Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
benzyne
Thies Thiemann,*a Hideki Fujii,b Daisuke Ohira,b Kazuya Arima,b Yuanqiang Lib and
Shuntaro Matakaa
a
Institute of Advanced Material Study, Kyushu University, 6-1, Kasuga-koh-en, Kasuga-shi,
Fukuoka 816-8560, Japan. E-mail: thies@cm.Kyushu-u.ac.jp
b
Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1,
Kasuga-koh-en, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8560, Japan
Received (in Montpellier, France) 14th March 2003, Accepted 2nd May 2003
First published as an Advance Article on the web 9th July 2003
Thiophenes have been treated with alkynes in the presence of m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid to give
substituted arenes as cycloadducts. Alternatively, thiophene S-oxides have been prepared by oxidation
from thiophenes and have been subjected to cycloaddition with alkynes in a subsequent step. The
outcome of the reaction is dependent on the steric demand of the thiophene S-oxide. Some thiophene
S-oxides can be reacted at temperatures as high as 140 C without decomposition. Thiophenes as
deoxygenated products are the main by-products. Reactions of thiophene S-oxides with allenes give in part
thiabicyclo[2.2.1]heptene S-oxides of type 12a and 13 along with aromatized products. Thiophene
S-oxides also cycloadd to benzyne.
Introduction
Until about 10 years ago, thiophene S-oxides1 2 were quite
elusive molecules. They had been postulated as reactive inter-
mediates in the peracid-mediated oxidation of thiophenes 1
to thiophene S,S-dioxides, where dimerisation products, so-
called sesquioxides,2 could be isolated that clearly stemmed
from the reaction of intermediately formed thiophene S-oxi-
des 2, reacting in these cases as both dienes and dienophiles.
Later these reactive species were prepared and reacted in situ
with a number of alkenes, where again the intermediate thio-
phene S-oxides 2 reacted as dienes in a formal [4 + 2]-cyclo-
addition,3 but where the thiophene S-oxides were not isolated
as such. Nevertheless in the last 8 years, two main routes
towards the synthesis of these compounds have been estab-
lished: a) by oxidation of the corresponding thiophenes;4
and b) by the reaction of alkynes with zirconocene dichloride
via the corresponding substituted zirconacyclopentadienes,
which with sulfur dioxide or thionyl chloride are transformed Scheme 1 Synthesis of thiophene S-oxides 2a–c.
to the thiophene S-oxides.5 (Scheme 1) Also these isolated
thiophene S-oxides are effective dienes in [4 + 2]-cycloaddition
reactions with alkenes,6 where alkenes, that are normally sus- Results and discussion
ceptible to reaction with peracids, such as methylenecyclopro-
Cycloaddition of thiophene S-oxides with alkynes
panes,6c also can be used. Often, the sulfur originating from
the thiophene can be extruded in a subsequent step from Substituted thiophene S-oxides 2 may be viewed as reactive
the primary cycloadducts. This method not only presents a dienes and can be utilized as the 4p-component in Diels–Alder
two-step route to functionalised arenes from thiophenes under type reactions.3,6 When thiophenes 1 are reacted with m-chloro-
mild conditions, but may also may point to a way of desulfur- peroxybenzoic acid in the presence of alkynes 3 substituted
izing thiophene containing fuels, although in the latter case arenes 6 can be isolated, albeit in varying and usually in quite
the nature of the oxidant needs to be changed; dibenzothio- low yields (Table 1). These reactions are run in dichloro-
phenes, however, will not be converted. It is not yet clear what methane at 0 C. In order for the reactions to proceed, the
versatility thiophene S-oxides 2 possess as dienes in [4 + 2]- alkynes have to be substituted with electron-withdrawing sub-
cycloaddition reactions. In the following the reactivity of stituents and the thiophenes have to be substituted at least at
thiophene S-oxides 2, both as reactive intermediates and as positions C2/C5 with electron donating groups. In the reac-
isolated species, towards alkynes, allenes and benzyne will tions, thiophene S-oxides are produced in situ, which cycloadd
be discussed. to the alkynes (Scheme 2). Thiabicyclo[2.2.1]heptadienes 5 as
While dibenzothiophene S-oxides14 in their reactivity may and cycloadducts had been obtained as a single diastereo-
be viewed as sulfoxy bridged biphenylenes rather than dibenzo- isomer in relatively good yield.6c Due to the oxidizability of
annelated thiophene S-oxides, benzothiophene S-oxides still the strained olefin, some thiophene S-oxide was lost at the
possess chemical reactivity partly reminiscent of the non-anne- time due to deoxygenation. Taking the reaction one step fur-
lated thiophene S-oxides. The study of 2-methylbenzo[b]thio- ther, from ethyl acrylate via ethyl cyclopropylideneacetate,
phene S-oxide (8)8 and of a number of aryl-substituted the authors decided to look at the reactivity of the thiophene
benzothiophene S-oxides showed that these molecules can also S-oxides towards allenes 11 (Scheme 7), such as towards ethyl
be subjected to cycloaddition reactions with alkynes and also propadienoate (11b). When comparing 11b and ethyl cyclopro-
alkenes, albeit at higher temperatures and under long reaction pylideneacetate,6c it is evident that the olefinic moiety in 11b
times. Reaction products are naphthalenes in the case of the possesses less strain energy than that of the methylenecyclo-
reactions with alkynes and phthalimidodihydronaphthalenes propane, nevertheless, mono-substituted 11b is sterically less
in the case of the reaction with N-phenylmaleimide. Again, exacting than cyclopropylideneacetate.
deoxygenation of the benzothiophene S-oxide to the ben- On the other hand, cycloaddition of 11b to thiophene S-oxi-
zothiophenes 10 is the main side-reaction (Scheme 6). Other des 2 would give bridged thiabicyclo[2.2.1]heptene S-oxides
cycloaddition reactions of this sort with the aromatic ring such as 13, which additionally possess an exo-methylene func-
system providing part of the diene system have only been tion. It is known that the cycloaddition of methylenecyclo-
infrequently reported. Examples have come from cyclo- propanes results in the formation of a spirocyclopropane unit,
addition reactions of methylindenes16 and of phenaleno[1,9- which is quite stable under the conditions of its formation and
bc]furan17 with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate. suppresses the extrusion of the SO-bridge and the concurrent
aromatisation of the molecules. On the other hand,
Cycloaddition of thiophene S-oxides with allenes
Reactions of thiophene S-oxides such as 2b with alkylidene-
cyclopropanes have already been carried out by the authors6c
Conclusions
In conclusion, thiophene S-oxides react as diene component
13
with alkynes, where the best yields are obtained when the
Fig. 1 Typical C-NMR data of methylenethiabicyclo[2,2,1]heptene
thiophene S-oxides are donor, the alkynes are acceptor substi-
S-oxides.
tuted. While strongly electron-acceptor substituted thiophene
S-oxides have not yet been isolated in pure form, the corres-
Reaction of tetramethylthiophene S-oxide (2b) and phenyl- pondingly substituted thiophenes can be made to undergo oxi-
allene (11a) again leads to two products, 12a and 12b, stem- dative cycloaddition reactions with alkynes under forcing
ming from comparative reactivity of the two olefinic moities conditions. The reaction of thiophene S-oxides with allenes
of the allene. Here, the phenyl substituted olefinic moiety is furnishes in part thiabicyclo[2.2.1]heptene S-oxides with an
not as favored electronically as in 11b and thus a greater reac- exo-methylene unit. Thiophene S-oxides also react with
tivity balance is found between the sterically less exacting, non- benzyne, formed in situ.
substituted olefinic moiety and the phenyl substituted moiety.
No aromatized products have been isolated from this reaction.
With the donor substituent allene 11c, tetramethylthiophene Experimental
S-oxide (2b) and tetraphenylthiophene S-oxide (2c) show
comparative reactivity. Both react at the non-substituted side. General methods and materials
In both cases similar yields are found and similar amounts of Melting points were measured on a Yanaco microscopic hot-
aromatized product are observed. The initially formed enol stage and are uncorrected. Infrared spectra were measured
ethers, which can be observed by 1H NMR spectroscopy before with JASCO IR-700 and Nippon Denshi JIR-AQ2OM machi-
the work up, albeit not in a pure state, are hydrolysed during nes.1H- and 13C-NMR spectra were recorded with a JEOL
work up to the corresponding aldehydes 15a/b and 16a/b. EX-270 spectrometer. The chemical shifts are relative to
TMS (solvent CDCl3 , unless otherwise noted). Partly the
Cycloaddition of thiophene S-oxide to benzyne interpretation of the 13C-NMR data was aided by DEPT (Dis-
In their study of the reactivity of substituted thiophene S-oxi- tortionless Enhancement by Polarisation Transfer) experi-
des as diene components in Diels–Alder type reactions, the ments: (+) denotes primary and tertiary, () secondary and
authors have also recently employed benzyne (19) as the ene- Cquat quaternary carbons. Mass spectra were measured with
component. While there are a number of methods20 towards a JMS-01-SG-2 spectrometer (EI, 70 eV). Column chromato-
the preparation of benzyne, in this case it was important to graphy was carried out on Wakogel 300. All experiments were
use a procedure under mild, non-reductive and not too basic purged with argon at the start.
conditions. This is offered by the method of T. Kitamura Dibenzoylacetylene (3e) was prepared from 1,2-dibenzoyl-
et al.21 from o-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl(phenyl)iodonium triflate ethene by a bromination/dehydrobromination [(a) Br2 ,
(17), which can be prepared from o-dichlorobenzene in two CCl4 ; (b) Et3N, benzene, 80 C] procedure. 3d was synthesized
steps. When tetrabutylammonium fluoride is added to 1722 in from glyoxylic acid monohydrate via Wittig reaction with
THF, benzyne is formed in situ. It can be reacted with thio- carbomethoxymethylidenetriphenylphosphorane, addition of
phene S-oxides. When a 1:1 mixture of thiophene S-oxide bromine to the ensuing olefin (Br2 , CCl4), methylation of the
2d6c and 19 (i.e., in situ derived from 17) were reacted accord- carboxylic acid (diazomethane) and dehydrobromination
ingly, the cycloadduct 18 was obtained in 55% yield (Scheme 8). (Et3N, benzene, 80 C). Allenes 11a, 11b, and 11c were pre-
The reaction of 5 eq. of tetraphenylthiophene S-oxide (2c) with pared by known methods.24 Phenylallene [phenylpropadiene]
17 at rt gave the respective cycloadduct in quantitative yield, as (11a) was synthesized in a two step procedure via Skattebøl
calculated on 2c. A very good indication that from their chemi- rearrangement of 1,1-dibromo-2-phenylcyclopropane (MeLi,
cal behavior, dibenzothiophene S-oxides should not be viewed ether).24a 1,1-Dibromo-2-phenylcyclopropane itself was pre-
as annelated thiophene S-oxides but rather as sulfoxy-bridged pared by dibromocarbene addition to styrene, where the reac-
diaryls can be obtained from the fact that dibenzothiophene tion was run as a two-phase reaction under PTC-conditions
S-oxide is totally unreactive towards benzyne (29) under the (bromoform, triethylbenzylammonium bromide, 50% aq.
conditions described above. When one compares the outcome NaOH, styrene)24b Allene 11b was prepared by Wittig olefina-
of the cycloaddition of thiophene S-oxide to benzyne with tion of acetyl chloride with ethoxycarbonylmethylidenetriphe-
published cycloaddition reactions of benzyne with thiophene nylphosphorane (Et3N, CH2Cl2).24c Octyloxyallene (11c) was
obtained in a two step procedure from propargyl bromide
by etherification with n-octanol to octylpropargyl ether and
subsequent base induced alkyne–allene isomerisation.24d
Thiophene S-oxides 2a,7 2b,6a 2c5 and 2d6c and dibenzothio-
phene S-oxide were prepared by oxidation of the correspond-
ing thiophenes and of dibenzothiophene, respectively. Also,
2-methylbenzothiophene S-oxide (8)15 was synthesized by oxi-
dation of 2-methylbenzothiophene (10) (m-CPBA, BF3Et2O,
CH2Cl2 , 18 C, 72%).