Verb'₝఍' : to be

'₝఍' is the form which links a subject with its predicate, indicating equality or identification.
If this form is attached to the noun, there can be no pause or space between it and the Noun. It
is pronounced like a part of the Noun.
It has two different forms '-ἱ᾽' and '-₝ỹ᾽'. '-ἱ᾽' is used when the Noun ends with a
vowel, and '-₝ỹ᾽' is used when the Noun ends with a consonant.

ṱু + -ἱ᾽ --> ṱুἱ᾽.

╮᧪ + -₝ỹ᾽ --> ╮᧪₝ỹ᾽.

The subjective marker '-₝/ԩ'

The subjective marker `-₝/ԩ' is used to indicate that the preceding noun phrase is the subject
of the sentence. c -ԩd is used after a word which ends with a vowel, while `-₝d is used
after a consonant.
Here are some examples:

ԩᕒ₝ ₱ờ᾽.
Ꮡ₹ԩ ₱ờ᾽

The topic marker '-⁩/஽'

While the subjective marker `-₝/ԩ' indicates the subject of a sentence, the topic marker
`⁩/஽' is used to indicate the comparison of topics. If there is no connotation of comparison
with another subject, this marker cannot be used. '-஽' is used after words ending in a vowel,
`-⁩' is used after words ending in a consonant.
Here are some examples:

₝֬₝ Ἑ⹭₝ỹ᾽. This is a pencil.

₝֬⁩ Ἑ⹭₝ỹ᾽. This (in comparison with other things) is a pencil.

⺅‫ږ‬ዹ₝ ⃕ᔡ₱ờ᾽. Korean is interesting.

⺅‫ږ‬ዹ⁩ ⃕ᔡ₱ờ᾽. Korean(in comparison with other languages) is interesting.

₝,‫ܡ‬,℩ (demonstrative)+NOUN : this/these ,it/their, that/tho

₝֬+ ₝ -> ₝ֵ 'this' (close to the speaker)
‫֬ܡ‬+ ₝ -> ‫' ֵܡ‬that' (far from the speaker, close to the listener)
℩֬+ ₝ -> ℩ֵ 'that over there' (far from both the listener and the speaker
 ₝֬+ ⁩ -> ₝֝ 'this' (close to the speaker)
‫֬ܡ‬+ ⁩ -> ‫' ֝ܡ‬that' (far from the speaker, close to the listener)
℩֬+ ⁩ -> ℩֝ 'that over there' (far from both the listener and the speaker
Verb 'ṭ௱఍' : not to be
This word is used for making negatives. You have already studied '₝఍` which indicates equality
or identification. The '₝఍' is attached directly to a noun, and is pronounced as one word with
the noun. When you make the negative construction of '₝఍', the subject marker '-₝/ԩ' is
attached directly to the noun, and then followed by the negative verb 'ṭ௱఍'.

₝֬₝ ₁₹ἱ᾽. <---> ₝֬₝ ₁₹ԩ ṭ௱ἱ᾽.

ⅅԩ ⽡∥᧕Ⴕ₝ỹ᾽. <---> ⅅԩ ⽡∥᧕Ⴕ₝ ṭ௱ἱ᾽.

Verb '₱఍/ữ఍' : to be/not to be

The verb `₱఍' indicates existence, location or possession. The opposite verb is `ữ఍'.

(Possession)
ംᨆ ₱ờ᾽? ੍, ംᨆ₝ ₱ờ᾽.
Do you have a younger brother? Yes, I have a younger brother.
ṭ௱Ὅ, ംᨆ₝ ữờ᾽. ‫ܡ‬ᄙಙ ỡ௱஽ ₱ờ᾽.
No, I don't have a younger brother. But I have an older sister.

(Location)
‫ٹ‬ᰍỹ ╮᧪₝ ₱ờ᾽? ੍, ╮᧪₝ ₱ờ᾽.
Is there a desk in the classroom? Yes, there is a desk (in the classroom)
ṭ௱Ὅ, ╮᧪₝ ữờ᾽. ₁₹஽ ₱ờ᾽.
No, there is not a desk (in the classroom). But there is a chair.

The marker '-ỹ' : at/in

This locative marker indicates that someone or something is stationary in a place. It is attached
to nouns, and followed by '₱఍'(to be) and 'ữ఍'(not to be).

‫ٹ‬ᰍỹ ⺂ᨆ₝ ₱ờ᾽. There is a student in the classroom.

‫ٹ‬ᰍỹ ᩉᨆఁ⁩ ữờ᾽. There is not a teacher in the classroom

The sentence ending '-ṭ(ờ/ἕ)᾽'

(1) `ṭ᾽' form :
This is used when the last vowel of the verb stem is 'ȅ' or 'ȍ
(2) `ờ᾽' form :
 This is used after any other last vowel of the verb stem except for the 'ṭ᾽' and 'ἕ᾽'
cases(3) `ἕ᾽' form :
This is used after a '⺁఍` verb.

Adverb 'ṱ' : do not

The abverb 'ṱ' is used to express the negative and means 'do not'. 'ṱ' is put before the verb.

⺂‫ٹ‬ỹ ṱ Խờ᾽.
ℹᰕ ṱ ።ựờ᾽.

Adverb 'Ꮴ' : want to do but can not

The adverb 'Ꮴ' is used with action verbs, and means impossibility or strong denial and refusal.

ⰵⰙỹ Ꮴ Խờ᾽.
⼾ Ꮴ ድ৕ờ᾽.

The marker '-ỹᩅ' : at/in,from

The marker '-ỹᩅ' has two meanings. One is 'at' or 'in' indicating the place where an action
takes place. Another meaning is 'from', indicating a starting point or cause.

ጎ೭ਹฅỹᩅ ℹᰕ ።ựờ᾽.

ᯍⳁ₡ỹᩅ ώờ᾽.

The objective marker '-/እ'

The marker '-/እ' is attached to a Noun to indicate the direct object of a transitive verb. '-
እ' is used after a vowel while '' is used after a consonant.

ᨆ₥ⰵⰙእ ⺱ờ᾽.
ℹᰕ ።ựờ᾽

The pre-ending '-ẁ/ự/Ἡ-'

(1) -ẁ-
When the final vowel of the verb stem is 'ȅ,ȍ', it takes '-ẁ-'
(2) -ự-
When the final vowel of the verb stem is any other vowel like 'ȉ, Ȓ, ȗ, ș', it takes '-ự-'.
(3) -Ἡ-
When the verb is a '⺁఍' verb, it takes '-Ἡ-'.
The pattern '-؉ ᰟ఍' : would like to (do)/want to (do)
The pattern -؉ ᰟ఍d is used to indi ate the desire of the subje t and is used with a tion
verbs and ₱఍.d This pattern -؉ ᰟ఍d is used with first person statements and se ond
person questions.
Tense and negation are expressed in the verb 'ᰟ఍'.

⹥₹እ ።؉ ᰟờ᾽. (I) wanted to eat pizza.

⹥₹እ።؉ ᰟ⋩ ṳṭ᾽. (I) don't want to eat pizza.

-ᩡ᾽' : imperative Senten e ending

-ᩡ᾽' is one of the senten e endings whi h an be used for indi ating polite questioning in the
Interrogative(-ᩡ᾽?) and polite order( ommand) in the Imperatives(-ᩡ᾽). This ending is more
polite than the senten e ending '-ờ᾽.'

The marker '-ỹ' : per,for,by,at,in

℩஽ ṱুṑእ ⺅ ᰅỹ ድু᾽. I meet Anna at 1 o' lo k.
℩஽ ´᾽₥ỹ บ᧙ ԩ᾽. I go limbing on Monday.
‫ ╮ ܡ‬1,000 Όỹ ᧩ờ᾽. I bought that book for 1,000won.
₝ ᧕‫ ⺅ إ‬Յỹ ụዱἱ᾽? How mu h is this apple for one?

Irregular verbs '⁥'

(2) '-ṭ᾽' is used if the vowel before '⁥' is 'ȅ' or 'ȍ', '-ờ᾽' is used if the vowel before
'⁥' is other vowel ex ept 'ṭ' and 'Ὅ'. ᔽᦁ(఍) + -ṭ᾽ : ᔽǹ + ȅ᾽ => ᔽញ᾽ : To be busy
ἱᦁ(఍) + -ờ᾽ : ἱǹ ȉ᾽ => ἱ៹᾽ (To be pretty)

The pattern '-ṭ(ờ/ἕ) ᘝ఍'

(1) On it's own, 'ᘝ఍' means 'to see.' The pattern '-ṭ(ờ/ἕ)ᘝ఍' is used to onvey meanings
su h as 'someone tries doing something ( to see how it will turn out) or 'someone does something
to see (how it will turn out).'

₝ ‫ڕ‬൹እ ᰉờ ᘝᩡ᾽. Please try on these shoes.

ℭ⽽⺝ ᘝᩡ᾽. Please try to all.
ἕ‫ݙ‬ᩅ ‫ݙ‬఍ᅍ ᘝᩡ᾽. Please wait here.

(2) With past tense form. it an be used to express experien e as well as the meanings
mentioned in (1)
 ℩஽ ⺅‫ږ‬ỹ ԩ ᙍờ᾽. I have been to Korea.
℩஽ ᎅႥ௱እ ድু ᙍờ᾽. I have met Melanie.

The pattern '-ṭ/ờ/ἕ ᘝ₝఍': someone(or something) looks (appears, seems...)

This pattern conveys meanings such as likeness, resemblance, or similarity. when attached directly
to the stems of adjectives.
The past tense form of this pattern is '-ṭ/ờ/ἕ ᘝἩ఍.'

-ṭ ᘝ₝఍ is after verb stems having 'ṭ/Ὅ'

-ờ ᘝ₝఍ is after verb stems having other vowel 'ṭ/Ὅ'
-ἕ ᘝ₝఍ is after verb stems having '-⺁఍'

ὠ₝ ₺ṭ ᘝἕ᾽. The clothes look small.

⺅‫ږ‬⁵ᰆ₝ ጄ₱ờ ᘝἕ᾽. Korean food looks delicious.
‫ܡ‬ᚭ₝ ⺲ᘞ⺝ ᘝἕ᾽. He looks happy.

The marker '-ᘝ఍' : more than

The second noun) when both items of comparison are mentioned. It is often accompanied by -
' ౽'
which means 'more'.

⺅‫ږ‬ዹ₝ Ἢờᘝ఍ (౽) ờᅍ῵᾽. Korean is more difficult than English.

Յԩ ؉Ẻ₝ᘝ఍ (౽) ⠍᾽. Dogs are bigger than cats.
Ὅு⁩ ờⅅᘝ఍ (౽) ᰅΌ⺝᾽. Today is cooler than yesterday.

When the standard of comparison is omitted, '౽'('more) is used.

₝ֵ ౽ ↴ṭ᾽. This is better.

⺅‫ږ‬ዹ₝ ౽ ờᅍ῵᾽. Korean is more difficult.
ু஽ ᧕‫إ‬ԩ ౽ ↴ṭ᾽. I like apples more.

ⅅ₥/ԩ⃎ : the most

While the comparative marker is attached to nouns, superlative sentences are made by putting
the word 'ԩ⃎/ⅅ₥' before adjectives, noun modifiers or adverbs.

‫ ֵܡ‬ⅅ₥ ἱ៹᾽. That one is the prettiest.

₝ֵ ⅅ₥ ₺⁩ Ἑ⹭₝ỹ᾽. This is the smallest pencil.
‫ܡ‬ᚭ₝ ⅅ₥ ⃁ ԩኝ◹᾽. He teaches best of all. (He is the best teacher.)
ṱুԩ ⅅ₥ ⠍᾽. Anna is the biggest.
The pattern '-(⁥)ǯ ֙ἱ᾽' : will
(1) -ǯ ֙ἱ᾽ : If the verb stem ends in a vowel.

ṱুṑ, ঢ়₥ ᑹ ⺉ ֙ἱ᾽? Anna, what will you do tomorrow?

℩஽ ঢ়₥ ₝᧕እ ⺉ ֙ἱ᾽. I will move tomorrow.

(2) - ֙ἱ᾽ : If the verb stem ends in a consonant.

⋩ܱ ℹᰕ ። ֙ἱ᾽? Will you have lunch now?

ṭ௱Ὅ, 30 ᚭ ⿭ỹ ። ֙ἱ᾽. No, I will have it in 30 minutes.

If the subject of the sentence is the 3rd person pronoun, this pattern ndicates
i likelihood or
probability.

The Marker '-‫ '⋩ݵ‬: all the way up to

This marker '-‫ '⋩ݵ‬indicates goal of the time and place, attaching to nouns of place or time.

ờ฽‫ ⋩ݵ‬ԩᩡ᾽? How far are you going?

ᰅ◖‫ ⋩ݵ‬ԩ᾽. I am going as far as City Hall.
ṭ⽲ᰅ‫ ⋩ݵ‬Ὅᩡ᾽. Please come by

The Marker '-ᚩ⩙' : from (when)

The marker '-ᚩ⩙' indicates a movement away from a certain place or time.
It is much more commonly used for time than place.
For place, the marker '-ỹᩅ' is better.

9 ᰅᚩ⩙ 12 ᰅ‫ږ⺅ ⋩ݵ‬ờእ ‫؞‬ᚩ⺝᾽. I study Korean from nine to twelve.

Ꮀ ᰅᚩ⩙ ᭁỮ ᰅ₺⺝᾽? What time does class begin? (From what time do you begin class?)
₝֬ᚩ⩙ ⺁ᩡ᾽. Do this first.
ἕ‫ݙ‬ᚩ⩙ ₦⁥ᩡ᾽. Read from here.
The Marker '-ỹᩅ' : from
The marker '-ỹᩅ' is attached to place nouns and indicates a starting point of movement.

ṱু஽ ⽡∥ỹᩅ ώờ᾽. Anna came from Australia.

LA ỹᩅ New York ‫ ⋩ݵ‬፩ờ᾽? Is it far from LA to New York ?

You have studied this marker '-ỹᩅ' denoting dynamic location. If someone does something at a
certain place. this marker designates the location. Let's review it.

ᩅԾ ఩⺂‫ٹ‬ỹᩅ ‫؞‬ᚩ⺝᾽. I study at Sogang University.

⺅‫ږ‬ᰆఢỹᩅ ⺅‫ ږ‬⁵ᰆ ።ờ᾽. I eat Korean food at a korean restaurant.

'-ǭ' Irregular verbs

The final consonant '-ǭ' of the verb stem changes '-ǯ' when followed by a vowel, but it does
not change when followed by a consonant.

ฌ఍(to listen): ฌ + ờ᾽ ---> ญờ᾽.

ᑤ఍(to ask): ᑤ + ờ ᘝ఍ ---> ᑥờ ᘝ఍.
֠఍(to walk): ֠ + ựờ᾽ ---> ֡ựờ᾽.

'-Ǹ' Irregular verbs

Some verbs of which the verb stems ends in the final consonant '-Ǹ' are irregular. When the
final consonant '-Ǹ' of the verb stem is followed by a vowel, it changes into 'Ῑ'. The vowel
which follows the verb stem is usually 'ờ᾽' except for some verbs like '೾఍' and '‫ؚ‬఍'. When
the final consonant '-Ǹ' of the verb stem is followed by a consonant, it does not change.

⊹֪఍ (to be pleasant) ⊹֙Ῑ + ờ᾽ -> ⊹֙Ῑờ᾽ -> ⊹֙῵᾽

(contraction)

ᕁԺ఍ (to be glad) ᕁԩῙ + ờ᾽ -> ᕁԩῙờ᾽ -> ᕁԩ῵᾽.

⛎఍ (to be cold) ⚽Ῑ + ựờ᾽ -> ⚽Ῑựờ᾽ -> ⚽ ờ᾽.
ờᅞ఍ (to be difficult) ờᅍῙ + ǯ֙ἱ᾽ -> ờᅍῡ ֙ἱ᾽.
ಎ఍ (to be hot) ౽Ῑ + ờ ᘝἕ᾽ -> ౽Ῑờ ᘝἕ᾽ -> ౽῵ ᘝἕ᾽.
೾఍ (to help) ೭Ῑ + ṭ᾽ -> ೭Ῑṭ᾽ -> ೭Ὡ᾽.
‫ؚ‬఍ (to be pretty) ؉Ῑ + ṭ᾽ -> ؉Ῑṭ᾽ -> ؉Ὡ᾽
The pattern' -(⁥)ǯ‫ '?᾽ݵ‬Shall we(I) ~ ?/Will it be ~ ?
The pattern '-(⁥)ǯ‫ '?᾽ݵ‬is used to express inquiring about someone's opinion, view or
appraisal on a certain matter or fact with the action verb.
In this case, the subject of the sentence is always the first person, singular or plural.

Ῑዕ ֙‫ݙ‬ỹᩅ ድ৉‫ ?᾽ݵ‬Shall we meet there?

ᑝỰ ⺉‫ ?᾽ݵ‬What shall I do?
௏ự⁥௱‫ ݵ‬᝭⺲‫ݙ‬ ÿ‫ ?᾽ݵ‬Because we are late, shall we go by airplane?

When used with the adjectives, or with '₱఍(to exist)' or '₝఍(to be)', the subject of the
sentence is the third person, and it express doubt or polite denial.

⺅‫ږ‬ờԩ ԩ ⃕ᔡ₱‫ ?᾽ݵ‬Will Korean be interesting? (or You say Korean is interesting ?)
₝ֵ ౽ ু‫ ?᾽ݵ‬Will this one be better?
೭ᩅ ₝ ℩‫ݙ‬ỹ ₱‫ ?᾽ݵ‬Will the library be over there? (Do you think the library is over there?)

The Propositive '-(⁥)Ǹᰅ఍' : let's --(propositive)

This form is used to expressing the subject's suggestion with the action verbs and the verb of
existence '₱఍'. It cannot be used with '₝఍' nor with adjectives.

ÿዕ Ժᰅ఍. Let's go quickly.

⺅‫ږ‬ờእ ‫؞‬ᚩ ᰅ఍. Let's study Korean.
ἕ‫ݙ‬ỹ ₱ÿᰅ఍. Let's stay here.
‫ݙ‬ Ժᰅ఍. Let's go by train.
₝ÿ ∥ዹỹ ድ ᰅ఍. Let's meet this weekend.

'- ÿᰅ఍.' is used after verb stems ending in a consonant.

።(఍) + -ÿᰅ఍ ÿ ።ÿᰅ఍.

'- Ǹᰅ఍.' is used after verb stems ending in a vowel.

ԩ(఍) + Ǹ ᰅ఍ ÿ Ժᰅ఍.
The Connective '-(⁥) ' : in order to
The connective '-(⁥) ' is used to express the purpose of the subject's action and is followed
by either 'ԩ఍'(to go), 'Ὅ఍'(to come) or their compounds, or any verb which indicates
movement, such as '఍௱఍'(to go and come regularly).

℩஽ ờⅅ ╮ ᧕ ᩅℹỹ Խờ᾽. I went to a bookstore (in order) to buy a book yesterday.

(℩஽) ‫؞‬Όỹ ÿം⺁ ώờ᾽. I came to the park (in order) to exercise.
ᭁἪ⺁ ÿ‫ ?᾽ݵ‬Shall we go for a swim?
₝ ÿ ֙ἱ᾽. Tom will come (in order) to play.

As you see the above examples, '- ' is used after verb stems ending in a vowel or the
consonant 'ǯ'. On the other hand, '-⁥ ' is used after verb stems ending in all consonants
except 'ǯ'.
Tense and negation are expressed with the verbs ԩ఍ or Ὅ఍, but not in the verb connected to
'-(⁥) '.

ṱুṑ஽ ╮ ᧕ Խờ᾽ Anna went to buy a book.

ṱুṑ஽ ÿ ።⁥ ԩ⋩ ṳẁờ᾽. Anna didn't go to eat.

The pattern '-(⁥)ǯֵ᾽' : I will do --

This form is used for expressing the speaker's intention or plan or promise. It is used with action
verbs as well as with the verb ₱఍, but not with adjectives.

ⅅԩ ⺉ֵ᾽. I will do it.

֙‫ݙ‬ỹᩅ ‫ݙ‬఍ ֵ᾽. I will wait (for you) over there.
ঢ়₥ ÿֵ᾽. I will go tomorrow.
ⅅԩ ೭Ὡ ฅ ֵ᾽. I will help you.

The pattern' -؉ ᰟờ⺁఍' : want to do -, would like to -

This pattern `-؉ ᰟờ ⺁఍' is used to express desires in third person subject statements and
questions with all verbs and `₱఍'.
Tense is expressed in the verb `ᰟờ ⺁఍', such as `ᰟờ ⺱ờ᾽'
Negation is expressed in the verb `ᰟờ ⺁఍' with `-⋩ ṳ఍', such as `ᰟờ ⺁⋩ ṳṭ᾽'
The pattern '-ǯ ÿ ఍/Ꮡኝ఍' : One knows (doesn't know) how to do sth
This pattern is used to express the knowledge or lack of knowledge of a technique or process of
doing something.

₹ം ÿℭ⺉ ÿ ṭ᾽(ṭᩡ᾽) ? Do you know how to drive ?

੍, ÿℭ⺉ ÿ ṭ᾽. Yes, I know how to drive.
ṭ௱Ὅ, ÿℭ⺉ ÿ ÿႥ᾽. No, I don't know how to drive.

⹥ṭ እ ÿ ÿ ṭ᾽(ṭᩡ᾽) ? Do you know how to play the piano ?

੍, ÿ ÿ ṭ᾽. Yes, I know how to play.
ṭ௱Ὅ, ÿ ÿ ÿႥ᾽. No, I don't know how to play.

The Tense is expressed with the verb ' ఍/Ꮡኝ఍`.

The pattern 'ṭ/ờ/ἕ ∥఍(ฅዕ఍)'

When the verb '∥఍' and its respectful counterpart 'ฅዕ఍'(to give) are used in the pattern '-
ṭ/ờ/ἕ ∥఍(ฅዕ఍)', it expresses the speaker's request for something or offer to do something
for someone else. '∥఍' is used for a request or offer to a social equal or inferior.

℩እ ೭Ὡ ∥ᰅ ờ᾽ ? Would you be kind enough to help me? (Will you help me?)
₝֬ ₦ờ ∥ᩡ᾽. Please read this for me.
ঢ়ԩ ೭Ὡ ÿֵ. I will help you. (to an inferior)

'ฅዕ఍' is used when the speaker makes an offer or request to a social superior, or in any
situation when the speaker wants to be polite.

೭Ὡ ฅ ‫ ? ᾽ݵ‬Shall I help you ?

ⅅԩ ೭Ὡ ฅዕ ờ᾽. I will help you.
ṱু⺅ÿ ₦ờ ฅዕᩡ᾽. Please read it for Anna.
'-ኝ' irregular verbs
1. When 'ኝ' of the verb stem is followed by the vowel '-ờ' and preceded by the vowels '-ṭ-'
or '-Ὅ-', it is changed into 'Ⴅ'. And the consonant '-ǯ' is added to the preceding syllable.

Ꮡኝ఍ ( not to know) --> ÿႥ᾽

ញኝ఍ ( to be fast) --> ÿႥ᾽
఍ኝ఍ ( to be different) --> Ⴅ᾽

℩஽ Ἢờእ ÿႥ᾽. I don't know English well.

᝭⺲‫ݙ‬஽ ÿႥ᾽. The plane is fast.
ℭ⽽ÿ⽡ԩ Ⴅ᾽. The phone number is different.

2. When 'ኝ' of the verb stem is followed by the vowel '-ờ' and preceded by any other vowel

than '-ṭ-' or '-Ὅ', it is changed into '- '. Then the consonant '-ǯ' is added to the
preceding syllabel.

ᚩኝ఍( to sing):
እ ᚩኝᩡ᾽. Sing a song.

‫ݙ‬ኝ఍( to bring up): ℩஽ ờÿ , Ծṭ⋩እ ÿ
௱఍

The ending '-Ǹ/௱఍'

People use this formal polite speech style when they speak to strangers, casual acquaintances,
superiors, their elders, and social inferiors in formal situations
1.1 The formation of present tense

The declarative verb form is made by attaching '-Ǹ/௱఍' to the verb stem and '-Ǹ/௱‫'?ݵ‬
must be attached to the verb stem to make the interrogative verb form. -
' Ǹ௱఍/-Ǹ௱‫ '?ݵ‬is
used after verb stems (or the honorific infix -ᰅ-) ending in a vowel and '௱఍/௱‫ '?ݵ‬after
verb stems ending in a consonant.

ԩ఍: ԩ + Ǹ௱఍/Ǹ௱఍ Ժ௱఍/Ժ௱‫?ݵ‬

ᑤ఍: ᑤ + ௱఍/ ᑤ௱఍/ ᑤ௱‫?ݵ‬

᧕ ௱఍ Thank you
‫ݙ‬ᚭ₝ ↴௱఍ I feel good
1.2 The formation of past tense

The declarative form is formed by attaching '-ẁ(ự/Ἡ)௱఍' to the verb stem and the
interrogative form is made by adding '-ẁ(ự/Ἡ)௱‫ ?ݵ‬to the verb stem. The declarative form
is made the same way as the past tense of the informal polite speech style. '௱఍/௱‫ '?ݵ‬is
attached to '-ẁ/ự/Ἡ' instead of '-ờ᾽'.

ድু఍: ድু + ẁ௱఍/ẁ௱‫ ?ݵ‬ድ৕௱఍/ድ৕௱‫( ?ݵ‬contraction)

∥఍: ∥ + ự௱఍/ự௱‫∥ ?ݵ‬ự௱఍/∥ự௱‫ ?ݵ‬ÿ௱఍/ÿ௱‫( ?ݵ‬contraction)
⺁఍: ⺁ + Ἡ௱఍/Ἡ௱‫⺱ ?ݵ‬௱఍/⺱௱‫( ?ݵ‬contraction)

ờⅅ ⁵
ԩ ↴ẁ௱఍. The music concert was good yesterday

ᭁỮ₝ ỡⅅ ÿ৕௱‫ ?ݵ‬When did the class end?
ờⅅ ⹥ ⺱௱఍. I was tired yesterday.

1.3 The formation of future tense

The declarative form is formed by attaching '(⁥)ǯ ֪௱఍' to the verb stem and the
interrogative form is made by adding '(⁥)ǯ ֪௱‫ '?ݵ‬to the verb stem.

ᘝ఍: ᘝ + ǯ ֪௱఍ ÿ ֪௱఍.

።఍ :። +  ֪௱఍ ። ֪௱఍

℩஽ ঢ়₥ ₥ ₥ờ৉ ֪௱఍. I will wake up early tomorrow.

‫ܡ‬ÿ ൹ᩡ᾽.
 ֪௱఍. ÿust leave it. It will be O.K.

1. The formation of the imperative form

The imperative verb form is made by attaching '-(⁥)ÿᰅὍ' to the verb stem. '-ÿᰅὍ' is used
after verb stems ending in a vowel and '⁥ÿᰅὍ' after verb stems ending in a consonant

Ὅ఍ : Ὅ + ÿᰅὍ ὍÿᰅὍ.
఍ : + ⁥ÿᰅὍ. ⁥ÿᰅὍ.

ờᩅ ὍÿᰅὍ. Come on in.

఍⁵ ⃎ ₦⁥ÿᰅὍ. Read the next chapter.
The pattern '-(⁥)ǯ ᭁ ₱఍/ữ఍' : can/cannot do, be able to do/not be able to do
The pattern -ǯ/ ᭁ ₱఍/ữ఍ is used with verbs and indicates ability,capability,possibility or
permission.

(1) - ǯ ᭁ ₱఍ ÿ It is used when the verb stem ends in a vowel:

Infinitive Form Formation Inflected Form

ԩ(఍) ԩ + -ǯ ᭁ ₱఍/ữ఍ ÿ ᭁ ₱ờ᾽/ữờ᾽

᧕(఍) ᧕ + -ǯ ᭁ ₱఍/ữ఍ ÿ ᭁ ₱ờ᾽/ữờ᾽
∥(఍) ∥ + -ǯ ᭁ ₱఍/ữ఍ ÿ ᭁ ₱ờ᾽/ữờ᾽

(2) - ᭁ ₱఍ ÿ It is used when the verb stem ends in a consonant:

Infinitive Form Formation Inflected Form

።(఍) ። + - ᭁ ₱఍/ữ఍ ። ᭁ ₱ờ᾽/ữờ᾽

(఍) + - ᭁ ₱఍/ữ఍  ᭁ ₱ờ᾽/ữờ᾽
(఍) + - ᭁ ₱఍/ữ఍  ᭁ ₱ờ᾽/ữờ᾽

The past tense form `-ẁ/ự/Ἡ-' and the future tense form `-ǯ/ ֙ỹ᾽' are combined with
the final verb `₱఍/ữ఍'

ÿ ᭁ ₱ựờ᾽ ። ᭁ ₱ựờ᾽
ÿ ᭁ ₱ ֙ỹ᾽ ። ᭁ ₱ ֙ỹ᾽

The connective '-(⁥)ÿ' : 'if, when ...'

The connective `-(⁥)ÿ' can be used with any verb or adjective and indicates condition and/or
stipulation. While in English a dependent clause which is introduced with 'if' can either precede or
follow the main clause, in Korean the dependent clause precedes the main clause. '-ÿ' is used
when verb stem ends in a vowel or the consonant '-ǯ' and '-⁥ÿ' is used when verb stem ends
in all consonant except '-ǯ'.

‫ ܡ‬Ἢ⽽ԩ ⃕ᔡ₱⁥ÿ ᘝ ờ᾽. If the movie is interesting, I will see it.

᝭ԩ Ὅÿ ԩ⋩ ᰅ఍. If it rains, let's not go.

Sometimes, the word `ድ₥/ድÿ' is used at the beginning of a conditional clause as a signal of
 the condition.
ድÿ ‫ܡ‬ᚭ ድুÿ, ṱᚩ ℭ⺝ ∥ᩡ᾽. If you meet him, give him my regards.
The pattern '-⋩ ዹ఍' : don't do
On it's own, the verb `ዹ఍' means 'to stop, to cease, to quit.' So the pattern
'- ⋩ ዹ఍` preceded by an action verb expresses prohibition or dissuasion. This pattern is
always used as a negative imperative sentence or a negative propositive sentence.

⺂‫ٹ‬ỹ ԩ⋩ ዱᩡ᾽. Please don't go to school.

௏ֵ ∥ᑝᰅ⋩ ዱÿᰅὍ. Please don't go to bed late.
⋩ܱ ু⋩ ዱᩡ᾽. Please don't leave now.
ῡ⋩ ዱᩡ᾽. Don't cry.
ÿᯍ஽ ⋩ ᰅ఍. Let's not take a bus.
Ὅு⁩ ‫ܡ‬ᚭ ድু⋩ ᰅ఍. Let's not meet him today.

The connective -(ṭ/ờ/ἕ)ᩅ: so, because

The connective `-(ṭ/ờ/ἕ)ᩅ' is used to indicate cause or reason. In this case, it is mostly used
with adjectives and 'ԩ఍'(to go), 'Ὅ఍'(to come), 'ữ఍'(don't have) etc. in declarative and
interrogative sentences. That is, `-(ṭ/ờ/ἕ)ᩅ' cannot be used in imperative and propositive
sentence, where another connective '-(⁥)௱‫ 'ݵ‬is used. (This connective will be explained later.)

⹥ ⺝ᩅ ÿỹᩅ ựờ᾽. I was tired, so I took a rest at home.

ᔽញᩅ Ꮴ Խờ᾽. I was busy, so I couldn't go.

Honorific system
Korean has two types of honorifics.

(1) One type is expressed by combining `-ᰅ-' with verbs, indicating and respect on the part of
the speaker for the person spoken to. The honorific form is made by inserting -
' (⁥)ᰅ-'
between the verb stem and the endings like -ṭ(ờ/ἕ)᾽, ựờ᾽, -Ǹ௱఍, ự௱఍, -Ǹ௱‫ ?ݵ‬or
ự௱‫' ?ݵ‬-ᰅ-' is used when verb stem ends in a vowel and '-⁥ᰅ-' is used when verb stem
ends in a consonant.

ԩ఍ ԩ + ᰅ + ờ᾽ ԩ + ᰅờ᾽ ԩᩡ᾽
ÿ఍ ÿ + ⁥ᰅ + ờ᾽ ÿ + ⁥ᰅờ᾽ ÿ⁥ᩡ᾽
Ὅ఍ Ὅ + ᰅ + ựờ᾽ Ὅ + ᰅựờ᾽ Ὅ ờ᾽
₦఍ ₦ + ⁥ᰅ + ựờ᾽ ₦ + ⁥ᰅựờ᾽ ₦⁥ ờ᾽
⺁఍ ⺁ + ᰅ + Ǹ௱఍ ⺁ÿ௱఍
ÿ఍ ÿ + ⁥ᰅ + ự௱఍ ÿ + ⁥ᰅự௱఍ ÿ⁥ ௱఍
 There are also special honorific verbs indicating respect for the person spoken to. These
honorifics are used when the person deserving respect is the subject of the sentence.

Plain Form Honorific Form Meaning

።఍ ᭁᰅ఍ to eat
₹఍ ∥ᑝᰅ఍ to sleep
₱఍ ᰅ఍ to exist, to be
ṭÿ఍
఍ to be sick

ÿ₝ ᭁᩡ᾽. Help yourself.

ᩉᨆఁ ᩡ᾽ ? Is Mr.Kim there?
ờÿఁ ᩅ ÿ₝
⁥ᩡ᾽? Is your mother seriously sick?

(2) The other way is to use respectful verbs. They are special words used by the speaker to
express his own humility and, simultaneously, show his respect for the person with whom he is
speaking. These honorifics are used when the person deserving respect is the object of the
sentence.

Plain Form Honorific Form Meaning

∥఍ ฅዕ఍ to give
ᑤ఍(ዹ⺁఍) ἕÿ఍/ἕ ఍ to ask/to tell
ᘝ఍ ÿ఍ to see/to meet
ಙዕ؉ ԩ఍/Ὅ఍ Ꮡᰅ؉ ԩ఍/Ὅ఍ to take/bring someone to somewhere

If you learn these honorific/respectful forms, you can handle most of the honorific/respectful
expressions

'-ǯ' irregular verbs

The final consonant 'ǯ' of the verb stem is dropped when it is followed by the endings which
begins with the consonants '- ,-Ǹ,-ÿ'.

ÿ఍(to live) ờ฽ỹᩅ ᧕ᩡ᾽? Where do you live?

఍(to know) ℩஽ ‫᧕ ܡ‬Ⴕ ⃁ ௱఍. I know the person well.
ÿ఍(to sell) ‫ ܡ‬ԩֵỹᩅ ᑝỰ ⰵ௱? What they sell at the store?
ዹ఍(don't) ญờὍ⋩ ዱᩡ᾽. Don't come in.
The pattern '-(⁥)ᅍ؉ ⺁఍' : intend to
The pattern `-(⁥)ᅍ؉ ⺁఍' is used with verbs(including `₱఍'). This pattern is used to indicate
a subject's intention. However, this pattern is restricted to first and second personal pronouns.
The third personal pronoun will be dealt with in detail later.

`ᅍ؉ ⺁఍' is used if the verb stem ends in a vowel.

`-⁥ᅍ؉ ⺁఍' is used if the verb stem ends in a consonant.

℩஽ ঢ়₥ ⃎ỹ ԩᅍ؉ ⺝᾽. I intend to go to the theater.

1
ᩅῡỹ ₱⁥ᅍ؉ ⺝᾽. I intend to be in Seoul for about 1 month.
1 ᰅᚩ⩙ ‫؞‬ᚩ⺁ᅍ؉ ⺝᾽. I intend to study from 1 o'clock.
ÿ؉‫ݙ‬እ ።⁥ᅍ؉ ⺝᾽. I intend to eat bulgogi.

The negation is expressed in the main verb which has `-(⁥)ᅍ؉ ⺁఍', not with the `⺁఍' verb.
‫ ╮ ܡ‬ṱ ᧕ᅍ؉ ⺝᾽. I don't intend to buy that book.
(= ‫ ⋩᧕ ╮ ܡ‬ṳ⁥ᅍ؉ ⺝᾽.)

However tense is expressed in the main verb. It will be dealt with in detail later.

The marker '-⺅ÿ' : to (person)

This marker '-⺅ÿ' is used for indicating the receiver of an action or the one whom something is
done or exists.

‫⺅ڕ‬ÿ ╮ ∥ựờ᾽? To whom did you give a book?

ⅅ ÿ‫⺅ڕ‬ÿ ∥ự௱఍. I gave it to my friend.
‫⺅ڕ‬ÿ ⋩እ ᩡ᾽? To whom did you write a letter?
ṱুṑ ÿ
஽ ᎅႥ௱ṑ⺅ÿ ₱ờ᾽. Mellanie has Anna's key.
ᩉᨆఁ⺅ÿ ᑥờ ᘝᩡ᾽. Please ask the teacher.

The marker '-⺅ÿᩅ' : from (person)

This marker '-⺅ÿᩅ' is used for indicating the source or starting point of an action.

‫⺅ڕ‬ÿᩅ ‫ܡ‬ ᰆ ญựờ᾽ ? From whom did you hear that news?
ờÿ௱⺅ÿᩅ ญự௱఍. I heard from my mother.
‫⺅ڕ‬ÿᩅ ⋩ԩ ώờ᾽? From whom did you get a letter?
‫⺅ڕ‬ÿᩅ ‫ ܡ‬ᩉᑥ ÿẁờ᾽? From whom did you receive that present?
Pre-ending '- -' : guess/conjecture
This pre-ending - - is used for expressing the speaker's conjecture or supposition or for
asking intention of the person spoken to in a polite request.

᾽ÿ ÿ₝ ᔽᦁ ờ᾽. I think you will be busy these days.

℩ ᚭ⁩ ἱ ờ᾽. I think he/she was beautiful.
ÿ ฅᰅ ờ᾽ ? What will you eat?

The pattern '-(⁥) ఍⁵ỹ' : after doing something

On it's own, the noun '఍⁵' means 'later'. The pattern '-(⁥) ఍⁵ỹ' is used to express 'after
something happens' or 'after something happened'. It is used only with verbs.

Tense and negation is expressed in the main verb.

ᭁỮ₝ ÿ ఍⁵ỹ ድ ᰅ఍. Let's meet after class finishes.

ÿ‫ڕ‬እ ድ ఍⁵ỹ ‫ ܡ‬₥ ⺁ ờ᾽. I will do that task (job) after meeting my friend.
ℭ⽽እ ⺅ ఍⁵ỹ Ὅᩡ᾽. Please come over after you call.
℩ ᰆ᧕እ ⺅ ఍⁵ỹ ÿ ⺉‫ ?᾽ݵ‬After we finish supper, what shall we do?

However, if the subject of the two clauses (the main clause and the dependent clause which is
introduced with this pattern) is the same, this pattern cannot be used with the verbs ԩ఍'
' (to
go) / 'Ὅ఍ '(to come) and their compounds.

ঢ়ԩ ÿỹ ÿ ఍⁵ỹ ‫؞‬ᚩ ௱఍. (awkward/never used)

ঢ়ԩ ⺂‫ٹ‬ỹ ఍⁵ỹ ÿ‫ڕ‬እ ድ ௱఍. (awkward/never used)

'-ǭ' Irregular verbs

The final consonant '-ฅ' of the verb stem changes into '-ǯ' when followed by a vowel, but it
does not change when followed by a consonant.

ฌ఍ (to listen): ฌ + ờ᾽ -> ญờ᾽.

ᑤ఍ (to ask): ᑤ + ờ ᘝ఍ -> ᑥờ ᘝ఍.
֠఍ (to walk): ֠ + ựờ᾽ -> ֡ựờ᾽.

℩஽ ⋩ܱ ⁵  ญờ᾽. I listen to the music now.

⃁ Ꮡኝÿ ℩⺅ÿ ᑥờ ᘝᩡ᾽. If you really don't know, ask me.
ờⅅ஽ ÿ₝ ֡ựờ᾽. I walked a lot yesterday.
℩⺅ÿ ᑤ⋩ ዱᩡ᾽. Don't ask me.
 However 'ÿ఍' to close, 'ÿ఍' to receive and ' ఍' to believe are not irregular verbs.

ÿ ÿṭ ∥ᩡ᾽. Please close the door.

ờⅅ ÿ‫⺅ڕ‬ÿᩅ ⋩እ ÿẁờ᾽. I received a letter from my friend.

The pattern '-‫ ݙ‬ℭỹ' ÿ before doing

The word

ℭd

is a noun meaning e time beforef or e pla e in frontf and

-ỹd is a marker
meaning e at, in, onf . So the pattern

-‫ ݙ‬ℭỹd is used to express of

before something




happensd . This pattern is always used with verbs, and the subje ts of the two lauses an be
either the same or different.

all, before you
ome.

       
Ὅᰅ‫ ݙ‬ℭỹ ℭ⽽⺁ᩡ᾽. Please give me a
‫ ݙ‬ℭỹ ÿᏑ⺁ᩡ᾽. Pl as writ a m mo b or you org t.
 
ÿỹ ԩ‫ ݙ‬ℭỹ ⅅ ᧕ᑝᰍỹ ญኝᩡ᾽. B or you go hom , pl as
   rop by my o i
.
  at b or you start working.
    

₥⺁‫ ݙ‬ℭỹ ᰆ᧕እ ⺁ᩡ᾽. Pl as

฽ṑԩ Ὅ‫ ݙ‬ℭỹ Ἢÿṑ஽ ÿỹ ԩᩡ᾽. Youngh , you shoul go hom b or An y om s

Th

onn 
tiv '-؉' ÿ an 



-؉  is us to link two
laus s in
oor ination. Wh n th subj 
ts o th two
This onn tiv

laus s ar th sam , th two
laus s m ans s qu ntial pro
ss. So, in this
as , th 
onn
tiv 

-؉  m ans
oing A irst, an th n oing B lat r . But wh n th subj 
ts o th two

laus s ar  i r nt, th s two
laus s xpr ss
omparison, an ar us with th topi
mark r

-⁩/஽ .
ll o my hom work irst an th n go.
ⅅእ ⺁؉ ԩ ờ᾽. I
      
ÿ‫ڕ‬እ ድু؉ ÿỹ ÿ ֙ỹ᾽. I ll m t my ri n an th n go hom .

      
℩஽ ‫؞‬ᚩ⺁؉ ÿ‫ڕ‬஽ TV እ ÿ᾽. I m stu ying an my ri n is sl ping.

℩஽ ؉ ‫ܡ‬ᚭ⁩ ₺ṭ᾽. I am tall an h is short.
   

⺅‫ږ‬ዹ⁩ ⃕ᔡ₱؉ Ἢờ஽ ờᅍ῵᾽. Kor an is int r sting an English is i i ult.

₝ᚭ⁩ ÿዱ؉ ℩ᚭ⁩ ṭញἱ᾽. This is my mom, an that is my a .


Th
patt rn `-(⁥) (₝) ₱఍/ữ఍':ÿsom on has (n v r) on som thingÿ
 
Th patt rn ' -(⁥) (₝) ₱఍/ữ఍ ` is us
to in i
at on 's past xp ri n
s. Th lit ral
  
m aning o this patt rn is 'th
 xp ri n
o having on som thing' xists ( or on't xist ).

⺅‫ږ‬⁵ᰆ ።ờ ₝ ₱⁥ᩡ᾽ ? Hav

you v r at n Kor an oo ?
- ੍, ።ờ

₝ ₱ờ᾽ . Y s, I hav
 at n Kor an oo .
- ṭ௱Ὅ, ።ờ ₝ ữờ᾽. No, I have never eaten Korean food.
℩஽ ⺅‫ږ‬ỹ ԩ ₝ ữựờ᾽. I have never been to Korea.
The connective '- (⁩/஽)ಙ' : and/but/so/when
This connective is used to introduce a certain fact,occurrence, or event.

‫᧕ ֬ܡ‬؉ ᰟờ᾽. ‫ܡ‬ᄙಙ⋩ܱ⁩ ÿ₝ ữờ᾽ I want to buy it. But I have no money now.
-> ‫᧕ ֬ܡ‬؉ ᰟ⁩ಙ, ⋩ܱ⁩ ÿ₝ ữờ᾽ I want to buy it, but I have no money now.
The past tense and future tense can be used with combine with this ending like '-ẁ/ự(ự)஽ಙ`,
'- ஽ಙ`.
The form `- (⁩)ಙ' is used for the adjectives and '-₝఍` in the present tense.

The form '-஽ಙ` is used for all other cases.

Sometimes this ending can be used as sentence ending with ÿ-᾽ÿ like '-஽ಙ᾽'. if you don't
want to repeat the same sentences which are used before in the question etc..ÿ

The pattern '-(ṭ/ờ/ἕ) ÿ఍/⺁఍' : must, have to

This pattern is used to express obligation or necessity. Ὡ ÿ௱఍/ ௱఍. You have to come.
Tense is expressed in the verb '⺁఍'.
However, negation is formed a different way, using the pattern.

'-⋩ ዹṭ ⺁఍.' It will be dealt with in detail later.

The pattern '-‫ݙ‬ ⺁఍.' : decide to do

The pattern '-‫ݙ‬ ⺁఍' is used to indicate one's decision, making a choice between alternatives,
or arriving at a solution to an uncertainty or dispute. So, this pattern is usually used in the past
tense.

እ ÿ‫ݙ‬ ⺱ờ᾽. I decided to quit smoking

In this form, the verb `-⺁఍' can be replaced by the verb `ÿ
⺁఍,
⺁఍, ᰕ⺁఍,
₺
⺁఍' etc
There are two different ways of expressing the negative. In the first, when the pattern is
preceded by a negative '-⋩ ṳ‫ݙ‬ ⺁఍', it means 'to decide not to do'. In the second, when
the negative is expressed in the verb '-‫ݙ‬ ⺁఍` itself, like '-‫ݙ‬ ⺁⋩ ṳ఍', it means 'do not
decide to do'.

።⋩ ṳ‫ݙ‬ ⺱ờ᾽. I decided not to eat.

።‫ݙ‬ ⺁⋩ ṳẁờ᾽. I haven't decided to eat.
The connective '-௱‫ 'ݵ‬: because, since
We have already studied `-ṭ(ờ/ἕ)ᩅ', which indicates reason and cause. Now you will study
another connective `-(⁥)௱‫ 'ݵ‬which has the same meaning. However, if the main clause is an
imperative or propositive, only the connective '-௱‫ 'ݵ‬can be used in the dependent clause. In
this case, '-ṭ(ờ/ἕ)ᩅ' cannot be used.

᝭ԩ Ὅ௱‫ ݵ‬ÿᰅእ ᩡ᾽. Because it is raining, take a taxi.

⹥ ⺁௱‫ݵ‬ ÿᰅ఍. Because we are tired, let's take a rest.

The connective '-⋩ድ' : but

This connective is used to join two sentences which are in contrast with each other.

ᔽᦁ⋩ድ, ೭Ὡฅዕ ờ᾽. I'm busy, but I will help you.

The pattern `-(⁥)ǯ ' ÿ when/while

The pattern `-(⁥)ǯ ' is used to express the time when something takes place or exists. When
the two actions happen at the same time, past tense is not expressed with this pattern. But if
the action of the `-ǯ ' clause happened before the action of the nexe clause, past tense
should be expressed in the `-ǯ ' clause. This pattern is used with all verbs and adjectives but
`₝఍' can be used only in the past tense, not in the present tense. -
'  ' is used after verb
stems ending in a consonant, '-ǯ ' is used after verb stems ending in a vowel.
‫ܡ‬ᚭ₝ ৉ , ₝ Ժᰅ఍. When he leaves, let's go together.

This pattern can be followed by any of the particles such as `-₝/ԩ, -/እ, -ỹ, -೭, -ዱ఍,
-‫⋩ݵ‬, -ᚩ⩙, etc..
⺂‫ٹ‬ỹ ÿ ԩ ÿựờ᾽. It's time to go to school.
(The time that we go to school came)

The connective `-‫ݙ‬ ÿỹ' : so, therefore, because

This pattern can be followed by any of the particles such as `-₝/ԩ, -/እ, -ỹ, -೭, -ዱ఍,
-‫⋩ݵ‬, -ᚩ⩙, etc..
⺂‫ٹ‬ỹ ÿ ԩ ÿựờ᾽. It's time to go to school.
(The time that we go to school came)
Contrary to the connective `-ờᩅ' which is used to express cause and reason only in the
present form, this connective is used with all tenses.
While this connective is used with verbs and adjectives, the form `- ÿỹ' (without the `-‫)'ݙ‬
is used with nouns and has the same meaning
 ᝭ ÿỹ ṱ ԩ؉ ᰟờ᾽. Because of the rain, I don't want to go.
ᑝỰ ÿỹ Ὅ ờ᾽ ? What makes you come here? (Because of what, did you come here?)
-(⁥)ÿ ṱ ÿ఍.
For the negative answer to a request for permission, you have to use the pattern '-(⁥)ÿ ṱ
ÿ఍.' '-⁥ÿ ṱ ÿ఍' is used after verb stems ending in a consonant except 'ǭ', -ÿ ṱ ÿ఍' is
used after verb stems ending in a vowel : an consonant 'ǭ'.

ญờԩ೭
ṭ᾽? May I go in?

- ṭ௱Ὅ, ญờὍÿ ṱ ÿ᾽. You must not go in. (You shouldn't go in.)
- ੍, ญờὩ೭
ṭ᾽/ÿ᾽/↴ṭ᾽. You may go in.

ญÿ ṱ ÿ᾽. You must not make noise. (You shouldn't make noise.)
⋩ ⺁ÿ ṱ ÿ᾽. Don't be late. (You shouldn't be late.)

The Pattern
-ẁ(ự/Ἡ)⁥ÿ ↴ ఍' : I wish something would happen
This pattern is used to express the speaker's hope or desire. Even though the past tense -
ẁ/ự/Ἡ- is used, this pattern does not refer to the past. So, even when this pattern is used
without the past tense like
-(⁥)ÿ ↴ 
఍', there is no differen e in meaning.

The Pattern
-؉ ₱఍' : (someone) is doing (something)
   
The pattern '-؉ ₱఍` is used to indi ate a kind of pro ess or ontinuing a tion.
ÿ ⺁؉ ₱ờ᾽ ? What are you doing now ?

Tense and negation are expressed in the verb

₱఍'. Sometimes, this pattern is used with the
 
 
honorifi ' ᰅ఍' to address or refer to persons of superior so ial standing, like older people,
tea hers, et .
‫ڕ‬እ ‫ݙ‬఍ዕ؉ ᩡ᾽? Who are you waiting for?

 
This pattern is often used to express an a tion whi h started in the past and is still going on.
₝
᧕ỹᩅ ÿ ÿ ംṱ ₥⺁؉ ₱ờ᾽. I've been working at this
ompany for the past ten years


The Pattern '-⋩ ṳ఍' : not, no
There are two ways in Korean to form negation. As you have studied in Lesson 3 of Novi e
Korean I, the easiest way is to just put the adverb
ṱ' in front of verbs or adje tives. The
 -⋩ ṳ఍'. This pattern dire tly followes by verbs or adje tives.
ṱ' is alled short type negation', and the Negation by -⋩ ṳ఍' is
se ond way to use the pattern
So, negation formed by
long type negation'.
The Words ' ' : each/respectively
This Suffix c -
  
' is used to indi ate distribution and is atta hed to numbers and any ounting
lassifier.
᧕‫إ‬እ ⺁ু ።ờ᾽. We eat apples one by one.
ÿ₥ ൹ ᰅÿ ‫؞‬ᚩ⺝᾽. I study two hours every day.

onne tive '-఍ԩ' : On the way to / And then
₝ ᧕‫إ‬እ ⺅ Յ ∥ᩡ᾽. ive one apple ea h.
The
Verb + -఍ԩ (Present Tense)

This ending indi ates the
hange of one's a tion on one's way, that is, interruption or
 
dis ontinuation of an a tion.
‫؞‬ᚩ⺁఍ԩ ÿờ᾽.

  onsequen e after the ompletion of the first

Verb + -ự఍ԩ (Past Tense)
This ending indi ates the reversal or unexpe ted

a tion. In this
ase, usually, `ԩ఍, Ὅ఍' are used with some other verb.
‫ܡ‬ᚭ₝ ώ఍(ԩ) Խ఍(ԩ) ⺝᾽.

The
onne tive '- Ⴅ؉' : Be ause of doing something
     
The Conne tive - Ⴅ؉ is use to express ause an reason, or to give an ex use for or

  
explanation of one's a tion. The subje t of the two lauses must be the same. The verb in the
 
first lause must be an a tion verb.


Subje t + (1)Verb Stem + Ⴅ؉, Ꮴ/ṱ + (2)Verb stem
      
This onne tive is use to in i ate that a subje t has given priority to the a tion in the first
lause, has ma e a hoi e of it. The Ⴅ؉ in the first lause (verb+ Ⴅ؉) is use when a
    
person fa es two ifferent things or events whi h must be arrie out at the same time.


Subje t + (1)verb stem + Ⴅ؉, (2)verb
       
Sometimes there is not a tually a hoi e involve , just the for e of ir umstan es. In this ase
    lause are usually limite to -௏఍/௏ֵ ---⺁఍. ᔽᦁ఍, ÿญ఍,
pre i ates use in the se on
ờÿዕ఍,
ᰉ₝ ữ఍, ⹥ ⺁఍.


The en ing '-(஽)
  
᾽' : Ex lamatory senten e en ing
    
This en ing is use to express surprise, elight, or won er with an ex lamation mark. While
  -₝఍' take the - ᾽ÿ' form, other verbs take the -஽ ᾽ÿ' form.

a je tives an
However in past tense, verbs also take the - ᾽' form.
 

ዹ ờᅞ ᾽ ÿ It's really iffi ult ÿ
The Pattern '-(⁥) /஽/ -(⁥)ǯ ֬ ఍ : It seems that ...
1.1 The pattern '-(⁥) ֬ ఍' is used in the present tense with adjectives or '₝఍' to
express the speaker's thought or opinion. However the pattern -(⁥) ǯ ֬ ఍ is used in the
future tense to indicate the speaker's stronger conjecture or presumption.
The difference between the above two examples is as follows:
The sentence ÿ᝭ ֬ ṭ᾽.ÿ is used when the speaker knows the price, or is seeing the price
first hand and is conparing with his/her expectation.
However the sentence ÿ᝭ÿ ֬ ṭ᾽ÿ is used when the speaker is guessing the price without
prior knowledge of the price.

᝭ÿ ֬ ṭ᾽. I think it will be expensive.

‫ܡ‬ᚭ₝ ᔡ‫᧕ږ‬Ⴕ₥ ֬ ṭ᾽. I think he will be an American.

1.2 With general verbs, the pattern '-஽ ֬ ఍' is used in the present tense, '(⁥) in the past
tense, and (⁥)ǯ in the future tense.
Negation is expressed either in the final verb ' ఍' or in the main verb preceding this pattern.
There is slight difference in meaning between the two. Tense is expressed in the final verb ' ఍'.

The pattern 'Verb + -(⁥) ⋩ + time word + ÿ఍' : since

This pattern 'Verb + -(⁥) ⋩ + time word + ÿ఍' is used to express an interval of time
which extends from a definite past to the present. The case marker '-ԩ` or '-஽' can be
attached optionally after c ⋩'
⺅‫ږ‬ỹ ⋩(ԩ) ụዱু ÿựờ᾽ ? How long have you been in Korea ?

-⁩ ⋩ is used after verb stems ending in a

onsonant.
- ⋩ is used after verb stems ending in a vowel.

The
onne tive -(⁥)ᅍ؉ : in order to
  
You have already studied the onne tive '-(⁥) ' whi h is used to express the purpose of the
   
speaker's a tion. This onne tive d -(⁥)ᅍ؉d is also used to indi ate the purpose of the
      
speaker (subje t)'s a tion. So, these two onne tives are inter hangeable. While the onne tive
or their ompoun s su h as
   
'-(⁥) ' is always followe by either 'ԩ఍ , 'Ὅ఍
'ญờԩ఍/ญờὍ఍', 'ুԩ఍/ুὍ఍' et ., the onne tive '-(⁥)ᅍ؉' an be followe by any verbs.
 
The onne tive '-(⁥)ᅍ؉' is use in the present an past tense of the main verb (final verb),

but is never use with the future tense. Tense an negation are expresse in the main verb (final
verb).
ṱুṑ ∥ᅍ؉ ₝ Ꮡ₹እ ᧩ờ᾽. I bought this hat to give to you.
Relative clause ending -஽ ÿ Present Tense
This ending `-஽' is attached to the verb directly and is used in the present tense. Its function
is the same as the English relative clause construction.⺅‫ږ‬ờእ ԩኝ ஽ ₥₝ ÿ⋩ ṳṭ᾽.

Relative clause ending -(⁥) ÿ Past Tense

This ending `-(⁥) ' is attached to the verb directly and is used in the past tense. Its function
is the same as the English relative clause 'which (past tense verb)d .
'- ' is use

after verb stems en
ing in a vowel an
-(⁥)
is use
after verb stems en
ing
in a
onsonant. ⋩እ ᘝÿ ᚭ₝ ‫ڕ‬₡⋩ ṭᩡ᾽ ? Do you know the man who sent this letter?

  
In
ire t Dis ourse Formation of De laratives '-఍؉ ⺁఍'
(1) Present tense :
A. Verbs : Verb stem + - /஽఍؉ ⺝᾽/⺱ờ᾽.
- ఍؉ ⺝᾽/⺱ờ᾽. is use
after verb stems en
ing in a vowel.
e ⺂‫ٹ‬ỹ ԩ᾽.
 ⺂‫ٹ‬ỹ ԩ- + - ఍؉ ⺝᾽/⺱ờ᾽.
⺂‫ٹ‬ỹ ÿ఍؉ ⺝᾽/⺱ờ᾽.

tiv s : A
j tiv St m + -఍؉ ⺝᾽/⺱ờ᾽.

B. A
j
ṭ∥ ᔽញ᾽.  ṭ∥ ᔽᦁ- + -఍؉ ⺝᾽/⺱ờ᾽.
ṭ∥ ᔽᦁ఍؉ ⺝᾽/⺱ờ᾽.

C. ₝఍ V rb

⺂ᨆ₝ỹ᾽.

⺂ᨆ₝- + -Ⴅ؉ ⺝᾽/⺱ờ᾽.
⺂ᨆ₝Ⴅ؉ ⺝᾽/⺱ờ᾽.

(2) Past t ns
ÿ -V rb/A
j tiv st m + -ẁ/ự/Ἡ- + -఍؉ ⺝᾽/⺱ờ᾽.

(3) Futur
t ns ÿ -Ⴅ؉ ⺝᾽/⺱ờ᾽

In
ir
t Dis ours Formation o th Int rrogativ '- ؉ ⺁఍'

I you want to r
 r to what som on ask
(qu stion) with in
ir t
is ours , you hav to
hang th v rb an
a
j tiv orm with th t ns pr - n
ing lik Plain styl orm. Th n atta h
th
orm - ؉ ⺁఍. . H r th orm ⺁఍
m ans (som on ) ask/ask
i 
lik th

v rb ᑤ఍ (to 

sk t .--> ᑥờ᾽/ᑥựờ᾽)
. This v rb is h 
 ng
into ⺝᾽ (pr s nt t ns )
n
⺱ờ᾽ (p st t ns ),
pn
ing whn th origin l origin l uttr n  took pl . Somtims

popl put th orm 
btwn th vrb stm 

n
- ؉ ⺁఍
, but thr is no

i



rn  in th mning whthr thr is 
or not in th
ormtion with vrbs n
₱఍
.

Howvr whn using 
jtivs n
₝఍
, 
is not insrt
.
Indirect Discourse Formation of the Propositive '-₹؉ ⺁఍'
If you want to refer to what someone suggested (let
s ----) with in
irect
iscourse, just
attach the form -₹؉ ⺁఍
to th vrb stm
irctly. This is only us

or prsnt tns
vrb stms.
ÿዕ Ժᰅ఍ ÿ
ÿዕ ԩ- + -₹؉ ⺝᾽/⺱ờ᾽.
ÿዕ ԩ₹؉ ⺝᾽/⺱ờ᾽.

In
irct Discours Formation o
th Imprativ '-Ⴅ؉ ⺁఍'

I
you want to r
r somon comman

(or
r) with in
irct
iscours, just attach th

orm
-Ⴅ؉ ⺁఍
to th vrb stm
irctly. This is only us

or prsnt tns vrb stms.
ÿዕ ԩᩡ᾽ ÿ
ÿዕ ԩ- + -(⁥)Ⴅ؉ ⺝᾽/⺱ờ᾽.
ÿዕ ԩႥ؉ ⺝᾽/⺱ờ᾽.

Th Pattrn -஽ ֬ : (th act,

act, mannr) o

oing somthing
This pattrn is prc

by vrbs only, an
mans th at,

at or mannr o

oing
somthing
. Th quivalnt o
this pattrn in English is ---ing
or to (
o), or th thing that
somon is
oing
ἕ⺲⺁஽ ֬ travling
ἕ⺲⺁஽ ֬₝ ờ ᾽ ? How is travling

Th Conntiv '-(ṭờἕ)ᩅ' :
o an

o

This onntiv is us
whn th subjt pr
orms on ation an
thn a son
on. This
onntiv is attah
to th

irst vrb an
is thn
ollow
by a son
vrb.
⺂‫ٹ‬ỹ ԩᩅ ‫؞‬ᚩ⺱ờ᾽. I wnt to shool an
stu
i
.

This onntiv is us
with som vrbs whih in
iat movmnt or hang o
postur in th


irst vrb, suh as ԩ఍(to go), Ὅ఍(to om), ᩅ఍(to stan
up), ÿ఍(to sit
own) Howvr,
you hav to know th
i


rn btwn th onntiv `-؉' an
`-ᩅ' whih hav th sam


untion as 'an
'. Basially, th vrbs `ԩ఍, Ὅ఍' t. annot b us
with th onntiv `-؉'
whn th subjt o
two vrbs is th sam. Howvr i
th subjt o
th two vrbs is th
sam, an
th vrbs ar not 'ԩ఍, Ὅ఍ t', th onntiv `-؉' an b us
.
ÿỹ ԩᩅ, ờ᾽. ( rammatial) I will go an
tak a rst.

Th Conntiv '-(⁥)ÿᩅ' ÿ somon
os somthing whil h is
oing somthing ls (at th sam
tim)
 This connective is used to express two simultaneous actions done by the same person. It
attaches to the verb directly. '-ÿ' is used after verb stems ending in a vowel or the consonant
'-ǯ' and '-⁥ÿ' is used after verb stems ending in all consonants except '-ǯ'.
⁵  ญ⁥ÿᩅ ‫؞‬ᚩ⺝᾽. I study while listening to music.
While I am listening to music, I also study.

The Pattern '-ֵ ÿ఍.' (it) turns out (that), It is arranged that -, (the situation) makes something
to be -
This pattern -ֵ ÿ఍
is use
to express the i
ea that the situation has been arrange
by
ertain environmental fats or on
itions. It is use
with verbs an
₱఍
.
ÿᰕ ‫؞‬ᚩ⺁ÿ ⺅‫ږ‬ዹ ⃁ ⺁ֵ ÿ௱఍. If you stu
y har
, you will speak Korean well.

The Pattern -؉ ᨆ ⺁఍
ÿ I think that ---

This pattern is use
to express the speaker
s presupposition or opinion about a ertain fat or
event. This pattern is pree
e
by the present form, the past form an
the future form with 
-
఍/Ⴅ؉ ᨆ ⺁఍
. This pattern is ma
e the same way as in
iret
isourse
℩஽ ‫ ܡ‬ԩᕒ₝ ᝭ÿ఍؉ ᨆ ⺝᾽. I think that that bag was expensive.