume percentage in the water as a base fluid
inside a double-tube heat exchanger (Fig. 23). They found that the use
of Al2O3 nanoparticles as the solid phase in water could significantly
increase the convection heat transfer in the transient flow, and this
enhancement is the result of increasing of Reynolds number and also
the nanoparticles concentrations. Their observations indicate an in-
crease in the heat transfer coefficient and its effectiveness is associated

20
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al.
Fig. 24. Line diagram of the setup of Dhobale and Hole [256].
with the dispersion of nanoparticles in all base fluids. In addition, they
found that the heat transfer coefficient of nanofluids and the coefficient
of double-tube heat exchanger performance increases with an en-
hancement in Reynolds number. Dhobale and Hole [256] using SiO2
nanofluids as a cooling fluid investigated the double-tube heat ex-
changer and increase the performance of heat exchanger by 23.10%
compared to pure water (Fig. 24). They found that adding nanoparticles
to the base fluid would increase the heat transfer and heat transfer
coefficient compared to the base fluid and improve the performance of
the heat exchangers. During the experiments, they discovered a direct
correlation between the pressure drop and the nanoparticle volume
fractions, and also the heat transfer with the Reynolds number, as well
as the effect of the input fluid temperature, mass flow velocity, and time
on controlling the heat transfer quantity and then the efficiency of heat
exchanger. They concluded that spherical nanomaterial has higher heat
transfer rate than the other forms.
Venkitaraj et al. [257] during their observations on the enhance-
ment of heat transfer in a laminar flow of water-TiO2 nanofluid, passed
through a tube heat exchanger equipped with modified fin, concluded
Fig. 25. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup of Venkitaraj et al. [257].
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Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886
that these modified fins are able to generate a higher heat transfer than
the other common types (Fig. 25). Their experimental results show the
inverse relationship between the heat transfer velocity and the distance
of the fins, and they found a direct relation between the distance of the
fins with the friction factor and the volume fraction of nanoparticles. In
addition, they concluded that with an increase in the deviation angle of
the fin, heat transfer will increase and this increase is the highest when
the fins are perpendicular to the flow.
Baby and Johnson [258] during the numerical investigation of heat
transfer properties of alumina water nanofluids in two double-tube heat
exchangers found that the average of heat transfer coefficient and
pressure drop in the tub depends on the nanoparticle volume fractions
and the flow velocity of the nanofluid, which means that the addition of
nanoparticles has a significant effect on the thermal performance of the
heat exchanger; instead, the friction factor decreases with an increase in
the flow intensity and does not change significantly with the quantity of
nanoparticles concentrations. Maddah et al. [259] from the experi-
mental design of the thermal performance factor of a double-tube heat
exchanger using a hybrid Al2O3-TiO2 nanofluid concluded that the ex-
ergy efficiency using the twisted tapes and nanofluids is more efficient
than using normal water as the heat transfer fluid (Fig. 26). Further-
more, they found that a significant increase of exergy was obtained
during the enhancement of the concentration of nanoparticles volume
and Reynolds number and reducing of the torsion ratio. Furthermore,
the axial-flow pressure drop in the tube is directly correlated with the
acceleration of the exchange rate of nanoparticles, which have sporadic
and random motions, especially near the tube wall.
During the study of the effect of twisted tape fins on the heat
transfer and friction coefficient of Fe3O4 nanofluids flow in a U-shaped
double-tube heat exchanger, another research was performed by Kumar
et al. [260]. They provided an increase in the effectiveness and NUT of
heat exchangers by applying nanofluids and twisted tapes fins for
double-tube heat exchangers. The observations showed that a direct
relationship exists among the nanofluids heat transfer and the volume
percentage of particle and the Reynolds number, and the inverse rela-
tion with the twist ratio in the twisted tapes.
Hosseinian et al. [261] by examining the surface vibrational effects
on the increase of the stability coefficient and heat transfer of water/
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al. Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886

Fig. 26. The experimental set-up framework of Maddah et al. [259].

Fig. 27. Experimental setup of Hosseinian et al. [261].

MWCNTs nanofluids in the flexible double-tube heat exchanger con-
cluded that the heat transfer coefficient significantly increases by ap-
plying vibrations as the dispositions and density of nanoparticles reduce
(Fig. 27). They found that heat transfer has a direct relation with the
temperature, mass flow velocity, mass fraction of nanoparticles, and
surface vibration. They discovered that although the vibration en-
hancement coefficient has an inverse relation with the flow and tem-
perature intensity, the effect of vibration enhancement coefficient in-
creases with an increase in the fluid temperature and decreases with
increasing the flow velocity. In addition, the disposition of nano-
particles in lower-velocity flows is higher and the heat transfer
coefficient is lower, which suggests that vibration is more beneficial for
heat exchangers with weak flow.
7.4. Shell and tube heat exchanger
Shell tube heat exchanger is a class of heat exchanger and is used in
many chemical industries, such as the oil refineries. As its name implies,
this exchanger is consisted from a large cylindrical reservoir (shell) at
high pressure and a bundle of tubes inside it. In Fig. 28, the fluid runs
through the tubes and the hot stream flows on the tubes and inside the
shell. Due to the large number of these tubes and their high contact

22
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al.
Fig. 28. Shell and tube heat exchanger.
surface, the stream is transferred to the liquid inside the tube and the
liquid is boiled. In heat exchangers, two fluids usually transfer the heat
without any massive contact with each other. The cooler fluid in con-
tact with the hot fluid absorbs thermal energy and the temperature rises
and, instead, the warmer fluid is replaced with colder fluid with heat
loss [262–265]. However, the low thermal conductivitys of the em-
ployed fluids in these models led to the use of these nanofluids by the
researchers [266–268].
Farajollahi et al. [190] studied the heat transfer of nanofluids into a
shell and tube heat exchanger (Fig. 29). They studied two nanofluids of
water-TiO2 and water-Al2O3 in a exchanger with a turbulent flow. The
results showed that adding nanoparticles to the base fluid can sig-
nificantly increase the heat transfer properties. The comparison of the
thermal behavior of two nanostructures in the optimized volume per-
centage conditions show that in a specific Peclet number, the properties
of heat transfer of water-TiO2 nanofluids are greater than the water-
Fig. 29. Experimental setup of Farajollahi et al [190].
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Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886
Al2O3 nanowires, while the water-Al2O3 nanofluids has a better heat
transfer behavior in higher volume percentages.
Lotfi et al. [269] investigated experimentally the effects of MWNT-
water nanofluids inside a shell and tube heat exchanger (Fig. 30). Multi-
walled carbon nanotubes were synthesized using a CVD steam eva-
poration with a Co-Mo/MgO. Then, COOH functional groups were
added to make a nanofluid with combining the nanotubes and in-
creasing the nanofluids stability. They found that using multi-walled
nanotubes would increase the heat transfer from the horizontal shell
and tube heat exchanger.
The nanofluids turbulent flow within a shell heat exchanger and two
concentric tubes was investigated numerically by Shahril et al. [270]
(Fig. 31). Thermophysical properties of nanofluids were considered to
be temperature dependent. Heat transfer in the heat exchanger is car-
ried out from the hot oil of the shell to the inner tube with the nano-
fluids flow. Based on their results, when the nanofluids is modeled as a
single phase, it is in consistent with the experimental results. In addi-
tion, they found that by increasing the nanoparticle volume fractions
and Reynolds number, the heat transfer rate increases. Furthermore, the
pressure drop increases with an increase in the nanoparticle volume
fractions.
Elias et al. [271] studied the effects of different shapes of nano-
particles in the nanofluids flow inside a shell and tube heat exchanger
with angled baffles (Fig. 32). They found that cylindrical nanoparticles
have the best performance in terms of heat transfer coefficient and the
heat transfer velocity in other forms of different angled baffles with the
existence of segmental baffles. They discovered that the heat transfer
rate increases when the nanoparticles are cylindrical and baffles are
angular segmental, and Boehmite Alumia increases with an increase in
the nanoparticles. They also found that the total entropy generation
increases with increasing the concentration of nanoparticles at different
angles.
Barzegarian et al. [272] investigated the nanofluids flow in a shell
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al. Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886

Fig. 30. Schematic diagram of experimental setup for heat transfer measurement of Lotfi et al. [269].

and tube heat exchangers in a laminar flow regime. According to their

results, the Nusselt number increases with the enhancement of nano-
particle volume fractions and Reynolds number. They showed that 3%
nanoparticles in the base fluid increases the heat transfer to 9.18%.
They also showed that the enhancement of the conduction heat transfer
coefficient by adding nanoparticles to the base fluid and increasing the
friction force among the nanoparticles and the fluid and the Brownian
velocity of the particles would increase the thickness of the boundary
layer.
Ghozatloo et al. [273] studied the enhancement of heat transfer
with graphene nanofluids inside the shell and tube heat exchangers
(Fig. 34). They sought to examine the viscosity of graphene nanofluids
during a laminar flow within the shell and tube heat exchangers. Gra-
phene nano sheets were prepared using a CVD method and their mor-
phology was examined using SEM and Raman. They observed that the
heat transfer coefficient of water in the laminar flow increases by
adding graphene nanoparticles. The highest rate of graphene nano-
particle heat transfer coefficient was at 38 °C.
Fig. 31. Geometrical parameters of the shell-and-double concentric tube heat Esfahani and Languri [274] experimental investigated (Fig. 35) the
exchanger model of Shahril et al. [270].
exergy analysis of the Graphene Oxide nanofluids in the shell and tube
heat exchanger (Fig. 36). According to their results of the exergy ana-
lysis, with an increase in the graphene oxide, the heat transfer coeffi-
cient of the fluid flow increases. In addition, the thermal performance of
graphene oxide nanoparticles in the shell and tube heat exchanger was
investigated. Their results showed that using graphene oxide nano-
particle as a hot liquid leads to the reduction of exergy loss in the shell
and tube heat exchanger in both laminar and turbulent flow regimes.
They also suggested that in both laminar and turbulent flow conditions,
the amount of exergy reduction with increasing the temperature of the
high liquid will increase, which is mainly due to the difference in
temperature between hot and cold liquids.

7.5. Nanofluids in the spiral heat exchanger

Fig. 32. Shell and tube heat exchanger with baffle angle of Eliasi et al. [271].
Spiral-tube heat exchangers are widely used today in different in-
dustries due to their compact structure and the enhancement of heat
and horizontal tube exchanger in the forced flow (Fig. 33). In fact, they
transfer due to its spirally. In some industries, two-phase heat ex-
investigated the effects of some hot fluid parameters, Reynolds number
changers are used. A large number of empirical studies have been
and volume percentages of nanoparticles on the properties of heat
carried out on the flows of spiral tubes and their heat transfer in the
transfer, friction coefficient, and the heat transfer coefficient of shell
presence of nanofluids [275–277]. Bhanvase et al. [278] investigated

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A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al. Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886

Fig. 33. Schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus of Barzegarian et al. [272].

Fig. 34. Schematic of the experimental set up of Ghozatloo et al. [273].

25
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al.
Fig. 35. Schematic diagram of the experimental set up of Esfahani and Languri
[274].
experimentally the effect of nanofluids in a vertical helical heat ex-
changer (Fig. 37). It was found that the average of heat transfer coef-
ficient increases as the volume percentage of polyethylene nano-
particles of the nanofluids and Reynolds number increase. They found
that the enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient in 1% of the
polyethylene nanoparticles of the fluid was 10.52% and for 5% volume
and the polyethylene nanoparticles increased by 69.62%.
Kong et al. [279] studied the cooling of the combustion gas by a
graphene-water nanofluids inside a helical heat exchanger (Fig. 38).
The nanofluids with higher thermal conductivity and lower heat ca-
pacity has better performance than the pure water. Adding 56% of
nanoparticles results in a 25% increase in the heat transfer coefficient.
The effect of different dimensions of thermal coil on heat transfer with a
nanofluid was presented as a formula. Finally, the temperature of the
exhaust gas was compared with the heat transfer coefficient of the
nanofluid. Omidi et al. [280] examined numerically the heat transfer
flow of nanofluids into a combined cross-sectional spiral exchanger
(Fig. 39). They studied the effects of physical and geometric para-
meters, and their results showed that the number of twisting coils at
number six is the highest Nusselt number. Then, by examining the
Prandtl number of different liquids and geometric effects such as coil
height and its diameter, they obtained valuable results. They found that
the diameter of coil spring (twisting) has the greatest effect on the heat
transfer, and as the volume percentage of alumina nanoparticles in-
creases, heat transfer increases by 28%. Finally, they presented a re-
lation for the Nusselt number.
Wu et al. [281] studied the heat transfer and pressure drop inside a
helical double-tube heat exchanger (Fig. 40). They indicated that Seban
and Mclaughlin models can accurately predict the thermal behavior of
nanofluids in a turbulent flow. They investigated the properties of
Brownian motion, thermophoresis, and diffusiophoresis of
Fig. 36. Schematic diagram of the cross-sectional view of the shell-and-tube-heat exchanger and the fluid flow directions (Model: 05024, Standard X change, NY,
USA) of Esfahani and Languri [274].
26
Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886
nanoparticles. However, eventually they found that alumina-water
nanofluids can be simulated using homogeneous models, and adding of
alumina particles to the fluid flow in both laminar and turbulent flows
improves heat transfer.
Naik and Vinod [282] examined the flow of non-Newtonian nano-
fluids into a helical heat exchanger (Fig. 41). They prepared a non-
Newtonian nanofluids with a volume percentage of 1 to 3%. They
showed that the Nusselt number increases, as the nanoparticle volume
fractions and fluid temperature of the shell side increase. They in-
dicated that CuO/CMC nanofluids have a higher heat transfer than two
other types of Fe2O3 and Al2O3. The heat transfer performance of the
non-Newtonian nanofluids is significantly increased in more con-
centrations of nanoparticles, shell temperature, agitator speed and Dean
Number.
7.6. Plate heat exchanger
Today, due to the need of heat exchange for industrial processes,
heat exchangers are used in a wide variety of industries. The plate heat
exchangers are the latest generation of the heat exchangers in new era,
and are widely used in various industries. Easy to repair, maintain, and
clean, extends the influence of this type of exchangers from food in-
dustries to the industries of automotive, petrochemical, pharmaceu-
tical, papermaking, building glass, air conditioning, oil and gas and
other industries, especially in central thermal systems, is used instead of
double-walled resources and coil resources for preparing domestic hot
water. In order to increase the thermal efficiency of plate heat ex-
changers and equipment, one of the newest methods is to use a nano-
fluid working fluid, which is a suspension of solid nanoparticles in
conventional heat transfer fluids. These fluids increase the enhance-
ment of these types of exchangers. However, applying these new fluids
in heat exchangers is associated with some problems, such as the
pressure drop [283–290].
Pandey and Nema [51] investigated heat transfer coefficients and
friction coefficients in the cooling of plate heat exchangers (Fig. 42).
According to their results, as Peclet number and Reynolds number in-
crease, the quantity of heat transfer increases, but increasing the con-
centration of nanoparticles initially improves heat transfer and then
decreases. In fact, the highest heat transfer occurs in the 2% of the
volume. The values of non-dimensional exergy reduction were stable
for water.
Khoshvaght-Aliabadi and Salami [291] studies the turbulence flow
of the nanofluids into a plate heat exchanger with horizontal off-set
channels (Fig. 43). They discovered that the channel height is the most
important parameter in improving heat transfer than the pure fluid.
Finally, using the regression, they obtained formulas for alumina na-
nofluids flow in terms of Reynolds number, concentration of nano-
particles and geometric parameters. Tang et al. reviewed the applica-
tion of nanofluids in a soldered plate heat exchanger in a laminar flow.
According to their results, the presence of nanoparticles in the fluid
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al.
Fig. 37. Schematic of the experimental set up of Vertical Helical Coiled Heat Exchanger of Bhanvase et al. [278].
Fig. 38. Helical coil heat exchanger of Kong et al. [279].
flow improves the heat transfer of heat exchangers.
Pourhoseini et al. [292] investigated theoretically and experimen-
tally the effects of silver/water nanofluids in a plate heat exchanger
(Fig. 44). They showed that increasing the flow rate and the nano-
particle volume fractions would improve heat transfer in the plate heat
exchangers. However, the flow rate has a significant effect than the
nanoparticle volume fractions. The conductive heat transfer coefficient
of silver/water nanofluids is 36.6% higher than pure water. While in
the surface to the lower volume ratio, the conductive heat transfer
coefficient decreases.
Bhattad et al. [293] studied theoretically and experimentally the
flow and heat transfer of hybrid nanofluids and its pressure drop within
a plate exchanger (Fig. 45). They used the DPM method to simulate the
nanofluids flow, and the results were compared to the experimentally
27
Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886
values, which showed a good consistent. They showed that using hybrid
nanofluids increases the heat transfer coefficient by 36.16% and the
pressure drop by 1.23%. Finally, using nanofluids in plate heat ex-
changers was proposed.
Wang et al. [294] studied experimentally the cooling of a mini plate
heat exchanger by a graphene nanofluid (Figs. 46, 47). First, the heat
transfer coefficient and pressure drop for water in hot and cold parts
were predicted. The predicted correlations for the heat transfer coeffi-
cient and the friction coefficient within a heat exchanger corresponded
well with the experimental results. They found that adding graphene
particles to the base fluid would increase the heat transfer coefficient of
the fluid, but also increase the pumping power.
Khanlari et al. [295] studied numerical and experimental simulation
of the nanofluids heat transfer properties in a plate exchanger (Fig. 48).
Their numerical and experimental results were in consistent so that the
heat transfer rate increased by 10%.
Samadifar and Toghraie [296] investigated numerically the nano-
fluids flow inside a plate fin heat exchanger (Fig. 49). They embodied a
new vortex generator inside the exchanger. Their results generally
showed an increase in the heat transfer with the presence of nano-
particles in the base fluid. They also embedded several vortex gen-
erators into the exchanger, such as WW, ARW, RTW, SRW, WVG, and
IVG. Their results showed that using a simple rectangular vortex gen-
erator is associated with higher heat transfer by 7% than the other
vortex generators. In addition, the vortex generator reduced the pres-
sure drop in the heat exchanger and an increase in its height would
increase the heat transfer. According to their belief, the best angle for
installing the vortex generator is 45°.
Sinan Turgut and Turgut [297] examined the nanofluids flow within
a heat exchanger using a multi-purpose optimization algorithm
(Fig. 50). Results of the optimization showed that using nanoparticles in
addition to improve heat transfer coefficient is associated with a sig-
nification reduction in costs. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was per-
formed for the heat exchanger and the variables effects of each variable
were obtained. In sum, they concluded that Ensemble Shuffled Popu-
lation algorithm is very effective in optimizing and analyzing the sen-
sitivity. In another research, Pantzali et al. [298] studied the effect of
nanofluids in a mini plate exchanger (Fig. 51). As a result, they found
that using smaller equipment would reduce pumping power. Although
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al. Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886

Fig. 39. Geometry, design parameters and grid system of the helical coil. (a) circular cross section (b) lobed cross sections of Omidi et al. [280].

Fig. 40. Schematic illustrations of experimental setup of Wu et al. [281].

using nanofluids improves the heat transfer, its application is limited
due to the high cost and instability problems of nanoparticles in the
fluid. Mare et al. [299] examined the flow of two nanofluids into a plate
heat exchanger at low temperatures (Fig. 52). They showed an increase
in the heat transfer coefficient for both nanofluids in a stable Reynolds.
The effect of viscosity and pressure drop at low temperatures is sig-
nificant and it should be taken in to account before using in the ex-
changers.
8. Nanofluids and energy management
Since the right and proper use of energy results in sustainable de-
velopment in any society, the maintenance of valuable energy resources
and the proper management of its consumption are one of the most
important issues in all countries. All governments, politician and
practitioners of the field of energy are forced to address the problem of
increasing consumption and hence controlling energy costs. One of the
most important issues that can control the entire cycle of production,

28
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al. Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886

Fig. 41. Schematic of the experimental set-up of Naik and Vinod [282].

Fig. 42. Photograph and schematic of the experimental setup of Pandey and Nema [51]. 1. Insulation, 2. Hot fluid pipe, 3. Hot fluid tank, 4. Cold fluid tank, 5. Gate
valves, 6. Pumps, 7. Hot fluid rotameter, 8. Cold fluid rotameter, 9. Thermometer wells, 10. Pressure gauge.

Fig. 43. Plate-fin heat exchanger with

offset-strip channels of Khoshvaght-Aliabadi
and Salami [291].

distribution and energy consumption, and also best use of these pre-
cious resources is energy management.
Nowadays, tt is the most important tool to prevent the increase in
the energy consumption and its losses. Its proper implementation leads
to the optimization of energy consumption. It leads to the selection of
correct and practical model for energy policy, resulting in that the
sustainability of economic growth is guaranteed, the destruction of
energy resources decreases and the harmful effects on environment and
society is reduced. Due to the importance of energy in everyday life,
thermal energy in all aspects of engineering can be important. Various
industries, including food processing equipment, chemical process
equipment, thermal power plants, cooling equipment and ventilation
systems, petrochemical industries, etc. are faced the effective applica-
tion, conversion and recovery of thermal energy.
The production of heat exchangers as the main heat transfer system
requires large investment and operating costs. From this perspective,
the design of efficient, low consumption and low cost heat exchangers is
important. Various technologies are used to enhance heat transfer to
achieve these goals. One of these passive heat transfer technologies is
the tools that will lead to an increase in the path in thermal systems.
The use of fluids containing nanoparticles to increase the heat transfer
coefficient is another way of increasing heat transfer, which has been

29
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al.
Fig. 44. Schematic diagram of the plate heat exchanger experimental system of Pourhoseini et al. [292].
Fig. 45. Schematic diagram of experimental setup of Bhattad et al. [293].
widespread in recent years.
In general, according to previous studies, a mixture of suspended
metal nanoparticles in nanofluids is used to increase the thermal con-
ductivity of conventional thermal fluids and to save energy. In other
words, energy optimization means using the most advanced technolo-
gies and the use of modern science, which involves the highest effi-
ciency or the lowest energy consumption. In other words, energy op-
timization is increase of the knowledge, the creation of the right culture
and, consequently, the correct management on energy consumption.
The purpose of implementing a management system based on energy
consumption in manufacturing enterprises is to empower those orga-
nizations to create the necessary systems and processes to improve
energy performance, including efficiency and energy application.
Finally, it can be noted that the implementation of this system will
lead to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, energy costs and other
environmental consequences through systematic energy management.
30
Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886
Regarding the ability of the nanofluids to increase heat transfer, the
required heat exchanger will be smaller when the nanofluids is used
instead of the conventional fluids. On the other hand, the power con-
sumption of pumps to transmit the fluids and the size and weight of
heat transfer equipment decrease. In addition, nanofluids utilization
creates a significant saving in the investment and operating costs of
industrial units.
The economic and performance analyzes of nanofluids showed that
the nanofluids has acceptable performance capabilities relative to its
final price and can be used as an engineered fluid [300–305].
Exergy analysis is a powerful tool for designing, optimizing and
evaluating the performance of energy systems. Exergy is used as a
measure of the quality of energy and the rate of its destruction due to
irreversibilities in a thermal system. One of the main uses of the concept
of exergy is the analysis of thermal systems using the exergy balance.
The exergy dissipation calculation of a process indicates the degree of
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al.
Fig. 46. Schematic of experimental setup of Wang et al. [294].
Fig. 47. Schematic of the MPHE and basic geometric characteristics of Wang et al. [294].
its irreversibility.
Analyzing the effective parameters of the dissipation leads to re-
cognize the role of various parameters and explain how to change it in
the process to reduce the rate of irreversibility, increase efficiency and
ultimately optimize the process. Exergy, in fact, is the most useful
available work. When the system is in the equilibrium with the en-
vironment and only transfers the heat, it can be defined with the least
axial or electrical work that requires in a process from a state in which
it is in equilibrium with the environment to another specific state
theoretically.
Therefore, it can be assumed that the exergy represents the degree
of deviation of the state of a system relative to the environment. The
environment is a very large equilibrium system in which the state
variables (P0, T0) and the chemical potential of the components are
constant when exchanges the heat and mass with other systems in
thermodynamic processes. Many researchers performed the exergy
analysis of many equipment, including heat exchangers. Most of these
investigations refers to an increase in the overall heat transfer coeffi-
cient [274,306–314].
31
Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886
9. Conclusion, challenge and suggestion for future research
By studying the application of nanofluids in turbulent flows
[138,217,223,315–320], it was found that thermal conductivity of na-
nofluids increases by adding nanoparticles into the base fluid, but
convective heat transfer coefficient sometimes decreases and sometimes
do not change. However, for laminar flow, an increase in the convection
heat trasnfer coefficient has been observed. Therefore, the use of na-
nofluids in laminar flow is recommended by various researchers.
Heat transfer in turbulent flow is more for the volume fractions less
than 1% and it is possible to model the fluid flow as a single phase due
to the nature of the nanoparticles in a suitable composition with the
base fluid. In general, the effects of nanoparticles on the heat transfer
coefficient of homogeneous nanofluids are insignificant compared to
the effects of thermophysical properties of nanoparticles in the turbu-
lent flow.
Another challenge is heat capacity of nanofluids. According to
previous investigations, an increase in the volume fraction of nano-
particles leads to a reduction in the heat capacity of nanofluids. Since a
coolant must has high heat capacity [138], it is suggested that this
property should be further investigated experimentally. On the other
hand, an increase in the volume fraction leads to an increase in the
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al. Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886

Fig. 48. a) Experimental setup b) Internal surface of plate heat exchanger plate of Khanlari et al. [295].

Fig. 49. Schematic diagram of the physical model of Samadifar and Toghraie [296].

Fig. 50. a) Schematic diagram b) chevron plate c) corrugation dimensions of a plate frame heat exchanger of Sinan Turgut and Turgut [297].

viscosity, resulting in an increase in the pumping power, which is a
challenge in the application of nanofluids.
Numerical studies of nanofluids within the heat exchangers are
modeled in both single-phase and two-phase models. A single-phase
model is considered without any slip between nanoparticles and fluids.
However, in two-phase model, the particle slip and particle Brownian
motion are considered. In this paper, studies on increasing heat transfer
techniques in plate, helical, double-tube, shell and tube exchangers
using nanofluids for both single-phase and two-phase modes and also
experimental research are presented. Most empirical and numerical
studies with a good consistency indicate that nanofluids have a higher
heat transfer coefficient compared to their base fluid, and by increasing
the concentration of nanoparticles and also Reynolds number, the
performance of heat exchangers will increase. Furthermore, in a

32
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al.
Fig. 51. Experimental set up of Pantzali et al. [298].
Fig. 52. a) Schematic of experimental set up. b) A Plate of plat heat exchanger of Mare et al. [299].
constant heat transfer rate, using nanoparticles reduced the heat
transfer surface and consequently reduces the volume of heat ex-
changers. The calculation of pressure drop shows that for a constant
volume flow with an increase in the nanoparticle volume fraction, the
pressure drop of nanofluids increases. For future studies on nanofluids
in heat exchangers, the following studies are suggested:
• The ability to increase heat transfer through nanofluids, using them
in heat exchangers is a very good option that improves system
performance and increases energy efficiency. On the other hand, the
stability of nanofluids and their cost of production are the major
factors preventing the commercialization of nanofluids. However,
further research in this area is suggested for the thermal con-
ductivity and viscosity to demonstrate the potential of nanoparticles
and to understand the properties of nanofluids heat transfer, as well
as to identify new and unique behavior in this regard.
• Most studies on the use of nanofluids in heat exchangers have been
related to the use of water/alumina nanofluid. It is suggested that
other nanoparticles with different shapes and other base fluids
should also be used. Most modeling has been done using the
homogeneous model; it is better to consider two-phase models,
33
Energy Conversion and Management 198 (2019) 111886
especially other than the mixture model.
• Most studies have been conducted using finite volume method. It is
better to use other methods as well.
• Most studies have been conducted on the laminar flow. The case of
turbulence has also been studied, but more study is needed about
the transition region. On the other hand, in most studies, the na-
nofluids is considered to be Newtonian fluid, it is suggested to be
modeled as non-Newtonian for future studies of nanofluid.
• Three-dimensional simulation of the nanofluids flow is more accu-
rate, but less evolved due to computer computing time. It is better to
consider the case studies in three dimensions.
• In simulation of nanofluids flow, in many studies temperature-in-
dependent models for thermophysical properties are used which
may lead to errors in the prediction of heat transfer. Development
and employment of temperature-dependent properties in simulation
of nanofluids seem to be necessary.
• Since Brownian motion and thermophoresis have significant effect
on the heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids, therefore, ne-
glecting these important phenomena may affect the results of si-
mulation.
• It’s better not to ignore phenomena in nanofluids flow such as
A. Hajatzadeh Pordanjani, et al.
Brownian motion, thermophysis, etc. It is suggested that these re-
lationships apply to simulations.
•
Investigating the phenomenon of boiling in heat exchangers has
been less considered by researchers.
• Effect of sedimentation of nanoparticles on the performance of
various types of heat exchangers could be investigated, this subject
will be interesting and new.
• It is recommended that the optimization of size, volume fraction and
shape of nanoparticles, base fluid and nanofluids additive in tur-
bulent flow are considered in future investigations.
• It is suggested that further studies are performed using multiphase
models for turbulent flows in heat exchangers considering their
practical application.
• For future researches, it is suggested that the effects of nanoparticles
on environment and production of nanoparticles from recycled or
organic compounds are considered.
• According to the researches, the use of hybrid nanofluids leads to an
improvement in the heat transfer compared to conventional ones.
•
Further studies on production of hybrid nanofluids and their ap-
plication in heat exchangers are recommended.
• Further studies should be conducted on energy management and
economic analysis of nanofluids and their impact on the environ-
ment.
• The use of nanoparticles in heat exchangers under the influence of
magnetic and electrical fields is proposed.
•
The effects of sedimentation and corrosion of nanofluids in heat
exchangers should be investigated during their long operating time.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influ-
ence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgment
The sixth author acknowledges the support provided by the
“Research Chair Grant” National Science and Technology Development
Agency (NSTDA), and King Mongkut's University of Technology
Thonburi through the “KMUTT 55th Anniversary Commemorative
Fund”.
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